历年英语考研真题及英语资料：黑暗版英语历年翻译真题解析

黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
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PREFACE,...............................................................................................................................................................iii
英汉翻译高分攻略,.................................................................................................................................................,1
历年翻译真题汇编全译..........................................................................................................................................,4
Text1,2006 年试题,.........................................................................................................................................,4
Text2.2005 年试题（全国卷）,....................................................................................................................,9
Text3.2005 年试题（北京卷）,..................................................................................................................,12
Text4.2004 年试题,......................................................................................................................................,15
Text5.2003 年试题,......................................................................................................................................,19
Text6.2002 年试题,......................................................................................................................................,22
Text7.2001 年试题,......................................................................................................................................,25
Text8.2000 年试题,......................................................................................................................................,28
Text9.1999 年试题,......................................................................................................................................,32
Text10.1998 年试题,....................................................................................................................................,35
Text11.1997 年试题,....................................................................................................................................,38
Text12.1996 年试题,....................................................................................................................................,41
Text13.1995 年试题,....................................................................................................................................,47
Text14.1994 年试题,....................................................................................................................................,50
Text15.1993 年试题,....................................................................................................................................,53
Text16.1992 年试题,....................................................................................................................................,55
Text17.1991 年试题,....................................................................................................................................,58
Text18.1990 年试题,....................................................................................................................................,60
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
1
英汉翻译高分攻略
一.近年英译汉考题内容
英译汉短文内容大体上涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活,政治、经济、历史、文化、科普等方面的一般常识或社会、自然科学与技术常识的题材。体裁多为议论文。科学常识性的题材占了相当大的比重。
1990～2004年英译汉短文主题
1990年：个性形成的教育(434词)；
1991年:能源与农业（444词）
1992年:智力评估的科学性（406词）
1993年:科学研究方法（443词）
1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系（308词）
1995年:标准化教育与心理评估（364词）
1996年:科学发展的动力（331词）
1997年:动物的权利（417词）
1998年:宇宙起源（376词）
1999年:史学研究方法（326词）
2000年:科学家与政府（381词）
2001年:计算机与未来生活展望（405词）
2002年:行为科学发展的困难（339词）
2003年:人类学简介（371词）
2004年:语言与思维（357词）
平均值:短文词数:370词;要求翻译的词数:160词
从英译汉试题内容分析，考生就应明确认识到,要想在英语考试中取得成功，必须在基本训练上狠下工夫。首先要扩大知识面，提高自身文化素质。考生如果熟悉试题内容，将有助于对短文的深入理解，增强信心，提高翻译水平。考生应利用各种渠道，特别是通过大量浏览中、英文报纸杂志，
扩大相关的知识面。
二.近年英译汉考题的特点
从题型改革后、特别是1996年以后的试题分析,命题组更侧重考生综合运用语言的能力，题难度加大，趋向稳定。考题要求考生在理解全句、全段或全文的基础上，把语法、词汇的意思和上下文结合起来理解，表面看上去画线的句子语法不很复杂，词汇似乎也不陌生，但翻译时很多考生觉得难以动笔，难度增大体现在:不能采用就词论词、就句子论句子的简单直译方法，而要求把词和句子放在篇章里去理解，还可强调英语习惯用法、语感和翻译技巧的掌握。这样仅靠熟悉语法规则和孤立地背单词已远远不够了。这也是考生得分普遍不高的主要原因。近年来英译汉试题主要特点如下,
（1） 反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性、科学类和报刊评论文章占很大比例;
（2）考题难度加大;
（3）语法现象难度有所降低;
（4）突出简单翻译技巧，如:词、词组的省略及补译,译出it，they，this，that等代词的真正代表的含义，词义选择、引申、词性转换，长句的拆句与逆序翻译法等。考生应针对这些特点认真做好适当的准备。
三,2005年英译汉考题的命题趋势
（1）体裁:议论文。
（2）题材:反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性报刊评论文章;特别是有重要现实意义的题材，如资源,环境、能源、教育、科技创新、经济全球化、
科教兴国、民主与法制等常识及有生命科学、宇宙探索、信息技术和纳米科技等有现实意义的科普题材。
（3）写作特点:语言通俗规范，知识性强，内容新颖有趣,思想进步，有时代感和较强的现实意义。
（4）难度:2004年考题读起来相对简单，难点在于汉语表达的准确性,估计2005年考题的难度会适当增加。
（5）重点:词义的选择及引申，对原文理解的深度和语言的准确表达。
《新大纲》的变化将对英译汉考题产生了一定的影响。首先，新大纲新增了400多新词，删去了一些简单或重复的单词。 尤其是新大纲中的词汇没有给出词性以及词义，这样，在英译汉考试中也相应增加了考生对词汇在上下文篇章中的猜测技能。
同时新大纲删去了固定搭配的短语,考题中难度增加了。
总之，阅读的材料尽可能多的涉及各个领域，
如经济,社会生活、文化教育、史地或科普知识等。
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
近 10 年来的英译汉试题都是科普和社会生活方面的文章,平时应注意有的放矢的练习。在阅读中应仔细分析文章的结构，学会长、难句的切分和简化，
尤其要注意累积单词短语，这样才能正确地理解划线部分句子的含义。以 2000 以来的英译汉试题为依托来复习，因为任何一种严肃的考试都有很好的延续性，每年试题中总会有一些重复考察的词汇和知识点。考生可以在历年的真题中找到命题中心比较偏好的考点和出题风格。
四.备考对策及翻译技巧
㈠、简要介绍
翻译部分由一篇 400 字左右的文章组成，其中划出 5 个句 子，要求考生在 30 分钟内译完。 2002
年题型更改之前，每句 3 分，一共 15 分，现在每句 2 分，一共 10 分。评分标准如下,
2003 年考题的评分标准为,
共 5 题,每题 2 分,共 10 分。
2004 年考题评分标准为,
共 5 题，每题 2 分，共 10 分。
● 如果句子译文扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不得超过 0.5 分。
● 如果某考生给出两种或两种以上译法，若均正确，给分；若其中一种译法错误，不给分。
● 汉语错别字，不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。
在不影 响意思的前提下,满三个错别字扣
0.5 分。
● 如果句子译文完全扭曲原文意思，即使有些词语翻译正确，该句得分最多不得超过 0.5 分。
● 如果某考生给出两种或两种以上译法，若均正确,给分；若其中一种译法错误，按错误译法扣分。
● 汉语错别字，不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。
在不影响意思的前提下，酌情扣分。
例如,
2002 年第 65 题,
Until these issues are resolved,a technology of
behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it
0.5 分
0.5 分 0.5 分
possibly the only way to solve our problem,
0.5分
2003 年第 65 题,
Thus,the anthropological concept of,culture”,like
the concept of,set” in mathematics,is an abstract
concept
(1)
(2) (3)
which makes possible immense amounts of concrete
research and understanding,
(4)
(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)各0.5 分
㈡、有无必要通读全文？
完全没有必要。只有在以下两种情况下，才需要回头看看前文,1.出现 it,he,they 等代词时，需要回读前文以确定它们所指代的人或物； 2.出现某个单词有歧义，可作多种理解时。
㈢、如何做好翻译？
翻译有三个步骤：正确理解原文；用地道的译入语表达原文；对译文进行修改润色。
百分之百正确地理解原文，是做好翻译的前提。 考生在已有的英语理解基础上，应针对翻译部分着重注意以下几个方面,
1.句子中相 对应的部分。请看例句,
The behavioral sciences have been slow to
change partly because the explanatory items often
seem to be directly observed and partly because other
kinds of explanations have been hard to find,
(2002:62)
这一句很明显可以分为 A,B,C 三个部分,A
为果,B，C 为两个并列的原因。明白了这一点，
可以解决两个问题：1,全句大的结构可以确立为：
之所以有 A，部分原因是 B，部分原因是 C；2,B
部分中 explanatory items比较难以翻译，尤其是 item
一词，但结合 C 部分，可以确定 explanatory items
实际上就是 explanations 的意思，短语 other kinds of
进一步验证了这一点。
2.时态。 英译汉时，常需借助" 着、了、过" 等
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
助词和时间副词来表达原句的时态。请看例句,
There will be television chat shows hosted by
robots,...(2001:71)
翻译本句，需添加" 届时 "一词来表达原文的将来时态。再请看,
But even more...,for what they were seeing were
the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years
ago,(1998:71)
本句官方给出的参考译文是：因为他们看到的是 150 亿年前 宇宙云的形状和结构。我认为，这个译文翻译的实际上是"for what they saw" 而不是"for
what they were seeing"，换言之，它不足以表达一般过去时和过去进行时的区别。
再请看,
,..and digital age will have arrived,(2001:72)
有考生将其翻译成" 数 字时代将会来到 "，体现的是一般将来时而不是将来完成时。
3.词的单复 数，大小写等细节问题。请看例句,
Whether the Government should..,(1994:75)
官方给出的参考译文将 the Government 简单译成" 政府",不确切。定冠词 the 以及 government 首字母大写这两点明显表明此处的 government 是特指。本句前一句为"Federal policy is necessarily
involved in the technology vs,genius dispute"，可以确定，the Government 指的是"( 美国)联邦政府" 。
再请看,
Science moves forward,they say,not so much
through the insights of great men of genius as because
of more ordinary things like improved techniques and
tools,(1994:71)
此处 insights 能否做" 洞察力" 讲？如果能，" 洞察力" 有复数吗？如果不能，它又当做何解释？
顺便说一句,not so much...as...引导的两部分是对应的，因此可以确定，此处的 through 与后面的
because of 同义。
注意词的单复数还有一个实际用途，就是可以比较快地确定代词所指为何。请看例句,
But even more important,it was the
farthest..(1998:71)
根据现在的评分标准,it 不能简单地译为 "它",
而应回读前文，找出它具体所指为何。在完成这一任务时，考生只应看前面的单数名词而忽视一切复数名词。
英语还有一些特殊的表达方式，如将两个同义词用 and 相连,强调表达一个意思，还有尽可能避免重复，这些都是考生应该注意的。限于篇幅，在此恕不赘述。
正确理解原文后，接下来就是翻译。翻译时，
考生应着重注意处理好句子结构以及句序。 翻译部分的句子，大多为复合句，汉语中没有从句，因此，
正确处理句子结构以及句序，实际上就是正确处理从句。请看下表,
定语从句 状语从句 宾语从句 主语从句 同位语从句 表语从句 简单句 并列句
23 18 9 6 3 1 1 0
以上是对近十年真题的统计，可以看出掌握好定语从句和状语从句的翻译至关重要。
修饰润色这一工作，针对考研，只需看看有无明显的漏译错译即可。
㈣、翻译技巧
应付考研翻译，比较常用的翻译技巧是添减词和词性转换。
㈤、人名地名怎么译？碰到不认识的词怎么办？
不常见的人名地名可以保留原文。
万一有不认识的词，最好忽略不译，切忌胡乱翻译，因为一个错译远比一个漏译扎眼。
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
历年翻译真题汇编全译
Text1.2006 年试题
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his
society? I am going to suggest that it is not true,Father Bruckbergen told part of the story
when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America,But they have done
that,They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual,It is they,not America,who
have become anti-intellectual,
First,the object of our study pleads for definition,What is an intellectual? (46) I shall
define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the
activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems,He explores such
problem consciously,articulately,and frankly,first by asking factual questions,then by
asking moral questions,finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of
the factual and moral information which he has obtained,(47) His function is analogous to
that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible
the course of reasoning which led him to his decision,
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average
scientist for one,(48) I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may
contribute to the solution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of
approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems,Like other human beings,he
encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not
supposed to cook his experiments,manufacture evidence,or doctor his reports,(49) But his
primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more than
a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in
business,During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted,as the businessman
takes his ethics,
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching has
traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living,(50) They may
teach very well,and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no
independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment,This description
even fits the majority eminent scholars,Being learned in some branch of human knowledge
is one thing; living in,public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say,is something
else,
重点词汇,
intellectual,
adj 1 [通常作定语 ] of the intellect 智力的；理智的：【例】the intellectual faculties 智能。
2 of,interested in or able to deal with
things of the mind (eg the arts,ideas for
their own sake) rather than practical
matters 思维的,善思考的,能运用聪明才智的（如艺术、思想等方面，并非指实际事情）：
【例】 intellectual people 善思考的人；
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
intellectual interests,pursuits,etc 需用脑力的爱好,研究等。
n intellectual person 知识 分子； 脑力劳动者：
【例】 a play,book,etc for intellectuals 以知识分子为对象的剧、书等。
plead,/ pli:d; plid/
v 1 ~ (with sb) (for sth) make repeated
urgent requests (to sb) (for sth) 再三恳求或请求（某人）（做某事）：【例】 plead for mercy 祈求发慈悲； He pleaded with his parents for a
more understanding attitude,他求父母多加谅解。
2 offer (sth) as an explanation or excuse,
esp for failing to do sth or for doing sth
wrong 提出（理由或藉口）（尤指因未做某事或做错某事）：【例】They asked him to pay for the
damage but he pleaded poverty,他们要他付损害赔偿金,但他藉口贫穷而不偿还。
3 ~ for/against sb (law 律 ) (of a lawyer)
speak to a lawcourt (on behalf of the
plaintiff/defendant)（指律师）（在法庭上为原告
[被告] ）提出申诉、答辩或辩护。
4 (law 律 ) present (a case) to a court of
law 向法庭陈述（案情）：【例】 They employed
the best lawyer they could get to plead their
case,他们聘请了能请到的最好的律师为他们陈述案情。
5 (law 律 ) put (sth) forward as the basis
of a case in a court of law (on behalf of sb)
（代表某人）向法庭提出（某事）（作为案件的基础）：【例】 Counsel for the accused said that he
intended to plead insanity,ie that his client
was insane and therefore not responsible for
his actions,被告的律师说他想提出案发时被告精神失常这一理由,为被告不需负法律责任进行辩护。
6 ~ (for) sth argue in support of sth;
support (a cause) by argument 极力主张 ; 以辩论支持（某事业）,【例】 plead for the
modernization of the city's public transport
力主城市公共交通现代化。
【形】 pleadingly in a begging or an imploring
manner 恳求地；乞求地
【名】 pleadings (律) （原告的）诉状；被告的）
答辩状
consciously,adv,
【形】conscious
1 knowing what is going on around one
because one is able to use bodily senses and
mental powers; awake 感觉到的; 意识到的 ;
清醒的,【例】 He was in a coma for days,but
now he's (fully) conscious again,他昏迷了几天,但现在又（完全）清醒了。
2 ~ of sth/that..,aware; noticing 知道 的; 察觉的; 注意到的：【例】be conscious of being
watched/that one is being watched 察觉有人在监视自己
3 (of actions,feelings,etc) realized by
oneself; intentional （指行为,感情等）自觉的; 蓄意的,【例】One's conscious motives
are often different from one's subconscious
ones,一个人有明显动机的举动跟下意识的举动往往截然不同。
4 being particularly aware of and interested
in the thing mentioned 对所提到的事物具有深刻认识和浓厚兴趣的：【例】trying to make the
workers more politically conscious 努力提高工人的政治觉悟。
【名】consciousness
[U] 1 (a) state of being conscious(1) 知觉 ;
清醒状态：【例】The blow caused him to
lose consciousness,那一击打得他失去了知觉,(b) ~ (of sth/that...) state of being
aware; awareness 明了; 觉悟：【例】 my
consciousness of her needs 我对她的需求的了解。
2 all the ideas,thoughts,feelings,etc of
a person or people 意识,【例】 attitudes
that are deeply ingrained in the English
consciousness 深深扎根於英国人意识中的看法。
articulate
adj 1 (of a person) able to express one's
ideas clearly in words （指人）能用词语把意思表达清楚的：【例】She's unusually
articulate for a ten-year-old,对一个十岁的孩子来说,她异乎寻常地能说会道。
2 (of speech) clearly pronounced （指
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
讲话）发音清晰的。
3 having joints 有关节的。
v 1 speak (sth) clearly and distinctly 清楚明白地说 （某事）：【例】 I'm a little deaf please
articulate (your words) carefully,我有些耳背--请（把话）仔细说清楚。
2 [通常用於被动语态 ] ~ (sth) with sth form
a joint or connect (sth) by joints with sth
形成关节; （用关节）连接：【例】bones that
articulate/are articulated with others 以关节与其它骨骼相连的骨骼。
【副】articulately
【名】articulateness
in the light of 按照,根据,当作
analogous
adj ~ (to/with sth) partially similar or
parallel; offering an analogy 类似的； 相似的,
【例】 The two processes are not analogous,
这两种过程不相似。
encounter
v (fml 文) 1 meet or find oneself faced by
(sth/sb unpleasant,dangerous,difficult,etc)
遇到或发现自己面临（令人不快的,危险的,困难的..,某事[ 某人 ]）：【例】 I encountered many
difficulties when I first started this job,我开始做这项工作时,遇到许多困难。
2 meet (a friend,etc) unexpectedly 邂逅
（友人等） 。
n ~ (with sb/sth) sudden or unexpected
(esp hostile) meeting 突然的或意外的（尤指敌对的）相遇：【例】 an encounter with an enemy
与敌人的遭遇。
ethic
n 1 system of moral principles; rules of
conduct 道德 标准；行为准则：【例】 the Puritan
ethic 清教徒的伦理观
2 ethics n (a) [sing v] science that deals
with morals 伦理学：【例】Ethics is a branch
of philosophy,伦理学是哲学的分科。 (b) [pl]
moral correctness 道德规范：【例】 The ethics
of his decision are doubtful,他的这一决定是否合乎道德规范值得怀疑。
【形】ethical
1 of morals or moral questions 道德的 ； 道德上的问题的：【例】 largely an ethical problem
主要是道德问题
2 morally correct 合乎道德的,【例】 His
behavior has not been strictly ethical,他的行为不太道德。
eminent
adj,1(of a person) famous and
distinguished （指人）著名的,杰出的,卓越的：【例】an eminent architect 杰出的建筑师
2 [通常作定语] (of qualities) remarkable;
outstanding （指品质,特性）明显的；显著的；
突出的：【例】a man of eminent goodness 品德优良的人
【副】eminently
obviously; outstandingly 明显地；显著地；突出地,【例】She seems eminently suitable for
the job,她看来极适合做这项工作。
翻译题解,
46、I shall define him as an individual who
has elected as his primary duty and
pleasure in life the activity of thinking in
Socratic （苏格拉底）way about moral
problems,
句子分段,
I shall define him as an individual || who has
elected as his primary duty and pleasure in
life || the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏格拉底）way about moral problems,
句子分析,
本句话的翻译主要难在句子结构的宏观把握，
关键要抓住以下两点,第一,who 引导的定于从句比较长，所以采取后置翻译的方法；第二，“as his
primary duty and pleasure in life”是状语成分，本应放在句末作补充说明，由于 elected 的宾语“the activity of thinking in Socratic （苏格拉底） way about moral problems”比较长，
所以 as 引导的状语作了前置处理，形成倒装。
从微观层面来讲，句子的词义把握总体简单，
其中的 define…as …（把…定义为…），这个词组在 2003 年就考过,Socratic 还给出了中文。考生要注意的是两点：第一,him 这个代词需要根据上文译出“知识分子”，否则译文不够完整通顺，而
intellectual 这个单词在历年考题中出现过多次，
考生应该认识。第二，elect 基本的意思是选举，
6
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
推选，这里需要根据上下文作适当的引申，可以理解为,选择”。其实在翻译时，不用译出 elect 的意思。
参考译文,
1、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题,并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。
2、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体，他把用苏格拉底的方 式思考道德问题作为自己的主要责任与乐趣。
（47） His function is analogous to that of a
judge,who must accept the obligation of
revealing in as obvious a matter as possible
the course of reasoning which led him to his
decision,
句子分段,His function is analogous to that of
a judge,|| who must accept the obligation
of revealing in as obvious a matter as
possible || the course of reasoning which led
him to his decision,
句子分析,
本句话的翻译和 46 题相似，仍旧看重句子结构的分析。 首先,who 引导的定于从句是一个非限制性定于从句而且比较长，所以后置翻译，而且 a
judge 这个名词不够具体，特点不够明显，所以
who 引导的定语从句是在限定 a judge.其次，“in
as obvious a matter as possible”是状语成分，
用来说明 reveal 的方式,,the course of
reasoning which led him to his decision”是
reveal 的宾语。由于动词语宾语被状语隔开，所以考生在历届时有一定困难。最后，“which led him
to his decision”这个定语从句较短，可以先行词前面翻译。
从微观的词义方面来看，本句话要注意以下几个方面,第一,His function 最好译出“知识分子的作用” ；第二,analogous 表示相似的，可理解为
similar，很多考生不能较好把握这个单词；第三，
in as obvious a manner as possible 中包含 in
an obvious manner（明显的方式）和 as obvious
as possible（尽可能明显）两个词组，翻译时需要准切理解词组的结合。
参考译文,
1、知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽 可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。
2、知识分子的作用类似于法官的作用，后者必须承担起这样的责任,用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程。
（48） I have excluded him because,while
his accomplishments may contribute to the
solution of moral problems,he has not
been charged with the task of approaching
any but the factual aspects of those
problems,
句子分段：I have excluded him || because,
while his accomplishments may contribute
to the solution of moral problems,he has
not been charged with the task || of
approaching any but the factual aspects of
those problems,
句子分析,
宏观上来讲，本句话不难，主要考察因果关系，
虽然在原因部分加入 while 引导的让步从句,但句子结构仍旧简单。
本句话的难点在于微观层面的词义把握。
Exclude 与 include 相反，是排除的意思；
accomplishment 表示成就； contribute to 意为有利于，有助于； be charged with 应该是考生最难理解的地方，它最普通的意思是控告，但这里 be
charged with a task 应理解为承担一项任务。另外，句子中有个分开的词组，not … any but…，
