Chapter 9
Microbial Ecology
Microbiological Ecology,
Microbial ecology is the
study of the behavior and
activities of microorganisms
in their natural environments,
9.1 Microorganisms in Nature
Ecosystem
9.1.1 Microorganisms in Aquatic
Environment
1,Freshwater microorganism
（ 1） Oligotrophic hydromicroorganism
（ 2） Copiotrophic hydromicroorganism
2,Marine microorganism
Figure 9-1 Thiomargarita namibiensis,the World`s Known the
Largest Bacterium.[From Lansing M,Prescott et al Microbiology (fifth
edition)]
9.1.2 Microorganisms in
atmosphere
Table 9-1 Bacterium quantity in 1M3 air in
different environments
Environment Numbers
barn 1-2× 106
dorm 20000
city street 5000
Town park 200
Air up the ocean 1-2
north pole（ north
latitude80° ）
0
（ From ZhouDeqin,<Microbiology Course>,Edition One,Page284)
9.1.3 Microorganisms in Soil
Environment
Bacterium quantities have a general decuple
degression law per gram soil, bacteria（～
108）＞ actinomyces（～ 107）＞ mildew
（～ 106）＞ microzyne（～ 105）＞ algae
（～ 104）＞ protozoan（～ 103）
9.1.4 Microorganism Grown
inside and outside Organisms
1,Normal Microbiota of the Humans
Body and Animals,
2,The Microbiota of the Plants
（ 1） Rhizosphere Microorganisms
（ 2） adnascent Microorganisms
（ 3） endogenesis Microorganisms
9.2 The Relationships of
Microbials and also with other
Organisms
1,Neutralism
2,Mutualism
(1) Mutualism between microorganisms
(2) Mutualism between propagation and
microorganisms
3,Symbiosis
（ 1） Symbiosis between microorganisms
（ 2） Plant-microorganism symbiosis
（ 3） Animal-microorganism symbiosis
Acetic
acid
Light
Figure 9-2 Mutualism mechanism between
Desulfuromonas.acetoxidans and Chlorobium
sp,
Desulfurom
onas.aceto
xidans
Cell fundus
Chlorobiu
m sp,
Cell
fundus
S
H2S
CO2 CO2
Figure 9－ 3 Diagrammatize transverse section
about plant`s Endomycorrhizae and
Ectomycorrhizae
spit
Fibrous
fodder
Nature
bacterium
Quickly
reproduce in
the rumen
CO2,CH4,H2…
A great deal
thalli was
digested by the
abomasum
excrement
milk,beef
Organic acid,
ethanol
Absorb by rumen
Gas from
mouth
Figure 9-4 microbial metabolize relation
in milch cow’s rumen
4,Parasitism
（ 1） Parasitism between microorganisms
（ 2） Plant-Microorganism Parasitism
（ 3） Animal-microorganism Parasitism
5,Antagonism
A B
Figure 9－ 5 Antagonistic between Microbes（ Figure A,
Antagonistic bacillus antibiotic production and inhibition of
growth of Verticillium dahliae； Figure B,Antagonistic,
Actinomycete antibiotic production and inhibition of growth of
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum on an agar medium）
6 Predation
Figture 9－ 6 Predatory Fungus catch Nematode（ From
ZhangKeqin Predatory Fungus Biology>2001）
9.3 Microbial’s effect in
biogeochemical cycles
1,Carbon cycle
CO2+H2O
Fossil fuel Respiraton
O2 +“CH2O” Alcohol,Organic Acid，
H2+CO2
CH4 Photosyn-
thesis
Zymosis
Aerobic Anaerobic
Figure 9－ 7 Carbon, Hydrogen、
Oxygen cycle in the nature
2,Nitrogen cycle
Orgaism
nitrogen
NH4+ NO3-
NO2-
NO
N2O
NH2OH
NH4+
② nitrification
Nitrate
assimil-
ation
⑤ Ammonium
assimilation biology
Nitrogen fixation
⑥ Dissimilation
Nitrate
reduction ⑧Anammox
process
② Nitrification
④ Ammonifying
Figture 9－ 8 The Basic Nitrogen Cycle（ Red arrows,Interaction
between microorganisms and plants ； Yellow arrows,Important taches
in Nitrogen Fixation.)
