Negotiation and Implementation
of the Contact
合同的商订和履行







交易磋商程序
询盘
inquiry
发盘
offer
还盘
counter
offer
接受
acceptance







4.1 Enquiry
? 4.1.1 What is Enquiry?
? An enquiry is an overseas buyer to
seller,inquiring about the terms or
conditions of a sale.







4.1.2 How to Enquiry Effectively
? A first enquiry– a letter sent to a supplier with
whom you have not previously done business
should include:
? a) brief mention of how you obtained your
potential supplier’s name.
? b)some indication of the demand in your area
for the goods which the supplier deal in.
? c)Details of what you would like your
prospective supplier to send you,such as
catalogue,a price list,discounts,methods of
payment,delivery time,where appropriate,
samples,







? d)A closing sentence to round off the
enquiry.
? Hereby are two models of the first
enquiries:







Model 1:from a french importer of fashion
goods to a British exporter
? Dear Sirs:
We have heard from the British Embassy in Paris that
you are producing for export hand-made shoes and
gloves in natural materials.
There is a steady demand in France for high-quality
goods of this type.Sale are not high,but a good price
can be obtained for fashionable designs.
Will you please send us your catalogue and full details
of your export prices and terms of payment,together
with samples of leathers used in your articles and,if
possible,specimens of some of the articles
themselves?
We are looking forward to hearing from you.
yours fathfully,







Model 2:From an Australian engineering concern to
a British supplier
? Dear sirs,
We have seen your advertisement in the Metal Worker,
and would be grateful if you would kindly send us details
of your aluminum fittings.
Please quote us for the supply of the items listed on the
enclosed enquiry form,giving your price CIF
Melbourne.Will you please also indicate delivery times,
your terms of payment,and details of discounts for regular
purchases and large orders.
Our annual requirements for metal fittings are
considerable,and we may be able to place substantial
orders with you if your prices are competitive and your
deliveries prompt.
We look forward to receiving your quotation.
Yours faithfully,







4.1.3 How to Reply Enquiries Effectively
? The reply will generally include:
? Thank the writer of the letter of enquiry for the
letter in question.
? Supply all the information requested,and refer
both to enclosures and to samples,catalogues
and other items being sent by separate post.
? Provide additional information,not specifically
requested by the customer,so long as it is
relevant.
? Conclude with one or two lines encouraging the
customer to place orders and assuring them of
good service.







Model of reply:
? Dear Sirs,
We thank you for your enquiry of October 12,and
appreciate your interest in our products.
Details of our export prices and terms of payment
are enclosed,and we have arranged for a copy of our
catalogue to be sent to you today.
Our representative for Europe,Mr,J.Needham,will
be in Paris from the 24th to the 30th of this month,and we
have asked him to make an appointment to visit you
during this peroid.He will have him a full range of
samples of our hand-made lines,and is authorized to
discuss the terms of an order with you or to negotiate a
contract.
We think our articles will be just what you want for
fashionable trade,and look forward to the opportunity of
doing business with you,
yours fathfully,







二、发盘( Offer)
? 发盘, 又称发价, 是指交易的一方向另一方提出一
定交易条件, 并愿意按照提出的交易条件达成买卖
该项货物的交易, 签订合同的一种口头或书面的表
示 。, 联合国国际货物销售合同公约, ( 以下简称
,公约,) 第 14 条对发盘的定义为:, 向一个或一
个以上特定的人提出的订立合同的建议, 如果十分
确定并且表明发盘人在得到接受时承受约束的意旨
,即构成发盘 。 一个建议如果写明货物并且明示或
暗示地规定数量和价格或规定如何确定数量和价格
,即为十分确定 。,







例 1,实盘信举例
? 敬启者:
? 事由:花生,核桃仁
? 兹确认收到你方本月 18日电报, 要求我们报花
生和核挑仁两货 CFR阿姆斯特丹实盘 。 今晨我
们回电报手摘, 带壳, 不分等级的山东花生
360公吨, CFR阿姆斯特丹或其他欧洲主要口
岸价每公吨人民币 1800元, 1998年 7~8月装运
。 此盘一周内复函有效 。 我们愿指出, 这是我
方最低价格, 故对你方的任何还盘均不能考虑
。 关于核桃仁, 我们目前仅有的少数几笔货已
向别处报盘 。 若你方能给一个可接受 的递盘,
有可能得到此货 。
谨上







例 2,虚盘信举例
? 敬启者:
? 感谢贵方 1998年 7月 10日来函 。 我公司乐于向你
方报盘 。 报盘如下:
? 货名:绣花缎超短裙
? 数量,10000打
? 价格:每打 50美元 CFR纽约
? 包装:透明塑料袋 船期,1998年 8月
? 支付方式:凭即期汇票支付的不可撤销的信用
证付款 。
? 本报盘以我方确认为准, 如你方认可接受, 请
尽快函告我们 。
谨上







3,Counter-offer
? A counter-offer is a reply to an offer that adds to,
limits,or modifies materially the terms of the
offer.A seller,for example,who accepts a buyer’s
offer informs the buyer that goods will be a
different color,has made a counter-offer.
? Virtually,a counter-offer is a new offer made by the
offeree,The original offeror is the offeree of the
new offer,The original offer becomes null and void
and its original offeror is not bound any more,
Counter-offers may be made repeatedly between the
buyer and the seller,The following are two
examples of counter-offers made by telegram.







