Unit 1
Connection of Lexicology with
Other Branches of Linguistics
The term lexicology contains two
Greek morphemes,lexikon and logie.
The former means,word,the latter
means,learning” or, the study of”.
Lexicology is the branch of
linguistics concerned with the
study of the vocabulary of a given
language,It deals with words,their
origin,development,history,
structure,meaning and application.
The connection of lexicology with
other branches of Linguistics:
1,With Phonetics:
Phonetics is the study of speech
sounds,Without sound,there is
no word because every word is a
unity of sound and meaning.
S
M N
D θ T K P F B G
W R L
?
1,Indiscrete,alveolar (齿龈音） /in/
2.inconceivable,velar(软腭音） /i?/
3.input,bilabial （双唇音） /im/
超音位特征对语义搭配的影响在英语
中是司空见惯的 。 例如：
He is a French teacher.
孤立地来看 French teacher,我们很
难判别 French在与 teacher搭配时是什
么意思 。
但是在特定超音位的语境中，当我们赋
予 French一个主重音,Teacher一个次
重音，这时,He is a French teacher
就有了明确的意义，即：他是一位法语
教师。
A ˊFrench,teacher teaches French.
如果我们赋予 French一个次重音，
teacher一个主重音，这时 He is a
French teacher中的 French表示法
国国籍：
A,French ˊteacher is French.
超切分特征通过重音有规则的分配使
得本族语者把宾语前置的修饰语与其
他修饰语区分开来, 试比较：
A ˋ bull-/fight involves bulls.
A /bull-ˋ calf is a young bull.
Aˋ toy /factory produces toys.
A /toy ˋ factory is a model of a factory
used as a toy.
my ˊ old,friend (old,long known or long
familiar) 不可以转换成,
*My friend is old.
my ˊ new,friend 不可以转换成,
*My friend is new.
a ˊ pure,scientist 不可以转换成,
* The scientist is pure.
theˊ wrong,applicant 不可以转换成,
*The applicant is wrong.
超切分特征传达了说话人的态度,
即使是一个词, 当被赋予不同的语
调时, 也会折射出说话人不同的态
度：
ˋ No ( a matter-of-fact statement)
ˊ No (questioning)
ˇ No(doubtful but encouraging )
?No (indignant; emphatic prohibition
and scolding)
With grammar:
Vocabulary and grammar are
organically related to one another.
In learning a language,attention
to grammar is as important as
attention to vocabulary,Grammar,
for example,tells us how to form
w o r d s i n t o s e n t e n c e s,
Find fault with:
有些成语可以进行某些转换,
而不允许其他转换：
He found fault with them.
这一短语可以进行被动转换：
Fault was found with them.
但是，跟 He sought help from them.不一
样,,He found fault with them”中的名
词是不可以变换为代名词的。以 He
sought help from them.为基础，我们可
以转换出, He didn’t seek it from me,和
,What did he seek from you?;但是，根
据 He found fault with them,我们不能转
换出：
*We didn’t find it with me
*What did he find with you.
Across:
当 across作为方向或目标语状语
成为谓体的附加状语时, 在肯定
句中, across可以移至句首, 如：
Across the field,we walked,
carrying heavy equipment.
但是在否定句中，由于这类状语往
往是否定的焦点，所以在否定句中，
across引导的方向或目标附加状语
通常都不跳出否定结构范围之外，
如：
They didn’t walk across the field,
carrying heavy equipment.
*Across the field,they didn’t walk,
carrying heavy equipment.
be accustomed to,Be used to,:
I am accustomed to cold weather.
I am used to cold weather.
Accustomed as I am to cold
weather,I still prefer Florida.
*Used as I am to cold weather,I
still prefer Florida.
Almost,nearly,practically
这三个副词可以修饰形容词,
如：
It is nearly dark.
It is almost dark.
It is practically dark.
但是在这三个副词中，只有
nearly可以用在 not,very,pretty的
后面，如：
It is not nearly dark.
*It is very almost dark.
*It is pretty practically dark.
Almost 和 practically可以加强所有不
定代词的语义, 而 nearly只能加强断
定代词的语义, 如：
Almost everybody came.
Practically everybody came.
Nearly everybody came.
Almost nobody came.
Practically any time will do.
*Nearly no compensation was given.
Badly
Badly常作方式附加状语使用 。 方
式附加状语通常是信息的中心 。 如
果方式附加状语是动词的必具性状
语, 它就只能处于句末的位置, 如
：
They treated me very badly.
*They very badly treated me.
He put the point badly.
*He badly put the point.
但是在被动语态中, badly既可以紧
放在过去分词之前, 也可以紧放在
过去分词之后, 如：
They were badly treated.