assimilation
AtmosphereN2
3.Sulfur Cycle
S
SO42- H2S
Organic
sulfur
④ Desulfovibrio
① Sulfate reduction ② Mineralization
③ Sulfur
oxidation
⑤ Sulfer reduction
Figure 9－ 9 The Basic Sulur Cycle（ Red arrow,Reaction
operate by plants and microorganisms together ）
③ Sulfur oxidation
4.Phosphorus Cycle
Infusibility
Phosphate
Phosphorou
s Acid or
Dissolubility
Phosphate
Organic
Phospho
rus
Combined
with
electropositive
in soil
Action of acid
product
microorganisms
or production
of Phosphorus
Plants and
Microorganism’s
Assimilation
Microbial
decompose
Figure 9-10 Microorganisms in Phosphorus Cycle
5,Iron Cycle
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Fe2+
Fe3+
Fe3O4
Fe3O4
Ferribacterium
limneticum,
Geobacter
metallireducen
s,Geobacter
sulfurreducens,
Geovibrio
ferrireducens,
Desulfuromona
s acetoxidans
Anaerobic purple
phootrophic bacteria
Aquaspirillum
magnetotacticum
Unknown
chemical
Figure 9-11 The basic Iron cycle
Aerobic,Thiobacillu,
Thermophilic,Sulfol-
obus
9,4 Microorganisms and the
Environment Pollution
1,Pollution caused by microorganisms
（ 1） Atmosphere Pollution
（ 2） Aquatic Environment Pollution
（ 3） Terrestrial Environment Pollution
（ 4） Eutrophication (nutrient
enrichment)
（ 5） Pollution from microbe’ metabolize
outcome
Table 9-2 Pathogen microbes Spread by Atmosphere and
the Disease Caused by Them
Pathogen microbe Name of disease
Bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus sp
Streptococcus pyogenes
Neisseria meningitidis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Bordetella pertussis Yersinia pestis
Bacillus anthracis
Legionella pneumophila
Bacteria Disease
Phthisic
Streptococcal pneumonia
Staphylococcal respiratory infections
Streptococcal sore throat
Scarlet fever
Epidemiccerebrospinal meningitis
Diphtheria Chincough
Plague
Pulmonary Anthrax
Legionnaires’ disease
Virus
Influenza virus
Picornaviridae
Parotitis virus
Measles virus
Variola virus
Chicken pox virus
Measles Adenovirus
Virosis
Influenza,Flu
Common cold
Mumps
Measles
Smallpox
CChicken pox
Measles Pharyngitis\virosis pneumonia.,
Other Pathogen microbe
Coxiella burnetii
Mycoplasma preumoniae
Actinomadura asteroides
Histoplasma capsulatum
Cryptococcus neoformans
Micropolyspora faeni
Other diseases
Q hot
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
N.asteroides’ disease
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Haystacks
Table 9-3 Pathogen Microbes Enter into Water Through
Dejection,Sewage
Bacteria Virus others
Salmonella
Shigella
EnteropathogenicE
.coli
Proteus
Klebsiella
Francisella
tularensis
Pseudomonas
serratia
Y.enterocoliticas
Campylobacter
jejuni
comma bacillus
El Tor vibrio
Mycobacterium
Bacillus
Bacillus
Streptococcus
Leptospira
Poliomyelitis virus
Coxsackie virus
Enteric
cytopathogenic
human orphan
virus,ECHOV
Reoviruses
Adenovirus
Rotavirus
Hepatitis virus
Gastroenteritis
virus
Entamoeba
histoluytic
Isosporiasis
Giardia lamblia
Schistosoma
Japonicum
