10.对工业革命的正确评价(1998年)难度:0.47
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution,They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the2man,But they insisted that its3results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the4of the English population,5contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750,when England was still a6agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.
This view,7,is generally thought to be wrong,Specialists8history and economics,have9two things,that the period from 1650 to 1750 was10by great poverty,and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.
1,[A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted
2,[A] plain[B] average[D] normal
3,[A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate
4,[A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude
5,[A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By
6,[A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely
7,[A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover
8,[A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for
9,[A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated
10,[A] noted[B] impressed [C] labeled[D] marked
一、文章总体分析本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。第一段讲述了第一种观点,是大部分历史学家的看法,即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点,即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困,反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
二、试题具体解析
1.\[A\] admitted承认\[B\] believed相信,认为\[C\] claimed声称\[D\] predicted预言
\[答案\] A
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。难度:0.54
文章开篇指出:Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution,接着第二句又谈到,in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。显然,后一句是对前一句的让步。第三句又以But开头,暗示与第二句有转折关系。因此可以肯定,这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。
四个选项中,首先排除predicted,因为句子时态是过去时,表明“提高人们的生活水平”已经是事实,不存在“预测”了;其次believed和claimed都是表达人们肯定态度的词语,它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾;因此只有admitted可以承接上下文,表示一种让步,意为“直到最近,大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。尽管他们承认从长远角度来看,工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。”
2.\[A\] plain(man)衣着朴素或相貌平平的人\[B\] average(man)平民,普通人
\[C\] mean平均的,吝啬的,卑鄙的\[D\] normal(man)正常人
\[答案\] B
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词义辨析。难度:0.53
本题要求考生判断工业革命提高了什么人的生活水平。四个选项中,首先排除mean,它意为“平均的”时一般不能直接作定语修饰人,如:the mean temperature(平均气温),a mean motive(卑鄙的动机)而a mean man(自私的、刻薄的人);A选项强调的衣着和相貌与上下文没有关系;从文意来看,这里只是泛泛谈到工业革命对一般人的影响,并无正常和不正常人的区分,因此,D项也不正确;只有average man符合语意,意为:工业化提高了普通老百姓的生活水平。
3.\[A\] momentary瞬间的,刹那间的\[B\] prompt敏捷的,迅速的,即时的
\[C\] instant直接的,立即的\[D\] immediate迅速的,直接的
\[答案\] D
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词义辨析。难度:0.22
空格处的形容词修饰results。从下文来看,考生需判断from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery 是怎样一种后果。四个选项中,momentary强调相当短促的一段时间,如:momentary joy(瞬息的喜悦);prompt强调速度很快,如:Prompt payment of bills greatly helps our company.(迅速付款帮了我们公司大忙);instant通常指不需要花很多时间就可以完成的,如:instant noodles(方便面)。根据下文可知,这种结果持续了一百年,因此表示短暂时间的A、B、C这三个选项都应加以排除。只有immediate除了表示“立刻的”,还有“直接的”之意,如:the immediate cause of death(死亡的直接原因),它和results搭配,意为“(工业革命的)直接结果”,符合文意。此外,它与上句中时间状语in the long run形成对照。
4.\[A\] bulk(of)\[B\] host(of)\[C\] gross(of)\[D\] magnitude(of)
\[答案\] A
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:修饰名词的前置短语。难度:0.28