They were treated badly.
Badly作为增强语通常和 need,want连
用,不和 wish 连用,如,
*I badly wished him to go.
A bit,a little
A bit 和 a little只能用在表语位置
上, 若与表示, 令人不快, 意思的
形容词连用, 则含有, 过分, 的意
思：
The weather is a bit (too) hot.
*The weather is a bit lovely.
*a bit hot weather
Certainly
certainly作为强调语不能用在否定
结构之中, 如：
*Do they certainly want him to go?
当 rather和具有形容词的名词短语同
时使用时, rather既可以放在不定冠
词之前, 也可以放在不定冠词之后,
而 pretty和 fairly只能放在不定冠词之
后, 如：
a rather difficult book
a pretty difficult book
a fairly a difficult book
rather a difficult book
*pretty a difficult book
*fairly a difficult book
rather一般不能放在复数名词前作
修饰语,如,
*They are rather fools.
Fairly作为强调语修饰动词时往往
会受到限制, 尤其是在英式英语
中, 它常要求它的谓体具有某种
夸张的含义, 如：
In her anger,she fairly screamed at
him.
*In her anger,she fairly spoke to
him.
尽管大多数强调语都能位于否
定结构之前,Fairly作为强调语不
能位于否定动词之前,如,
*They fairly didn’t dance for joy
at the news.
许多人认为 fairly不能用在疑问
句中,如,
Did she fairly screamed at him?
able
When,able” is used predicatively,or when
it is used as a modifier of another noun,it
can be collocated with,very,really,
quite”,not the words,perfectly,well,
totally”,e.g.
Mary is very (really,quite)
able.
Mary is a very (really,quite)
able student.
*Mary is perfectly (well,
totally) able.
*Mary is a perfectly (well,totally) able
student.
But in the pattern,“be able to do sth.”,it
can not be collocated with,very”,It
can,however,collocate with the words
“really,quite,perfectly,well,totally,for
example:
*Mary is very able to give the lecture.
Mary is really (quite,perfectly,well,
totally) able to give the lecture.
Kindly
Kindly作为礼貌下加状语必须放在句
首的位置, 如：
Kindly leave the room.
Kindly don’t interrupt me.
*Leave the room kindly.
*Don’t interrupt me kindly.
Kindly在疑问句和表示请求的句子
中通常都不能被 very 所修饰，如：
*Very kindly tell me where I can the
ticket.
*Will you very kindly buy me a
ticket.
With semantics
Absolutely
Absolutely作为强调语修饰动词时往
往会受到限制 。 它常要求它的谓体具
有某种夸张的含义, 如：
In her anger,she absolutely screamed at
him.
*In her anger,she absolutely spoke to
him.
The donkey ate hay.
*The donkey ate silence.
girl boy
boy man
woman car
pretty flower handsome vessel
garden overcoat
colour airliner
village typewriter
pretty
[+delicacy,+superficial,-manliness,
-big,-dignity]
handsome
[+vigor,+dignity,+big,+manliness]
* Oh fudge,the car killed my
child!
* Dear me,his house was
looted !
With Stylistics
Stylistics is the study of optional
variations in the sounds,forms,
or vocabulary of a language as
characteristic of different uses of
language,different situations of
use,or different literary types.
不同的发音，如：
He is eating now,(neutral)；
He is eatin’,(informal)，
1) Let's dine on fried chicken.
2) Hey,baby,wanna dine tonight?
3) Me and Bob are dinin' out.
4) Wouldja dine with me tonight?
5) Would you dine with me tonight?
6) Mrs Whitmore wishes you to dine
with her.
1) Let's dine on fried chicken.
2) Hey,baby,wanna dine tonight?
3) Me and Bob are dinin' out.
4) Wouldja dine with me tonight?
The first four sentences are humorous.
The joke for each lies in the violation of
co- o c c u r r e n c e r e s t r i c t i o n s,
1) Let's dine on fried chicken.
2) Hey,baby,wanna dine tonight?
Food eaten with the fingers is not an
appropriate object of dine,"Hey,baby,"
implies that the speaker is a young male
trying to put forth a macho image,Since,
in our society,being macho is not
associated with refinement,such speech
forms clash with the formal dine.
3) Me and Bob are dinin' out.
4) Wouldja dine with me tonight?
In 3,the grammatical variant "me and Bob" is a
marker of nonstandard speech,People who use
"me and Bob" are not likely to speak of dining
no matter how well they eat,The pronunciation
dinin' is humorous because the -in' replacement
for -ing is reserved for informal speech,but dine
is formal,Similarly,wouldja is a more casual
p r o n u n c i a t i o n t h a n w o u l d y o u,
5) Would you dine with me tonight?