表示 only，理解为“仅仅”；可见，考研翻译是以一定的词汇量为基础的。除了这些词义的把握，在翻译时还要注意把句子开头的代词 him 具体翻译为：average scientist （普通科学家）。
参考译文,
1、我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题,但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务。
（改进：我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题,但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。）
2、因为虽然普 通科学家的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务，所以我把他排除在外。
（49）But his primary task is not to think
about the moral code which governs his
activity,any more than a businessman is
7
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
expected to dedicate his energies to an
exploration of rules of conduct in business,
句子分段：But his primary task is not to think
about the moral code || which governs his
activity，|| any more than a businessman ||
is expected to dedicate his energies to an
exploration || of rules of conduct in
business,
句子分析,
从宏观框架层面来看，关键是要把握两点：第一,“which governs his activity,这个定于从句可以放在被限定的名词前面，译文会显得简练，
当然后置翻译也是可以的；考生最难把握的是
not…any more than …，表示两者类似。所以后半句话是用类比的方式对前半句话进行说明。
在词义的微观层面上，有些词组需要注意。
moral code 中，code 表示编码，道德编码不同顺，需要结合汉语表达习惯，译为“道德准则”，“道德标准”等。dedicate to 表示致力于，如果这个词组没有准确理解，句子就很难译好。 Exploration
是开发探索之意，翻译时需要做一点调整。看见，
考研翻译不仅考察对单词的认知，而且考察根据上下文作意思转换与引申的能力。
参考译文,
1、但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则,这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。
2、但是普通科学家的主要任务并非思考道德准则,虽然道德准则约束着他的行为；这正如人们不指望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。
（50） They may teach very well,and more
than earn their salaries,but most of them
make little or no independent reflections on
human problems which involve moral
judgment,
句子分段：They may teach very well,|| and
more than earn their salaries,|| but most of
them make little or no independent
reflections on human problems || which
involve moral judgment,
句子分析,
本句话相对简单，句子用虽然…但是…的结构即可从前往后按顺序翻译,为译需要作调整的地方就是句子最后的定于从句。该定语从句较短，可以放在先行词前面翻译。
在词义把握的微观层面，要注意 more than
表示不仅仅，超过； little 具有否定意味，不能翻译为一些等。
参考译文,
1、教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱,但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。
全文翻译,
美国的知识分子被他们的所在社会拒绝并不认为是社会组成的一部分,这一情况属实么？我将暗示一下这不是真实的情况。当父亲
Bruckbergen 观察发现正是知识分子自己拒绝了美国，他揭露了一部分真相。但是，他们所做的不仅限于此。他们逐渐对知识分子的角色感到不满。
正是他们自身，而不是美国，变为了反知识分子。
首先，我们的研究目标是来力求一个定义。什么是知识分子？我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：
他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题,并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。他首先提出实际问题，
然后提出道德层面上的问题，最后提出看起来和他所获得的实际和道德信息相符合的行动建议。通过这一系列行为来清晰明了真实地探究此类问题。知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。
该定义排除了多个通常被称为知识分子的个体――对于个人而言是普通的科学家。 我之所以把普通科学家排除在外,是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。和其他人类一样，即使在日常例行职责的表现中也会遇到道德问题――人们并不会要求他可以烹饪实验，加工事实或医治报告。但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，
这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。
在其大部分的人生中，他将认同他的行为准则，正如商人认同商人的道德规范。
该定义同样排除了多数教师，尽管事实上，教育是许多知识分子用来谋生的传统方法。 教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。大部分著名学者甚至都符合这一描述。
在人类知识的某一分支是专家是一回事；而生活在如爱默生过去常提到的“公共而勤勉的想法”之中又是另外一回事。
8
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
Text2.2005 年试题（全国卷）
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in
European universities,However,only in recent years has it become a feature of
undergraduate programs in Canadian universities,(46) Traditionally,legal learning has been
viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part
of the intellectual equipment of an educated person,Happily,the older and more continental
view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some
have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law,
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,
its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators,Law is a discipline which
encourages responsible judgment,On the one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such
ideas as justice,democracy and freedom,(47) On the other,it links these concepts to
everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis
as they cover and comment on the news,For example,notions of evidence and fact,of basic
rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production
just as in courts of law,Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable
component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career,
(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an
ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special
responsibilities of the news media,Politics or,more broadly,the functioning of the state,is a
major subject for journalists,The better informed they are about the way the state works,the
better their reporting will be,(49) In fact,it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have
a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on
political stories,
Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects
for journalists,While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an undue reliance
amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers,(50) While
comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to
rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments,These can only come
from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system,
重点词汇,
discipline,
[记 ]联想记忆：dis （不）+cip （拿）+line （线）
——不拿老百姓一针一线——纪律
n．纪律，规定 [ 例 ]Without discipline,there is
no method.没有规矩，不成方圆。
学科 [ 例 ]We will set up a new academic
discipline in our school.我们将在学校设立一门新的理论学科。
训练 [ 例 ]The mountaineer has been under
perfect discipline,那登山队员受过良好的训练。
[派 ]disciplined a.受过训练的，遵守纪律的
preserve,
[记 ]词根记忆,pre（预先） +serve（保持）——
便于长久保存而预先采取措施——保护，保藏
Vt.保护,维持 [例 ]preserve one’s eyesight
保护视力
保存，保藏 [ 例 ]Tom preserved the meat in
the fridge.汤姆将肉保存在了冰箱里。
腌制 [ 例 ]The local people use smokehouses
9
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
to preserve tons of fish and other seafood
annually.每年，当地人利用熏制室来腌制成吨的鱼和其它海产品。
parallel,
[记 ]para（类似）+llel ——类似的
a．平行的，并联的 [例]parallel lines 平行线
[考 ]run parallel to/ with 与…平行；parallel
to/ with 平行的，并联的
competent,
[记 ]来自 compete(vi.竞争),com（加强） +pete
（竞争）——竞争
a。有能力的，胜任的 [例]Young as he is,this
new manager is really competent.这位新来的经理尽管很年轻，但是非常有能力。
[派 ]incompetent a.不合格的，不胜任的；
competently ad。胜任地，适合地
interpretations,
[记 ]来自 interpret——inter（在…之间） +prêt
——在两种语言之间——口译
Vt。 解释，说明 [ 例]The professor asked me to
interpret the long difficult sentence in front
of the class.教授让我在全班同学面前解释那句又长又难得句子
了解，认为 [ 例 ]I interpreted her answer as a
refusal.我把她的回答理解为是一种拒绝。
口译 [ 例 ]I interpreted the ambassador’s
remarks for everybody.我为大家口译了大使的话。
[派 ]interpretation n.解释；口译； interpreter n.
口译者，解释者
well-grounded,ad.基础 牢固的,有充分根据的
翻译题解,
46,Traditionally,legal learning has been
viewed in such institutions as the special
preserve of lawyers,rather than a
necessary part of the intellectual equipment
of an educated person,
句子分段,Traditionally,legal learning has
been viewed in such institutions || as the
special preserve of lawyers,|| rather than a
necessary part of the intellectual equipment
of an educated person,
句子结构,1） 主干结构：简单句 legal learning
has been viewed as...rather than...； 2）
view...as 中间插入介词词组 in such
institutions 作状语，该词组的含义要到前一句话中去找，指的是“Canadian universities,。
词的处理,institution 机构；special preserve
专门的工作；intellectual equipment 知识素养；
educated 受过良好教育的
参考译文,
传统上，在加拿大的高等学府里，学习法律一直被看作是律师的专门工作,而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识素养。
47,On the other,it links these concepts to
everyday realities in a manner which is
parallel to the links journalists forge on a
daily basis as they cover and comment on
the news,
句子分段,On the other,it links these
concepts to everyday realities in a manner
|| which is parallel to the links || journalists
forge on a daily basis || as they cover and
comment on the news,
句子结构,1) 主语＋谓语＋which 引导的定语从句＋省略引导词的定语从句＋as 引导的状语从句；
2） these concepts 的含义也要到前边的句子中去找，指的是前面提到的 justice,democracy
and freedom； 3） which 引导的定语从句 which
is...the news 修饰 manner，其中包含了定语从句 journalists...daily basis，修饰 links 以及 as
引导的状语从句。
词的处理,concept 观念；everyday reality 日常生活中的实际情况； in a...manner 以……方式；
parallel类似的，相似的； forge使形成； on a basis
以……为基础；cover 报道
参考译文,
另一方面，法律又将正义、民主和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在一起,其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为基础，使这些观念与实际情况相结合一样。
48,But the idea that the journalist must
understand the law more profoundly than
an ordinary citizen rests on an
understanding of the established
conventions and special responsibilities of
the news media,
句子分段,But the idea || that the journalist
10
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
must understand the law more profoundly
than an ordinary citizen || rests on an
understanding of the established
conventions and special responsibilities of
the news media,
句子结构,1） 主语＋that 引导的同位语从句＋
谓语（rest on）＋宾语（an understanding of...）；
2） the established conventions 和 special
responsibilities 均修饰 news media。
词的处理,profoundly 深刻地；rest on 建立在……之上，以……为基础或根据；
understanding 理解，共识； established 既定的，
确认的；convention 规范；news media 新闻媒体
参考译文,
但是，新闻工作者对于法律的理解应该比普通公民更加深刻,这个观点是在对于新闻媒体的既定规范和特殊的社会责任有深刻认识的基础之上建立的。
49,In fact,it is difficult to see how
journalists who do not have a clear grasp of
the basic features of the Canadian
Constitution can do a competent job on
political stories,
句子分段,In fact,it is difficult to see || how
journalists || who do not have a clear grasp
of the basic features of the Canadian
Constitution || can do a competent job on
political stories,
句子结构,1 ） 形式主语 it＋表语＋真实主语
how...political stories； 2） 真实主语是 how 引导的从句，该从句的主语是 journalists，谓语部分是 can do...； who 引导的定语从句修饰
journalists。
词的处理,see 设想，想象； grasp 领会，理解；
basic feature 基本特点；competent 令人满意的；story 新闻报道
参考译文,
实际上，很难想象那些对于加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏清晰 了解的新闻工作者能够胜任政治新闻报道的工作。
50,While comment and reaction from
lawyers may enhance stories,it is
preferable for journalists to rely on their
own notions of significance and make their
own judgments,
句子分段：While comment and reaction from
lawyers || may enhance stories,|| it is
preferable for journalists || to rely on their
own notions of significance and || make
their own judgments,
句子结构：while 引导的状语从句＋形式主语 it＋
真实主语 to rely on...and make...。
词的处理,reaction 反应； enhance 提高，提升；
preferable 更可取的，更好的； rely on 依靠，依赖；notion 见解，看法；significance 重要性，
意义； make one’s own judgment 作出自己的判断
参考译文,
律师的评论和反应当然能够提升新闻报道的价值,但是，记者们最好还是依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断。
全文翻译,
几个世纪以来，有关法律的研究一直被看成是欧洲各国大学的一门基本的知识学科。 不过，只是在最近几年有关法律的研究才成为加拿大大学教育的一门学科。传统上，在加拿大的高等学府里，
学习法律一直被看作是律师的专门工作，而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识素养。幸运的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立法律教育更传统、更具有大陆特性的观念，有些甚至已经开始授予法律学士学位。
如果有关法律的研究正在开始成为普通教育一个不可缺少的学科的话,那么它的目的和方法应该会即刻吸引新闻学教育家。法律是一门学科，这门学科鼓励进行有责任的判断。一方面，它为分析像公正、民主以及自由这样的概念提供机会。另一方面，法律又将正义、民主和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在一起，其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为基础，
使这些观念与实际情况相结合一样。比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公众利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻制作过程中起作用，就像在法庭上一样。通过学习并且反省法律来强化判断是一名新闻记者为其事业进行知识准备时渴望实现的。
但是，新闻工作者对于法律的理解应该比普通公民更加深刻,这个观点是在对于新闻媒体的既定规范和特殊的社会责任有深刻认识的基础之上建立的。政治，或者更广泛一点，国家的职能，是新
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
闻记者报道的一个主要方面。他们对国家运作的方式了解越多,他们的报道就越优秀。实际上，很难想象那些对于加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏清晰了解的新闻工作者能够胜任政治新闻报道的工作。
此外，法律体系以及其中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主题。 虽然与法律有关的新闻报道的性质差别很大，但是，许多新闻记者过分依赖律师提供给他们的诠释。律师的评论和反应当然能够提升新闻报道的价值，但是，记者们最好还是依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断。
Text3.2005 年试题（北京卷）
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant
phase in European history,History and news become confused,and one’s impressions tend
to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism,(46)Television is one of the means by which
these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served as much to
connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe,The Europe that is
now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples,their cultures and national identities,
With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene,(47) In Europe,as
elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together
television,radio newspapers,magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one
another,One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and
Murdoch come to mind,
Clearly,only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to
compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contested market,(48) This alone demonstrates
that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics
that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in
1989,
Moreover,the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to
cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution,
(49) Creating a,European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions
which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands
a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe,This entails reducing
our dependence on the North American market,whose programs relate to experiences and
cultural traditions which are different from our own,
In order to achieve these objectives,we must concentrate more on co-productions,the
exchange of news,documentary services and training,This also involves the agreements
between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances
necessary for production costs,(50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no
exaggeration to say,Unity we stand,divided we fall,-and if I had to choose a slogan it
would be,Unity in our diversity.,A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied
peculiarities of each country,
重点词汇,
phase / feiz / n,1 阶段,状态 2 相,相位
v,定相
[例 ] pass through three phases 经历三个阶段
[同义 ] aspect,stage,state
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
flexible / 5fleksEbl / adj,柔韧性,易曲的,
灵活的,柔软的,能变形的,可通融的
[例 ] We can visit your company on Monday
or Tuesday; our plans are fairly flexible,
"我们 可以在星期一或星期二到你们公司来,我们的计划是相当灵活的。"
[同义 ]variable,adjustable
[反义 ] inflexible / in5fleksEbl / / adj,不屈的,不屈挠的,顽固的
[派生 ] flexibility / 7fleksE5biliti / n,弹性,
适应性,机动性,挠性
demonstrate / 5demEnstreit / vt,1 示范 2 证明,论证 vi,示威
[例 ] He demonstrated how to use the new
machine,
他演示怎样使用这台新机器。
[同义 ] clarify,display,illustrate,show
[派生 ] demonstration / 7demEns5treiFEn /
n,示范,实证
survive / sE5vaiv / v,幸免于,幸存,
生还
[例 ] Few survived after the flood,洪水过后，生还者极少。
[同义 ] continue,outlast,outlive,remain
[派生 ] survival / sE5vaivEl / n,1 生存,幸存,
残存 2 幸存者,残存物
underline / 7QndE5lain / vt,1 在..,下面划线 2 作..,的衬里 3 强调
n,下划线
[例 ] Words with single underline are to be
set in italics,
字下面有一条底线的字排斜体。
[派生 ] underling / 5QndEliN / n,部下,
下僚,下属,走卒
fabric / 5fAbrik / n,1 织品,织物,布 2 结构,建筑物,构造
[例 ] She bought some fabric to make shirts
from,
她买了做衬衫的布。
[同义 ] cloth,goods,material,textile
[派生 ] fabricable / `fAbrIkEbl / adj,能加工成形的
entail / in5teil / vt,1 使必需；使蒙受,使承担 2 遗传给 n,[ 建] 限定继承权
[例 ] Writing a history book entails a lot of
work,
写一本历史书需要下很大功夫。
[同义 ]require,demand,call for
[ 派生 ] entailment / in5teilmEnt / n,
[律]( 不动产) 继承人之限制
[固定搭配 ] entail,.,on sb,使某人负担,..；
把..,遗留给某人；entail,.,upon sb,
使某人负担..,；把,..遗留给某人
handle / 5hAndl / n,1 柄,把手,把柄 2
口实 3 手感 vt,1 触摸 2 运用 3 买卖 4 处理,
操作 vi,1 搬运 2 易于
操纵 n,[ 计 ]句柄
[ 例 ] She handled a difficult argument
skillfully,
她巧妙地应付了一场艰难的辩论。
[同义 ] carry on,deal in,direct,feel,finger,
govern,manage,manipulate,regulate
[派生 ] handler / 5hAndlE / n,处理者,
管理者,训练者,（尤指拳击）教练（或助手）,
（犬马等的）训练
者
scale / skeil / n,1 刻度,衡量 2 比例,数值范围,
比例 3 天平,等级 vt,依比例决定,攀登,测量
vi,1 剥落 2 生水
垢 3 攀登 3 衡量
[例 ] This ruler has one scale in centimeters
and another in inches,
这把尺子上有厘米和英寸二种刻度。
[同义 ]degree,graduation,proportion,ratio,
layer,plate
翻译题解,
46．Television is one of the means by which
these feelings are created and
conveyed-and perhaps never before has it
served as much to connect different peoples
and nations as is the recent events in
Europe,
句子分段,Television is one of the means || by
which these feelings are created and
conveyed- || and perhaps never before has
it served as much to connect different
peoples and nations || as is the recent
events in Europe,
句子结构,前半 句：简单句+ 定语从句修饰 means，
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
后半句：倒装句+as 引导的状语从句。
词的处理,means 手段； create 引发； convey
传递；serve 作用
参考翻译,
电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——
在欧洲近来发生的事件中,它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。
47,In Europe,as elsewhere multi-media
groups have been increasingly successful
groups which bring together television,
radio newspapers,magazines and
publishing houses that work in relation to
one another,
句子分段：In Europe,as elsewhere
multi-media groups have been increasingly
successful groups || which bring together
television,radio newspapers,magazines
and publishing houses || that work in
relation to one another,
句子结构：1 ） 简单句+ 定语从句修饰 groups,2）
定语从句中套定语从句修饰 publishing houses,
词的处理：multi-media 传媒集团； publishing
houses 出版社
参考翻译,
在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功,这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。
48,This alone demonstrates that the
television business is not an easy world to
survive in a fact underlined by statistics that
show that out of eighty European television
networks no less than 50% took a loss in
1989,
句子分段,This alone demonstrates || that
the television business is not an easy world
to survive || in a fact underlined by statistics
|| that show || that out of eighty European
television networks no less than 50% took a
loss in 1989,
句子结构,1） 主干：主语+ 谓语+ 宾语从句 2）伴随状语：定语从句修饰 fact，再套定语从句修饰
statistics,
词的处理,television business 电视行业； loss
亏损
参考翻译,
这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在 80
个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在 1989 年亏损。
49,Creating a,European identity” that
respects the different cultures and traditions
which go to make up the connecting fabric
of the Old continent is no easy task and
demands a strategic choice - that of
producing programs in Europe for Europe,
句子分段,Creating a,European identity” ||
that respects the different cultures and
traditions || which go to make up the
connecting fabric of the Old continent || is
no easy task and || demands a strategic
choice - || that of producing programs in
Europe for Europe,
句子结构：1 ）主干,Creating a,European
identity” is no easy task and demands..,2 ）
主语从句内套定语从句修饰 different cultures
and traditions 3）最后，定语从句修饰 choice,
词的处理,European identity 欧洲品牌； fabric
编织；
参考翻译,
不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊 重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们在欧洲制造出适合欧洲的节目战略性选择。
50．In dealing with a challenge on such a
scale,it is no exaggeration to say,Unity we
stand,divided we fall” -and if I had to
choose a slogan it would be,Unity in our
diversity.”