从结构上看,空格所在名词组成the4of短语,并修饰不可数名词population。首先排除host和gross,host组成的短语只能是a host of 或hosts of,意为“许多”,如:a host of students(许多学生);gross作名词时,可表示“一罗(12打,144个)”,但只和具体数字而不和定冠词搭配,如:two grosses of bananas(两罗香蕉),它也可表示“总收入”,如:gross for the year(年收入),但我们不能说“对于英国人口总收入的广泛贫困”;magnitude意为“巨大”,如:The magnitude of the flood was impossible to comprehend.(这场水灾之大是无法想像的),但放入文中,表示“对于英国人口的巨大的广泛贫困”也不符合语意。正确选项是bulk,the bulk of是固定搭配,意为“大多数,大部分”,相当于“the majority of”,在文中,the bulk of English population意为“大多数英国人”。
5.\[A\] On\[B\] With\[C\] For\[D\] By
\[答案\] D
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配。难度:0.48
contrast的常用短语是by contrast 和in contrast,选项中其它介词都不和contrast搭配。By contrast意为“对比起来,与之相比”,强调与另一事物进行比较,存在反差。它可单独使用,也可在后面接比较对象,从文意上讲,文中空格前提到,1750和1850年间英国人民普遍贫穷和苦难(widespread poverty and misery),空格后则提到1650到1750间英国的繁荣富足(great abundance and prosperity),两者刚好形成鲜明的对比。因此,选项D正确。
知识点补充:by contrast表示“对比之下”,可以和“with”连用,也可以单独使用,例如:His brother is very silent,By contrast,he is very outspoken.(他弟弟非常安静,相比之下,他非常健谈);By contrast with his brother,he is very outspoken.(和弟弟相比,他非常健谈)。 in contrast必须与with或to连用,如:Her affected manner is in striking contrast with her sisters spontaneous gait.(她矫揉造作的样子和她妹妹天生的乐观形成了鲜明的对比)。
6.\[A\] broadly大体上,概括地,广泛地\[答案\] D
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 副词词义辨析。难度:0.40
从结构上来说,所填选项用来修饰形容词agricultural。四个选项中,先排除A、C选项,它们一般不修饰形容词,而修饰动词。如:The question must be considered broadly.(这个问题必须被广泛地考虑);The plan has been generally accepted.(这项计划被人们普遍接受)。thoroughly强调程度彻底;completely强调范围的广泛性。根据常识或上文的提示可知,工业革命发生在1750年~1850年间,1750年以前,英国还没有工业革命的迹象。也就是说,那时的英国还是一个纯粹的完完全全的农业国。这里主要强调的是广度不是深度,因此D是正确答案。
7.\[A\] however然而,表转折关系\[B\] meanwhile同时,表时间关系
\[C\] therefore因此,所以,表因果关系\[D\] moreover而且,表递进关系
\[答案\] A
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。难度:0.89
两个逗号间显然要填入一个逻辑词。考生关键要判断空格所在句子This view,7,is generally thought to be wrong 和上文之间的关系。从上下文来看,句中的this view指的是上段历史学家们的观点,即大多数历史学家对工业革命仍持批判态度。而这句话指出这种观点被普遍认为是错误的,接着下文又介绍了一种完全相反的观点。因此空格处应是一种表转折关系的逻辑词,答案只能选however。
8.\[A\] at\[B\] in\[C\] about\[D\] for
\[答案\] B
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配。难度:0.74
本题考查哪个介词与名词specialist搭配,表示“某方面的专家”。能表达这个含义的介词只有in,如:a specialist in linguistics(语言学专家)。类似的用法还有specialize in(擅长于,专攻)和expert in(…的专家),如:He specializes in math.(他专攻数学);expert in teaching small children(幼儿教育专家)。
9.\[A\] manifested表现,证明\[B\] approved同意,批准,赞同
\[C\] shown指出,显示,说明\[D\] speculated推测,思索
\[答案\] C
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:动词词义辨析。难度:0.39
本题要求考生判断“历史和经济学方面的专家”对两件事情作了什么动作。首先,需要知道这两件事是什么。从下文可知,一是1650年~1750年有显著的贫困(great poverty),二是工业革命当然没有加重这种贫困,而是使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。其中,第一件是客观事实,第二件是一种观点。接着,由上文可知,专家做这个动作的目的是为了证明“历史学家对工业革命持批判态度的观点是错误的”。
四个选项中,approve一般指“赞成,通过”,如:Congress approved the budget.(国会批准了国家预算),显然我们不能说专家赞成“显著的贫困”这个事实;speculate是一个不及物动词,一般与on搭配,如:Ive been speculating on my future.(我一直在思索我的未来),因此也可排出;余下两个选项,manifest可译为“证明”,show意为“指出,表明”,由于文中并未论述专家如何证明这两件事情,而只是把这些专家的观点和历史家的观点作了比较,因此have shown two things为正确答案,即:指出了两件事。
10.\[A\] (was)noted(for/as)因…而著名\[B\] (was)impressed(by)被…留下深刻印象
\[C\] (was)labeled as被视为…,被称作… \[D\] (was)marked(by)具有…的特征
\[答案\] D
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:动词词义和用法辨析。难度:0.41