6) Mrs Whitmore wishes you to dine
with her.
The last two sentences are not humorous
because they are entirely formal,hence
appropriate for dine,although they too
could be used facetiously by,say,a
person adopting the formal tone for
comic effect.
再看下面短文：
Florence Nightingale manifested unprecedented
attributes of dogged determination and drive
during the hideous holocaust of the Crimean War
and at lots of other times too,
作者使用了高度正式、几乎接近拘谨的文体，
以一种非常严肃的面孔出现在读者的面前，
可是在第一句的后半句，作者突然使用起儿
童言语,and at lots of other times too” 摇身一变
又戴起儿童的面具来。
Only words with similar stylistic
meanings can be used together.
Anglo-Saxon Norman French Latin/ Greek
ask question interrogate
thin spare emaciated
folk people nation
fair beautiful attractive
hearty cordial cardiac
leech doctor physician
rise mount ascend
book volume text
help aid assistance
fear terror trepidation
eat consume devour
in legal language:
General Specialist
theft larceny
beat assault
burning arson
crime felony
In the fields of science:
General Specialist
hole orifice/cavity
speed velocity
force intensity
In medicine:
General Specialist
bleeding haemorrhage
wound laceration
skull cranium
sweat perspiration
女：亲爱的, 最近我发现你的情绪低
落, 反应速度大大降低, 是不是头
脑里碎片太多？
男：我也说不清, 就是觉得与周围同
事不兼容 。 有时, 他们谈得正热闹,
我一插话就死机 。
女：也许是配置不同的原因 。 你们办
公室好象就你一个外地人 。
男：这不是主要原因 。
女：难道你谈了非法话题？
男：不是我谈了非法话题，而是我觉
得他们谈论的话题版本太低，应
该升级。
女：你应该学会跟他们兼容。
男：可是他们总把不同的话题切换来
切换去。
女：难道你不喜欢这种同时打开多个
对话窗口的方式吗？
男：说真的，我特别想浏览一下他们
的大脑，看看他们都有些什么主
题，可惜不知道入口地址：
女：你干嘛不用搜索引擎对他们谈话
的关键词进行搜索？
男：这未免有黑客的嫌疑。
女：看样子，只能做一张寒暄启动盘
了。
Connection of Lexicology with
Other Branches of Linguistics
The term lexicology contains two
Greek morphemes,lexikon and logie.
The former means,word,the latter
means,learning” or, the study of”.
Lexicology is the branch of
linguistics concerned with the
study of the vocabulary of a given
language,It deals with words,their
origin,development,history,
structure,meaning and application.
The connection of lexicology with
other branches of Linguistics:
1,With Phonetics:
Phonetics is the study of speech
sounds,Without sound,there is
no word because every word is a
unity of sound and meaning.
S
M N
D θ T K P F B G
W R L
?
1,Indiscrete,alveolar (齿龈音） /in/
2.inconceivable,velar(软腭音） /i?/
3.input,bilabial （双唇音） /im/
超音位特征对语义搭配的影响在英语
中是司空见惯的 。 例如：
He is a French teacher.
孤立地来看 French teacher,我们很
难判别 French在与 teacher搭配时是什
么意思 。
但是在特定超音位的语境中，当我们赋
予 French一个主重音,Teacher一个次
重音，这时,He is a French teacher
就有了明确的意义，即：他是一位法语
教师。
A ˊFrench,teacher teaches French.
如果我们赋予 French一个次重音，
teacher一个主重音，这时 He is a
French teacher中的 French表示法
国国籍：
A,French ˊteacher is French.
超切分特征通过重音有规则的分配使
得本族语者把宾语前置的修饰语与其
他修饰语区分开来, 试比较：
A ˋ bull-/fight involves bulls.
A /bull-ˋ calf is a young bull.
Aˋ toy /factory produces toys.
A /toy ˋ factory is a model of a factory
used as a toy.
my ˊ old,friend (old,long known or long
familiar) 不可以转换成,
*My friend is old.
my ˊ new,friend 不可以转换成,
*My friend is new.
a ˊ pure,scientist 不可以转换成,
* The scientist is pure.
theˊ wrong,applicant 不可以转换成,
*The applicant is wrong.
超切分特征传达了说话人的态度,
即使是一个词, 当被赋予不同的语
调时, 也会折射出说话人不同的态
度：
ˋ No ( a matter-of-fact statement)
ˊ No (questioning)
ˇ No(doubtful but encouraging )
?No (indignant; emphatic prohibition
and scolding)
With grammar:
Vocabulary and grammar are
organically related to one another.
