Chapter 4
International Cargo Transport
授课教师：狄琳娜
Learning Objectives
? 1.To learn the modes of transport,esp,ocean
transportation.
? 2.To understand the nature of liner transport
? 3.To understand the various kinds of B/L
? 4.To understand the contents of transport clause
1.Sea transportation (ocean transportation)
? According to ways of operation,ocean
transport can be divided into liner
transport and charter transport.
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1.1 Liner Transport
? (1) Characteristics of liner transport
? a.Fixed sailing date (an advertised schedule),
fixed route(operating on a regular route),making
calls at scheduled ports and relatively fixed
freight rate.
? b.Liner freight covers loading and unloading
charges,so the carrier is responsible for the
loading and unloading.
Liner transport is suitable for cargo of small
quantity.
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(2) Freight Rate
? Freight rate is stipulate in the tariff,It contains basic
freight rate and various kinds of surcharges.
? (2.1) Standards of collecting freight:
? a.weight:for items marked with,W” in tariff,the
freight thereon is to be calculated per metric ton on
weight( weight ton)
? b.Measurement:for items marked with,M”,the freight
is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement
of the cargo (measurement ton)
? c.Weight or measurement:for items marked with W/M,
the freight is to be calculated on basis of either
weight or measurement ton,subject to the higher one.
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? d.’ad,val.’,for items marked with,Ad Val.”,
the freight is to be calculated on the basis of
the price or value of the cargo concerned,For
some valuable goods like gold,platinum,
silver,precision instrument,expensive fur,
usually 1-5% of the price.
? e.W/M or Ad val.:for items marked,W/M or
Ad Val.” the highest rate is adopted.
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(2.2) Various kinds of surcharges
? In addition to the basic freight rates,there are
many kinds of surcharges that can not be
ignored.
? a.bunked adjustment factor
? b.port surcharges
? c.transshipment surcharges
? d.heavy lift and long length additional
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The following is an example of calculation of freight:
? Company A exports 100 cases of good X to
London,The volume per case is 40
cmX30cmX20cm,and the gross weight is
30kg.On the List of Classification of Commodities,
good X falls within the scope of class 10,and the
freight is based on W/M.On the Freight Tariff
(China-London),the basic freight rate for class
10 is US$222,with 10% port surcharges,
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How much is the total freight?
? Answer:
? 1.Total weight:0.03 M/TX100=3 M/T
? 2.Total volume:0.4X0.3X0.2X100=2.4M3:
? 3.Total weight >Total volume
? so,“W” is the basis for collecting freight.
? Total freight =total weight X (basic freight
rate+ surcharge)
=US$ 732.6
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1.2 Charter transport
? (1) Voyage charter transport
? a.stipulation of loading and unloading
charges
? b.lay days
? (2) Time Charter transport
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(1) Voyage charter transport
? A voyage charter is the hire of a ship for a
particular voyage.It can be further divided into
single voyage charter,consecutive voyage charter
and so on,The ship owner is responsible for
fulfilling transportation according to the stipulated
voyage,and for the operation and management of
the ship,and should bear all costs in transit.The
freight rate is usually charged by quantities of the
goods carried,or a fixed rate,no matter how much
is the quantity.
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a.stipulation of loading and unloading charges
(a)Liner terms,The freight includes loading and
unloading charges.The ship owner shall be
responsible for loading and unloading.
(b)Free out:The freight includes loading charges.
( c) Free in,The freight includes unloading
charges.
(d) Free in and out:If the ship owner is neither
responsible for loading and unloading nor stowed
and trimmed charges,”F.I.O.S.T.” is applicable.
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b.lay days
? Lay days are the days that a charter may keep a
chartered ship idle for the loading or unloading of the
goods without payment of extra charge,When the
ship owner is free in and out,lay days are usually set
down,together with the ways of calculating the lay
days and the corresponding demurrage and dispatch
money,
? If the charterer fails to load or unload the goods on
time,he will be published by paying certain amount of
money( demurrage) to the ship owner,because the
ship owner suffers losses resulting from delay in
sailing.But if the charter advances loading or
unloading,the ship owner will give him money award
(dispatch money),Usually dispatch money is half of
demurrage.
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The following are the three ways of calculating lay
days:
? (1)Days or consecutive days:
? Calculating on calendar day,no matter day or
night,Sunday or holiday.
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(2)Weather working days of 24 hours:
? Good weather,24 hours accumulates a day,
For example,suppose the port operates 8
hours per day,and within 5 days,raining for 2
days,these 5 days are then regarded as one
weather working day.