Hookworm
Ascarid
Pinworm
Taenia saginata
goeze
Toenia solium
linnaeus
Table 9-4
Several pathogenic organisms’ surviving time in the soil
Pathogenic organisms
Time
Enterococcus faecalis
Salmonella
Shigella
Tubercle bacillus
Bartonella
HenselaeLeptospira
Bacillus anthracis
Entamoeba histoluytic
26~77 Days
15~280 Days,more than280
Days
1~3 Months
More than 180 Days
8~60Days
15~43 Days
15~60 Days
6~8 Days
8~170 Days
Table 9-5 Comparation of Microbial in
Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Lakes
Iterm Eutrophic Lakes Oligotrophicn lakes
Number
Kinds
Distribution
Move at day
and
night
Massive
blooms
Main alga
Abundance
Less
Mostly on the surface of
water
Limit
Regulanty
Cyanophyceae
Chroococcaceae
Microcystis
Microcystis aerugrinosa
Microcystis flosaquae
Microcystis marginata
Nostocaceae
Anabaena
Anabaena spiroides
Aphanizomenon
Oscillatoriaceae
Oscillatoria
Deatomaceae
Melosira
Fragilaria
Stephanodescus
Astericoolla
Less
Plenty
Can find in deep water
Frequently
Few
Chlorophyceae
Staurastrum
Diatomaceae
Tabellaria
Cyclotella
Chrysophyceae
Dinobryon
Table 9-6 May Epiphyte Toxins and it’s Production Bacterium
Toxin kinds
Name
Primary bacterium
Liver toxin Aflatoxin
Sterigmotocystin
P.isandicum,
luteoskyrin、
cyclochlorotin
Rubrafoxin B
Ochratoxin A
Aspergillus flavus,A,
parasiticus
A.versicoloe, A,nidulans
Islanditoxin
P.Rubrum
A.ochraceus
Kidney toxin Citrinin
Kojic Acid
A citrimum
A,oryzae
Neurotoxin Patulin
Citre-oviridin
Maltoryzine
P.urticae,Penicillium cydopium
P.citreo-viride
A,oryzae var,microsporus
Blood making
tissue toxin
Fusarium toxin
DON
Saxitoxin
F.sporotrium
F,nivale
Stachybotry
Light sensitive
dermitis
sclerin Sclerotinia sclerotium
2,Indicater Organisms as an
index of possible contamination
Current Drinking Water Standards in China,No more
than 100 bacteriums in single 1ml tap water,and no
more than 3 coliforms in single 1L water,
When water is polluted by fecal contamination,
bacterias and coliforms will increase,Commonly,
Bacterias in 1ml water,
10-100,Extremely cleanly water
100-1000,cleanly water
1000-10000,not quite cleanly water
10,000-100,000,uncleanness water
More than1000.000,Extremely uncleanness wate
3,Microorganisms’ Repair to
Environment Contamination
（ 1）,Principles and Applications of
Microorganisms used in Waste Water
Treatment
1,General guidelines for microbiologic
quality of waters,
2,Aerobic Microbial Treatment
3,Anaerobic Microbial Treatment
4,Activated Sludge Treatment
5,Membrane Filtration Technique
6,Photosynthetic Bacteria Treatment
Figure 9-12 Metallograph of the Floc formed by the
zoogloea bacilli and the filamentous bacilli in Activated
Sludge [From Lansing M.Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth
edition)]
Dense waste water
BOD10000ml/L
Unfreeze
treatment
Adjust pH
PSB
treatment
No.1
Refluence
Cultivate trough
Bacterium
trough
No.2 No.3 No.4 Deposition pool Oxidation pool
Thalli utilization