句子分段,In dealing with a challenge on such
a scale,it is no exaggeration to say ||
“Unity we stand,divided we fall,–and ||
if I had to choose a slogan || it would be
“Unity in our diversity.”
句子结构：1 ） 前半句：形式主语 it+is+表语 +真实主语；2 ）后半句：if 引导的状语从句。
词的处理,deal with 应对； scale 规模； slogan
口号
参考翻译,
在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
说；“联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡” 。如果我不得不选择一个口号,那将会是“多样性中的联合”。
全文翻译,
来谈论大众媒体在欧洲历史具有压倒性地重要意义的阶段中所起的作用并不是件容易的事。 历史和新闻混为一谈，人们的印象往往夹杂着怀疑论和乐观主义。电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。如今组成欧洲的无外乎它的人民，文化和国家身份。明白了这一点，我们可以开始分析欧洲的电视情况。在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功：
这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。意大利的 B 集团就是一个例子，同时还有国外的马克斯韦尔和默多克。
显然，只有最大并且机构最灵活的电视公司才有能力完全投 入这样一个充满激烈争夺的市场的竞争。这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在 80
个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在 1989 年亏损。
此外，欧洲团体的一体化将迫使电视公司在生产和销售领域更加紧密地合作。
不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊 重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们在欧洲制造出适合欧洲的节目战略性选择。而这需要减小我们对北美市场的依赖程度，它们有关经历和文化传统的电视节目和我们的是不同的。
为了完成这些目标，我们必须更加关注合作的作品,新闻的交流，纪录片服务和培训。这同样要求欧洲国家之间协议成立一个处理生产开销必需财政的欧洲银行。在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说；“联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡”。如果我不得不选择一个口号，那将会是
“多样性中的联合”。目标统一却注重每个国家不同的特性。
Text4.2004 年试题
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.（61）
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of
thought which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be,
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different
rom their own.Two anthropologists—linguists，Franz Boas and Edward Sapir,were pioneers
in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the
twentieth century,
（ 62） We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished，
as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native
languages.Other linguists in the earlier part of this century，however，who were less eager
to deal with bizarre（古怪的） data from“exotic（外来的）,language,were not always so grateful.
（63） The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the wellstudied
languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of
fabricating their data.Native American languages are indeed different,so much so in fact that
Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World WarⅡ to sand secret
messages,
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
Sapir’s pupil,Benjamin Lee Whorf，continued the study of American Indian languages.
（64） Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought,Whorf developed the
idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a
society.He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in
a given language，the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.
（65） Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in its strongest from，
states that language imprisons the mind,and that the grammatical patterns in a language can
produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society.Later，this idea became to be
known as the SapirWhorf hypothesis，but this term is somewhat inappropriate.Although both
Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages,Sapir himself never explicitly
supported the notion of linguistic determinism,
翻译题解,
考题所选文章是关于语言和思维关系的有趣话题，
文中语言用词较通俗易懂，结构也不如往年复杂，
总体难度不算大。从卷面反映的情况看，第 3,5
句正确率较低,1、2,4 句得分相对高些。
文章开篇即指出，早在古希腊，人们就认识到语言与思维有关联，而将语言研究用于不同的语言上，
则是近代的事。文中以 20 世纪上半叶的两个著名人类学家、语言学家 Franz Boas 和 Edward
Sapir 为例，指出他们对人类语言研究方面做出的贡献。文中的另一重要人物是 Sapir 的学生
Benjamin Lee Whorf，他通过分析部落语言的兴衰证明了语言与文化的不可分割性，提出了
Sapir-Whorf 假说。下面我们对 5 个划线句的翻译分别给出具体的分析解答过程。
(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure
of language had some connection with the
process of thought,which took root in
Europe long before people realized how
diverse language could be,
句子分析,
这是一个带宾语从句，定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下,
主句的主、谓结构：The Greeks assumed that
希腊人假定
宾语从句：the structure of language had
some connection with the process of
thought 语言结构与思想的过程之间有某种联系
定语从句：which took root in Europe （这种想法）扎根于欧洲
时间状语从句：long before people realized
how diverse language could be 早在人们意识到语言会有多么的不同之前
翻译技巧,
此句可以采用层层剥茧的方法，先抓住整个句子的结构,然后再考虑具体的措词问题。在理清了上述结构之后，还需注意下面几个词语的处理,
assumed 假 定；认为；以为
the process of thought 思想的过程；思维过程
took root 生根；在…扎下了根
很多人不能正确理解这个动词词组的意思，有的译成了“起源于…,.”,“在……,出现了”，有的译成了“在…,占统治地位”，都是不可接受的翻译。
long before 早在…之前；,在…之前早就…”
考生的错误在于不能辨别 long before所限定的时间顺序，有译成“在扎根欧洲很长时间之前”，“不久的将来人们就意识到…”,也有译成“很久以前人们就意识到…” 。另外,不要与 before long（不久，不久以后）相混淆
diverse,丰富；差异性；多样性；千差万别”
多数人犯错是因为不认识该词意思，凭印象根据拼写类似词而译成“相反；倒转；转换”。
how diverse 多么的不同；多么的千差万别
could be 可能会是（ can 过去式）
完整的译文,
希腊人认为，语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。 这种想法，早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别之前在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了。
(62) We are obliged to them because some
of these languages have since vanished,as
the peoples who spoke them died out or
became assimilated and lost their native
languages,
句子分析,
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
这是一个带原因状语从句、定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下,
主句的主、谓、宾结构,We are obliged to them
我们感激他们
原因状语从句：because some of these
languages have since vanished 因为自此这些语言中的一部分消失了
定语从句,as the peoples who spoke them die
d out or became assimilated and lost their
native languages 因为讲它们的人灭亡了或同化了，并且丧失了自己的语言
翻译技巧,
此句的结构并不难掌握，主要是准确表达其中的下面几个措辞,
1） be obliged to 感激，感谢某人
极少有人能译对这个词组，多数人根据 oblige 的常用意思译为“被迫”,,有义务”，都不符原文。
这里提醒考生，同样的拼写可能有多种不同的含义。许多人片面追求词汇量，以为达到 5000 千、
6000 千词汇就没问题了。其实，词汇的问题比较复杂，除了拼写、基本含义，还有搭配、用法、多重含义等。这些是用词汇表、小字典进行强记所无法解决的。
2） have since vanished 从那以后就消失了，不复存在了；此处的 since 表示,从此以后”之意；
since 在这句中是副词,一般人只掌握了其作为连词和介词的用法，而本句 since 后面只有单词
vanished，是谓语的一部分，这难倒了许多人，
有的译为“自从消失以后”，有的则译为“自从他们绝种后”，都不正确。可见，词汇的学习除了注意词义，还要留心词性。
die out 灭 绝，完全的灭亡（cease living
completely; become extinct）；不宜译作,死亡，消失”。
完整的译文：,
我们之所以感激他们，是因为从此以后，这些语言中的一部分消失了,因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了自己的语言。
(63) The newly described languages were
often so strikingly different from the well
studied languages of Europe and Southeast
Asia that some scholars even accused Boas
and Sapir of fabricating their data,
句子分析,
这是一个带有结果状语从句的系表结构，主句系表结构的框架为,
The … languages were so different from.,
that …各种语言是如此的不同，以至于……
结果状语：some scholars even accused Boas
and Sapir of fabricating their data.一些学者甚至指责 Boas 和 Sapir 编造了他们的资料
定语,The newly described languages 这些新近被描述的语言
介词 from 的宾语,the well studied languages
of Europe and Southeast Asia 经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言
翻译技巧,
翻译此句的关键在于掌握结构原文的 so,.,
that …（如此…以至于）结构；措词表达上，应当注意 accused sb,of sth,(指责／谴责某人作了某事),fabricating（捏造,伪造,虚构）,以及
The newly described（这些新近被描述的）,
strikingly different（显著的不同）,the well
studied languages（经过充分研究的各种语言）
的准确译法。
此句难点有三处,
1） strikingly different 差别显著
许多人不理解 strikingly，要么不译，要么错译为
“严格不同”，“完全差别”。
2） so …that ( 如此…) 以至于
由于 so…that 间隔长，有的考生看不道这一句法结构，错把 that后的从句当作 South Asia的定语，
译文语义混乱。
3） fabricating 编造
这个词许多人不认识，错译为,构造”，“修饰”，
“弄错”或“修改”。
完整的译文：,
这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同,以至于一些学者甚至指责 Boas 和 Sapir 编造了他们的资料。
(64) Being interested in the relationship of
language and thought,Whorf developed the
idea that the structure of language
determines the structure of habitual
thought in a society,
句子分析,
这是一个由现在分词短语引起的带同位语从句的
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
复合句。
主句的主、谓、宾结构为,Whorf developed the
idea Whorf 逐渐形成了这种见解
同位语从句：（the idea ） that the structure of
language determines the structure of
habitual thought in a society 在一个社会里，
语言的结构决定习惯思想的结构
现在分词短语：Being interested in the
relationship of language and thought（他）
对语言与思维的关系感兴趣
翻译技巧,
本句在五题中相对较容易，不少人得了满分。 being
interested in …应译作一个句子，即,Whorf
对语思维的关系很感兴趣”,Developed the
idea 出错稍多，有译成“发明了一种认识”,也有译成“发展了一个注意”，都不恰当，而是“形成观点”，主要是汉语表达要恰当； habitual
thought 应译作,习惯 (性 )思维”，而不宜译作
“思考、思想”。同位语结构可考虑用冒号提示性方法来处理。
完整的译文：,
Whorf 对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,他逐渐形成了这样一种观念：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维的结构。
(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of
linguistic determinism which,in its
strongest form,states that language
imprisons the mind,and that the
grammatical patterns in a language can
produce far-reaching consequences for the
culture of a society,
句子分析,
这是一个带宾语从句，定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下,
主句的主、谓结构,Whorf came to believe in a
sort of linguistic determinism Whorf 逐渐相信某种语言决定论
定语从句：（带两个并列宾语从句） which,…
states that,…and that.,这一论点宣称，……而且宣称……
并列宾语从句 1,language imprisons the mind
in 语言将思想禁锢其中
并列宾语从句 2,the grammatical patterns in a
language can produce far-reaching
consequences for the culture of a society 语言的语法模式可以对某一社会文化产生深远的影响。
插入成分：in its strongest form 以自己最强烈的形式
翻译技巧,
此句是 5 个试 题中最难的一句。一是结构复杂，句中有句，一环套一环；二是一些词语不宜直译，如：
come to believe 开始相信；都需要按汉语表达习惯在措辞上进行调整，才能翻译出正确的意思。
1） a sort of 某种
典型的错译是“一系列”。某些类似汉语量词的表达需要考生给予足够重视。
2) linguistic determinism 语言决定论
linguistic 意思是“语言的，语言学的”,
determinism 的后缀表示“…论，…主义”,但许多人没能掌握这一构词知识。
3) in its strongest form其极端说法是; 在其最强烈的形式下
很多人没能根据本句的语境理解，而是照字面意思译为“它的最强烈的形式；它的最有力的形式”,
这都不符合要求。
4) imprison the mind 禁锢思维
考生出错是由于没找到表达 imprison 的恰当汉语，译为“关闭思维；囚禁头脑”。 imprison 把……
关在监狱中，囚禁；
5) far-reaching 深远的; 伸得很远的；
这是个合成词，许多人没掌握，只能根据字面猜测：
“远不可及的”,,远远到达的”等等,这些都不正确。
完整的译文,
Whorf 逐渐接受了某种语言决定论的观点； 这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，语言的语法模式可以对某种社会文化产生深远的影响。
2004 年英 译汉试题参考译文
许多世纪以来哲学家一直对语言与思维的关系颇感兴趣。 （61 ） 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根 。直到最近语言学家才开始认真研究与自己的母语截然不同的语言。两位人类学家、语言学家佛朗茨· 博厄斯和爱德华· 萨皮尔在二十世纪上半叶描述了北美和南美许多土著语言，在这方面他们堪称
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
先驱。（62） 我们之所以感激他们（两位无驱），
是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言 。不过，
在该世纪早期其他语言学家并不那么热心处理,异域,语言中的怪异数据，因此他们常不被人们所称道。（63） 这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了材料 。美洲土著语言的确十分特异，纳瓦霍语实际上在二战中可以被美军用作密码发密码电报。
萨皮尔的学生本杰明· 李 ·沃夫继续研究 美洲印第安人的语言。（64） 沃夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点,在一个社会中，
语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构 。他论述说，某一特定语言中比较容易形成某些特定概念，但与此有别的其他概念则不易形成，因此该语言的使用者思考问题只会沿着这一条道而不会沿着那一条道进行。（65） 沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是,语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响 。后来，这种观点成为了知名的萨皮尔—沃夫假说，不过这个术语有点不妥。虽然萨皮尔和沃夫都强调各种语言之间的差异性，但萨皮尔自己从来没有明确地表示过支持语言决定论的观念。
Text5.2003 年试题
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in
it.Humans are thoughtful and creative，possessed of insatiable curiosity,（61） Furthermore，
humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live，thus subjecting all
other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore，it is important to study
humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner,with the hope that
the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of
living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth,
,Anthropology”derives from the Green words anthropos“human”and logos“the study
of”.By its very name，anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind,
Anthropology is one of the social sciences.（ 62） Social science is that branch of intellectual
enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly,
systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural
phenomena,
Social science disciplines include geography,economics，political science，psychology,
and sociology.Each of thesesoical sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies
particularly close to anthropology,
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity.Anthropology is a fieldstudy
oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.（63）
The emphasis on data gathered firsthand,combined with a crosscultural perspective brought
to the analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly
important social science,
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture.Sir Edward Tylor’s
formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of19th
century science.（64） Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief，
art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member
of society”.This insight,so profound in its simplicity,opened up an entirely new way of
perceiving and understa nding human life.Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that
culture is learned，shared,and patterned behavior,
（ 65 ） Thus,the anthropological concept of“culture”,like the concept of“set”in
mathematics，is an abstract concept whichmakes possible immense amounts of concrete
research and understanding,
翻译题解,
61) Furthermore,humans have the
ability to modify the environment in which
they live,thus subjecting all other life forms
to their own peculiar ideas and fancies,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为两段：Furthermore,
humans have the ability to modify the
environment in which they live,/ thus
subjecting all other life forms to their own
peculiar ideas and fancies,
第二、句子的结构是,
1)这是个主句 +分词短语表示伴随状态的结构,humans have the ability to modify..,thus
subjecting,.,
2) the environment in which they live是先行词 +定语从句。
第三、词的处理,
modify the environment in which they
live 改变他们的生存环境
subjecting all other life forms to 让所有其它形态的生命服从……
完整的译文,
61)而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，
从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。
考点总结,1)不定式短 语做定语； 2)介词+ 定语从句；3) 分词短语表示伴随状态。
62) Social science is that branch of
intellectual enquiry which seeks to study
humans and their endeavors in the same
reasoned,orderly,systematic,and
dispassioned manner that natural scientists
use for the study of natural phenomena,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：Social science
is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which
seeks to study humans and their endeavors
/ in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,
and dispassioned manner / that natural
scientists use for the study of natural
phenomena,
第二、句子的主干结构是,
主句 + which引导的定语从句+ 方式状语(in
the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,
and dispassioned manner)+定语从句。
第三、词的处理,
Social science 社会科 学
intellectual enquiry 知识探究
humans and their endeavors 人类及其行为
reasoned 理性的
orderly 有序的
systematic 系统的
dispassioned 冷静的
natural phenomena 自然现象
完整的译文,
62)社会科 学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
考点总结,1)定语从句； 2)方式状语； 3)多重并列定语。
63) The emphasis on data gathered
first-hand,combined with a cross-cultural
perspective brought to the analysis of
cultures past and present,makes this study
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
a unique and distinctly important social
science,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：The emphasis
on data gathered first-hand,/ combined
with a cross　cultural perspective / brought
to the analysis of cultures past and present,
/ makes this study a unique and distinctly
important social science,
第二、句子的结构是,
1)主干结构是一个简单句,The emphasis...,
combined with...,makes this study a unique
and distinctly important social science,
2)主语后面带有 on data gathered
first-hand是主语的定语,combined with相当于
and的意思，是对主语内容的补充，perspective
可以理解成主语的并列成分，brought to the
analysis of cultures past and present是
perspective的定语。其中past and present 是
cultures的定语。
第三、词的处理,
The emphasis翻译时词性转换成动词
data gathered first-hand搜集的第一手资料
combined with加上,(这个短语不影响主语的数的变化)
a cross-cultural perspective跨文化视角
this study这一研究
完整的译文,
63)强调搜 集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
考点总结,1)带有多重 修饰成分的简单句； 2)
过去分词短语做定语；3) 复合宾语结构4) 词性转换。
64) Tylor defined culture as "..,that
complex whole which includes belief,art,
morals,law,custom,and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society."