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(3) Weather working days of 24 consecutive hours:
? This way is suitable for
those ports which
operate day and night.I
means in good weather
condition,24 hours are
regarded as a working
day,It is widely adopted
through out the world.
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? EXERCISES:
? 1,某出口商品,我内部掌握价为 FOB新港, 每公吨
500港元 。 在对外洽谈中, 外商要求改按 CIF香港报
价 。 业务员在查询运价表时见该商品每运费吨为 50
港元, 并匡算保费为 6港元, 而后便以 CIF香港每
公吨 556港元对外报价, 结果成交 150公吨, 但到装
运时始发现运价表上的 50港元是指尺码吨, 因该商
品的积载系数为 2.5/1（ 立方米 /公吨 ）, 问该商品
的正确运费为多少？ 因运费计算错误, 我方共损
失多少港元？ （ 设投保加成为 10%,保险费率为
1%。 ）
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– 答：这笔业务, 每公吨的正确运费应该是：
50*2.5=125港元,因此,单就运费一项就吃亏 75港元,
另外, 运费算少了, 自然保险费也要相应减少, 按
加一成, 保险费率为 1%计算, 每公吨要少卖近 1港元 。
运保费加在一起, 150公吨共损失 11400港元 。
– CIF=CFR/（ 1-110%*1%） =（ 500+125） /（ 1-110%*1%）
=631.95港元
– (631.95-556)*150=11392.5港元,
– 积载系数,体积 /毛重
– 积载系数大于 1,轻货
– 积载系数小于 1,重货
– 尺码吨费率 *积载系数 =重量吨费率
– 重量吨费率 /积载系数 =尺码吨运费
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? 2,某出口公司拟出口某商品, 对外报价每公
吨 （ 以毛作净 ） 2000美元 FOB新港 。 国外要求
改报 CFR旧金山, 问我应在 FOB价基础上加多
少运费才较为合适？ （ 设去旧金山需装美国船,
该船公司运价表上每运费吨是按短吨计算, 这
种商品每运费吨 50美元 ） 。
– 答：每公吨运费 =50美元 *1.1023=55.115美元,
– 对外报价应为,2000+55.115=2055.115
– 如果按照 250美元对外报价,则每公吨吃亏 5.115美元,
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2,Rail Transport
? Rail transport is a major mode of transport in
terms of capacity,only second to ocean transport,
? It is capable of achieving relatively high speed
and is very economical especially if it provides
the complete trainload for a shipper on a regular
basis.Besides,it is less prone to the eruption by
poor weather.But it is confined to railroads and
therefore less flexible.
? Rail transport can be divided into international
combined rail transport and domestic rail
transport,
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3.Air Transport
? 3.1 The features of air transport
? 3.2 Type of air transport services
? 3.3 Airline rates
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3.1 The features of air transport
? The following are its pros and cons:
? (1)Quick,reliable transits:
? (2)Low risk of damage and pilferage,competitive
insurance premium.
? (3) Ideal mode for consumer-type cargoes such as
fresh flowers and fruits which deteriorate easily,
fashionable articles that have a short selling life,
seasonal goods or merchandise of high value to low
weight raito.
? (4)High operating cost and initial cost of air when
compared to overall capacity,Average aircraft
capacity is only 2,000-25,000kg.
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3.2 Type of air transport services
? Air transport services are divided into three
categories,scheduled airlines,chartered
carriers,and consolidated consignments by
freight forwarders.
? (1)Scheduled airlines:
? (2)Chartered carriers:
? (3)Consolidated consignments:
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3.3 Airline rates
? Airline rates are normally based on actual
weight for heavy cargo or measurement
weight for large volume cargo.The shipper of
air such as General Cargo Rates,Classified
Rates,Specified Commodity Rates and so on.
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4.Container transport & international
multi-modal transport
? 4.1 Container transport
? 4.2 Features of container
transport
? 4.3 International multi-modal
transport
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4.1 Container transport
? Container transport is a method of distributing
merchandise in a unitized form,suitable for ocean,rail
and multi-modal transport,It is the most modern form
of physical international distribution and overall is
highly efficient in terms of reliability,cost,quality or
service,advanced technology and so on.
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4.2 Features of container transport
? Container transport offers a door to
door service under FCL/FCL(Full
Container Load/Full Container Load),
door to container freight station(cfs)
service und er FCL/LCL (Fu ll
Container Load/ Less than Container
Load),cfs to cfs service under
LCL/LCL,or cfs to door service
u n d e r L C L /F C L c o n d it i o n s,
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4.3 International multi-modal transport
? Following the containerization of international transport,a
brand new mode of transport,international multi-modal
transport”has been introduced in the transport industry,
International multi-modal transport means the carriage of
cargo by at least two modes of transport on the basis of a
multi-modal transport contract from a place at which the
cargoes are collected in one country to a place designated for
delivery in another country,Although different modes of
transport(sea,air,rail,etc.) are combined,only one multi-
modal transport operator is responsible for taking the cargo
from the consignor and delivering them to the consignee.