本题要求填入一个动词的过去分词与其前后的period 和by great poverty搭配,由上下文语义可知great poverty是the period 的一个特征。首先A、C选项在与表特征的词搭配时不能用by,如This country is noted for its china.(这个国家以瓷器而闻名);He was labeled as a communist.(他被称作是共产主义者)。B、D两项虽然都能与by搭配,但B选项的主语一般是人,如I am deeply impressed by his words.(我被他的话深深地打动了),而不能是the period。只有D选项marked放入文中符合逻辑,表示“该阶段以显著的贫困为特征”。
三、全文翻译直到最近,大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍然颇有微词。尽管他们承认从长远角度讲,工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。然而他们坚持认为,工业革命在1750和1850年间引起的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。相比之下,他们把在此之前从1650到1750的一百年看成是一个繁荣富足的时期。尽管那个时候英国还是一个完全意义上的农业国家。
然而,人们通常认为这种观点是错误的。历史和经济学专家已指出两件事情:一是1650至1750年间以显著的贫困为特征;二是工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困,反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
9.盲目建造大坝的危害(1998年 Text 1)难度:0.63
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams,Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating,(1)But to be fascinated is also,sometimes,to be blind,Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful,It doesnt help that building a big,powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves,Egypts leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam,Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam,
But big dams tend not to work as intended,The Aswan Dam,for example,stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left—all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
(3)And yet,the myth of controlling the waters persists,This week,in the heart of civilized Europe,Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube,The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams,But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs,and now needs a dam to prove itself.
Meanwhile,in India,the World Bank has given the goahead to the even more wrongheaded Narmada Dam,And the bank has done this even though its advisors say (2)the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction,The benefits are for the powerful,but they are far from guaranteed.
Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts,Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams,But when you are dealing with myths,it is hard to be either proper,or scientific,It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan,You dont need a dam to be saved,
一、文章结构总体分析这是一篇批评盲目建造水坝的文章,文章开宗明义,进而使用了大量例子证明作者的观点,挖掘了这种盲目性的内在原因,最后进行了总结,是一篇典型的总—分—总结构的文章。
第一段:段首几句话为引子,引出全文主题句(最后一句):几个大坝工程带来的害处可能大于益处。
第二至第五段:通过大量举例说明人们想通过大坝控制水的神话依然存在。人们建造大坝来显示成就、证明实力,但其效果并没有人们预先设想的好,因为大坝带来的并不一定是利益。
第六段:呼吁人们应该吸取历史教训,不要盲目建大坝。
二、试题具体分析
1.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that.1.第一段第三句的隐含意义是。\[A\] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality\[A\] 人们如果无视现实就会感到快乐
\[B\] the blind could be happier than the sighted\[B\] 盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福\[C\] overexcited people tend to neglect vital things
\[C\] 过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事情\[D\] fascination makes people lose their eyesight\[D\] 兴奋使人丧失视力\[答案\] C
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。难度:0.77
第一段前两句谈到人们热衷建坝的事实以及热衷的自然原因,第四句却提出“有些大坝弊大于利”的观点。作者前后态度不一致,变化突然,由此推知第三句应该在态度上与前面相比有所转折。C选项是原句的释义,它引出了作者对建坝行为的批评,为正确答案。此外,理解这句话的关键是理解blind一词,句中取的是其引申义“盲目的”,而B选项和D选项都取其本义“盲人,瞎”,因而理解上有了偏差。A选项与文意不符。
技巧:考生可以根据句子和段落前后的并列、转折等关系去解题。
2.paragraph 5,“the powerless” probably refers to.