Rare wasteBOD500ml/Lauound
Figure 9-13 Waste Water Treatment with Photosynthetic Bacteria
Input water
Chlorination
vessels
Activated
sludge vessels
Primary
clarifiers
Final clarifiers
Secondary
clarifiers
Output
water
Figure 9-14 An Aerial View of a Modern
Conventional Sewage Treatment Plant,
Table9-7 Major steps in Primary,Secondary,
and Tertiary Treatment of Wastes
Treating
step processes
Primary Removal of insoluble particulate materials by
setting,screening,addition of alum and
other coagulation agents,and other
physical procedures
Secondary Bioloigical removal of dissolved organic
matter
Tricking filters
Activated sludge
Lagoons
Extended aeration systems
Anaerobic digesters
Tertiary Biological removal of inoganic nuterients
Chemical removal of inorganic nutrients
Virus removal/inactivation
Trace chemical removal
[From Lansing M.Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth edition)]
（ 2） Operation and Applications in
dealing with Exhaust gas by
Microorganisms
Microorganism filter method,
A method using solid grain,which contain
microorganisms to absorb infectant in the
air,and then the microorganisms transfer them
into innocuity substance,The common solid
grain are soil and compost,some are biology
filtrate bed or microbe filtrate box which are
specialism designed,
（ 3）,Microorganisms used in
treating solid castoffs,Methods
and Applications
1,Aerobic compost
2, Anaerobic compost
References
[1]Bull A T,Goodfellow M,Slater J H,Annual Rev Microbiol,1992,40:219～ 252,
[2]Amann R I,Ludwig W,Schleifer K H,Microbiol Rev,1995,59:143～ 169,
[3]Amann R,SystAppl Microbiol,2000,23:1～ 8,
[4]Koonin E V,Mushegian A R,GalperinY,et al,Molecular Microbiol,
1997,25:619～ 637,
[5]Hugenholtz P,Goeble B M,Pace N R,J Bacteriol,1998,180(18):4765～ 4774,
[6]Presciit,L M.,Harley,J P.,Klein,D A,J Microbiology,2002,421～ 693
[7]Jenkins.D.,Olson,Water and Wastewater Microbiology,Pergamon Press,1989
[8]Tyagi,R D.andKannar Vembu.Wastewater Treatment by Immobilized
Cells.Florida:CRC Press,1990
[9]Martin,A M.,Biological Degradation of Wasters,London:Elsevier Applied
Science,1991,
[10]LiuZhiheng,Modern Microbiology,Science publishing company,2002
[11]YangJianxin,Microbial Ecology,Chemistry industry book concern,2004
[12]ZhouDeqin,Microbiology Tutorial（ Edition One,Edition Two,Higher
education publishing company,1993,2002
[13]KongFanxiang,Environment Microbilogy,Higher education,2000
[14]Shuruyong,Libo,ZhuGeyang,Common Ecology,Higher
education.1993
[15]ShiJiahui,Xuyatong,ZhangShengzhang,Environment Microbilogy
[16]HuJiaju,Zhouqunying,Environment Microbilogy, Higher education
Microbial Ecology
Microbiological Ecology,
Microbial ecology is the
study of the behavior and
activities of microorganisms
in their natural environments,
9.1 Microorganisms in Nature
Ecosystem
9.1.1 Microorganisms in Aquatic
Environment
1,Freshwater microorganism
（ 1） Oligotrophic hydromicroorganism
（ 2） Copiotrophic hydromicroorganism