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4.3 International multi-modal transport
? 大陆桥运输 Land Bridge Transpor
– 大陆桥运输是指使用横贯大陆的铁路 （ 公路 ） 运输
系统, 作为中间桥梁, 把大陆两端的海洋连接起来
的集装箱连贯运输方式 。
– 始于 1967年
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4.3 International multi-modal transport
? 11,主要的大陆桥
? （ 1） 西伯利亚大陆桥
? 是利用俄罗斯西伯利亚铁路作为陆地桥梁, 把太平洋远东地区与
波罗的海和黑海沿岸以及西欧大西洋口岸连接起来 。
? 东起海参崴的纳霍特卡港口, 横贯欧亚大陆, 至莫斯科, 然后分
三路：
? ===〉 波罗的海沿岸得圣彼得堡港, 转往西欧, 北欧港口；
? ===〉 至俄罗斯西部国境站, 至欧洲其他国家铁路 （ 公路 ） 直运
欧洲各国；
? ===〉 至黑海沿岸, 转船往中东, 地中海沿岸 。
? 80年代, 利用该陆桥运输货物每年 10万个集装箱以上
? 问题,运输能力一受冬季严寒影响, 港口有数月冰封期；
货运量西向大于东向约二倍, 来回运量不平衡；
动力仍很紧张, 铁路设备陈旧 。
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4.3 International multi-modal transport
? (2)美国大陆桥
? 两条：从西部太平洋口岸至东部大西洋口岸的铁路 （ 公路 ） 运输
系统, 全长约 3200公里, 另一条是西部太平洋口岸至南部墨西哥
湾口岸的铁路 （ 公路 ） 运输系统, 长 500-1000公里左右 。
? 美国小路桥运输线 Mini Land Bridge与微型陆桥 Micro Land bridge
? 美国 OCP条款,Over Land Common Points的简写, 含义是内
陆公共点地区, 简称, 内陆地区, 。 根据美国费率规定, 以美国
西部九个州为界, 也就是以洛矶山脉为界, 其以东地区, 均为内
陆地区范围, 这个范围很广, 约占美国三分之二的地区 。 按照
OCP运输条款的规定, 凡是经过美国西海岸港口转往上述内陆地
区的货物, 如按 OCP条款运输, 就可享受比一般直达西海岸港口
为廉的优惠内陆运输费率 （ 3-5%）, 同时可享受比一般正常运费
为低的优惠海运运费 。 （ 每吨约低 3-5美元 ） 。
? 采用 OCP条款必须满足以下条件：
? （ 1） 货物最终目的地必须属于 OCP地区范围内
? （ 2） 货物必须经由美国西海岸港口中转 。
? （ 3） 在提单备注栏及货物墨头上应注明最终目的地 OCP XX城市 。
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? （ 3） 加拿大大陆桥
? （ 4） 新欧亚大陆桥 1990年 9月 11日, 我国陇海 ---兰
新铁路的最西段乌鲁木齐至阿拉山口的北疆铁路与前
苏联士西铁路接轨, 第二条欧亚大陆桥全线贯通, 并
于 1992年 9月正式通车 。 此条运输线东起我国连云港,
西至荷兰鹿特丹, 跨亚欧两大洲, 连接太平洋和大西
洋, 穿越中国, 哈萨克, 俄罗斯, 与第一条运输线重
合 。 经白俄罗斯, 波兰, 德国到荷兰, 辐射 20多个国
家和地区, 全长 10800公里, 在我国境内全长 4134公
里 。 这条运输线与第一条运输线相比, 总运距缩短
2000—2500公里, 可缩短运输时间 5填, 减少运费
10%以上 。
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4.3 International multi-modal transport
Other ways of transportation:
? 1,Road Transportation
? 2,Inland Water Transportation
? 3,Parcel post Transportation
? 4,Pipeline Transportation
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Section 2 Major Shipping Documents
? 1.Bill of Lading(B/L)
? A bill of lading is a transportation document
which is issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper
with whom the carrier has entered into a contract
for the carriage of goods.
? 1.1 The three purposes served by B/L
? 1.2 Types of bill of lading
? 1.3 Multilateral treaty governing bill of lading
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1.1 The three purposes served by B/L
? (1) receipt for the goods
? (2) Evidence of the contract of carriage
? (3) Document of title to the goods
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1.2 Types of bill of lading
? There are a number of different types of bill of lading,
The following lists those encountered the most often.