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Tylor defined
culture as "..,that complex whole / which
includes belief,art,morals,law,custom,
and any other capabilities and habits /
acquired by man as a member of society."
第二、句子的结构是,
1)主干结构是,Tylor defined culture as
"...that complex whole..."其中whole 是,整体”
的意思。后面是一个很长的定语从句，翻译时可以和先行词拆开。
2)which引导的定语从句中有多重并列宾语，
acquired by man as a member of society是宾语的定语。
第三、词的处理,
Tylor人名,按照音译
defined culture as 将 文化定义为
that complex whole 一个复合体
belief 信仰
morals 道德
man as a member of society 人作为社会成员
完整的译文,
64)泰勒把 文化定义为,一个复合体”,它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、
风俗以及其它能力和习惯。
考点总结,1)定语从句； 2)过去分词短语做定语； 3)多重并列宾语。
65) Thus,the anthropological concept
of "culture," like the concept of "set" in
mathematics,is an abstract concept which
makes possible immense amounts of
concrete research and understanding,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：Thus,the
anthropological concept of "culture," like
the concept of "set" in mathematics,/ is an
abstract concept / which makes possible /
immense amounts of concrete research and
understanding,
第二、句子的结构是,
1)主干结构是：主语 +插入语(like the
concept of) +系表结构(is an abstract concept)
+ which引导的定语从句
2) immense amounts of concrete
research and understanding是动词makes 的宾语，possible 是状语前置。
第三、词的处理,
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
人类学属于社会科学。（ 62） 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学有研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为 。
the anthropological concept of
"culture,"人类 学的,文化” 概念
the concept of "set" in mathematics数学中,集” 的概念
an abstract concept抽 象概念
社会科学包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学等学科。 社会学的每一学科都包含一门与人类学密切相关的分支或专业。
immense amounts of concrete research
大量的具体研究
完整的译文,
65)因此,人类学中,文化” 的概念就像数学中
“集” 的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
一切社会科学都以研究人类为核心。人类学是一门以实地考查为导向的学科,在研究中需要广泛地运用比较法。（63 ） 强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学 。
考点总结,1)表示比较的插入语； 2)定语从句；
3)复合宾语； 4)状语前置。
2003 年英 译汉试题参考译文
人类学的研究在很大程度上取决于文化观念。 爱德华· 泰勒先生提出的文化概念是十九世纪杰出的理论成就之一。（64 ） 泰勒把文化定义为“…
一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的主仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯” 。
这一概念虽然简洁，但却含义深刻，它为认识和理解人类生活开创了一条崭新的道路。泰勒关于文化的定义暗示出这样一个概念，即文化是后天习得的、与他人共享的和形成固定模式的行为。
人类无时无地不在探究他们所居住的这个世界,并且惊叹于他们所处的地方。人类有思想、有创造性，而且具有难以满足的求知欲。（61） 而且，
人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。 因此，运用冷静和系统的方法对人类的广泛性与多样性进行研究，是至关重要的。我们希望通过这些研究获得的知识可以促进人与人之间、以及人类与地球上的所有其他物种更加和谐地共存。
（ 65） 因此，人类学中的,文化,概念就像数学中,集” 的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能 。
,人类学,一词起源于希腊语 anthropos（人类）和 logos（对于… 的研究）。顾名思义，人类学包含了对全人类的研究。
Text 6,2002 年试题
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior，and they cannot be solved by
physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior，but we
have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.61）
One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior
to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on.Physics and biology
once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.62） The
behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often
seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard
to find.The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
push or pull,it selects，and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.63） The role of
natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago，
and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the
individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between
organism and environment has come to be understood，however,effects once assigned to
states of mind，feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and
a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems，
however,until it replaces traditional pre_scientific views,and these are strongly
entrenched.Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.64） They are the possessions of the
autonomous（self_governing ）man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices
in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A
scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It
also raises questions concerning“values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?65）
Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with
it possibly the only way to solve our problems,
翻译题解,
61) One difficulty is that almost all of
what is called behavioral science continues
to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,
traits of character,human nature,and so
on,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为两段,One difficulty is
that almost all of what is called behavioral
science / continues to trace behavior to
states of mind,feelings,traits of character,
human nature,and so on,
第二、句子的结构是,
1)主干结构是表语从句 One difficulty is
that..,
2)almost all of what is called behavioral
science是表语从句中的主语部分，后面是简单的谓语和宾语结构。第三、词的处理,continues to
trace behavior to继续针对……研究行为
behavioral science 行为科学
states of mind 心态,意识状态
feelings 感情
traits of character 性 格特点
完整的译文,
61)难题之 一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
62) The behavioral sciences have been
slow to change partly because the
explanatory items often seem to be directly
observed and partly because other kinds of
explanations have been hard to find,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,The behavioral
sciences have been slow to change/partly
because the explanatory items often seem
to be directly observed and/partly because
other kinds of explanations have been hard
to find,
第二、句子的主干结构是：主句+ 两个并列关系的原因状语从句之所以……，部分是因为……，
部分是因为……
第三、词的处理,
the explanatory items 用以解释的要素
(内容，项目 )
other kinds of explanations 其他解 释方式
完整的译文,
62)行为科 学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
63) The role of natural selection in
evolution was formulated only a little more
than a hundred years ago,and the selective
role of the environment in shaping and
maintaining the behavior of the individual is
23
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
only beginning to be recognized and
studied,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：The role of
natural selection in evolution/was
formulated only a little more than a hundred
years ago,/and the selective role of the
environment in shaping and maintaining the
behavior of the individual/is only beginning
to be recognized and studied,
第二、句子的主干结构是两个表示时间对比的并列句 The role of...was formulated only...,
and the selective role of...is only beginning
to...每一个句子的主语都比较长，都是名词+ 介词短语结构。
第三、词的处理,
in evolution 在演化中
formulated 阐述；表 述；解释；论证
shaping 形成(造就 )
maintaining 保持，维护
recognized 认可，承认
完整的译文,
63)自然选 择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
64) They are the possessions of the
autonomous (self-governing) man of
traditional theory,and they're essential to
practices in which a person is held
responsible for his conduct and given credit
for his achievements,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：They are the
possessions of the autonomous
(self-governing) man of traditional theory,
/and they're essential to practices/in which
a person is held responsible for his conduct
and given credit for his achievements,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是两个并列句 They are the
possessions of,.,and they're essential to..,
2)in which...是 practices的定语从句。
第三、词的处理,
They 它们 (自由与尊严),代词做主语
possessions 所有物
autonomous (self-governing) 自主行为的；自我管理的；自我约束的
practices 实践活动
is held responsible for 对……负责
given credit for 认可；赞誉；给予肯定
完整的译文,
64)自由和 尊严( 它们) 是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
65) Until these issues are resolved,a
technology of behavior will continue to be
rejected,and with it possibly the only way to
solve our problems,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Until these
issues are resolved,/a technology of
behavior will continue to be rejected,/and
with it possibly the only way to solve our
problems,
第二、句子的结构是,
1)主干结构是复合状语从句 Until these
issues are resolved,a technology...,and
with it..,
2) and with it possibly the only way to
solve our problems的完整表达是the only way
to solve our problems will possibly continue
to be rejected with it.其中 it指代前面主句的内容。
第三、词的处理,
until 如果不，直到
a technology of behavior 研究行为的技术手段
be rejected 被抛弃； 被拒绝；被反对
with it 随之；伴随着它
完整的译文,
65)(如果 )这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。
2002 年 英译汉试题译文
我们遇到的几乎所有重要问题都涉及到人的行为,而且仅靠物理技术和生物技术是无法解决这些问题的。我们所需要的是一种行为技术，但是可
24
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
能产生这种技术的科学一直发展缓慢。（61）难 题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。物理学和生物学一度模仿类似的做法并且只有当它们抛弃这些做法后才得到发展。（62）行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。环境因素显然是重要的，但是它的作用仍然是模糊不清的。它既不推动也不阻碍行为科学的发展，它具有选择作用，因而这种作用是很难发现和分析的。（63）自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。然而，由于人（生物）和环境之间的相互作用已经逐渐被人们所认识，所以现在正开始从已知的环境去寻找一度认为是心态、情感和性格特征所造成的影响其根源所在。因此就可以建立一门行为技术。但是，如果行为技术代替不了传统的科学发展以前的观点，那它将无法解决我们的难题。而这些传统的观点是根深蒂固的。自由和尊严是难处之所在。（64）自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。科学的分析把责任和成绩归因于环境。它还提出有关,价值观念” 的种种问题。谁会使用一门技术? 其目的何在?（ 65）在这些得到解决以前，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
Text7.2001 年试题
In less than30years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality.Direct links between the
brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments，
allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall,
（ 71） There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors
that will disable them when they offend.（72） Children will play with dolls equipped with
personality chips.computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather
than tools，relaxation will be in front of smell-television,and digital age will have arrived,
According to BT s futurologist,Ian Pearson,these are among the developments scheduled
for the first few decades of the new millennium （ a period of 1000years ），when
supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life,
（ 73） Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world
to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can
expect hundreds or key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.Some of the biggest
developments will be in medicine,including an extended life expectancy and dozens of
artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040,
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links.“By linking directly to our
nervous system,computers could pick up what we feel and，hopefully,simulate feeling too
so that we can start to develop full sensory environments，rather like the holidays in Total
Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,”he says.（74） But that,Pearson points out,is only the start
of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that
will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”
25
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
Through his research,Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can
be predicted.However，there are still no forecasts for when faster-that-light travel will be
available，or when human cloning will be perfected,or when time travel will be possible.But
he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances.A boom in neighborhood
surveillance cameras will,for example,cause problems in2010,while the arrival of synthetic
lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends
and the droids.（75） And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and
operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage,
翻译题解,
71) There will be television chat shows
hosted by robots,and cars with pollution
monitors that will disable them when they
offend,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There will be
television chat shows hosted by robots,/
and cars with pollution monitors that will
disable them / when they offend,
第二、句子的结构是,
1)主干结构是带双主语的存在句,There will
be television chat shows...,and cars..,
2)两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语
television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语
hosted by robots，第二个主语cars 的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors 。
3)定语从句 that will disable them修饰的先行词是pollution monitors,最后一个从句when
they offend是定语从句中的状语从句。
第三、词的处理,
television chat shows hosted by robots
由机器人主持的电视谈话节目,重点词hosted 主持
cars with pollution monitors 装有 污染监控器的汽车
disable them 使汽车失灵 (停止运行)them
和they 指代汽车
offend 多义词 (汽车) 污染超标，违规
完整的译文,
71)届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标( 违规),监控器就会使其停驶。
72) Children will play with dolls
equipped with personality chips,computers
with in-built personalities will be regarded
as workmates rather than tools,relaxation
will be in front of smell- television,and
digital age will have arrived,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Children will
play with dolls equipped with personality
chips,/ computers with in-built
personalities will be regarded as workmates
rather than tools,/ relaxation will be in front
of smell-television,and digital age will have
arrived,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是几个并列的简单句,Children
will play with dolls...,computers...will be
regarded as...,relaxation will be in front
of...,and digital age will have arrived,
2)dolls带 有过去分词短语equipped with
personality chips做定语，computers 的后置定语是介词短语with in 　built personalities,
personalities等于personality chips,宾语
workmates rather than tools是并列结构，表示选择。
第三、词的处理,
dolls equipped with personality chips
装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃
personality 个性，性格
computers with in　 built personalities
个性内置的计算机
rather than 而不是
relaxation 休闲、放松、娱乐、消遣
smell　 television 气味电视机
digital age 数字化时代
完整的译文,
72)儿童将 与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，
26
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。
73) Pearson has pieced together the
work of hundreds of researchers around the
world to produce a unique millennium
technology calendar that gives the latest
dates when we can expect hundreds of key
breakthroughs and discoveries to take
place,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Pearson has
pieced together the work of hundreds of
researchers around the world,/ to produce
a unique millennium technology calendar
that gives the latest dates / when we can
expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and
discoveries to take place,
第二、句子的结构是,
1)主句是简单句,to produce是结果状语。
2)calendar后面的 that...是定语从句。
3)后面的 when引导的也是定语从句，不是时间状语，译作的。
4)to take place作前面名词的定语。
第三、词的处理,
Pearson 皮尔森 (人名音译)
pieced together 汇集 ；综合
around the world 世 界各地，全世界
produce 编制
a unique millennium technology
calendar 一个独特的技术千年历
the latest dates 最近 日期
key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破
完整的译文,
73)皮尔森 汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
74) But that,Pearson points out,is only
the start of man-machine integration,It will
be the beginning of the long process of
integration that will ultimately lead to a fully
electronic human before the end of the next
century,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：But that,
Pearson points out,is only the start of
man-machine integration,/It will be the
beginning of the long process of integration
/ that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic
human before the end of the next century,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是 that...,is only the start of...