2,Marine microorganism
Figure 9-1 Thiomargarita namibiensis,the World`s Known the
Largest Bacterium.[From Lansing M,Prescott et al Microbiology (fifth
edition)]
9.1.2 Microorganisms in
atmosphere
Table 9-1 Bacterium quantity in 1M3 air in
different environments
Environment Numbers
barn 1-2× 106
dorm 20000
city street 5000
Town park 200
Air up the ocean 1-2
north pole（ north
latitude80° ）
0
（ From ZhouDeqin,<Microbiology Course>,Edition One,Page284)
9.1.3 Microorganisms in Soil
Environment
Bacterium quantities have a general decuple
degression law per gram soil, bacteria（～
108）＞ actinomyces（～ 107）＞ mildew
（～ 106）＞ microzyne（～ 105）＞ algae
（～ 104）＞ protozoan（～ 103）
9.1.4 Microorganism Grown
inside and outside Organisms
1,Normal Microbiota of the Humans
Body and Animals,
2,The Microbiota of the Plants
（ 1） Rhizosphere Microorganisms
（ 2） adnascent Microorganisms
（ 3） endogenesis Microorganisms
9.2 The Relationships of
Microbials and also with other
Organisms
1,Neutralism
2,Mutualism
(1) Mutualism between microorganisms
(2) Mutualism between propagation and
microorganisms
3,Symbiosis
（ 1） Symbiosis between microorganisms
（ 2） Plant-microorganism symbiosis
（ 3） Animal-microorganism symbiosis
Acetic
acid
Light
Figure 9-2 Mutualism mechanism between
Desulfuromonas.acetoxidans and Chlorobium
sp,
Desulfurom
onas.aceto
xidans
Cell fundus
Chlorobiu
m sp,
Cell
fundus
S
H2S
CO2 CO2
Figure 9－ 3 Diagrammatize transverse section
about plant`s Endomycorrhizae and
Ectomycorrhizae
spit
Fibrous
fodder
Nature
bacterium
Quickly
reproduce in
the rumen
CO2,CH4,H2…
A great deal
thalli was
digested by the
abomasum
excrement
milk,beef
Organic acid,
ethanol
Absorb by rumen
Gas from
mouth
Figure 9-4 microbial metabolize relation
in milch cow’s rumen
4,Parasitism
（ 1） Parasitism between microorganisms
（ 2） Plant-Microorganism Parasitism
（ 3） Animal-microorganism Parasitism
5,Antagonism
A B
Figure 9－ 5 Antagonistic between Microbes（ Figure A,
Antagonistic bacillus antibiotic production and inhibition of
growth of Verticillium dahliae； Figure B,Antagonistic,
Actinomycete antibiotic production and inhibition of growth of
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum on an agar medium）
6 Predation
Figture 9－ 6 Predatory Fungus catch Nematode（ From
ZhangKeqin Predatory Fungus Biology>2001）
9.3 Microbial’s effect in
biogeochemical cycles
1,Carbon cycle
CO2+H2O
Fossil fuel Respiraton
O2 +“CH2O” Alcohol,Organic Acid，
H2+CO2
CH4 Photosyn-
thesis
Zymosis
Aerobic Anaerobic
Figure 9－ 7 Carbon, Hydrogen、
Oxygen cycle in the nature
2,Nitrogen cycle
Orgaism
nitrogen
NH4+ NO3-
NO2-
NO
N2O
NH2OH
NH4+
② nitrification
Nitrate
assimil-
ation
⑤ Ammonium
assimilation biology
Nitrogen fixation
⑥ Dissimilation
Nitrate
reduction ⑧Anammox
process
② Nitrification
④ Ammonifying
Figture 9－ 8 The Basic Nitrogen Cycle（ Red arrows,Interaction
between microorganisms and plants ； Yellow arrows,Important taches
in Nitrogen Fixation.)