? Outgoing telegram,YOURTLX THIRD
REGRET UNABLE ACCEPT
COMPETITORS QUOTING SIMILAR
QUALITY USD55 PLEASE REPLY
IMMEDIATELY.
? Incoming telegram:OUR THIRD RENEW
OFFER SUBJECT REPLY TENTH OUR
TIME.







一封还盘信的样例
? 敬启者:
? 锡 箔
? 感谢贵方 11月 12日函, 按常规条款给我方 65长吨标
题货物报盘, 单价每长吨 CFR到上海价 165美金 。
? 现答复, 很遗憾我方用户认为贵方价格太高, 与先行
市场行情不一致 。 信息表明, 一些日本货已以每长吨
158美金的价格出售 。
? 因此, 在可以容易地以更低的价格买到类似质量货物
的情况下, 我们不可能说服用户接受贵方价格 。 如贵
方愿意减价, 比如说, 减 8%,也许能达成交易 。 只
是鉴于双方长期的关系, 我们才能给上述还盘 。 市价
正在下跌, 希望你方采取赞许态度加以考虑, 并早日
来电接受我方的还盘 。
? 盼早复 。 谨上







4,Acceptance
? An acceptance is an unconditional assent to an
offer or an assent to an offer conditioned on only
minor changes that do not affect any material
terms of offer,For example,a cable reading
“Yours fourteenth we accept” is a typical
acceptance.







接受
接受的含义
? 接受在法律上称为承诺, 它是指受盘
人在发盘规定的时限内, 以声明或行为表
示同意发盘提出的各项条件 。







构成接受的条件
构成一项有效的接受, 必须具备下列
各项条件:
1,接受必须由受盘人做出;
2,接受必须是同意发盘所提出的交易条
件;







根据, 公约, 的规定, 一项有效的接
受必须是同意发盘所提出的交易条件 。
? 只接受发盘中的部分内容
? 对发盘条件提出实质性的修改
? 提出有条件的接受
以上均不能构成接受, 而只能视作还盘 。







但是, 若受盘人在表示接受时, 对
发盘内容提出某些 非实质性的添加, 限
制和更改 (如要求增加重量单, 装箱单,
原产地证明或某些单据的份数等 ),除非
发盘人在不过分迟延的时间内表示反对
其间的差异外, 仍可构成一项有效的接
受, 从而使合同得以成立 。 在此情况下
,合同的条件就以该项发盘的条件以及
接受中所提出的某些更改为准 。







案例
我方 A于 2002年 12月 1日对法国客户 B发
电称:, 可提供商品甲 3000公吨,per M/T
$500 FOB Shanghai,旧麻袋装。 12月 5日复
到我方有效。,
法方 B的回电于 12月 4日复到我方,内容
如下:, 接受你方的 12月 1日电;若价格降
为 per M/T $480 FOB Shanghai,就再追加
2000公吨。请用新麻袋装。,







我方未予答复。但过了 10天后,
法方来电要求我方尽快发货,但我方
认为合同根本就未达成,而法方却不
这样认为。请问合同是否达成?如果
达成,合同的交易条件是什么?







? 敬启者:
? 我们很高兴地从你方 7月 10日的来信中得知, 你
方已接受我方 7月 4日的报盘 。
? 为此, 我方确认按下列条款出售给你方 15000公
吨小红豆 。
? 价格:每公吨成本加运费价到西雅图 400美元 。
? 包装:麻袋, 每袋净重大约 50公斤 。
? 品质,1998年产大路货 。
? 装运,1998年 12月船期, 从上海到西雅图 。
? 支付:以我方为受益人的保兑的, 不可撤消的
信用证, 凭即期汇票支付 。
? 非常高兴此次与你方达成第一笔交易, 盼望以
后能进一步发展双方互利的贸易 。
谨上
各国法律一般认为逾期接受无效,它只
能视作一个新的发盘,但《联合国国际货物
销售合同公约》对这个问题作了灵活的处理

逾期接受的原因 合同成立 合同不成立
邮寄原因
受盘人自身原因
不表态 表态
表态 不表态







接受的撤回或修改
,公约, 采取了大陆法的, 到达生效,
原则 。
,公约, 第 22条规定:, 如果撤回通知于
接受原应生效之前或同时送达发盘人, 接
受得予撤回 。,
如接受已送达发盘人, 即接受一旦生效
,合同即告成立, 就不得撤回接受或修改
其内容, 因为这样做无异于撤销或修改合
同 。







?谢谢大家!