系表结构
2) beginning后面有多重定语,两个of 短语和一个that will ultimately lead to 定语从句。
3)Pearson points out插入语，翻译时放在句首。
4)在 the long process of integration结构中,integration前省略了定语man-machine,翻译时要补出。
5)lead to a fully electronic human动词和宾语之间意思省略，翻译时要加词。
第三、词的处理,
that 代词作主语，指代上文前面,的”
a breakthrough 突破，一定要译出。
the start of man　 machine integration
人机一体化的开始
lead to 引起出现，导致产生
a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全的电子人
before the end of the next century 在下世纪末之前
完整的译文,
74)皮尔森 指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。
75) And home appliances will also
become so smart that controlling and
operating them will result in the breakout of
a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：And home
appliances will also become so smart / that
controlling and operating them will result in
the breakout / of a new psychological
disorder-kitchen rage,
27
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
第二、句子主干结构是：so smart that..,如此……以至于 (从句) ……
第三、词的处理,
home appliances 家 用电器
smart 聪明，智能化
result in the breakout of 引发，导致，出现
psychological disorder 心理混乱 (失调)
kitchen rage 厨房狂燥 症，厨房愤怒，厨房生气
完整的译文,
75)家用电 器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病--厨房狂燥症。
2001 年英 译汉试题参考译文
再过不到 30 年,星球旅行” 太空平台将成为现实。大脑神经系统与计算机的直接连接也将创造出完全传感的实际环境，使得实际的度假和电影,全面回顾” 中的度假一模一样。
（ 71） 届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶 。（ 72） 儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，这时数字时代就来到了 。
根据英国电讯公司的未来学家伊恩· 皮 尔逊的看法，上述种种科研成就均属新千年的最初几十年内的开发项目之列，届时超级计算机将大大加快人类生活各个领域里的进步。
（ 73） 皮尔逊汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到达数百项重大突破和发现的最晚日期 。一些最重大的开发将会发生在医学中，其中包括延长人的估计寿命和从现在到 2040年间将投入使用的几十种人造器官。
皮尔逊逊预言了电脑与人各种连接的突破。通过直接与我们的神经系统相连接,电脑能够了解到我们的感情并且有望激发我们的情感，这样我们就能着手开发完全传感的环境，更类似于电影,全面回顾” 或,星球旅行,太空平台中的度假。（74 ） 但皮尔逊指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:,它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人 。”
经过研究，皮尔迩确定可以预测到的大多数突破的日期。 然而，仍然不能预报快于光速的旅行何时到来，或何时将完成克隆人，或何时可以实现遨游过去或将来的时间旅行。但皮尔逊确实预料到技术进步所引起的社会问题。例如，邻里电子监控摄像机的飞速推广将在 2010 年引起许多社会问题，
而栩栩如生的人造机器人的问世将意味着人们可能无法把他们的真人朋友和这类机器人区别开来。
（75） 家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——— 厨房狂躁 。
Text8.2000 年试题
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people
depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（71）Under modern
conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of
specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts,（ 72 ）
Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of
scientists and technologists of all kinds,It also means that governments are increasingly
compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is
28
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
utilized to the best advantage.For example,they may encourage research in various ways，
including the setting up of their own research centers;they may alter the structure of
education，or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources
hitherto unexploited;or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international
projects related to science，economics any industry,In any case,all such interventions are
heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all
kinds,
（ 73） Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications,people everywhere
are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments
are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above,At the same
time,the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly
accelerated speed compared with the past.For example，（74） in the early in industrialized
countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social
patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing
nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so,All this has the effect of building up
unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious
problems for the governments concerned.（75） Additional social stresses may also occur
because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration
movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport,As
a result of all these factors，governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists
and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect,
翻译题解,
71) Under modern conditions,this
requires varying measures of centralized
control and hence the help of specialized
scientists such as economists and
operational research experts,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,Under modern
conditions,this requires varying measures
of centralized control/and hence the help of
specialized scientists/such as economists
and operational research experts,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是一个带双宾语的简单句,this
requires varying measures of...and hence
the help of..,
2)两个宾语各带有 of短语作定语。
3)specialized scientists后面的短语 such
as...是其定语。
第三、词的处理,
Under modern conditions 在现代条件下
requires 需要
varying measures (程度 )不同的措施
centralized control 中央控制，中央调控
and hence 因此，从而
specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家
operational research experts 运行 研究专家，运筹学家
完整的译文,
71)在现代 条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
72) Furthermore it is obvious that the
strength of a country's economy is directly
bound up with the efficiency of its
agriculture and industry,and that this in
turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and
technologists of all kinds,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,Furthermore it
is obvious / that the strength of a country's
economy is directly bound up with the
efficiency of its agriculture and industry,/
and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
scientists and technologists of all kinds,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是 it is obvious that...,and
that...形式主语和两个主语从句。
2)两个 that从句都是简单的主谓宾结构句。
3)this指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency 。
第三、词的处理,
Furthermore 再者，另外
it is obvious that (固定译法 )显而易见的是
the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力
is directly bound up with 与…… 直接(密切) 相关
the efficiency of its agriculture and
industry 工农业生产效率
in turn 反过来
rests upon 有赖于，取决于
scientists and technologists of all kinds
各种科技人员，所有领域的科学家和技术人员
完整的译文,
72)再者,显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
73) Owing to the remarkable
development in mass-communications,
people everywhere are feeling new wants
and are being exposed to new customs and
ideas,while governments are often forced
to introduce still further innovations for the
reasons given above,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为五段：Owing to the
remarkable development in
mass-communications,/ people
everywhere are feeling new wants / and are
being exposed to new customs and ideas,/
while governments are often forced to
introduce still further innovations / for the
reasons given above,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是：原因状语 Owing to...,
people are feeling,.,and are being...,while
governments are often forced to...句子结构中while 是个关键词，表示对比关系，汉语意思是"
而" 。
2)第一个主句中有两个现在进行时的并列谓语 are feeling..,and are being..,
3)第二个主句的谓语是被动语态。
4)for the reasons given above是第二个主句的原因状语。
第三、词的处理,
owing to 因为，由于
mass-communications 大众通讯
people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人
new wants 新的需求 (要求，需要)
being exposed to 接 触到，感受到
customs and ideas 习俗和思想
introduce 推出，采取，施行
innovations 革新，革新措施
for the reasons given above 由于 上述原因
完整的译文,
73)由于大 众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
74) in the early industrialized countries
of Europe the process of
industrialization-with all the far-reaching
changes in social patterns that followed-was
spread over nearly a century,whereas
nowadays a developing nation may undergo
the same process in a decade or so,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：in the early
industrialized countries of Europe / the
process of industrialization-with all the
far-reaching changes in social patterns that
followed-was spread over nearly a century,
/ whereas nowadays a developing nation
may undergo the same process in a decade
or so,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是复合句 the process of
industrialization...was spread over nearly a
century,whereas...连词whereas "而",表示对比。
30
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
2)破折号中间的短语是附加成分,修饰主语中心词process，其中 social patterns后面that
followed是一个定语从句。
3)因为是两个对比句,所以可以根据上下文判断：两个句子的谓语spread over 和undergo 意思相近，the same process 等于 the process of
industrialization,
第三、词的处理,
industrialized countries 工业化国家
the process of industrialization 工业 化进程，工业化过程
with,..that followed 随……而来的，以及
far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化
social patterns 社会结 构
spread over 持续，延续
nearly a century 大约 (将近、几乎) 一个世纪
a developing nation 一个发展中国家
undergo 经历
in a decade or so 在 10年左右的时间
完整的译文,
74)在先期 实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10
年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
75) Additional social stresses may also
occur because of the population explosion
or problems arising from mass migration
movements-themselves made relatively
easy nowadays by modern means of
transport,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Additional
social stresses may also occur / because of
the population explosion or problems arising
from mass migration
movements-/themselves made relatively
easy nowadays by modern means of
transport.第二、句子的结构,1)主干结构是
Additional social stresses may also occur
because of...简单句+ because of 表示的原因状语。整句翻译应该根据先原因后结果的原则，将主句放在最后。
2) because of后面有两个宾语 the
population explosion or problems
3)名词 problems带有现在分词短语作后置定语arising from mass migration movements
4) themselves指前面的名词短语 mass
migration movements,后面的过去分词短语是
themselves的定语。
第三、词的处理,
Additional social stresses 新的 (额外的)
社会压力
occur 出现，产生
population explosion 人口猛增,人口爆炸
arising from 由……引起,产生于，来自于
mass migration movements 大量人口流动
migration 流动，迁移
modern means of transport 现代 交通工具
means 工具，手段，途径
完整的译文,
75)由于人 口猛增或大量人口流动( 现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
2000 年英 译汉试题参考译文
世界各国政府都认为，人民的幸福主要依赖于社会的经济实力和财富。 （71 ） 在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助 。（ 72） 再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力 。这就意味着，各国政府得越来越多地干预这些部门以便提高产量并确保产品会得到最好的利用。例如，政府可以用各种方法来鼓励研究，
其中包括建立自己的研究中心; 政府可以改革教育结构，或以政府干预来减少自然资源的消费量、开发迄今未被利用的资源; 或者政府可以在日益增加的与科学、经济学和工业有关的项目中直接进行协作。无论如何，所有这些政府干预主要有赖于科学方面的咨询和各种类型的科技人才。
（ 73） 大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新 。而同时，
31
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
全世界的正常的社会变革速度与过去相比大大加快了。 （74 ） 在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在 10 年左右就可能完成这个过程 。（ 75） 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力 。由于这些因素的结果，政府正越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会科学家来安排适当的规划，
并付诸实施。
Text9.1999 年试题
（ 71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern
practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain
the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place,each
generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.In this search
the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered;it is also frequently partial or
partisan.The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts
are but contributions to an unending process,
（ 72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the
validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among
historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the
emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions
and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.Social science
methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources
rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world,
（ 73）During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional
methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study,
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession,
（ 74）There is no agreement whether methodolog y refers to the concepts peculiar to
historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches
of historical inquiry.Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that
they have been accused of“tunnel method,,frequently fall victim to the“technicist
fallacy.”Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the
discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation,
（75） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and
internal criticism of sources.And to social science historians who equate their activity with
specific techniques,
翻译题解,
71) While there are almost as many
definitions of history as there are historians,
modern practice most closely conforms to
one that sees history as the attempt to
recreate and explain the significant events
32
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
of the past,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,While there are
almost as many definitions of history as
there are historians,/ modern practice most
closely conforms to one / that sees history
as the attempt to recreate and explain the
significant events of the past,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是 While there are almost as..,
as there are..,+主句,While引导让步状语从句，
从句中as..,as 结构是比较级，这句话直译为有多少历史学家，就有多少关于历史的定义。
2)主句中 one是宾语，后面的that从句是它的定语从句。
3)sees history as把……看作是，不定式短语 to recreate and explain...作名词the
attempt的定语。
第三、词的处理,
While 虽 然，尽管
definitions 定义，界定
modern practice 现代 (补词：史学家的)实践
conforms to 符合于，趋向于认为
attempt 试图，尝试
to recreate 再现，重现 (不能说重新创造历史)
events 事件，结合上下文引申为史实
完整的译文,
71)几乎每 个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。
72) Interest in historical methods has
arisen less through external challenge to the
validity of history as an intellectual
discipline and more from internal quarrels
among historians themselves,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Interest in
historical methods has arisen / less through
external challenge to the validity of history
as an intellectual discipline / and more from
internal quarrels among historians
themselves,
第二、句子的结构
1)主干结构是一个简单句,Interest..,has
arisen less through,..and more from..,
2)并列状语 less through,..and more from
的翻译是关键,through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直译比较少的是因为……，更多的原因是……
3)challenge后面的不定 式短语to the
validity of history as an intellectual
discipline是它的定语，直译对历史作为一门学科的正确性提出异议,internal quarrels后面的介词短语among historians themselves 作quarrels
的定语。
第三、词的处理,
Interest in historical methods 对 历史方法的关注( 兴趣)
arisen 来自于，产生于 challenge质疑，挑战
validity 真实性,正确性as an intellectual
discipline作为一门学问(一个学科领域)
internal quarrels 内部意见不统一,内部分歧
完整的译文,
72)人们之 所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73) During this transfer,traditional
historical methods were augmented by
additional methodologies designed to
interpret the new forms of evidence in the
historical study,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：During this
transfer,/ traditional historical methods
were augmented / by additional
methodologies designed to interpret the
new forms of evidence in the historical
study,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是一个被动语态的简单句,...methods were augmented by..,
2)过去分词短语 designed to...作句子宾语
methodologies的定语。
第三、词的处理,
33
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
transfer 转变
augmented 充实，补 充
additional methodologies 新方法
designed to用来
interpret 阐释，解释，说明
the new forms of evidence 新的证 据形式，根据上下文意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料
in the historical study 在 (补译：历史学家)
研究历史时
完整的译文,
73)在这种 转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
74) There is no agreement whether
methodology refers to the concepts peculiar
to historical work in general or to the
research techniques appropriate to the
various branches of historical inquiry,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There is no
agreement / whether methodology refers to
the concepts peculiar to historical work in
general / or to the research techniques
appropriate to the various branches of
historical inquiry,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是存在句 There is no
agreement因为主语部分太长，整个结构应该采用顺序倒译方法。
2) whether methodology refers to,..or
to,..是主语 agreement的同位语。
3) the concepts后面的 形容词短语peculiar
to historical work in general是它的定语；the
research techniques后面的形容词短语
appropriate to the various branches of
historical inquiry也是作定语。
第三、词的处理,
agreement 统一的意见，一致看法
whether...refers to..,or to..,是指 ……
还是指……
the concepts/peculiar to/historical
work/in general (按后置定语的顺序倒译)一般的历史研究中的特有概念
the research techniques 研究手段
appropriate to 适用于，合适于
the various branches 各个领域
historical inquiry 历史 探究
完整的译文,
74)所谓方 法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75) It applies equally to traditional
historians who view history as only the
external and internal criticism of sources,
and to social science historians who equate
their activity with specific techniques,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It applies
equally to traditional historians / who view
history as only the external and internal
criticism of sources,/ and to social science
historians who equate their activity with
specific techniques,
第二、句子的结构
1)主干结构是,It applies equally to...,and
to,..直译这既适应于……又适应于……引申为这既存在于……又存在于……
2) traditional historians who view
history as...和social science historians who
equate..,with...是并列结构，指两种历史学家，
各有定语从句修饰。
第三、词的处理,
It主语指示代词，联系上下文意思是这种谬论
traditional historians 传统历史学家,历史传统派
view history as 把历史看作是
sources 源泉，引申为史料来源
social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派
their activity 活动,引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究
equate..,with 把…… 等同于，认为……是
specific techniques 具体方法
完整的译文,
75)这种谬 论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体
34
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
方法的研究。
1999 年 英译汉试题参考译文
（ 71） 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释 。由于受时间和地点的限制，每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对其有重要价值。在这种探索中所发现的证据总是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏见的或带有派别意识的。实际从事历史研究的人总是知道，他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的探索过程添砖加瓦，这就使其工作颇具讽刺意味。
（ 72） 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问 。尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似性，但新兴的社会科学似乎为人们提出新问题和提供了解过去的有效途径开辟了更为广阔的天地。社会科学研究的方法必须改变以适应这样一条指导，即以史料为基础，而不是为当代社会之需。（ 73） 在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法 。
在历史学界，方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。 （74） 所谓方法论究竟是指一般的历史研究研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一 。史学家，尤其是那些局限于他们的研究兴趣，以致被指责为
“单方同研究法” 的史学家，常常成了,单纯技术方法论,的牺牲品。这种谬论在自然科学领域里也是屡见不鲜的，它错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来。（75） 这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派; 前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论; 后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究 。
Text10.1998 年试题
They were by far,the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected:a
strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth,
（ 71）But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look
into the past，for what they were seeing were the pa tterns and structures that existed 15
billion yeays ago.That was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the
researchers found was at once both amazing and expected:the US National Aeronautics and
Space Administrations Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered
landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has
become known as the Big Bang（the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from
a single mass of energy）,
（ 72） The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put
forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the
cosmos.According to the theory,the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic，
unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions,emitting radiation
as it went,condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.Over billions of years,the gas
was compressed by gravity into galaxies，stars,plants and eventually,even humans,
35
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures,but astronomers would like to see
much smaller hot spots as well，the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of
galaxies.They shouldnt have long to wait.（73） Astrophysicists working with groundbased
detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments are closing in on such structures，
and may report their findings soon,
（74）If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another
scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory,Inflation
says that very early on，the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion
trillionfold in much less than a second，propelled by a sort of antigravity,（75） Odd though it
sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in
elementaryparticle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part
of a decade that it is true,
翻译题解,
71) But even more important,it was the
farthest that scientists had been able to
looksintosthe past,for what they were
seeing were the patterns and structures
that existed 15 billion years ago,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,But even more
important,it was the farthest that scientists
had been able to looksintosthe past,/ for
what they were seeing were the patterns
and structures / that existed 15 billion years
ago,
第二、句子主干结构是：主句+ for + 原因状语从句。
1)主句是强调句 it was..,that...被强调部分
the farthest是后面句子的状语，可以理解为
scientists had been able to look the
farthestsintosthe past
2) for...引导的原因状语从句是一个系表结构,what they were seeing是从句中的主语，
that...是名词表语the patterns and structures
的定语从句。
第三、词的处理,
even more important (省略 )更为重要的是
the patterns and structures (宇宙云的 )形状和结构
15 billion years ago 150亿年前
完整的译文,
71)但更为 重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150
亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
72) The existence of the giant clouds
was virtually required for the Big Bang,first
put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its
reign as the dominant explanation of the
cosmos,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The existence
of the giant clouds was virtually required for
the Big Bang,/ first put forward in the 1920s,
/ to maintain its reign as the dominant
explanation of the cosmos,
第二、句子的主干结构是一个简单句。
1)整体结构是,The existence..,was
virtually required for...,to maintain...2)first
put forward in the 1920s是过去分词短语作插入语，说明前面的名词the Big Bang
3)后面的不定式短语是补语。
第三、词的处理,
the giant clouds 巨大的 (宇宙) 云
virtually 事实上，实际上，实质上
the Big Bang 大爆炸理论
first put forward 首创的，开始提出的
in the 1920s 二十年代
to maintain its reign as 以保持……的地位
explanation of the cosmos 对宇宙 (起源论)
的解释
完整的译文,
72)巨大的 宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
73) Astrophysicists working with
ground-based detectors at the South Pole
and balloon-borne instruments are closing
in on such structures,and may report their
findings soon,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,Astrophysicists
working with ground-based detectors at the
South Pole and balloon-borne instruments /
are closing in on such structures,/ and may
report their findings soon,
第二、句子主干结构是,
1)主语 +并列谓语Astrophysicists...are
closing...and may report...2)分词短语
working with ground-based detectors at the
South Pole and balloon-borne instruments
是主语的定语。
第三、词的处理,
working with 使用，以 ……为工作手段
ground-based detectors 陆基探测器
the South Pole 南极
balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器
are closing in on 正越 来越近
structures 云系
findings 观测结果
完整的译文,
73)天体物 理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
74) If the small hot spots look as
expected,that will be a triumph for yet
another scientific idea,a refinement of the
Big Bang called the inflationary universe
theory,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,If the small hot
spots look as expected,/ that will be a
triumph for yet another scientific idea,/ a
refinement of the Big Bang called the
inflationary universe theory,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是,If引导的条件句，主句” 。
2)look as expected是 look as they are
expected的省略，意思是“看上去和预想的一样” 。
3)another scientific idea和后面的短语 a
refinement of the Big Bang是同位语关系。
4)过去分词短语 called the inflationary
universe theory作定语，修饰the Big Bang,
第三、词的处理,
the small hot spots 小热点
refinement 更完美，提炼，改进
the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说 (理论)
完整的译文,
74)假如那 些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
75) Odd though it sounds,cosmic
inflation is a scientifically plausible
consequence of some respected ideas in
elementary-particle physics,and many
astrophysicists have been convinced for the
better part of a decade that it is true,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Odd though it
sounds,/ cosmic inflation is a scientifically
plausible consequence of some respected
ideas in elementary-particle physics,/ and
many astrophysicists have been convinced
for the better part of a decade that it is true,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是倒装的让步状语从句 +主句。
Odd though it sounds = though it sounds
odd
2) consequence前后有 多重定语。
3) and many astrophysicists have been
convinced为被动结构。
4) that it is true是宾语 从句。
第三、词的处理,
cosmic inflation 宇宙膨 胀说
scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论
in elementary-particle physics 基本 粒子物理学
convinced 被说服，相信
for the better part of a decade 七 八年来
完整的译文,
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
75)宇 宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
1998 年 英译汉试题参考译文
离地球大约 150 亿光 年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系是科学家在此以前所发现的最大、最遥远的物体。（71 ） 但更为重要的是，这是科学家所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是
150 亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构 。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶，
又是人们所期待的，因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背景探测者Cobe 号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据，证明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人们一直所称的,大爆炸” （此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量）。
（ 72） 巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使本世纪二十年代首次提出的大爆炸论是以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的 。根据这一理论，
宇宙的形成是由一团亚微观的、极其稠密的纯能量团朝四面八方向外发散，随着放出辐射线，浓缩成粒子，然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来，这种气体受引力的压缩形成星系、恒星、行星，并最终甚至产生人类。
Cobe卫星 设计的目的就是观察这些最大的物体结构，但宇航员还想看到更为微小的热点，即像星纱中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。
看来他们不必长期等待。（73） 天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球工仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果 。
（ 74）假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，
那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说 。膨胀说告诉我们，
早在很久以前，宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内被一种反引力驱动而发生了无数倍的膨胀。（75） 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子的物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来似乎可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直确信这一论说是正确的 。
Text11.1997 年试题
Do animals have rights?This is how the question is usually put.It sounds like a useful，
ground-clearing way to start.（71） Actually,it isnt,because it assumes that there is an agreed
account of human rights，which is something the world does not have,
On one view of rights,to be sure,it necessarily follows that animals have none.72） Some
philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of
duties and entitlements.Therefore，animals cannot have rights.The idea of punishing a tiger
that kills somebody is absurd，for exactly the same reason,so is the idea that tigers have
ringhts.However，this is only one account,and by no means an uncontested one.It denies
rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance，to infants,the mentally
incapable and future generations.In addition,it is unclear what force a contract can have for
people who never consented to it:how do you reply to somebody who says“I dont like this
contract?”