assimilation
AtmosphereN2
3.Sulfur Cycle
S
SO42- H2S
Organic
sulfur
④ Desulfovibrio
① Sulfate reduction ② Mineralization
③ Sulfur
oxidation
⑤ Sulfer reduction
Figure 9－ 9 The Basic Sulur Cycle（ Red arrow,Reaction
operate by plants and microorganisms together ）
③ Sulfur oxidation
4.Phosphorus Cycle
Infusibility
Phosphate
Phosphorou
s Acid or
Dissolubility
Phosphate
Organic
Phospho
rus
Combined
with
electropositive
in soil
Action of acid
product
microorganisms
or production
of Phosphorus
Plants and
Microorganism’s
Assimilation
Microbial
decompose
Figure 9-10 Microorganisms in Phosphorus Cycle
5,Iron Cycle
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Fe2+
Fe3+
Fe3O4
Fe3O4
Ferribacterium
limneticum,
Geobacter
metallireducen
s,Geobacter
sulfurreducens,
Geovibrio
ferrireducens,
Desulfuromona
s acetoxidans
Anaerobic purple
phootrophic bacteria
Aquaspirillum
magnetotacticum
Unknown
chemical
Figure 9-11 The basic Iron cycle
Aerobic,Thiobacillu,
Thermophilic,Sulfol-
obus
9,4 Microorganisms and the
Environment Pollution
1,Pollution caused by microorganisms
（ 1） Atmosphere Pollution
（ 2） Aquatic Environment Pollution
（ 3） Terrestrial Environment Pollution
（ 4） Eutrophication (nutrient
enrichment)
（ 5） Pollution from microbe’ metabolize
outcome
Table 9-2 Pathogen microbes Spread by Atmosphere and
the Disease Caused by Them
Pathogen microbe Name of disease
Bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus sp
Streptococcus pyogenes
Neisseria meningitidis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Bordetella pertussis Yersinia pestis
Bacillus anthracis
Legionella pneumophila
Bacteria Disease
Phthisic
Streptococcal pneumonia
Staphylococcal respiratory infections
Streptococcal sore throat
Scarlet fever
Epidemiccerebrospinal meningitis
Diphtheria Chincough
Plague
Pulmonary Anthrax
Legionnaires’ disease
Virus
Influenza virus
Picornaviridae
Parotitis virus
Measles virus
Variola virus
Chicken pox virus
Measles Adenovirus
Virosis
Influenza,Flu
Common cold
Mumps
Measles
Smallpox
CChicken pox
Measles Pharyngitis\virosis pneumonia.,
Other Pathogen microbe
Coxiella burnetii
Mycoplasma preumoniae
Actinomadura asteroides
Histoplasma capsulatum
Cryptococcus neoformans
Micropolyspora faeni
Other diseases
Q hot
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
N.asteroides’ disease
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Haystacks
Table 9-3 Pathogen Microbes Enter into Water Through
Dejection,Sewage
Bacteria Virus others
Salmonella
Shigella
EnteropathogenicE
.coli
Proteus
Klebsiella
Francisella
tularensis
Pseudomonas
serratia
Y.enterocoliticas
Campylobacter
jejuni
comma bacillus
El Tor vibrio
Mycobacterium
Bacillus
Bacillus
Streptococcus
Leptospira
Poliomyelitis virus
Coxsackie virus
Enteric
cytopathogenic
human orphan
virus,ECHOV
Reoviruses
Adenovirus
Rotavirus
Hepatitis virus
Gastroenteritis
virus
Entamoeba
histoluytic
Isosporiasis
Giardia lamblia
Schistosoma
Japonicum
Hookworm
Ascarid
Pinworm
Taenia saginata
goeze
Toenia solium
linnaeus
Table 9-4
Several pathogenic organisms’ surviving time in the soil
Pathogenic organisms
Time
Enterococcus faecalis
Salmonella
Shigella
Tubercle bacillus
Bartonella
HenselaeLeptospira
Bacillus anthracis
Entamoeba histoluytic
26~77 Days
15~280 Days,more than280
Days
1~3 Months
More than 180 Days
8~60Days
15~43 Days
15~60 Days
6~8 Days
8~170 Days
Table 9-5 Comparation of Microbial in
Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Lakes
Iterm Eutrophic Lakes Oligotrophicn lakes
Number
Kinds
Distribution
Move at day
and
night
Massive
blooms
Main alga
Abundance
Less
Mostly on the surface of
water
Limit
Regulanty
Cyanophyceae
Chroococcaceae
Microcystis