? (1) Shipped (on board) bill of lading and received for
shipment bill of lading
? (2) Clean bill of lading and unclean bill of lading (four
bill of lading or claused bill of lading)
? (3) Straight,blank and order B/L
? (4) Direct,transshipment,through bill of lading
? (5) Liner bill of lading,charter party bill of lading,
container bill of lading.
? (6) Long form bill of lading and short form bill of
lading
? (7) On deck bill of lading,stale bill of lading,ante-
dated B/L and advanced bill of lading
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2.Other shipping documents
? 2.1 Sea waybill
? 2.2 Air waybill
? 2.3 Combined transport documents(CTD)
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2.1 Sea waybill
? Sea waybill is a receipt for the goods issued by
the carrier,It is also an evidence of contract of
carriage,But it is not a document of title to goods,
It is not negotiable.
? In international trade,sometimes the goods have
arrived at the port of destination,while the
documents on the part of the bank.Without the
B/L,the consignee shall not be able to take
delivery of goods.In this case,the use of sea
waybill will be more convenient to the consignee.
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2.2 Air waybill
? The air waybill is the consignment note for
the carriage of goods by air,It is basically a
receipt of the goods for dispatch and
evidence of the contract of carriage between
the carrier and the consignor,
? This document is approximately the
equivalent to the sea freight bill of lading,but
the air waybill is not a negotiable title to
goods in the same way as is an ocean bill of
lading although it is widely used as a valuable
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2.2 Air waybill
? receipt and evidence of dispatch and can be
utilized within the framework of letter of credit,
etc,Air waybills are made out in three
originals,Normally the exporter would retain
No.1 original,No.3 would be retained by the
airline and No.2 would automatically go
forward with the consignment to the
consignee at the destination point.
2.3 Combined transport documents(CTD)
? Combined transport documents evidence the
contract of carriage of goods by at least two
modes of transport,issued by a combined
transport operator under a combined transport
contract,It is quite similar to,though B/L”,
Through B/L is always connected with sea,used
for any transport combined with sea,while CTD
can be applied to any kind of combined transport,
Several carriers are involved in thorugh B/L,while
CTD is issued by only one carrier,that is,
combined transport operator.Combined transport
document can be made out either negotiable or
non-negotiable.
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Section 3 Shipment Clause
? Shipment clause includes time of delivery,
port(place) of shipment and destination,etc.
? 3.1 Time of delivery
? 3.2 Partial shipment and transshipment
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3.1 Time of delivery
? (1) a.Time of shipment definitely stated
? (2) Shipment within xx days after receipt of
L/C
? (3) Stipulating,prompt shipment”
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(1) Time of shipment definitely stated
? e.g.1,Shipment during December 1997
Shipment not later than 31st December,
1997
? e.g.2 Shipment during August/September
? e.g.3 Shipment not later than January
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(2) Shipment within xx days after receipt of L/C
– Shipment within 30 days after receipt of
L/C。
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(3) Stipulating,prompt shipment”
– immediate shipment 立即装运
– prompt shipment 即期装运
– shipment as soon as possible 尽快装运
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3.2 Partial shipment and transshipment
? (2) State in detail the time of delivery and
quantity of each lot.
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(1) Stipulate allowing partial shipment only
– EG,Partial shipment to be allowed
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(2) State in detail the time of delivery
and quantity of each lot.
– Shipment during May/June/July, with
partial shipments and transshipment
allowed
– During June/July in two shipment,
transshipment is prohibited
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Exercises:
? 1,某出口公司对外订立一份 CIF合同, 系用租船运输的,
在贸易合同中规定, 卸货率 （ Discharging Rate） 每个晴天工
作日为 1000公吨, 速遣费每天 1000英镑, 滞期费每天 2000英
镑, 而出口人与船主所订立的租船合同, 则规定卸货率每
个晴天工作日为 2000公吨, 速遣费每天 1500英镑, 滞期费
每天 3000英镑 。 该船驶抵目的港, 该港口实际卸货率为每
个晴天工作日 1500公吨, 设该批货物共有 15000公吨, 这将
对出口人造成何种后果？
? 答：根据贸易合同, 卸货天数,15000/1000=15（ 天 ）
? 根据租船合同, 卸货天数,15000/2000=7.5（ 天 ）
? 实际所用卸货天数,15000/1500=10（ 天 ）
?
? 卖方需向买方支付速遣费 1000*（ 15-10） =5000英镑
? 卖方需向船方支付滞期费 3000*（ 10-7.5） =7500英镑
? 共计损失 12500英镑 。
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International Cargo Transport
授课教师：狄琳娜
Learning Objectives
? 1.To learn the modes of transport,esp,ocean
transportation.