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
The point is this without agreement on the rights of people，arguing about the rights of
animals is fruitless.（73 ） It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to
think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other
humans，or with no consideration at all,This is a false choice.Better to start with another，
more fundamental question:is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it.（ 74） Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every
relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral
choice.Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental
displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans,
This view,which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood，
may seem bravely“logical.”In fact it is simply shallow:the ethical equivalent of learning to
crawl—is to weigh others interests against one s own.This in turn requires sympathy and
imagination:without which there is no capacity for moral thought.To see an animal in pain is
enough，for most,to engage sympathy.（75） When that happens,it is not a mistake:it is
mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather
than laughed at,
翻译题解,
71) Actually,it isn't,because it assumes
that there is an agreed account of human
rights,which is something the world does
not have,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,Actually,it isn't,
because it assumes / that there is an agreed
account of human rights,/ which is
something the world does not have.第二、句子主干结构是主从复合句。
1)because引导原因状语从句
2)that引 导宾语从句，从句中是存在句结构
there is an agreed account of human rights,
3)which从句的先行词是 human rights，
something后面是定语从句the world does not
have,
第三、词的处理,
Actually 事实上
it主语代词,根据上下文意思这种问法，这种说法，isn't 后面省略的词应该是so 或true
an agreed account 约 定的看法，共同的认识
human rights 人的权利,人权
完整的译文,
71)事实并 非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
72) Some philosophers argue that
rights exist only within a social contract,as
part of an exchange of duties and
entitlements,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some
philosophers argue / that rights exist only
within a social contract,/ as part of an
exchange of duties and entitlements,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是主从复合句,Some
philosophers argue that..,
2)that引 导的是宾语从句
3)as part of...是宾语从 句中的rights的主语补足语。
第三、词的处理,
argue 论证
a social contract 社会契约
as part of 作为 (是) ……的一部分
entitlements 利益，权利
完整的译文,
72)有些哲 学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。
73) It leads the discussion to extremes
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
at the outset,it invites you to think that
animals should be treated either with the
consideration humans extend to other
humans,or with no consideration at all,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It leads the
discussion to extremes at the outset,/ it
invites you to think that animals should be
treated / either with the consideration
humans extend to other humans,or with no
consideration at all,
第二、句子的结构是,
1)it invites you to think that...后面是 宾语从句。
2) animals should be treated either
with...,or with...要么……要么……，是表示选择的方式状语。
3)the consideration后面 的 humans
extend to other humans是定语。
第三、词的处理,
leads,..to extremes 引向极端
at the outset 从一开始
invites you to think 使人们认为
consideration 关切，体 谅
humans extend to other humans 人对待人
完整的译文,
73)这种说 法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
74) Arguing from the view that humans
are different from animals in every relevant
respect,extremists of this kind think that
animals lie outside the area of moral choice,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Arguing from
the view that humans are different from
animals in every relevant respect,/
extremists of this kind think / that animals
lie outside the area of moral choice,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是现在分词短语状语，主语 +谓语
+宾语从句。Arguing from..,现在分词短语作状语。
2) the view和后面的从句 that...是同位语关系
3) that...引导宾语从句。
第三、词的处理,
Arguing from the view 从……观点看，
持……观点
different from..,与… …不同
in every relevant respect 在各相关 方面
extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人
lie outside the area of moral choice 不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关
完整的译文,
74)这类人 持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
75) When that happens,it is not a
mistake,it is mankind's instinct for moral
reasoning in action,an instinct that should
be encouraged rather than laughed at,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：When that
happens,it is not a mistake,/ it is
mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in
action,/ an instinct that should be
encouraged rather than laughed at,
第二、句子主干结构是两个复合句,
1)When...是前一个复合句的时间状语
2)instinct后面的介词短语 for moral
reasoning in action是它的定语
3)that...是定语从句，修饰先行词 an
instinct，从句中是被动语态结构，表示选择。
第三、词的处理,
that (代词作主语 )联系上下文译为这种反应
mankind's instinct for moral reasoning
人类道德观念推理的本能
in action 起作用
rather than 而不
完整的译文,
75)这种反应并 不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
1997 年 英译汉试题参考译文
动物有权力吗?问题 通常就是这样提出的。这种提法听起来似乎有助于把问题讲清楚。（ 71） 事
40
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
许多人否认这种提法。（ 74） 这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题 。任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的，因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情感用到关心动物的身上。
实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在 。
诚然，根据对权利的一种看法，必然认为，这只是一种认识,而且是一种有争议的认识。这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利，而且也剥夺了某些人的权利，例如婴儿，他们是不会用脑力来思考问题的未来一代人。此外，谁也不清楚，对于从来就不同意契约的人来说，这项契约又有多少约束力，因为有人要是说,我不喜欢这项契约”,那你又如何作答呢?
这种观点 认为，折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴。这种看法似乎是大胆的,逻辑推理” 。实际上，
这种看法是非常肤浅的，因为它逻辑混乱，所以应该摒弃。道德推理的最初级形式，和学习爬行的论理一样，是针对自身利益去权衡他人利益。这就需要同情心和将心比心的想像力，没有这两点就无法用道德观念来进行思考。看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。 （ 75） 这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲笑 。
问题的症结是，如果人们对人的权利没有一致的看法,那么争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的? （73）
这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物,要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情 。这是一处错误的选择。
最好换一种更为根本性的提法,我们对待动物的同情感用到关心动物的身上。
Text12.1996 年试题
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several
causes.（71 ） Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others
are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent
self-accelerating.Some,however,are less reasonable processes of different growth in which
preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take,by persons in authority,act to alter
the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable;but
it is a frightening trend.（72） This trend began during the Second World War,when several
governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to
make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.It can be predicted，
however，that from time to time,questions will arise which will require specific scientific
answers.It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource
or machine to be kept in functional order.（ 73） This seems mostly effectively done by
supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible
consequence in the future,
This kind of support,like all government support,requires decisions about the
appropriate recipients of funds.Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are
straight forward.But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more
difficult.The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting“good”as
opposed to“bad”science,but a valid determination is difficult to make.Generally，the idea of
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate
an elegant theory.（74）However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle
unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.（75） New
forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in
the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance,
翻译题解,
71) Some of these causes are
completely reasonable results of social
needs,Others are reasonable consequences
of particular advances in science being to
some extent self-accelerating,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,Some of these
causes are completely reasonable results of
social needs,/ Others are reasonable
consequences of particular advances in
science / being to some extent
self-accelerating,
第二、句子的结构,
这是两个简单句。在所有英译汉真题中，划线部分都是一个句子,要么是一个简单句，要么是一个复合句，由两个简单句构成一个考题这是惟一的一次。这两个简单句都是主系表结构。
1)主干结构是对比句 Some..,are..,
reasonable results of..,Others are
reasonable consequences of..,
2) particular advances后面有多重定语 in
science being to some extent
self-accelerating,
第三、词的处理,
① Some of these causes 直译为“这些原因中的一些”，按照汉语习惯可译为“其中一些原因”。
注意,these 在此为指示代词，由于它修饰名词，相当于形容词，一般直接翻译成代词，而不需要译成名词。但如果出现表达不清，或者补充说明之后更清楚，则可以根据文章的意思加形容词或者译成名词。(参见下面第 72 题关于 this trend 和 2003 年第
63 题关于 this study 的解释。)
② reasonable results 合理的结果，必然结果
③ others 代词 =other reasons，应译成名词“其他原因”。
④ reasonable consequences=reasonable results
⑤ particular advances in science 科学中的特定发展
⑥ being self_accelerating 分词短语，修饰名词
science。 accelerate 意为“加速”,self_accelerating
意为“自我加速的”。
⑦ to some extent 在某种程度上
to...extent 意为“在…程度上”,其他例子如,
to a large(或 great) extent 在很大程度上
to that extent 到那个程度
to an (或 a certain) extent 在一定程度上
are..,results of 是……的结果，来自于
完整的译文,
71)在这些 原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
72) This trend began during the Second
World War,when several governments
came to the conclusion that the specific
demands that a government wants to make
of its scientific establishment cannot
generally be foreseen in detail,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This trend
began during the Second World War,when
several governments came to the
conclusion / that the specific demands that
a government wants to make of its scientific
establishment / cannot generally be
foreseen in detail,
第二、句子的结构,
这是一个多重复合句。This trend began 是主谓结构的主句,during the Second World War是介词短语作状语修饰主句，when several governments
came to the conclusion是定语从句修饰the Second
World War,that the specific demands cannot be
foreseen是名词 conclusion的同位语从句，而that a
government wants to make是修饰the specific
demands的定语从句，of its scientific establishment
是修饰make 的状语,in detail是修饰foreseen 的状语。
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
第三、词的处理,
① This trend 译成,这种趋势”是可以接受的，因为 this 是指示代词，可以直接翻译，但如果按前面句子的意思补充成“这种可怕的趋势”当然是更好的做法。 (参见 1995 年第 71 题关于 the target
及 2003 年第 63 题关于 this study 的解释)
② when 引导定语从句注意,when 引导定语从句不能与引导时间状语从句相混淆，当然也不能译成“当…的时候”。 when 引导定语从句时前面一般有表示时间的名词作先行词，如果是过去时,when
译成“其时”,,当时”,,在那个时候”,如果是将来时，则译成“到时”,,届时”,有时候还可以译成“然后”、“随后”。
请看下面的例子,
The Queen will visit the small town in April,
when she will open the new hospital,
女王将于四月访问小镇，到时 (或届 时) 她要主持这家新医院的开业仪式。
I expect to be there no longer than two days,
when I shall return,
我预计至多在那儿呆两天，随后我就回来。
题中 when 前面的先行词是 the Second World
War，因为句子里用的是过去时,when 因此翻译成
“当时”或“那时”。 (参见 2001 年第 73 题关于 when
的解释)
③ came to the conclusion 得出了这样的结论
④ that 引 导同位语从句，与名词 conclusion 是同位关系。
注意：英语中 that 引导同位语从句与 that 引导定语从句很容易混淆,现在我们来看一看它们的区别,
a.同位 语从句与先行词是相等的关系，定语从句与先行词是修饰的关系。请比较,b,He heard the
news that his team had won.(the news=his team had
won,that 引导同位语从句)
他听到他们队获胜的消息。
It is a question that needs very careful
consideration.(that 从句修饰名词 question，所以是定语从句)
这是一个需要认真考虑的问题。
b.在同位语 从句中，that 只是一个连词，不充当从句的任何成分；而在定语从句中，that 必须充当句子的一个成分(主语、宾语等等)。请对比,
The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to
everybody.(that 不充当句子的任何成分，所以引导同位语从句)
这个犯人有罪的事实大家都很清楚。
The news that appeared in the paper this morning
was well received.(that 充当从句的主语，所以引导定语从句)
今天早晨报纸上刊登的消息引起了很大的反响。
c.充当 定语从句先行词的名词是无限的，而充当同位语从句先行词的名词是有限的
一些表示概括意义的抽象名词：assumption,
fact,idea,news,belief,message,proposal,proposition,
evidence,proof,possibility,suggestion,feeling 等。例如,
Obviously there was little probability that they
would succeed,but they didn't mind.(同位语从句)
很显然，他们成功的可能性极小，但是他们不在意。
I have a feeling that our team is going to win.(同位语从句 )
我有一种感觉，那就是我们的球队将取胜。
We'll be there tomorrow on the assumption that it
doesn't rain.(同位语从句)
假如不下雨，我们明天就去那里。
同位语从句的翻译
同位语从句的翻译与定语从句的翻译很相似，
如果同位语从句较简单，一般采用合译,that 不用翻译出来；如果较为复杂，则采取拆译，这时 that
经常译成“即”,“那就是”之类的词，或使用冒号、
破折号之类的标点；有时则根据具体的用词译成状语从句。(三种情况均可参见上面的举例)
题中that 引导的同位语 从句要么用冒号来表示，要么译成“那就是”。
⑤ that a government wants to make of...在这个定语从句中，由于有 a government 作从句主语,that
只能在从句中作宾语。
注意：关于 that 在定语从句 中作宾语(参见 1994
年第 72 题关于 that 在定语从句中作主语和 1997 年第 71 题关于 that 在定语从句中的省略)：that 引导定语从句、同时在从句中做宾语是英译汉的一个重要考点，我们不要以为 that 不作从句主语就可以放松警惕，动词后面缺少宾语往往会使整个句子无法理解或改变句子的意思。请看这样一个例子,
A report that he stole was ultimately sent to the
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police,
这是一个歧义句。如果把 that 从句理解为定语从句,that 就是关系代词，充当从句谓语动词 stole
的宾语，整个句子应该译成：他偷来的一份报告最终送到了警察局。如果把 that 从句理解为同位语从句，that 则是一个连词，不充当任何句子成分，而
stole 为不及动词，整个句子应该译为：关于他进行偷窃的一份报告最终送到了警察局。因此，定语从句 that a government wants to make of...实际上等于说 a government wants to make specific demands of...,
make demands of...是个动词短语，意为“对…提要求”。整个从句可译为：一个政府想要对…提出的具体要求。
⑥ scientific establishment 科研机构
注意：establishment 在四级考试大纲中就已经提供了,机构”的解释，考研大纲里依然有“机构”
这个词义，但知道这一用法的人并不多。这说明有些单词没有我们想像的那么简单，作为考研考生应该明白这一点并且寻找解决问题的办法。事实上，
我们可以从英语喜欢用抽象表达，而汉语喜欢用具体表达这一特点找到突破口，首先确定这个词不能理解成抽象的“建立”，然后观察文章中是否提供了线索，结果我们可以在这个句子后面找到 treat the
scientific establishment as a resource or machine(把科学 establishment 看作是一种资源或者一台机器)，而
“科学资源”或者“科学机器”是可以让我们联想到“科研机构”的。( 参见 1999 年第 72 题关于
intellectual discipline 的解释)
⑦ cannot be foreseen 直译“无法被预见”,将被动变主动表达更自然：“无法预见”。
⑧ in detail 惯用法，意为“详细地”。例如,
explore a topic in some detail 较详细地探 讨一个题目
work out a plan in great detail 极具体地制订计划
the news in detail新闻的详 细内容
完整的译文,
72)这种趋 势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
73) This seems mostly effectively done
by supporting a certain amount of research
not related to immediate goals but of
possible consequence in the future,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This seems
mostly effectively done / by supporting a
certain amount of research not related to
immediate goals / but of possible
consequence in the future,
第二、句子的结构,
这是一个简单句。This seems...done 是句子的主干,by supporting...是介词短语作方式状语，
not...but...结构作后置定语修饰名词 research。
1)主干结构是系词 +过去分词+ 被动宾语：
This seems mostly effectively done by..,
2)research后面是双重定语 not related to..,
but of...由此断定related to意思等于of
第三、词的处理,
① this 代词作主语。前文曾出现过 problem 一词,接着又有“…无法预见，然而可以预见的是…，
因此…”这样的叙述，this 显然是指代名词
“problem,。
② mostly 意为“几乎全部地，主要地，一般地，
通常”。
注意,
mostly 不能 与 most(最)相混淆，请看下面关于
mostly 的用法举例,
The work is mostly done,
那工作差不多已完成了。
The men at the party were mostly fairly young,
宴会上的男人多数相当年轻。
She had had a very exciting career,mostly in
Birmingham,
她曾有过一个富有刺激性的生涯，主要在伯明翰。
Mostly,they will do it by themselves,
他们通常会自己动手做这事的。
③ done do 在英语里被称为是代动词，可以表示许多动词的意思。例如,
do good deeds(做好事 )
do some repair(修理东西 )
do the washing(洗衣物 )
do government missions 执行政府使命
do honour to the dead 向死者致敬
do short stories 写短篇小说
do one's hair 做头发
do a garden 照料花园
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done在句中必须与 this结 合起来理解，根据 this
指代名词 problem,done 的意思应该是“解决”。
④ by doing sth.常常表示手段、方法或方式，译为“通过……”、“以……”。
例如,
He earns his living by teaching.他以教书为 生。
⑤ not...but...一般否定前者,肯定后者,译为,不是…而是…”，“没有…但有…”。例如,
It's not water,but alcohol.这不是水，而是酒精。
Some satellite relay stations relay radio waves to
the earth but they receive the waves not from the earth,
but from other space,
某些卫星中继站向地球转播无线电波，但它们不是从地球而是从外层太空接收无线电波。
从上面的例子可以看出,not...but...在使用中有一个突出的特点，那就是not 和but 后面的用词往往是对称的：第一例都是名词(water 和alcohol),第二例都是介词短语(from the earth 和from other space) 。
题中的not...but..,结构是后置定语，not 和but 后面的用词应该都能修饰名词。related 是过去分词，of
consequence是介词短语，都可以修饰名词，因为过去分词可作形容词用，而of+ 名词= 形容词(如The
book is of great interest.=The book is very
interesting.),of consequence可理解为“有结果的”
或“产生结果的”。因此后置定语not related to
immediate goals but of possible consequence in the
future整个可以翻译成：与直接目标没有关系，但是在未来却有可能产生结果。
完整的译文,
73)给某些 与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
74) However,the world is so made that
elegant systems are in principle unable to
deal with some of the world's more
fascination and delightful aspects,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：However,the
world is so made / that elegant systems are
in principle unable to / deal with some of the
world's more fascination and delightful
aspects,
第二、句子的结构,
这是一个复合句。The world is so made 是主句,that引导的 是结果状语从句。其中elegant systems
are...unable to deal with..,aspects是从句的主干，in
principle是介词短语作状语，some of the world's
more fascinating and delightful都是定语，修饰名词
aspects。
1)主干结构是 the world is so..,that..,
2) some后面有多重定语of the world's
more fascination and delightful aspects.第三、词的处理,
① the world is so made 直译“世界就是这样构成的”，意译“世界就是如此”。
② elegant systems elegant 大纲解释为“优雅的，
优美的，精致的”，这些词义与 system(体系、系统)
都不能搭配，所以引申为“完美的”。注意下列例子中 elegant 的翻译,
elegant manners 优雅的风度
an elegant dress 漂亮雅致 的女服
a set of books with elegant bindings 一套装帧精美的书籍
a life of elegant ease 优裕 闲适的生活
an elegant style of writing 优雅的文体
an elegant piece of reasoning 简要明确的论证
an elegant wine 上等好酒
② in principle 惯用法，意为“原则上，基本上，
大体上，在理论上”。
例如,
We agree in principle but we dislike your
methods,
我们原则上同意，但我们不喜欢你使用的方法。
There's no reason in principle why man shouldn't
one day travel to the most distant stars,
从理论上讲，没有理由认为人类不可能在将来的某一天飞向遥远的星球。
③ deal with...aspects 按照搭配原则译为“解决…问题”。
注意：这是一个被分开的动宾结构,aspects 的词义定位一定要以 deal with 为依据。
完整的译文,
74)然而,世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
75) New forms of thought as well as new
subjects for thought must arise in the future
as they have in the past,giving rise to new
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
standards of elegance,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：New forms of
thought as well as new subjects for thought
must arise in the future / as they have in the
past,/ giving rise to new standards of
elegance,
第二、句子的结构,
这是一个复合句。 New forms of thought as well
as new subjects for thought m ust arise in the future 是主句，as they have in the past 是方式状语从句，
giving rise to new standards of elegance 是现在分词短语作状语表伴随动作。
第三、词的处理,
① new forms of thought 新的思维方式
② as well as=and 例如,
Hiking is good exercise as well as fun,
徒步旅行很有趣味，也是很好的锻炼。
In theory as well as in practice,the idea is
unsound,
这个主意在理论上和实践中都站不住脚。
③ new subjects for thought 新的思维对象(或内容)
注意,
subject 在 此不能理解成“学科”或“题目”,
因为它与前面的 form 构成一对概念，所以应该翻译成“对象”或“内容”。(参见 1999 年第 74 题关于 technique 的解释 )
④ must 此 处不能理解成“必须”，而应该理解成“必然要，必定会，一定会”。其他例子如,
What must be will be,
注定要发生的事总要发生。
All men must die,
人都有一死。
If he had really been there,I must have seen him,
如果当时他真的在那里的话，我必定会看到他。
⑤ arise 产生，出现(参见 1999 年第 72 题,2000
年第 75 题)
注意,
arise 和 rise 很容易混淆,因为它们在词义上都是指“由低处向高处移动”，而且都是不及物动词，
但 rise 是个普通词，用得更为广泛，而 arise 一般用作比喻意义，其主语常常是 an argument,a problem,
a quarrel,a doubt,a question,a storm,a difficulty,a
disagreement 之类的抽象名词。试比较,
The wounded man fell and was too weak to rise,
这个受伤的人倒下了，虚弱得站不起来。
A democratic movement has arisen,
掀起了一场民主运动。
New problems seem to arise every day,
似乎每天都出现新问题。
⑥ as they have in the past 这个从句省略了动词
arisen,as 在此是连词，意为“正如”。代词 they 指划线句子中的 news forms of thought 和 new subjects
for thought，由于指代对象有明确的翻译，而且所指也比较明确，这时的代词可以译成代词。( 参见
1997 年第 71 题,75 题和 1998 年第 71 题)
⑦ give rise to 是个习惯表达法，意为“引起、
导致”。例如,
These bad conditions have given rise to a lot of
crime,
这些恶劣的环境导致了许多犯罪。
It would give rise to a great deal of conflict,
这将引起频繁的冲突。
注意 giving rise to 在英语里表伴随动作，在译文里却表结果。
⑧ elegance elegant 的名词，在此译为“完美”。
完整的译文,
75)同过去 一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
1996 年 英译汉试题参考译文
科学研究的各种领域的相关发展，存在若干原因。 （71 ） 在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求。另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果 。然而，
有些发展速度的差异其原因就不尽合理，这是因为某些权威人干对科学理论研究应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法，这些想法起了改变不同科学领域的发展模式的作用。这是一个新问题，也许并非是不可避免的问题，但其趋势却令人担忧。（ 72） 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论,政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的 。然而，人们可以预见，往往会出现一些问题要求科学做出具体的回答。因此，将科研机构视为一种资源或一台机器，应维持其良好的运行状态。这样做通常是很有价值的。