2.第五段的词语“the powerless”很可能是指。\[A\] areas short of electricity\[A\] 缺电的地区\[B\] dams without power stations\[B\] 没有建发电站的大坝\[C\] poor countries around India\[C\] 印度周边的穷国\[D\] common people in the Narmada Dam area\[D\] 纳尔马达河大坝周围的平民百姓\[答案\] D
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。难度:0.29
首先从语法角度看,定冠词the加上形容词或分词多用于表示具有某种属性的人群:如the rich富人,据此可排除将the powerless解释为“地区、大坝、穷国”的干扰选项,直接得出D选项正确。此外根据上下文可知,cause hardship for the powerless与最后一句中的The benefits are for the powerful对应,the powerless承担的是“苦难”,而the powerful获得的是“利益”;它们应该代表印度社会中的不同阶层:后者指有权有势的人,那么前者应指无权无势的人,即大坝地区的平民百姓。
3.What is the myth concerning giant dams?3.关于大型水坝的神话是什么?\[A\] They bring in more fertile soil.\[A\] 它们带来更肥沃的土地。\[B\] They help defend the country.\[B\] 它们有助于国防。\[C\] They strengthen international ties.\[C\] 它们加强国际关系。\[D\] They have universal control of the waters.\[D\] 它们普遍能够控制水。\[答案\] D
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。难度:0.73
文章第四段第一句话明确指出the myth of controlling the waters persists,因此可知该神话就是指D选项的内容。A选项与第三段第二句提到的埃及的阿斯旺水坝使之失去沃土的内容相反。文中只提到建坝是为了证实自己的实力:a symbol of achievement(第二段)和bidding for independence..,needs a dam to prove itself(第四段),而未提到是为了保卫国家或加强国际关系,因此B、C选项不对。
4.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.4.作者想通过本文说明的道理是。
\[A\],Its no use crying over spilt milk”\[A\] 覆水难收,后悔是没用的\[B\],More haste,less speed”\[B\] 欲速则不达\[C\],Look before you leap”\[C\] 三思而行\[D\],He who laughs last laughs best”\[D\] 谁笑到最后,谁笑得最好\[答案\] C
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。难度:0.74
文章中作者的态度非常明确。全文都围绕建坝的盲目性而展开论说;最后一段,作者更是直接指出:应该对大坝的影响做出正确的、科学的评估,放弃大坝的神话,吸取阿斯旺水坝的教训。因而可以推知,作者是在呼吁切忌盲目行动。只有C选项与作者提出的建议吻合,其他选项都不能正确反映作者观点。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
①Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
该句子的主干结构是强调句型it is...that...,that后面部分含有make+宾语(n.)+宾补(a.)的复合结构make the idea so fascinating,idea后是of引导的介词短语做定语。at the mercy of 意为“听凭…摆布,完全受…支配”,如:at the mercy of fate受命运的摆布;bid(动词)意思很多,可表示“祝愿;命令,要求,吩咐;投标,出价,报价;尝试”,如:bid for independence争取、试图(获得)独立;Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant土耳其想通过阿塔特克大坝的建设获取第一世界地位。句中do our bidding意为“按照我们的指示做,按照我们的意愿办事”。
②It doesnt help that building a big,powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.
该句子的主干是it doesnt help that...,主语it代指上文中提到的“大的未必总是美的”这个教训,谓语help后是一个从句,其主干是building a dam has become a symbol of achievement;分词短语striving to assert themselves修饰nations and people。it doesnt help意思是“无法阻止,不起作用”。
③The Aswan Dam,for example,stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods leftall in return for a giant reservoir of disease,which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
该句的核心句是The Aswan Dam stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the silt,silt后是that引导的定语从句that floods left做定语;破折号后面部分做整个句子的状语,介词短语in return for(作为回报)的宾语是giant reservoir of disease,后面带了一个which引导的从句对它进行修饰。
④This week,in the heart of civilized Europe,Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.
句子主干是Slovaks and Hungarians stopped sending in the troops,主语之前是时间状语和地点状语。句末的介词短语in their contention over a dam on the Danube做原因状语,指出两国派兵的原因。short of意思是“离…有,差一点就…”,如:We stopped a mile short of the top.(我们在离山顶一公里处,即快到山顶的地方停住了);send in意思是“派遣”。
⑤Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.
句子主干是study can help to resolve conflicts;谓语study后接了两个由and连接的并列的of介词短语,说明study的内容,分开看应该是study of the impacts of dams 和study of the costs and benefits of controlling water。
⑥It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan.
It is time that...该…的时候了,是一种虚拟语气的形式,后面从句中谓语注意要用过去时。强调做某个事情的时机成熟了。如:It is time that we learned to take care of ourselves.
佳句赏析
①Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams.
表达人们对宏伟、美好事物的欣赏和赞叹。如:Few paintings can capture such rich imagination like Mona Lisas smiling.
②But to be fascinated is also,sometimes,to be blind.
这里暗含的意思是告诫人们不要被表面的美好景象迷惑,要理性地看到潜在的危害。如:Big cities fast development has really provided us fascinating conveniences and pleasure,However,to be fascinated is also,sometimes,to be blind.
③Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
这种表达也用来暗示某种事物是一把双刃剑,不能只看到好的一面,而忽略了潜在的危险。
④The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful,
这种表语从句结构可以用来总结经验教训。如:The lesson from this bad exam is that no pains,no gains,
⑤But big dams tend not to work as intended,
表达一种事与愿违的遗憾。如:His parents put too much hope on the child,but his performance tended not to work as intended.
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1) capture(v.)夺得,攻占;捕获;(n.)捕获,俘虏
(2) drought(n.)旱灾
(3) fascinating(a.)迷人的;fascinate(v.)迷住,强烈吸引
(4) strive(v.)(to)奋斗努力
(5) cement(v.)胶合;巩固,加强;(n.)水泥;胶泥,胶接剂
(6) deprive(v.)(of) 夺去,使丧失
(7) contention(n.)争夺,竞争;争吵,口角;contend(v.)斗争,竞争;坚决主张
(8) goahead(n.)批准,同意;如:Were all ready to start the new book,as soon as we get the goahead from the people concerned.
(9)wrongheaded(a.)错误判断的;坚持错误的,执迷不悟的
(10) hydroelectric(a.)水电的;hydro:前缀,表示“水”,“液体”。如:hydrobiology 水生物学;hydrocooling 水冷法;hydromania 投水狂,自溺五、全文翻译在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样激起人们想象力的。(佳句①)可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。(长难句①)但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。(佳句②)有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。(佳句③)
建造大坝的教训是:大的未必总是美的。(佳句④)但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。(长难句②)埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。
但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。(佳句⑤)以阿斯旺大坝为例,它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥,但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤,换回来的却是一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥,几乎不能发电了。(长难句③)
不过,控制水的神话还在继续。本周,在文明的欧洲腹地,斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端,差点动用了军队。(长难句④)这个大型工程可能会出现大坝所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立,现在它们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。
与此同时,世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题更多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问指出,该大坝将给平民带来苦难,而且会破坏那里的环境,但世界银行依然一意孤行。大坝只会给有权有势者带来利益,而且这种利益也远远得不到保障。
对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。(长难句⑤)水力发电,治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的。但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。(长难句⑥)我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己。
11.美国的生产力革命(1998年 Text 2)难度:0.5
Well,no gain without pain,they say,But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival,(1)What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
The official statistics are mildly discouraging,They show that,if you lump manufacturing and services together,productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987,That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade,And since 1991,productivity has increased by about 2% a year,which is more than twice the 19781987 averages,(1)The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle,and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend,(2)There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a,disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
Some of this can be easily explained,New ways of organizing the workplace—all that reengineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy,which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training,Moreover,most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable,and this need not always mean increasing productivity,switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.
Two other explanations are more speculative,First,some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done,Second,even if it was well done,it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.