Microcystis aerugrinosa
Microcystis flosaquae
Microcystis marginata
Nostocaceae
Anabaena
Anabaena spiroides
Aphanizomenon
Oscillatoriaceae
Oscillatoria
Deatomaceae
Melosira
Fragilaria
Stephanodescus
Astericoolla
Less
Plenty
Can find in deep water
Frequently
Few
Chlorophyceae
Staurastrum
Diatomaceae
Tabellaria
Cyclotella
Chrysophyceae
Dinobryon
Table 9-6 May Epiphyte Toxins and it’s Production Bacterium
Toxin kinds
Name
Primary bacterium
Liver toxin Aflatoxin
Sterigmotocystin
P.isandicum,
luteoskyrin、
cyclochlorotin
Rubrafoxin B
Ochratoxin A
Aspergillus flavus,A,
parasiticus
A.versicoloe, A,nidulans
Islanditoxin
P.Rubrum
A.ochraceus
Kidney toxin Citrinin
Kojic Acid
A citrimum
A,oryzae
Neurotoxin Patulin
Citre-oviridin
Maltoryzine
P.urticae,Penicillium cydopium
P.citreo-viride
A,oryzae var,microsporus
Blood making
tissue toxin
Fusarium toxin
DON
Saxitoxin
F.sporotrium
F,nivale
Stachybotry
Light sensitive
dermitis
sclerin Sclerotinia sclerotium
2,Indicater Organisms as an
index of possible contamination
Current Drinking Water Standards in China,No more
than 100 bacteriums in single 1ml tap water,and no
more than 3 coliforms in single 1L water,
When water is polluted by fecal contamination,
bacterias and coliforms will increase,Commonly,
Bacterias in 1ml water,
10-100,Extremely cleanly water
100-1000,cleanly water
1000-10000,not quite cleanly water
10,000-100,000,uncleanness water
More than1000.000,Extremely uncleanness wate
3,Microorganisms’ Repair to
Environment Contamination
（ 1）,Principles and Applications of
Microorganisms used in Waste Water
Treatment
1,General guidelines for microbiologic
quality of waters,
2,Aerobic Microbial Treatment
3,Anaerobic Microbial Treatment
4,Activated Sludge Treatment
5,Membrane Filtration Technique
6,Photosynthetic Bacteria Treatment
Figure 9-12 Metallograph of the Floc formed by the
zoogloea bacilli and the filamentous bacilli in Activated
Sludge [From Lansing M.Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth
edition)]
Dense waste water
BOD10000ml/L
Unfreeze
treatment
Adjust pH
PSB
treatment
No.1
Refluence
Cultivate trough
Bacterium
trough
No.2 No.3 No.4 Deposition pool Oxidation pool
Thalli utilization
Rare wasteBOD500ml/Lauound
Figure 9-13 Waste Water Treatment with Photosynthetic Bacteria
Input water
Chlorination
vessels
Activated
sludge vessels
Primary
clarifiers
Final clarifiers
Secondary
clarifiers
Output
water
Figure 9-14 An Aerial View of a Modern
Conventional Sewage Treatment Plant,
Table9-7 Major steps in Primary,Secondary,
and Tertiary Treatment of Wastes
Treating
step processes
Primary Removal of insoluble particulate materials by
setting,screening,addition of alum and
other coagulation agents,and other
physical procedures
Secondary Bioloigical removal of dissolved organic
matter
Tricking filters
Activated sludge
Lagoons
Extended aeration systems
Anaerobic digesters
Tertiary Biological removal of inoganic nuterients
Chemical removal of inorganic nutrients
Virus removal/inactivation
Trace chemical removal
[From Lansing M.Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth edition)]
（ 2） Operation and Applications in
dealing with Exhaust gas by
Microorganisms
Microorganism filter method,
A method using solid grain,which contain
microorganisms to absorb infectant in the
air,and then the microorganisms transfer them
into innocuity substance,The common solid
grain are soil and compost,some are biology
filtrate bed or microbe filtrate box which are
specialism designed,
（ 3）,Microorganisms used in
treating solid castoffs,Methods
and Applications
1,Aerobic compost
2, Anaerobic compost
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