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（73） 给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题 。
此种资助也与所有政府资助一样，需要决定合适的投资对象。 根据某一项目是否有效来做出决策是明确无误的。但是在几个都没有直接效用的项目中，要做出抉择就特别困难。资助机构的目标是支持,好,的科学，而不资助,坏,的科学，那是值得赞扬的。然而要做出正确的抉择却是困难的。人们往往将好科学与该科学是否有能力提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。（74） 然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的 。（ 75） 同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准 。
Text13.1995 年试题
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in
selecting,classifying,assigning,or promoting students,employees,and military personnel
have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines,the daily press，and even in
Congress.（71 ） The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from
the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.The tests themselves are merely
tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified
conditions.Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless,or even misleading depends
partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user,
All informed predicitions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of
relevant past performance:school grades,research productivity,sales records,or whatever
is appropriate.（72） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends
upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and
wisdom with which it is interpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the
information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to
error,
Standardized tests should be considered in this context.They provide a quick objective
method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has
developed，or the kind of person he is.The information so obtained has,qualitatively,the
same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.（73） Whether to use tests，
other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the
evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and
availability,
（74）In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can
be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can
not be well defined.Properly used,they provide a rapid means of getting comparable
information about many people.Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has
not been previously recognized,but there are many things they do not do.（75） For example，
they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an
underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable
circumstances,
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
翻译题解,
71) The target is wrong,for in attacking
the tests,critics divert attention from the
fault that lies with ill-informed or
incompetent users,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The target is
wrong,for in attacking the tests,/ critics
divert attention from the fault / that lies
with ill-informed or incompetent users,
第二、句子主干结构是：简单句加for 引导的原因状语。后面的 that引导的是定语从句。
第三、词的处理,
The target 根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试
divert attention from 原义是把注意力引开，引申为没有注意到
lies with在于 ill-informed 不甚了解
incompetent users(词性转换) 使用不当
完整的译文,
71)把标准 化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，
因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
72) How well the predictions will be
validated by later performance depends
upon the amount,reliability,and
appropriateness of the information used and
on the skill and wisdom with which it is
interpreted,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：How well the
predictions will be validated by later
performance / depends upon the amount,
reliability,and appropriateness of the
information used and on the skill and
wisdom / with which it is interpreted,
第二、句子主干结构是,
1)How well...引导的被 动结构是主语从句，
How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语
2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语
upon...and on..,
3) the information used是名词 +定语
4)with which it is interpreted定语从 句，
先行词是the skill and wisdom,代词it 指代 the
information
第三、词的处理,
be validated by 为…… 所证实
depends upon 取决于
reliability 可靠性
appropriateness 适应性
interpreted 解释
完整的译文,
72)这些测 试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，
以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
73) Whether to use tests,other kinds of
information,or both in a particular situation
depends,therefore,upon the evidence from
experience concerning comparative validity
and upon such factors as cost and
availability,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,Whether to use
tests,other kinds of information,or both in
a particular situation / depends,therefore,
upon the evidence from experience
concerning comparative validity / and upon
such factors as cost and availability,
第二、句子主干结构是,Whether to use...,
or both...引导主语从句depends是句子谓语，
upon..,and upon...是并列结构的双宾语。
第三、词的处理,
Whether to...,or 是… …还是……
both 指代前句的 tests,other kinds of
information
in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下
therefore 因此
the evidence from experience 经验依据
concerning 与……有关的
comparative validity 相对效度
such factors as..,诸如 ……等因素
完整的译文,
73)因此,在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
48
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
74) In general,the tests work most
effectively when the qualities to be
measured can be most precisely defined
and least effectively when what is to be
measured or predicted can not be well
defined,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为四段,In general,the
tests work most effectively / when the
qualities to be measured can be most
precisely defined / and least effectively /
when what is to be measured or predicted
can not be well defined,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是一个排比句 the tests work
most effectively when...and least effectively
when..,
2)连词 when引导的是状语从句，意思是当……的时候，从句中都是被动结构。
3) what is to be measured or predicted
是第二个从句的主语。
第三、词的处理,
In general 一般的说
work most effectively 最为有效
be most precisely defined 很精确界 定
measured 测定
完整的译文,
74)一般的 说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
75) For example,they do not
compensate for gross social inequality,and
thus do not tell how able an underprivileged
youngster might have been had he grown
up under more favorable circumstances,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example,
they do not compensate for gross social
inequality,/ and thus do not tell how able an
underprivileged youngster might have been
/ had he grown up under more favorable
circumstances,
第二、句子的结构,
1)主干结构是并列句 they do not
compensate for...,and thus do not tell..,
2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是,..,
youngster might have been how able
3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：
had he grown up under more favorable
circumstances等于If he had grown up..,
第三、词的处理,
they 指示代词，测试
compensate for 弥补
gross social inequality 明显的社会不公
and thus 因此
tell 说明
underprivileged 贫困 的、物质条件差的
under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下
完整的译文,
75)例如,测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
1995 年英译汉试题参考译文
标准化教育测试或心理同在广泛应用于协助选拔、委派或 提拔学生、雇员和军事人员 ;这些测试一直是某些人近年来在书本、杂志、日报，甚至国会中进行抨击的目标。（71） 把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到其弊病来自测试使用者对测试不解或使用不当 。这些测试本身只是一种工具。它的各种特性可以在规定条件下用适当的精度来测定。测试的结果是在有价值的、无意义的、还是误导的，
部分取决于这种工具本身，但主要取决于测试使用者。
所有对未来表现的有见识地的预测都是以在某种程度上了 解有关过去的表现为基础的,学校学习成绩、研究效益、销售记录或任何符合需要的信息。（72） 这些预测在多大程度上为的后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智 。任何仔细记分的人都知道，所得到的信息总是不完全的，而且这些预测也总是会有错误的。
应该根据这种观点去考察标准化测试。标准化测试提供了快速,客观地得到某些信息的方法，这
49
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
些信息是有关一个人所学到的知识、他所获得的技能,或者他是属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息，
从性质上讲，与其它种类的信息一样具有优点或缺点。（73） 因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素 。
（ 74） 一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效; 而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差 。这些测试如能恰当使用，就能提供一种快速的方法来获得有关许多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生，他们很高的潜在能力过去一直没有被承认。但是也有入场多事情这些测试是不能胜任的。
（75） 例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公; 因此，
它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干 。
Text 14.1994 年试题
According to the new school of scientists，technology is an overlooked force in expanding
the horizons of scientific knowledge.（71 ） Science moves forward,they say，not so much
through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved
techniques and tools.（72 ）,In short”,a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific
revolution，as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of
instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
（ 73） Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental
innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.The modern
school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein，
and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to，and derived great benefit from,
craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific
experiments,
The centerpiece of the argument of a technologyyes,geniusno advocate was an analysis
of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution.The wisdom of the day was derived
from Ptolemy，an astronomer of the second century,whose elaborate system of the sky put
Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.（74）Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he
was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the
planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.But the real hero of the story，
according to the new school of scientists，was the long evolution in the improvement of
machinery for making eyeglasses,
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs.genius dispute.（ 75） Whether
the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or
vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force,
翻译题解,
71) Science moves forward,they say,
not so much through the insights of great
men of genius as because of more ordinary
50
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
things like improved techniques and tool,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,Science moves
forward,they say,/ not so much through
the insights of great men of genius / as
because of more ordinary things like
improved techniques and tool,
第二、句子主干结构是：not so much
through..,as because of...与其……倒不如……
因为 not so much..,as是个并列结构，也就是说 so和as 后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于because of 因为，由于。
第三、词的处理,
the insights of great men of genius是后面带定语的名词短语结构,后置定语的顺序应该在汉语翻译中应该倒过来，即从后往前翻译为：天才伟人的真知灼见。
more ordinary things like improved
techniques and tool这是结构是介词like 短语做定语修饰中心词more ordinary things,也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
they say插入语,按照汉语习惯，翻译时放在句首。
完整的译文,
71)他们说,科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
72) In short,a leader of the new school
contends,the scientific revolution,as we
call it,was largely the improvement and
invention and use of a series of instruments
that expanded the reach of science in
innumerable direction,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：In short,a
leader of the new school contends,the
scientific revolution,as we call it,/ was
largely the improvement and invention and
use of a series of instruments / that
expanded the reach of science in
innumerable direction,
第二、句子主干结构是,
1)系表结构,the scientific revolution..,
was largely..,
2) that引导的定语从句，先行词是 the
improvement and invention and use of a
series of instruments
第三、词的处理,
In short 简而言之
the improvement and invention and use
of a series of instruments (词性转换) 一系列器具的改进、发明和使用
expanded the reach of science in
innumerable direction 直译：在难以计数的方向扩大了科学的范围
完整的译文,
72)新学派 的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，
我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。
73) Over the years,tools and
technology themselves as a source of
fundamental innovation have largely been
ignored by historians and philosophers of
science,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段,Over the years,
tools and technology themselves as a
source of fundamental innovation / have
largely been ignored / by historians and
philosophers of science,
第二、句子主干结构是一个简单的被动语态句,tools and technology...have largely been
ignored by,..主语部分有一个themselves反身代词
as a source of fundamental innovation
介词短语做定语
第三、词的处理,
Over the years 多年来
philosophers of science 科学思想家们
完整的译文,
73)工具和 技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in
51
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
1609 he was the first person to turn the
newly invented telescope on the heavens to
prove that the planets revolve around the
sun rather than around the earth,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Galileo's
greatest glory was / that in 1609 he was the
first person to turn the newly invented
telescope on the heavens / to prove that the
planets revolve around the sun rather than
around the earth,
第二、句子主干结构是,
1)系表结构 Galileo's greatest glory was
that..,
2)不定式短语作定语结构 the first person to
turn..,
3)动词 +宾语从句作目的状语to prove
that..,
第三、词的处理,
turn the newly invented telescope on
the heavens (介词 on译成动词) 把新发明的望远镜对准天空
rather than 而不是
完整的译文,
74)伽利略 的最光辉业绩在于他在1609 年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。
75) Whether the Government should
increase the financing of pure science at the
expense of technology or vice versa often
depends on the issue of which is seen as the
driving force,
句子分析,
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether the
Government should increase the financing
of pure science at the expense of technology
or vice versa / often depends on the issue /
of which is seen as the driving force,
第二、句子主干结构是,
1)表示选择意思的从句 Whether the
Government,..or,..究竟是……还是……作句子的主语，谓语和宾语是depends on the issue
2)of which是宾语 the issue的定语从句。
第三、词的处理,
increase the financing of pure science
增加对纯理论科学的经费投入
at the expense of technology 减少 对技术经费的投入
the driving force 动力，驱动力量
完整的译文,
75)政府究竟是 以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
1994 年英译汉试题参考译文
新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。 （71 ） 他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西 。（ 72） 新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:,简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及 。
（ 73） 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了 。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。
鼓吹技术第一、天才第二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。 那时的聪明才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密; 了精心创立的太空体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。（74） 伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在 1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球 。但是，在新学派科学家看来，
这件事中真正重要的因素是制造镜片的机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。
52
联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。（75） 政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量 。
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
Text 15.1993 年试题
（ 71） The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary
mode of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are
reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.There is no more difference，but
there is just the same kind of difference，between the mental operations of a man of science
and those of an ordinary person，as there is between the operations and methods of a baker
or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales，and the operations of a chemist in
performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.
（72） It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other，differ in the
principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is much finer
apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former,
You will understand this better,perhaps,if I give you some familiar examples.（73） You
have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction（归纳法）and
deduction，that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract
from Nature certain natural laws，and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,
they build up their theories.（74） And it is imagined by many that the operations of the
common mind can be by no means compared with these processes，and that they have to be
acquired by a sort of special training.To hear all these large words，you would think that the
mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men;but if you
will not be frightened by terms，you will discover that you are quite wrong,and that all these
terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives,
There is a wellknown incident in one of Moliere’s plays,where the author makes the hero
express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose（散文）during the
whole of his life.In the same way，I trust that you will take comfort,and be delighted with
yourselves，on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and
deductive philosophy during the same period.（75） Probably there is not one here who has not
in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning,of the very
same kind，though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing
the causes of natural phenomena,
翻译题解,
（ 71 ） The method of scientific
investigation is nothing but the expression
of the necessary mode of working of the
human mind;it is simply the mode by which
all phenomena are reasoned about and
given precise and exact explanation,
结 构分析:句子的框架是The method of
scientific investigation is nothing but…;it
is simply the mode by which all phenomena are
reasoned about and given…。本句分号前为长单句，分号后句子与前句并列，意思递进，w hich引出定语从句修饰mode;结构nothing but译为,只是” 。
53
黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
参考译文 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式,也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。
（72） It is not that the scales in the one
case，and the balance in the other，differ in
the principles of their construction or
manner of working;but that the latter is
much finer apparatus and of course much
more accurate in its measurement than the
former,
结构分析,句子的框架是It is not that…;but
that…。这并不是A，而是B。A、B分别为两件事:A
是the scale…and the balance…differ in…，B
是the latter is…。这句话如果直译，应为,并不是一种情况里的磅秤与另一种情况里的天平在构造原理和工作方式上有何不同，而是后者是种精密得多的仪器，在计量方面当然也就比前者精确得多。” 这里的in one case承前指前文,面包师和买肉者用普通磅秤称量货物”,in the other呼应前文的,化学家利用他的天平和其它刻度精细的仪器进行困难、复杂的分析” 。the latter，后者，the
former，前者，显然分别对应上半句里的the scale
in one case 和 the balance in the other 。
参考译文 这并不是说面包师或买肉的所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种精密得多的装置，因而在计量上就要更准确得多。
（73） You have all heard it repeated that
men of science work by means of induction
（归纳法） and deduction,that by the help of
these operations，they,in a sort of sense,
manage to extract from Nature certain
natural laws,and that out of these,by some
special skill of their own，they build up their
theories,
结 构分析:句子的框架是You have all heard
it…that…，that…，and that…。句中的it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的三个并列分句,A.that men of science work … and
deduction;B.that by the help of these
operations，they…manage to…certain natural
laws;C.and that…，they…their theories.在第二个分句中，they指代前面的men of science，
these operations指前文的means of induction
and deduction，operations在这里根据上下文要译成,方法” 而不能译成,操作,;在第三个分句中，代词these指代 第二个分句中的certain natural
laws。
,men of science”显然是,scientists”的另外一种说法，在1993年的英译汉文章中，作者还使用了,a man of science”,“a scientific man”之类的表达法，掌握了英语变化表达的特点，就能很轻松地把它们都译成,科学家” 。
参考译文 你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的,而且从某种意义上来说，他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。
（74） And it is imagined by many that
the operations of the common mind can be
by no means compared with these
processes,and that they have to be
acquired by a sort of special training,
结构分析:句子的框架是And it is imagined…
that…，and that…。这是典型的句型It+is+p.p.