Leonard Schlesinger,a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bon Pain,a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes,says that much,reengineering” has been crude,In many cases,he believes,the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost,His colleagues,Michael Beer,says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion,chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to longterm profitability,BBDDs Al Rosenshine is blunter,He dismisses a lot of the work of reengineering consultants as mere rubbish—“the worst sort of ambulancechasing”.一、文章结构总体分析这是一篇介绍美国生产力革命的文章。作者用改写谚语的方式提出文章主旨。论证部分先用数据说明美国经济形势没有商界人士认为的那样好,接着分析其原因是企业的生产力革命没有促进生产力的发展。主要使用了数据、引文、及说理的论证方法。
第一段:开始部分使用谚语作为引子,引出全文主题:美国生产力革命并没有改善经济状况。
第二段:指出官方统计数据无法证明经济的复苏,它和生产力飞跃增长的商业传奇不相符合。本段结构为总—分—总。第一句为主题句,中间部分使用数据说明,最后一句进行总结。
第三段至第五段:具体解释企业重组没有促进生产力发展的原因。
二、试题具体分析
1.According to the author,the American economic situation is.1.按照作者观点,美国经济形势。
\[A\] not as good as it seems\[A\] 不如表面看上去那么好\[B\] at its turning point\[B\] 处于转折点\[C\] much better than it seems\[C\] 比表面看起来好得多\[D\] near to complete recovery\[D\] 几乎完全复苏\[答案\] A
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。难度:0.84
第一段和第二段介绍了美国的经济形势。第一段指出,在美国,无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。但很难确定的是商界自认为正在进行的生产力革命究竟是否真实。可见,作者对美国表现出来的经济复苏的形势持怀疑态度。第二段进一步指出,官方的统计数字并不让人乐观。最近的经济增长部分是由于商业周期中出现反弹(rebound)造成的,因此不是企业复苏已经是潜在趋势的确凿证据。因此A选项是对美国经济形势最好的概括。在文中可以发现discouraging,trouble,disjunction等贬义词汇的运用,说明文章的基调是沮丧的,因此C、D选项错误,B选项在原文中找不到相关表述。
技巧:本文前两段虽然都在谈美国经济现状,但没有用总结性的话进行描述。考生需要对作者态度和所给事实进行分析,才能够得出答案。
2.The official statistics on productivity growth.2.关于生产力增长的官方统计数据。\[A\] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle\[A\] 排除了商业周期中的正常反弹现象\[B\] fall short of businessmens anticipation\[B\] 没有达到商业人士的预想\[C\] meet the expectation of business people\[C\] 达到了商业人士的预想\[D\] fail to reflect the true state of economy\[D\] 没有反映出经济的真实状况\[答案\] B
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。难度:0.14
根据题干中的关键词official statistics定位到第二段。本段最后一句指出,在商界有关生产力飞跃增长的传闻与统计数据反映的情况之间存在“脱节”(disjunction)。也就是说在生产力增长的问题上商业人士的期望与政府统计数据不相符。B选项以fall short of代替原文中的disjuntion,为正确选项。C选项中meet一词和原文不符。
第二段第五句将(数据反映出来的)生产力增长的部分原因归结于经济发展周期中的反弹现象,可见数据是反映了而非排除了反弹现象。排除A选项。作者没有对数据的真实性产生怀疑,因此D选项不对。
3.The author raises the question,what about pain without gain?” because.3.作者提出“有劳无获”的问题是因为。\[A\] he questions the truth of,no gain without pain”\[A\] 他怀疑“不劳无获”的真实性\[B\] he does not think the productivity revolution works
\[B\] 他认为所谓的生产力革命并没有奏效\[C\] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading\[C\] 他怀疑官方数字有误导性\[D\] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses\[D\] 他掌握了商业复苏的确凿证据\[答案\] B
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。难度:0.52
本题看似细节题,实际上是变相地考文章主旨。解题的关键在于根据上下文确定pain和gain两个词在文中的确切含义。下文即第一段第二句提到,“虽然到处可听到企业复苏的故事,但很难确定商业人士自认为领导的生产力革命是否确有其事”。可见,pain指的是“生产力革命”,no gain指的是“没有效果”。第三段至第五段也都围绕“企业生产力革命无效”问题展开分析。因此B选项是作者真正想反映的问题。
A选项单纯从字面上理解,是典型的干扰项。C选项与作者用官方数据去说明自己的观点的用意相悖。D选项与第二段第五句提到的“(统计数据)不是经济复苏的确凿证据”的事实相反。
4.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?4.下面哪个说法在文中没有被提及?\[A\] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.\[A\] 激进的改革对于生产力的增长必不可少。\[B\] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.\[B\] 新的企业组织方法可能有助于提高生产力。\[C\] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain longterm profitability.\[C\] 降低成本并不一定能带来长期利润。\[D\] The consultants are a bunch of goodfornothings.\[D\] 顾问是一群无用之辈。\[答案\] A
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:综合细节题。难度:0.51
B选项在第三段第二句中提及,即企业的新组织方法是提高生产力的一种途径(one contribution)。C选项在第五段中提及,作者引用比尔的话说明一些公司用机械的方式进行重组,虽然降低了成本,却牺牲了长期的利润。D选项在文章最后一句提及:“重组顾问们所做的工作大多被视为垃圾—‘典型的劳而无获’”。只有A选项在文中未提及。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析长难句分析:
①What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
句子主语是what引导的主语从句,谓语是is,后面是whether引导的表语从句。在这个从句中,主干是the productivity revolution is for real,其中主语the productivity revolution后又接了一个that引导的定语从句。
②The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle,and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend,
该句的主语是The trouble,谓语是系表结构,第一个表语是that引导的从句:从句中的主语是acceleration,表语是due to...形容词短语,介词to后的名词the usual rebound又由that引导的定语从句(that occurs at this point in a business cycle)修饰。第二个表语由and so连接,与前面表语是并列加因果的关系。due to...意为“由…引起的”。
如:The teams success was largely due to her efforts.