? 2.To understand the nature of liner transport
? 3.To understand the various kinds of B/L
? 4.To understand the contents of transport clause
1.Sea transportation (ocean transportation)
? According to ways of operation,ocean
transport can be divided into liner
transport and charter transport.
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1.1 Liner Transport
? (1) Characteristics of liner transport
? a.Fixed sailing date (an advertised schedule),
fixed route(operating on a regular route),making
calls at scheduled ports and relatively fixed
freight rate.
? b.Liner freight covers loading and unloading
charges,so the carrier is responsible for the
loading and unloading.
Liner transport is suitable for cargo of small
quantity.
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(2) Freight Rate
? Freight rate is stipulate in the tariff,It contains basic
freight rate and various kinds of surcharges.
? (2.1) Standards of collecting freight:
? a.weight:for items marked with,W” in tariff,the
freight thereon is to be calculated per metric ton on
weight( weight ton)
? b.Measurement:for items marked with,M”,the freight
is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement
of the cargo (measurement ton)
? c.Weight or measurement:for items marked with W/M,
the freight is to be calculated on basis of either
weight or measurement ton,subject to the higher one.
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? d.’ad,val.’,for items marked with,Ad Val.”,
the freight is to be calculated on the basis of
the price or value of the cargo concerned,For
some valuable goods like gold,platinum,
silver,precision instrument,expensive fur,
usually 1-5% of the price.
? e.W/M or Ad val.:for items marked,W/M or
Ad Val.” the highest rate is adopted.
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(2.2) Various kinds of surcharges
? In addition to the basic freight rates,there are
many kinds of surcharges that can not be
ignored.
? a.bunked adjustment factor
? b.port surcharges
? c.transshipment surcharges
? d.heavy lift and long length additional
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The following is an example of calculation of freight:
? Company A exports 100 cases of good X to
London,The volume per case is 40
cmX30cmX20cm,and the gross weight is
30kg.On the List of Classification of Commodities,
good X falls within the scope of class 10,and the
freight is based on W/M.On the Freight Tariff
(China-London),the basic freight rate for class
10 is US$222,with 10% port surcharges,
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How much is the total freight?
? Answer:
? 1.Total weight:0.03 M/TX100=3 M/T
? 2.Total volume:0.4X0.3X0.2X100=2.4M3:
? 3.Total weight >Total volume
? so,“W” is the basis for collecting freight.
? Total freight =total weight X (basic freight
rate+ surcharge)
=US$ 732.6
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1.2 Charter transport
? (1) Voyage charter transport
? a.stipulation of loading and unloading
charges
? b.lay days
? (2) Time Charter transport
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(1) Voyage charter transport
? A voyage charter is the hire of a ship for a
particular voyage.It can be further divided into
single voyage charter,consecutive voyage charter
and so on,The ship owner is responsible for
fulfilling transportation according to the stipulated
voyage,and for the operation and management of
the ship,and should bear all costs in transit.The
freight rate is usually charged by quantities of the
goods carried,or a fixed rate,no matter how much
is the quantity.
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a.stipulation of loading and unloading charges
(a)Liner terms,The freight includes loading and
unloading charges.The ship owner shall be
responsible for loading and unloading.
(b)Free out:The freight includes loading charges.
( c) Free in,The freight includes unloading
charges.
(d) Free in and out:If the ship owner is neither
responsible for loading and unloading nor stowed
and trimmed charges,”F.I.O.S.T.” is applicable.
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b.lay days
? Lay days are the days that a charter may keep a
chartered ship idle for the loading or unloading of the
goods without payment of extra charge,When the
ship owner is free in and out,lay days are usually set
down,together with the ways of calculating the lay
days and the corresponding demurrage and dispatch
money,
? If the charterer fails to load or unload the goods on
time,he will be published by paying certain amount of
money( demurrage) to the ship owner,because the
ship owner suffers losses resulting from delay in
sailing.But if the charter advances loading or
unloading,the ship owner will give him money award
(dispatch money),Usually dispatch money is half of
demurrage.
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The following are the three ways of calculating lay
days:
? (1)Days or consecutive days:
? Calculating on calendar day,no matter day or
night,Sunday or holiday.
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(2)Weather working days of 24 hours:
? Good weather,24 hours accumulates a day,
For example,suppose the port operates 8
hours per day,and within 5 days,raining for 2
days,these 5 days are then regarded as one
weather working day.
