Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Human To Mars? ? It’s Expensive! ? Global Cooperation ? Human Spirit ? Science and Engineering ? $20 Billion ‘Mars Direct Mission’ - Zubrin 1 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Mars Reference Mission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rof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support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rof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 4 Solar Electric Propulsion Mission Concept (OHFWULF3URSXOVLRQ (3 VSDFH WXJSHUIRUPVORZWKUXVWWUDQVIHU IRU0DUVERXQGFDUJRWR+LJK (DUWK2UELW PDQ\PRQWKV WUDQVIHU &UHZGHOLYHUHGLQ3VPDOO′ FKHPLFDOO\SURSHOOHG WUDQVIHUYHKLFOH; GHULYHG IHZGD\V UHQGH]YRXVWLPH +(2 5HPDLQGHURIWUDQV0DUV LQMHFWLRQSHUIRUPHGEFKHPLFDOO\SURSHOOHGV\VWHP 6SDFHWXJUHWXUQVIRU UHIXHOLQJDQGQH[W DVVLJQPHQW IDVWHURUPRUH HIILFLHQWUHWXUQVLQFHQR SD\ORDGSUHVHQW /(2 IMLEO: 382.9 MT (HLV) 26.8 MT (STS) Total Launches: 5 HLV 1 STS Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 2011: One SEP stage delivers two Cargo MTV/TMI’s to 39,709 x 800 km @ 51.6 deg. 2014: Same SEP Stage is refueled and delivers piloted MTV/TMI to 70,761 x 800 km @ 51.6 deg. 2011 HLV HLV 2014 HLV 2014 Tot. Tot. Taxi Tot. HLV TMI Tot. 2011 HLV 2014 STS /LFBB SPM 16.0MT EPM 60.0MT 75.9MT MTV 80.3MT 80.3MT TMI 29.2MT EPM 47.1MT Tot. 76.3MT 26.8MT 26.8MT 2011 MTV 52.6MT 20.5MT 73.1MT MTV 55.8MT TMI 21.4MT Tot. 77.3MT MTV - (Injected) Mars Transfer Vehicle TMI - Trans Mars Injection Stage/Propellant SPM - Solar Power/Bus Module EPM - Electric Propulsion Module (wet) Taxi - LEO to HEO Crew Taxi 1 STS IMLEO: 382.9 MT (HLV) 26.8 MT (STS) Total Launches: 5 HLV 5 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Nuclear Thermal Propulsion 0DJQXP /DXQFK )OLJKW(OHPHQW &DUJR/DQGHU (59 &UHZ/DQGHU 7RWDOV 0LVVLRQ7\SH '50 %LPRGDO '50 %LPRGDO '50 %LPRGDO '50 %LPRGDO  3D\ORDG 6XUIDFH,Q6SDFH 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ                        ,Q/LQH 3URSHOODQW7DQNDJH /+ RU/2;          17570,VWDJH 0RGLILHG'50 XVHVELPRGDO175V         7RWDO         0DJQXPV         (59PLVVLRQXVLQJELPRGDO175VIRU02&DQG7(,LVOLJKWHUWKDQ'50E\aWDQGHOLPLQDWHV''7 (DQGUHFXUULQJ FRVWVIRU/2;&+7(,VWDJHDOVRUHFXUULQJFRVWIRUN:H39$DQGDHUREUDNH &RPPRQ%LPRGDO17570,VWDJHSURYLGHVN:HSRZHUFDSDELOLW\WRWKH(59&UHZDQG&DUJRODQGHUPLVVLRQV$OVR VXSSOLHV0&&EXUQVIRUWKHVHPLVVLRQV)RUFDUJRODQGHUWKH%LPRGDOVWDJHUHIULJHUDWLRQKHDWUHMHFWLRQV\VWHPVFDQEHXVHG WRFU\RFRROWRIVHHG/+DQGGXPSZDVWHKHDWIURPN:H',36SRZHUFDUW 6 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support / Magnum Launch Vehicle Liquid Flyback Booster (2) Payload Fairing 92 ft cyl x 25 ft I.D. Circularization Stage LO2 Tank LH2 Tank RS 68 Engines (2) Payload Stage Adapter Fwd Booster Attach Aft Booster Attach Thrust Structure NTR stage and aerobraked Mars payload 7 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Three-Magnum Combination Lander Scenario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rof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Three-Magnum Split Mission Scenario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rof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Temperature Temperature Earth Mars ? ~10°K (18°F) between Over 0.75 m (30 in) height 0.65 m (knee) & 1.4 m (shoulder) 288°K (55°F) 15°C 218°K (-67°F) -55°C ?T 60°K (108°F) night day ? Noon: vertical temperature variation highest ? Night: vertical temperatures are very similar ? Expansion and contraction of materials, resulting in great stresses 10 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Life? 0DUV2EVHUYHU&DPHUD,PDJHV ? High resolution images identify interesting places for exploration. 