③ There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a,disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
句子主干是There is..,a,disjunction” between the..,anecdote that..,and the picture..,。谓语和表语间是人名及其职位做插入成分。anecdote后带有一个that引导的定语从句(that points to a leap in productivity),名词picture后是过去分词reflected by the statistics做后置定语。
④ New ways of organizing the workplace—all that reengineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy,which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training,
该句的主干是New ways..,are only one contribution..,;破折号之间的内容是对主语的解释。在economy之后接了一个which引导的非限定性定语从句。such as之后列举了三方面的原因说明前面的factors。
⑤ Moreover,most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable,and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much,
该句的主干是..,the changes..,are intended to..,and this need not always mean increasing productivity,...。连词Moreover,表明是递进关系。主干部分意思比较明确,and后的指示代词this指前面句子所有的内容。需要注意的是,冒号前后是相关的两件事情。前面是“这并不意味着提高生产力”,冒号后的内容起解释的作用,即“另外两个方面也同等重要”。
佳句赏析:
① Well,no gain without pain,they say,But what about pain without gain?
英语中有一句谚语No pains,no gains不劳则无获。作者在这里改变了它的形式,赋予了新的含义,即pain without gain劳而不获,在文中它用来表达美国当今一种吃力不讨好的情形。用法诙谐幽默,且其含义深刻。
② He dismisses a lot of the work of reengineering consultants as mere rubbish—“the worst sort of ambulancechasing”.
句中短语dismisses sb./sth,(as sth.)相当于consider sb./sth,not worth talking about(对某人某事物不予理睬或不屑一提)。这里,罗森席恩认为顾问们所做的工作不屑一提,还打了一个比方去形容其工作的无效性,称之为the worst sort of ambulancechasing,ambulancechasing意思是“怂恿事故受伤者起诉”,这里指于事无补,即本来是想帮忙,然而可能什么也帮不了。
例句补充:She was dismissed as a dreamer.(大家认为她喜欢作白日梦,对她不屑一顾。)
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1) acceleration(n.)加速(度);accelerate(v.)加速,促进
(2) blunt(a.)直率的,钝的;(v.)(使)钝,(使)迟钝
(3) disjunction(n.) 分离,分裂
(4) revenue(n.) 财政收入,税收
(5) preside(v.)(over,at)主持
(6) rebound(v.)跳回;回生;(n.)跳回,弹回;回生,回复
(7) restructuring(n.)重建,改组,调整;restructure(v.)重建,改组,调整;re前缀,表示“再”,“又”,“重新”,“反复”;如:reappear(v.)再次眼出现;reconstruction(n.)重建;retell(v.)复述;reunite(v.)使重聚
(8) revival(n.)苏醒,复苏,复活;复兴,再流行;revive(v.)恢复;使复苏
(9) speculative(a.)思索的,推测的;不确定的,冒险的;纯理论的;speculate(v.)(about,on)推测,推断;投机
(10) statistics(n.)统计(学);statistical(a.)统计的,统计学的
五、全文翻译人们说,不劳不获。但是,如果付出了却没有收获会怎样呢?(佳句①)在美国,无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。但难以确定的是商业人士自认为领导的这场生产力革命是否确有其事。(长难句①)
官方的统计数据却有些让人沮丧。这些数据表明,如果把制造业和服务业合起来算,1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2%,这比上一个十年的平均增长速度略快。自1991年来,生产力每年约增长2%。这比1978至1987年的平均增长速度高两倍多。问题在于,近年发生的生产力快速增长现象部分是由于商业周期到了这时候通常会出现的反弹造成的,因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的确凿证据。(长难句②)正如财政部长罗伯特·鲁宾所说的,大量有关生产力飞跃增长的商业传奇与统计数据所反映的情况之间存在着“出入”。(长难句③)
这其中的一些原因很容易解释。企业重组的新方法——所有那些重新规划和缩小规模的做法——只能对一个经济的整体生产力做出一方面的贡献,而生产力的发展还受到许多其它因素的驱动,如设备机械上的联合投资、新技术、以及教育和培训上的投资。(长难句④)另外,公司大部分的改革是为了赢利,而达到赢利的目的不一定非要提高生产力:转入新的市场或改善产品质量也会有同样的功效。(长难句⑤)
其他两种解释带有很大的猜测性。一种解释认为,近年来的一些企业重组也许进行得并不恰当。另一种解释则认为,即使有成效,效果也没能象人们所设想的那样广泛。
哈佛学者,快速发展的面包咖啡连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任总裁莱昂纳多·施莱辛格说,“重新规划”大多是粗糙的。他认为在很多情况下,企业收益的损失超出了成本的降低。他的同事迈克·比尔说,太多的公司采用了机械的方式进行重组,没有充分考虑长期赢利能力就削减成本。BBDD的艾尔·罗森夏恩更是直言不讳。他把重组顾问所做的许多工作视为垃圾——“典型的劳而无获”。(佳句②)
10.“反科学”标签的滥用(1998年 Text 3)难度:0.47
(1)Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture,Think of Gallileos 17thcentury trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton,(1)(2)The schism between science and the humanities has,if anything,deepened in this century.