（过去分词）+that clause。It是形式主语，句子真正的主语是两个并列的that引导的主语从句，由连词and连接。operation此处不能译成,操作”,根据上下文应译成,活动”,这里的processes要译成
“思维过程”,而不能简单地理解成,过程” 。
原文中有三个被动语态is imagined，be
compared和be required，译 成汉语都变成了主动表达:认为、相比和掌握。
参考译文 许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
（75） Probably there is not one here who
has not in the course of the day had
occasion to set in motion a complex train of
reasoning，of the very same kind,though
differing in degree,as that which a scientific
man goes through in tracing the causes of
natural phenomena,
结构 分析:句子的框架是这样一句型:Probably there is no one here…。后边紧跟一定语从句修饰no one:who has not had occasion
to do something（in the course of the day）。
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
这里定语从句里的否定与主句的否定一起构成双重否定，目的 是加强语气:大概不会有谁一天到晚都没有机会去…。后面的不定式的内容也很复杂:set in motion意为,进行” ;train这里指一系列、
一连串的东西，a complex train of reasoning即一连串的思考;the same … 与 as…被t hough
differing in degree隔开。这里,the very same
kind as that…” 就是指,与…完全同一类型（的思考）,，very用在名词性结构前，往往起强调作用。
参考译文 大 概这里不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动。这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上却是完全一样的。
1993 年英 译汉试题参考译文
（ 71） 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式 。科学家的思维活动与普通人的思维活动之间的区别和面包商或卖肉者用普通磅秤称货的操作方法与化学家在进行艰难而复杂的分析时用天平和精密刻度的砝码的操作方法之间的区别是完全相同的，此外就没有别的区别了。（72） 这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理和工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多 。
要是我给你举几个熟悉的例子，或许你会更清楚地理解这一点。 （73 ） 你们多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，
然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论 。（ 74） 许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握 。听了上面的夸张言词后，你会以为，科学家的思维结构与普通人的思维结构大不相同 ;但是假如你没有被这些言词所吓倒，你会发现，你是完全错了; 你还会发现，所有这些令人望而生畏的说法你自己每时每刻也在使用。
在莫 里哀的一个剧本中有这样一个著名的插曲,作者让主人公得知他在整个一生中一直在说散文后，表现出无限的喜悦。同样，我认为，当你一旦发现你在一生中一直在按归纳法和演绎法的哲理办事时，你也会感到欣慰和陶醉。（75 ） 大概这里不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的 。
Text 16.1992 年试题
,Intellingence”at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never
been clear.（71） There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term
than there is on how to interpret or classify them.But it is generally agreed that a person of
high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily,make distinctions,reason logically,and
make ue of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.An intelligence test is a
rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning the kinds of things required in school.It does
not measure character,social adjustment,physical endurance,manual skills,or artistic
abilities.It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes.（72） To criticise it for
such failure is roughly comparable to criticising a thermometer for not measuring wind
velocity,
The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject
is essentially a comparative affair,
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
（ 73）Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure
that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides
a“valid”or“fair”comparison.It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin.Any
test performed involves at least three factors:the intention to do one’s best，the knowledge
required for understanding what you have to do,and the intellectual ability to do it.（74） The
first two must be equal for all who are being compared,if any comparison in terms of
intelligence is to be made.In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be
made fair and reasonable,and the value of intelligence testing has been proved
thoroughly.Its value lies，of course,in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction.No one
is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test;what we are interested in
is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse
than other children of his age at tasks which we think require“general intelligence”.（75） On
the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only if the
child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom
he is being compared，and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which
they possessed,
翻译题解,
（ 71） There is more agreement on the
kinds of behavior referred to by the term
than there is on how to interpret or classify
them,
结构分析,句子的框 架是 There is more
something（argument ） on A than there is on
B，即人们对于 A 的争论比对 B 的多。 A 和 B 各是什么呢?A 是 the kinds of behaviors referred to
by the term，此术语（即前文所提到的主题
intelligence）所指的各种行为;B 是 how to
interpret or classify them，如何对它们（既这些行为）进行解释分类。本句的关键是找出主干结构 more on…than on…，理顺逻辑关系，再用更合乎汉语习惯的语言翻译出来。
参考译文 人们对与智能 有关的各种行为，比对这些行为如何进行解释和分类，看法更不一致。
（ 72） To criticise it for such failure is
roughly comparable to criticising a
thermometer for not measuring wind
velocity,
结构分析,句子的框架是 To criticize it for…
is roughly comparable to criticizing…。be
comparable to 意思是“可比较的，比得上的，
一样的”。这句话里代词 it 指的是上文的“any
intelligence test”，“such failure,指的是上一句的 It does not measure character，social
adjustment…这种情况。参考译文批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。
（ 73 ） Now since the assessment of
intelligence is a comparative matter we
must be sure that the scale with which we
are comparing our subjects provides a
,valid”or“fair,comparison,
结构分析,句子的框架是 since…，we must
be sure that…。since 引导原因状语从句。主句中又有 that 引导的原因状语从句。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词 with+which 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 the scale。scale 在此处意为“尺度、
衡量标准”。
参考译文 既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，
那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，
我们所用的尺度能提供,有效的”或“公平的”比较。
（74） The first two must be equal for all
who are being compared，if any comparison
in terms of intelligence is to be made,
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
结构分析,句子的框架是 The first two must
be equal for all who are …,if any
comparison…。if 引导条件状语从句。主句中含有一个由关系代词 that 引导的定语从句，修饰 all。
in terms of 译为“谈到，就…而论”。
参考译文 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。
（75） On the whole such a conclusion can be
drawn with a certain degree of confidence，
but only if the child can be assumed to have
had the same attitude towards the test as
the others with whom he is being
compared,and only if he was not punished
by lack of relevant information which they
possessed,
On the whole such a conclusion can be
drawn with a certain degree of confidence，
but only if the child can be assumed to have
had the same attitude towards the test as
the other with whom he is being compared，
and only if he was not punished by lack of
relevant information which they possessed.
（1992 年）
结构分析,句子的框架是 a conclusion can
be drawn…only if …，and only if …。
两个 if 引导的并列的条件状语从句修饰主句。
两个条件状语 从句中又分别有一个定语从句修饰限定各自的先行词 the other 和 relevant
information。本句考点为四处被动语态结构的翻译。such a conclusion can be drawn…和 the
child can be assumed 译成无主句;he is being
compared 译成汉语主动态;he was not
punished by lack of relevant information 译成汉语被动句。only if 意为“除非…才”，此句为了表达通顺而转译。the same attitude … as the
other（ children）译成“与其他（孩子）态度相同”。宾格句尾的代词 they 指 the other
（children ）。
参考译文 总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件,能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的其他孩子的态度相同; 他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而被扣分。
1992 年英 译汉试题参考译文
“智力,充其量只是一个假设性的概念，因为智力的含义从来就是模糊的。（ 71） 人们对智力所指的不同表现，比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类，
看法更为一致 。但是一般认为，智力好的人是能够迅速领会思想、区分事物、进行逻辑推理并运用文字和数字符号来解决问题的人。智力测验只是粗略衡量一个儿童学习学校所要求的不同知识的能力。
智力测验并不测定人的品格、社会适应能力、身体耐力、手工技能或艺术才能。智力测试没有这样的任务，因为它并不是为这样的用途而设计的。（72）
批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样 。
我们要注意的另一件事是，对任何测试对象的智力评估基本上是比较而言的事。
（ 73） 既然对智力的评估是比较而言的事，
那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，
我们所使用的尺度能提供,有效的,或,公平的,比较
。由此而产生一些引起我们关注的问题。进行任何测试至少要包含三个因素,尽力考好测试的意向，
了解要参加考试所需要的知识，以及做这件事情的智能。（74 ） 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，
那么对所有比较对象来说，前两个因素必须是一样的 。在我们培养的学生中，上述设想可以公平合理。
这就完全证明了智力测试的价值。它的价值当然就在它对预测提供了满意的依据。没有人丝毫会对一个儿童在测试中所取得的分数感兴趣。我们感兴趣的是，我们能否从他测试的成绩中得出结论,这个儿童和与他年龄相同的其他儿童相比，在完成我们认为需要,一般智力” 的任务时，他会做得更好还是更差。（75 ） 总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件,能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同; 他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分 。
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
Text 17.1991 年试题
The fact is that the energy crisis,which has suddenly been officially announced,has been
with us for a long time now,and will be with us for an even longer time.Whether Arab oil flows
freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so
fragile a base.（71） The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time,and in any case，
the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use,
（ 72）New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time,but it is not likely
to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we
have had in the times past.For an indefinite period from here on,mankind is going to advance
cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all,
To make the situation worse,there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s
population is in sight.Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations,including the
United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even
seven billion as the twentyfirst century opens,
（ 73） The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this,which means that
we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like
in the year2001?
To begin with,the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next
thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001,the population of the United States will
be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation
will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths.（74 ） This will be
particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the
highenergy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields,
It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great
foodexporting nation and that,if necessity forces exports,it will be at the price of
belttightening at home,
In fact,as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very
likely to be incresing use of flavouring additives.（75） Until such time as mankind has the
sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support
for all，people will have to accept more“unnatural food”.
翻译题解,
.（ 71） The supply of oil can be shut off
unexpectedly at any time，and in any case,
the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or
so at the present rate of use,
句子分析,句子的框架是 The supply of oil can
be shut off… and the oil wells will all run dry…本句由 and 连接两个单句，表示意思递进;rate 这里应译
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
为“速度”。
参考译文 石油供应可 能会随时中断; 不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需 30 年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
（72） New sources of energy must be found，
and this will take time，but it is not likely to
result in any situation that will ever restore
that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we
have had in the times past,
句子分析,句子的框架是 New sources of
energy must be found，and this will take time，but it
is…any situation that will ever restore that sense …we
have had…。本句由 and 引出单句，紧跟前句，意思递进;but 引出长句，意思转折，长句中 that 引出定语从句修饰 ituation，定语从句中又有 we have had
in the times past 定语从句修饰先行词 sense;本句中结构 it is not likely to…译为“没有可能”。
词的处理：“New sources of energy must be
found”可 以译成“新的能源必须（被）找到”，但给读者的感觉表达得似乎有些“欧化”，而且“必须找到新的能源”就显得自然贴切了许多。
参考译文 我们 必须找到新的能源，这需要时间; 而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不可能再出现了。
（ 73） The food supply will not increase
nearly enough to match this，which means
that we are heading into a crisis in the
matter of producing and marketing food.
句子分析,句子的框架是 The food supply will
not increase… to match this，which means that we are
heading into a crisis…。关系代词 which 引导非限制性定语从句。其先行词是前面一整句。翻译时译成另一个分句。在这个从句中又包含一个由 that 引导的名词从句作 means 的宾语。指示代词 this 在这儿指代上文的人口增长。
参考译文 食品供应的增 加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。
（ 74） This will be particularly true since
energy pinch will make it difficult to
continue agriculture in the highenergy
American fashion that makes it possible to
combine few farmers with high yields,
句子分析：句子的框架是 This will be
particularly true since…。since 引导原因状语从句。
此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词 that 引导的定语从句，修饰 the high_energy American fashion。this 指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch 译为“能源的匮乏”;in …fashion 译为“用…方法、方式”。
参考译文 这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏将使 农业很难以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
（ 75） Until such time as mankind has
the sense to lower its population to the point
where the planet can provide a comfortable
support for all，people will have to accept
more“unnatural food”.
结构分析,句子的框架是一个主从复合句
Until such time as mankind has…,people will have to
accept…。 until 引导一个时间状语从句，“something
happens until a particular time”表示“在某个时间阶段前某事一直发生”。但这个从句里又套两个小从句———一个是 as 引导的定语从句; 另一个是
where 引导的定语从句。主句是后半部分 people will
have to accept more…。
词的处理,原文中有三个抽象的名词,sense，
point 和 support 和两个抽象的形容词 comfortable 和
unnatural。根据大纲中词汇表提供的解释,sense 可指“感觉”、“判断力”,point 的意思是“点”,support
的意思是“支撑（物）”、“支持（物）”,comfortable
是“舒适的”,unnatural 是“非自然的”，都是意思十分抽象的词，如果不进行具体化处理，译文就可能是这样,除非人类有这样的感觉，把人口减少到这样的，使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“非自然的食物”。这种没有经过加工的译文不仅别人难理解，译者本人也不一定明白，把抽象的意思具体化其实就是一种深层的理解和有效的表达。
参考译文 除 非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到能使地球为所有人提供足够的饮食的程度，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
1991 年英 译汉试题参考译文
事实是，虽然官方是突然宣布能源危机的存在,然而长期以来我们一直面临着能源危机，而且这种情况今后将会持续更长的时间。不管阿拉伯的
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
石油能否源源不断地外流，人人都清楚，再也不能让世界工业依赖于如此脆弱的能源基础。 （ 71）石油供应可能随时会被切断; 不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需 30 年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
（ 72）必 须找到新的能源，这需要时间; 而过去我们感觉到的那种能源廉价而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。在今后的漫长的时间内，人类将谨慎前进，而它感到幸运的是它确实能够前进。
使目前状况糟糕的是，至今尚无迹象表明，世界人口的增长在近期内会减慢。 虽然包括美国在内的一些国家的出生率已经下降，但是在 21 世纪初世界人口似乎肯定会超过 60 亿，或许甚至超过 70
亿。
（73） 食品供应的增加将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面已陷入危机。
考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以适当地估计一下 2001 年的超级市场将会是什么样子呢? 首先，今后的 30 年内，世界的食品供应日益紧张，
甚至美国这里也不例外。到 2001 年美国人口将至少达到 2 亿 5 千万，也可能是 2 亿 7 千万。那时，
美国将很难扩大食品生产来满足人口增长的需要。
（74）这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能消费这种美国耕作方式继续下去了，而这种耕作方式可以投入少数农民就获得高产。
几乎可以肯定，到 2001 年美国将再也不是一个食品输出国 ;如果必须出口的话，那么其代价就是美国国内人民将勒紧裤带。
实际上，由于各种食品往往会质量下降、品种减少，这就有可能更多地使用调味添加物。（ 75）
除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度，
使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的,人造食品” 。
Text 18.1990 年试题
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities,and behaviors are
formed.It is not easy to explain why oneperson is intelligent and another is not，or why one
is cooperative and another is competitive,
Social scientists are,of course，extremely interested in these types of questions,（61）
They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain
behaviors.There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter
have developed.As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each
other.The controversy is often conveniently referred to as“nature vs.nurture”,
（ 62） Those who support the“nature”side of the conflict believe that our personalities and
behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.（63） That our environment has
little，if anything,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behavior is central to this
theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such
a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts,
Those who support the“nurture”theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called
behaviorists.They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based
instincts in determining how we will act.A behaviorist，B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings
whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.（64） The behaviorists
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
maintain that,like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their
behavior.
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence,
offered by the two theories.（65） Supporters of the“nature”theory insist that we are born with
a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say，they don’t
believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a
predetermined characteristic.On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our intelligence
levels are the product of our experiences.（66） Behaviorists suggest that the child who is
raised in an environment where there are many stimuli whichdevelop his or her capacity for
appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.（67） In the United
States,blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.This leads
some“nature”proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.（68）
Behaviorists，in contrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are
often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites
enjoy,
Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior,
翻译题解,
66 Behaviorists,in contrast,say that
differences in scores are due to the fact that
blacks are often deprived of many of the
educational and other environmental
advantages that whites enjoy,
分析,在同位句 中,the fact 就是指 that 所引导的 blacks are often deprived of … that
whites enjoy.在翻译成汉语时，就可以省略 the
fact，以免显得累赘。
参考译文 相反,行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
1990 年英 译汉试题参考译文
长期以来人们完全不知道他们的性格特征和行为模式是怎样形成的。 人们很难解释一个聪明而另一个人愚蠢的原因，或者也很难解释一个人有协作精神，而另一个人有竞争意识的原因。
当然，社会科学家对这类问题极为关注。（61）
他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征并表现出某些行为 。然而，这些问题尚无明确的答案。
但是在这方面已经形成了两个截然不相同的学派。
人们可以预料，这两家的看法大不相同。为方便起见，这种争论通常被称为,天性,论与,环境因素,论之争。
（ 62） 在这场争论中，赞成,天性,一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的 。（ 63） 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的 。这种理论甚至极端地坚持认为，我们的行为模式在很大程度上是先天决定的; 因此，我们几乎完全受我们的本能所支配。
赞成,环境因素,论的那些人，即提倡培养教育的人，通常被称为行为主义者。他们声称，在决定我们的行为方式时，环境比以生理为基础的本能更
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黑暗版考研英语历年翻译真题解析
为重要。一位名叫B.F,史基 纳的行为主义者认为，
人的行为模式完全是由周围环境塑造的。（ 64） 行为主义者坚信，人像机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础 。
咱们来考察一下这两种理论对人的一种性格特征 ———智力———的不同解释。（65） 支持,天性,论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的 。勿庸说，他们认为，
周围环境的各种因素并不严重影响基本上是先天的性格特征。而行为主义者却争辩说，我们的智力水平是我们各种经历相结合的产物。（66） 行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展 。
这两种理论所包含的社会和政治内涵是意味深长的。 （67 ） 在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。这就使一些,天性” 论的拥护者得出结论，黑人在生理上比白人略低一筹 。（68 ）
相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件 。
· 十八年真题毕·
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