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(3) Weather working days of 24 consecutive hours:
? This way is suitable for
those ports which
operate day and night.I
means in good weather
condition,24 hours are
regarded as a working
day,It is widely adopted
through out the world.
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? EXERCISES:
? 1,某出口商品,我内部掌握价为 FOB新港, 每公吨
500港元 。 在对外洽谈中, 外商要求改按 CIF香港报
价 。 业务员在查询运价表时见该商品每运费吨为 50
港元, 并匡算保费为 6港元, 而后便以 CIF香港每
公吨 556港元对外报价, 结果成交 150公吨, 但到装
运时始发现运价表上的 50港元是指尺码吨, 因该商
品的积载系数为 2.5/1（ 立方米 /公吨 ）, 问该商品
的正确运费为多少？ 因运费计算错误, 我方共损
失多少港元？ （ 设投保加成为 10%,保险费率为
1%。 ）
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– 答：这笔业务, 每公吨的正确运费应该是：
50*2.5=125港元,因此,单就运费一项就吃亏 75港元,
另外, 运费算少了, 自然保险费也要相应减少, 按
加一成, 保险费率为 1%计算, 每公吨要少卖近 1港元 。
运保费加在一起, 150公吨共损失 11400港元 。
– CIF=CFR/（ 1-110%*1%） =（ 500+125） /（ 1-110%*1%）
=631.95港元
– (631.95-556)*150=11392.5港元,
– 积载系数,体积 /毛重
– 积载系数大于 1,轻货
– 积载系数小于 1,重货
– 尺码吨费率 *积载系数 =重量吨费率
– 重量吨费率 /积载系数 =尺码吨运费
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? 2,某出口公司拟出口某商品, 对外报价每公
吨 （ 以毛作净 ） 2000美元 FOB新港 。 国外要求
改报 CFR旧金山, 问我应在 FOB价基础上加多
少运费才较为合适？ （ 设去旧金山需装美国船,
该船公司运价表上每运费吨是按短吨计算, 这
种商品每运费吨 50美元 ） 。
– 答：每公吨运费 =50美元 *1.1023=55.115美元,
– 对外报价应为,2000+55.115=2055.115
– 如果按照 250美元对外报价,则每公吨吃亏 5.115美元,
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2,Rail Transport
? Rail transport is a major mode of transport in
terms of capacity,only second to ocean transport,
? It is capable of achieving relatively high speed
and is very economical especially if it provides
the complete trainload for a shipper on a regular
basis.Besides,it is less prone to the eruption by
poor weather.But it is confined to railroads and
therefore less flexible.
? Rail transport can be divided into international
combined rail transport and domestic rail
transport,
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3.Air Transport
? 3.1 The features of air transport
? 3.2 Type of air transport services
? 3.3 Airline rates
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3.1 The features of air transport
? The following are its pros and cons:
? (1)Quick,reliable transits:
? (2)Low risk of damage and pilferage,competitive
insurance premium.
? (3) Ideal mode for consumer-type cargoes such as
fresh flowers and fruits which deteriorate easily,
fashionable articles that have a short selling life,
seasonal goods or merchandise of high value to low
weight raito.
? (4)High operating cost and initial cost of air when
compared to overall capacity,Average aircraft
capacity is only 2,000-25,000kg.
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3.2 Type of air transport services
? Air transport services are divided into three
categories,scheduled airlines,chartered
carriers,and consolidated consignments by
freight forwarders.
? (1)Scheduled airlines:
? (2)Chartered carriers:
? (3)Consolidated consignments:
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3.3 Airline rates
? Airline rates are normally based on actual
weight for heavy cargo or measurement
weight for large volume cargo.The shipper of
air such as General Cargo Rates,Classified
Rates,Specified Commodity Rates and so on.
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4.Container transport & international
multi-modal transport
? 4.1 Container transport
? 4.2 Features of container
transport
? 4.3 International multi-modal
transport
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4.1 Container transport
? Container transport is a method of distributing
merchandise in a unitized form,suitable for ocean,rail
and multi-modal transport,It is the most modern form
of physical international distribution and overall is
highly efficient in terms of reliability,cost,quality or
service,advanced technology and so on.
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4.2 Features of container transport
? Container transport offers a door to
door service under FCL/FCL(Full
Container Load/Full Container Load),
door to container freight station(cfs)
service und er FCL/LCL (Fu ll
Container Load/ Less than Container
Load),cfs to cfs service under
LCL/LCL,or cfs to door service
u n d e r L C L /F C L c o n d it i o n s,
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4.3 International multi-modal transport
? Following the containerization of international transport,a
brand new mode of transport,international multi-modal
transport”has been introduced in the transport industry,
International multi-modal transport means the carriage of
cargo by at least two modes of transport on the basis of a
multi-modal transport contract from a place at which the
cargoes are collected in one country to a place designated for
delivery in another country,Although different modes of
transport(sea,air,rail,etc.) are combined,only one multi-
modal transport operator is responsible for taking the cargo
from the consignor and delivering them to the consignee.