0DJQHWLF6WULSHV ?2OGHVWSODFHRQ0DUVLGHQWLILHGXVLQJPDJQHWLFVWULSHV ?6RXWKSRODUFDSPD\KDYHSUHVHUYHGRUJDQLFPDWHULDO 11 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Wind Wind ? Wind direction – blows from all directions within one day ? Daily repeating wind direction and wind speed pattern. ? Highest turbulence in the morning ? Greatest wind speeds early morning and around noon ? Numerous dust devils each day 12 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Surface Materials ? Regolith ? Dust: 40μm–large boulders several m in diameter ? Harder than Aluminum & softer than Nickel ? Abrasion: blowing dust will wear down solar panels, other equipment ? Dust adheres to solar panels, 0.28% per Sol - decreases efficiency of solar panels ? Dust is magnetic - sticks to everything - charges equipment and produces electrical discharges which interfere with operations 1 Sol = 1 Mars day = 24 h 37 min 22.66 s 13 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support System Mass Design /RQJ'XUDWLRQ6SDFHIOLJKW ?7HVW&KDPEHU 3KDVH,,,  7RWDO9ROPFUHZ 5HIPLVVLRQ 9   6N\ODE ,66 0LU  7RWDO 6DO\XW 3UHVVXUL]HG 676 $SROOR  $SROOR 9ROXPH /(0 &0 6R\X] P FUHZ 0HUFXU 9RVWRN  *HPLQL 9RVNKRG      0LVVLRQ'XUDWLRQ GD\V 14 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Science Manifest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rof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Martian Space Walks ? Beyond ISS humans will go to Mars ? EVA primary activity to search for life ? Revolutionary technologies/methodologies needed – Optimize human performance in partial gravity ? Promise of engineering analyses and design 16 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 17 Space Suits Apollo Shuttle/ISS Mars Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Why? ISS “The Wall”                         5866,$1 $32//26.</$% *(0,1, &$/(1'$5<($5 5HY($VVHPEO\6HTXHQFH We are here. History 6+877/(+67'72,66 ZLWK+67$% 7RWDO86(9$'XUDWLRQ 7RWDO5XVVLDQ'XUDWLRQ 18 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Mars: “The Mountain”                                                                            0$56 5866,$1 *(0,1, &$/(1'$5<($5 5HY($VVHPEO\6HTXHQFH :LWK+67DQG6XUIDFH([SORUDWLRQ $VVXPSWLRQV 86,660DLQW(9$\USRVWDVV\FRPSOHWH We are here. 6+877/(+67'72,66 $32//2  6.</$% 5XVVLDQ,660DLQW(9$\USRVWDVV\FRPSOHWH +RXU/XQDU(9$VFRPPHQFLQJLQ +RXU0DUV(9$VLQ 19 Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support NASA Mars Reference Mission ? www_sn.jsc.nasa.gov/marsref/contents.html ? Launch Strategy &$5*2 +$% $VFHQW9HKLFOH 'U\  /DQGHU +DE0RGXOHDQG/DQGHU ,6583ODQW +)HHGVWRFN 6XUIDFH1XFOHDU3RZHU 6XUIDFH3RZHU6\VWHP 8QSUHVVXUL]HG5RYHU 3UHVVXUL]HG 5RYHU 'D\&RQVXPDEOHV 7HOHRSHUDWHG6FLHQFH5RYHUV 8QSUHVVXUL]HG5RYHU ',36&DUW6FLHQFH P P P P P P W W (59 3LORWHG 5HWXUQ+DE/2;&+7(, 6XUIDFH+DEDQG/DQGHU 'D\V&RQVXPDEOHV 8QSUHVVXUL]HG5RYHU 'D\V&RQVXPDEOHV P P P P P P W W 20