In learning a language,attention
to grammar is as important as
attention to vocabulary,Grammar,
for example,tells us how to form
w o r d s i n t o s e n t e n c e s,
Find fault with:
有些成语可以进行某些转换,
而不允许其他转换：
He found fault with them.
这一短语可以进行被动转换：
Fault was found with them.
但是，跟 He sought help from them.不一
样,,He found fault with them”中的名
词是不可以变换为代名词的。以 He
sought help from them.为基础，我们可
以转换出, He didn’t seek it from me,和
,What did he seek from you?;但是，根
据 He found fault with them,我们不能转
换出：
*We didn’t find it with me
*What did he find with you.
Across:
当 across作为方向或目标语状语
成为谓体的附加状语时, 在肯定
句中, across可以移至句首, 如：
Across the field,we walked,
carrying heavy equipment.
但是在否定句中，由于这类状语往
往是否定的焦点，所以在否定句中，
across引导的方向或目标附加状语
通常都不跳出否定结构范围之外，
如：
They didn’t walk across the field,
carrying heavy equipment.
*Across the field,they didn’t walk,
carrying heavy equipment.
be accustomed to,Be used to,:
I am accustomed to cold weather.
I am used to cold weather.
Accustomed as I am to cold
weather,I still prefer Florida.
*Used as I am to cold weather,I
still prefer Florida.
Almost,nearly,practically
这三个副词可以修饰形容词,
如：
It is nearly dark.
It is almost dark.
It is practically dark.
但是在这三个副词中，只有
nearly可以用在 not,very,pretty的
后面，如：
It is not nearly dark.
*It is very almost dark.
*It is pretty practically dark.
Almost 和 practically可以加强所有不
定代词的语义, 而 nearly只能加强断
定代词的语义, 如：
Almost everybody came.
Practically everybody came.
Nearly everybody came.
Almost nobody came.
Practically any time will do.
*Nearly no compensation was given.
Badly
Badly常作方式附加状语使用 。 方
式附加状语通常是信息的中心 。 如
果方式附加状语是动词的必具性状
语, 它就只能处于句末的位置, 如
：
They treated me very badly.
*They very badly treated me.
He put the point badly.
*He badly put the point.
但是在被动语态中, badly既可以紧
放在过去分词之前, 也可以紧放在
过去分词之后, 如：
They were badly treated.
They were treated badly.
Badly作为增强语通常和 need,want连
用,不和 wish 连用,如,
*I badly wished him to go.
A bit,a little
A bit 和 a little只能用在表语位置
上, 若与表示, 令人不快, 意思的
形容词连用, 则含有, 过分, 的意
思：
The weather is a bit (too) hot.
*The weather is a bit lovely.
*a bit hot weather
Certainly
certainly作为强调语不能用在否定
结构之中, 如：
*Do they certainly want him to go?
当 rather和具有形容词的名词短语同
时使用时, rather既可以放在不定冠
词之前, 也可以放在不定冠词之后,
而 pretty和 fairly只能放在不定冠词之
后, 如：
a rather difficult book
a pretty difficult book
a fairly a difficult book
rather a difficult book
*pretty a difficult book
*fairly a difficult book
rather一般不能放在复数名词前作
修饰语,如,
*They are rather fools.
Fairly作为强调语修饰动词时往往
会受到限制, 尤其是在英式英语
中, 它常要求它的谓体具有某种
夸张的含义, 如：
In her anger,she fairly screamed at
him.
*In her anger,she fairly spoke to
him.
尽管大多数强调语都能位于否
定结构之前,Fairly作为强调语不
能位于否定动词之前,如,
*They fairly didn’t dance for joy
at the news.
许多人认为 fairly不能用在疑问
句中,如,
Did she fairly screamed at him?
able
When,able” is used predicatively,or when
it is used as a modifier of another noun,it
can be collocated with,very,really,
quite”,not the words,perfectly,well,
totally”,e.g.
Mary is very (really,quite)
able.
Mary is a very (really,quite)
able student.
*Mary is perfectly (well,
totally) able.
*Mary is a perfectly (well,totally) able
student.
But in the pattern,“be able to do sth.”,it
can not be collocated with,very”,It
can,however,collocate with the words
“really,quite,perfectly,well,totally,for
example:
*Mary is very able to give the lecture.
Mary is really (quite,perfectly,well,
totally) able to give the lecture.
Kindly
Kindly作为礼貌下加状语必须放在句
首的位置, 如：
Kindly leave the room.
Kindly don’t interrupt me.
*Leave the room kindly.
*Don’t interrupt me kindly.
