Thematic Analysis: Thematic Analysis: Group Interaction Group Interaction Thematic Analysis: Outside Communications ? Receive Replacement Personnel or Visitors ? Receive Information F r om Outside ? Receive Ma il or Fax From Friends or Family ? I Write, Fax, or Telephone t o Friends or Fa mily ? Angry or C o nfused by Message From Headquarters ? Good News or Pleasant Message From Home ? Bad News or U n pleasant Message From Ho me ? I call of Fa x Headquar ters ? Headquarters Does Not Respond in a Timely Fashion ? No Mail or New s From Home Thematic Analysis: Outside Communications ? Receive Replacement Personnel or Visitors ? Receive Information F r om Outside ? Receive Ma il or Fax From Friends or Family ? I Write, Fax, or Telephone t o Friends or Fa mily ? Angry or C o nfused by Message From Headquarters ? Good News or Pleasant Message From Home ? Bad News or U n pleasant Message From Ho me ? I call of Fa x Headquar ters ? Headquarters Does Not Respond in a Timely Fashion ? No Mail or New s From Home Thematic Analysis: Outside Communications Thematic Analysis: Outside Communications Prop orti on of Diary Entries Typ e of Outsi d e Communicati on Per s o n al Headqua r ters Ge n e ral Admin. Positive 0.462 0.212 0.214 Negative 0.437 0.647 0.554 Neutral 0 .101 0.141 0.232 Net Pos/Neg* 0.025 -0.435 -0.340 *Net positiv i ty/negativity = Positive - N egat iv e proportions Summary of Results Summary of Results ? Group Inte raction is t h e m o st salient (i.e., important) category of behavi oral issues, by far. ? Other important issues are, in order of their salience: – Outside C o mmunications – Workload (i.e., work performe d) – Recreation and Leisure – Medical Support – Adjustment – Leadership – Food Summary of Results Summary of Results ? All expeditions, sho r t and long, Antarctic and insular, d e cline in over all ne t p ositiv it y/ne gativity (NPN ) during the third quarter (i.e., regardless of duration and loc a tion). ? Physicians experie n ce the third quarter phenomenon, but leaders experience their greatest decline in NPN during the second quarters of their missions. Summary of Results Summary of Results ? Relatively frequent visits by outsiders are disruptive and contribute to the gre a ter negativity experienc e d at the insular stations, compared to the more isolated Antarctic base. ? The greatest overall difference in NPN was found between short and long duration missions, with the shorter missio n s characterized b y substantially greater negativity. Summary of Results Summary of Results ? Meals, sp ecial meals, and celebrations are extremely important to the members of the expeditio n s and contribute to group solidarity and individual adjustment. ? The celebrat ion of t r ad ition a l holid ays is not ver y enjoyable to remote duty pe rsonnel. It is the celebration of expedition-unique events, such as Midwinter and spec ial theme dinners, that is enjoyed, talked about, and remembered. Summary of Results Summary of Results ? Trivial issues are exaggerated. ? Subgrou p s will for m and can negat i v e ly affect group harmony, if permitted to develo p to an extreme. ? Communications between headquarters and remote duty perso nnel frequently are sources of frustratio n for rem o te duty personnel. Summary of Results Summary of Results ? Communications with loved ones also can be problem a tic for remote duty personnel (e.g., misunderstandings, negative news, stimulating longings for home). ? Outside Communications increase substantially in NPN during the third quarte rs of expeditions, at the same time the values of other behavioral categories decline. Summary of Results Summary of Results ? Work is a primary source of satisfaction. Too much or too little work results in negativity and can thre a ten individual adjustment. ? Helping o thers with novel tasks pro v ides welcome variety in a monotonously routine schedule. ? Recreation and Leisure provide variety of experienc e and contribute to group so lidarity and individual adjustment. Summary of Results Summary of Results ? A broad range of medical problems occurs at remote duty statio ns. ? Physicians experience consi derable anxiety about their abilities to handle medical proble ms that are outside t h eir specialties, an d with limited diag nostic resources. ? Physicians and le aders bene fit from opportunities to communicate with the physicians and leade r s of other remote duty stations. Summary of Results Summary of Results ? Time seems to slow down in isolatio n and confinement. ? Milestone s , celebrations, and other events help mark the passage of time. ? Food assumes added importance when customary sources of grat ification are d e nied. ? Some individu als adjust quickly t o isolation an d confinement; othe rs adjust slowly; a few fail to adjust an d remain miserab l e . Recommendation Recommendation Conduct High-Fidelity Sim u lations of Space Expediti ons in Antarctica Thank You! Thank You!