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4.3 International multi-modal transport
? 大陆桥运输 Land Bridge Transpor
– 大陆桥运输是指使用横贯大陆的铁路 （ 公路 ） 运输
系统, 作为中间桥梁, 把大陆两端的海洋连接起来
的集装箱连贯运输方式 。
– 始于 1967年
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4.3 International multi-modal transport
? 11,主要的大陆桥
? （ 1） 西伯利亚大陆桥
? 是利用俄罗斯西伯利亚铁路作为陆地桥梁, 把太平洋远东地区与
波罗的海和黑海沿岸以及西欧大西洋口岸连接起来 。
? 东起海参崴的纳霍特卡港口, 横贯欧亚大陆, 至莫斯科, 然后分
三路：
? ===〉 波罗的海沿岸得圣彼得堡港, 转往西欧, 北欧港口；
? ===〉 至俄罗斯西部国境站, 至欧洲其他国家铁路 （ 公路 ） 直运
欧洲各国；
? ===〉 至黑海沿岸, 转船往中东, 地中海沿岸 。
? 80年代, 利用该陆桥运输货物每年 10万个集装箱以上
? 问题,运输能力一受冬季严寒影响, 港口有数月冰封期；
货运量西向大于东向约二倍, 来回运量不平衡；
动力仍很紧张, 铁路设备陈旧 。
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4.3 International multi-modal transport
? (2)美国大陆桥
? 两条：从西部太平洋口岸至东部大西洋口岸的铁路 （ 公路 ） 运输
系统, 全长约 3200公里, 另一条是西部太平洋口岸至南部墨西哥
湾口岸的铁路 （ 公路 ） 运输系统, 长 500-1000公里左右 。
? 美国小路桥运输线 Mini Land Bridge与微型陆桥 Micro Land bridge
? 美国 OCP条款,Over Land Common Points的简写, 含义是内
陆公共点地区, 简称, 内陆地区, 。 根据美国费率规定, 以美国
西部九个州为界, 也就是以洛矶山脉为界, 其以东地区, 均为内
陆地区范围, 这个范围很广, 约占美国三分之二的地区 。 按照
OCP运输条款的规定, 凡是经过美国西海岸港口转往上述内陆地
区的货物, 如按 OCP条款运输, 就可享受比一般直达西海岸港口
为廉的优惠内陆运输费率 （ 3-5%）, 同时可享受比一般正常运费
为低的优惠海运运费 。 （ 每吨约低 3-5美元 ） 。
? 采用 OCP条款必须满足以下条件：
? （ 1） 货物最终目的地必须属于 OCP地区范围内
? （ 2） 货物必须经由美国西海岸港口中转 。
? （ 3） 在提单备注栏及货物墨头上应注明最终目的地 OCP XX城市 。
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? （ 3） 加拿大大陆桥
? （ 4） 新欧亚大陆桥 1990年 9月 11日, 我国陇海 ---兰
新铁路的最西段乌鲁木齐至阿拉山口的北疆铁路与前
苏联士西铁路接轨, 第二条欧亚大陆桥全线贯通, 并
于 1992年 9月正式通车 。 此条运输线东起我国连云港,
西至荷兰鹿特丹, 跨亚欧两大洲, 连接太平洋和大西
洋, 穿越中国, 哈萨克, 俄罗斯, 与第一条运输线重
合 。 经白俄罗斯, 波兰, 德国到荷兰, 辐射 20多个国
家和地区, 全长 10800公里, 在我国境内全长 4134公
里 。 这条运输线与第一条运输线相比, 总运距缩短
2000—2500公里, 可缩短运输时间 5填, 减少运费
10%以上 。
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4.3 International multi-modal transport
Other ways of transportation:
? 1,Road Transportation
? 2,Inland Water Transportation
? 3,Parcel post Transportation
? 4,Pipeline Transportation
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Section 2 Major Shipping Documents
? 1.Bill of Lading(B/L)
? A bill of lading is a transportation document
which is issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper
with whom the carrier has entered into a contract
for the carriage of goods.
? 1.1 The three purposes served by B/L
? 1.2 Types of bill of lading
? 1.3 Multilateral treaty governing bill of lading
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1.1 The three purposes served by B/L
? (1) receipt for the goods
? (2) Evidence of the contract of carriage
? (3) Document of title to the goods
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1.2 Types of bill of lading
? There are a number of different types of bill of lading,
The following lists those encountered the most often.