Kindly在疑问句和表示请求的句子
中通常都不能被 very 所修饰，如：
*Very kindly tell me where I can the
ticket.
*Will you very kindly buy me a
ticket.
With semantics
Absolutely
Absolutely作为强调语修饰动词时往
往会受到限制 。 它常要求它的谓体具
有某种夸张的含义, 如：
In her anger,she absolutely screamed at
him.
*In her anger,she absolutely spoke to
him.
The donkey ate hay.
*The donkey ate silence.
girl boy
boy man
woman car
pretty flower handsome vessel
garden overcoat
colour airliner
village typewriter
pretty
[+delicacy,+superficial,-manliness,
-big,-dignity]
handsome
[+vigor,+dignity,+big,+manliness]
* Oh fudge,the car killed my
child!
* Dear me,his house was
looted !
With Stylistics
Stylistics is the study of optional
variations in the sounds,forms,
or vocabulary of a language as
characteristic of different uses of
language,different situations of
use,or different literary types.
不同的发音，如：
He is eating now,(neutral)；
He is eatin’,(informal)，
1) Let's dine on fried chicken.
2) Hey,baby,wanna dine tonight?
3) Me and Bob are dinin' out.
4) Wouldja dine with me tonight?
5) Would you dine with me tonight?
6) Mrs Whitmore wishes you to dine
with her.
1) Let's dine on fried chicken.
2) Hey,baby,wanna dine tonight?
3) Me and Bob are dinin' out.
4) Wouldja dine with me tonight?
The first four sentences are humorous.
The joke for each lies in the violation of
co- o c c u r r e n c e r e s t r i c t i o n s,
1) Let's dine on fried chicken.
2) Hey,baby,wanna dine tonight?
Food eaten with the fingers is not an
appropriate object of dine,"Hey,baby,"
implies that the speaker is a young male
trying to put forth a macho image,Since,
in our society,being macho is not
associated with refinement,such speech
forms clash with the formal dine.
3) Me and Bob are dinin' out.
4) Wouldja dine with me tonight?
In 3,the grammatical variant "me and Bob" is a
marker of nonstandard speech,People who use
"me and Bob" are not likely to speak of dining
no matter how well they eat,The pronunciation
dinin' is humorous because the -in' replacement
for -ing is reserved for informal speech,but dine
is formal,Similarly,wouldja is a more casual
p r o n u n c i a t i o n t h a n w o u l d y o u,
5) Would you dine with me tonight?
6) Mrs Whitmore wishes you to dine
with her.
The last two sentences are not humorous
because they are entirely formal,hence
appropriate for dine,although they too
could be used facetiously by,say,a
person adopting the formal tone for
comic effect.
再看下面短文：
Florence Nightingale manifested unprecedented
attributes of dogged determination and drive
during the hideous holocaust of the Crimean War
and at lots of other times too,
作者使用了高度正式、几乎接近拘谨的文体，
以一种非常严肃的面孔出现在读者的面前，
可是在第一句的后半句，作者突然使用起儿
童言语,and at lots of other times too” 摇身一变
又戴起儿童的面具来。
Only words with similar stylistic
meanings can be used together.
Anglo-Saxon Norman French Latin/ Greek
ask question interrogate
thin spare emaciated
folk people nation
fair beautiful attractive
hearty cordial cardiac
leech doctor physician
rise mount ascend
book volume text
help aid assistance
fear terror trepidation
eat consume devour
in legal language:
General Specialist
theft larceny
beat assault
burning arson
crime felony
In the fields of science:
General Specialist
hole orifice/cavity
speed velocity
force intensity
In medicine:
General Specialist
bleeding haemorrhage
wound laceration
skull cranium
sweat perspiration
女：亲爱的, 最近我发现你的情绪低
落, 反应速度大大降低, 是不是头
脑里碎片太多？
男：我也说不清, 就是觉得与周围同
事不兼容 。 有时, 他们谈得正热闹,
我一插话就死机 。
女：也许是配置不同的原因 。 你们办
公室好象就你一个外地人 。
男：这不是主要原因 。
女：难道你谈了非法话题？
男：不是我谈了非法话题，而是我觉
得他们谈论的话题版本太低，应
该升级。
女：你应该学会跟他们兼容。
男：可是他们总把不同的话题切换来
切换去。
女：难道你不喜欢这种同时打开多个
对话窗口的方式吗？
男：说真的，我特别想浏览一下他们
的大脑，看看他们都有些什么主
题，可惜不知道入口地址：
女：你干嘛不用搜索引擎对他们谈话
的关键词进行搜索？
男：这未免有黑客的嫌疑。
女：看样子，只能做一张寒暄启动盘
了。