? (1) Shipped (on board) bill of lading and received for
shipment bill of lading
? (2) Clean bill of lading and unclean bill of lading (four
bill of lading or claused bill of lading)
? (3) Straight,blank and order B/L
? (4) Direct,transshipment,through bill of lading
? (5) Liner bill of lading,charter party bill of lading,
container bill of lading.
? (6) Long form bill of lading and short form bill of
lading
? (7) On deck bill of lading,stale bill of lading,ante-
dated B/L and advanced bill of lading
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2.Other shipping documents
? 2.1 Sea waybill
? 2.2 Air waybill
? 2.3 Combined transport documents(CTD)
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2.1 Sea waybill
? Sea waybill is a receipt for the goods issued by
the carrier,It is also an evidence of contract of
carriage,But it is not a document of title to goods,
It is not negotiable.
? In international trade,sometimes the goods have
arrived at the port of destination,while the
documents on the part of the bank.Without the
B/L,the consignee shall not be able to take
delivery of goods.In this case,the use of sea
waybill will be more convenient to the consignee.
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2.2 Air waybill
? The air waybill is the consignment note for
the carriage of goods by air,It is basically a
receipt of the goods for dispatch and
evidence of the contract of carriage between
the carrier and the consignor,
? This document is approximately the
equivalent to the sea freight bill of lading,but
the air waybill is not a negotiable title to
goods in the same way as is an ocean bill of
lading although it is widely used as a valuable
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2.2 Air waybill
? receipt and evidence of dispatch and can be
utilized within the framework of letter of credit,
etc,Air waybills are made out in three
originals,Normally the exporter would retain
No.1 original,No.3 would be retained by the
airline and No.2 would automatically go
forward with the consignment to the
consignee at the destination point.
2.3 Combined transport documents(CTD)
? Combined transport documents evidence the
contract of carriage of goods by at least two
modes of transport,issued by a combined
transport operator under a combined transport
contract,It is quite similar to,though B/L”,
Through B/L is always connected with sea,used
for any transport combined with sea,while CTD
can be applied to any kind of combined transport,
Several carriers are involved in thorugh B/L,while
CTD is issued by only one carrier,that is,
combined transport operator.Combined transport
document can be made out either negotiable or
non-negotiable.
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Section 3 Shipment Clause
? Shipment clause includes time of delivery,
port(place) of shipment and destination,etc.
? 3.1 Time of delivery
? 3.2 Partial shipment and transshipment
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3.1 Time of delivery
? (1) a.Time of shipment definitely stated
? (2) Shipment within xx days after receipt of
L/C
? (3) Stipulating,prompt shipment”
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(1) Time of shipment definitely stated
? e.g.1,Shipment during December 1997
Shipment not later than 31st December,
1997
? e.g.2 Shipment during August/September
? e.g.3 Shipment not later than January
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(2) Shipment within xx days after receipt of L/C
– Shipment within 30 days after receipt of
L/C。
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(3) Stipulating,prompt shipment”
– immediate shipment 立即装运
– prompt shipment 即期装运
– shipment as soon as possible 尽快装运
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3.2 Partial shipment and transshipment
? (2) State in detail the time of delivery and
quantity of each lot.
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(1) Stipulate allowing partial shipment only
– EG,Partial shipment to be allowed
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(2) State in detail the time of delivery
and quantity of each lot.
– Shipment during May/June/July, with
partial shipments and transshipment
allowed
– During June/July in two shipment,
transshipment is prohibited
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Exercises:
? 1,某出口公司对外订立一份 CIF合同, 系用租船运输的,
在贸易合同中规定, 卸货率 （ Discharging Rate） 每个晴天工
作日为 1000公吨, 速遣费每天 1000英镑, 滞期费每天 2000英
镑, 而出口人与船主所订立的租船合同, 则规定卸货率每
个晴天工作日为 2000公吨, 速遣费每天 1500英镑, 滞期费
每天 3000英镑 。 该船驶抵目的港, 该港口实际卸货率为每
个晴天工作日 1500公吨, 设该批货物共有 15000公吨, 这将
对出口人造成何种后果？
? 答：根据贸易合同, 卸货天数,15000/1000=15（ 天 ）
? 根据租船合同, 卸货天数,15000/2000=7.5（ 天 ）
? 实际所用卸货天数,15000/1500=10（ 天 ）
?
? 卖方需向买方支付速遣费 1000*（ 15-10） =5000英镑
? 卖方需向船方支付滞期费 3000*（ 10-7.5） =7500英镑
? 共计损失 12500英镑 。
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