Until recently,the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics—but no longer,As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked,antiscience” in several books,notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R,Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia,and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The DemonHaunted World,by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as,the Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995,and,Science in the Age of (Mis)information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Antiscience clearly means different things to different people,Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists,philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivity,Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts,creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience (3)tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in 1995,scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia,(3)But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience,as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists,inevitably,respond to such critics,The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
Indeed,some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless,(3)“The term‘antiscience’ can lump together too many,quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and AntiScience,(3)“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”
一、文章结构总体分析这是一篇批评滥贴“反科学”标签的文章,作者从自然科学和人文科学的分歧入手,转而提到“反科学”这一现象,最后提出科学界把很多学科归为“反科学”的做法。文章主要使用了例证、引证和说理三种论证手段。文章是总—分—总结构,但是段落较多,有些意群被分割,理解上有一定困难。
第一段:前两句为引子,引出最后一句,即本世纪自然科学和人文科学之间的分裂更深了。
第二至三段:通过例证法说明自然科学和人文科学之间的分歧,即科学界开始通过著书和集会抨击“反科学”势力。
第四至七段:“反科学”这一标签被贴在了不同群体上。但将环保主义者也归为“反科学”则是不恰当的。
第八段:使用引证法指出被“反科学”涵盖的各种不同的东西的共同点。二、试题具体分析
1.The word,schism” (line 3,paragraph1) in the context probably means,1.根据上下文推测第一段第三行出现的“schism”的含义是。\[A\] confrontation\[A\] 对抗、冲突\[B\] dissatisfaction\[B\] 不满\[C\] separation\[C\] 分裂、分歧\[D\] contempt\[D\] 蔑视\[答案\] C
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。难度:0.53
第一段第一句指出,一直以来自然科学和文化其他方面的关系都很紧张;第二句举例之后,第三句提到,本世纪自然科学与人文科学之间的schism更深了。显然,第一句和第三句在内容上相呼应。Long和in this century,other aspects of culture和humanities相互对应。由此可推知,schism指的就是uneasy relationship。自然科学和文化其他方面(人文科学)都属于文化的范畴,因此它们之间的“紧张关系”应是学科之间的“对抗、分歧”。A选项和谓语deepen不搭配,只有裂痕才能“加深”,而对抗只能“加强”。B、D选项多指人的态度,明显不符文意。因此C选项正确。
超纲词补充:schism:strong disagreement wihin an organization that makes its members divide into separate groups(主要指宗教团体和社会团体发生的)分裂。
2.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to.2.第二、三段的写作目的是。\[A\] discuss the cause of the decline of sciences power\[A\] 讨论科学影响力下降的原因\[B\] show the authors sympathy with scientists\[B\] 表示作者对科学家的同情\[C\] explain the way in which science develops\[C\] 说明科学发展的方式\[D\] exemplify the division of science and the humanities\[D\] 例证说明自然科学和人文学科的分歧\[答案\] D
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:写作目的题。难度:0.64
文章第一段提出了全文的主旨:自然科学和人文学科之间的分裂在加深。第二段指出科学家通过著书来抨击“反科学”势力,并列出了代表性人物及作品。第三段谈到科学的捍卫者在集会上表示了他们的担忧,并提到了两次具体的集会。由此可知,第二段和第三段是第一段的顺接和延伸,D选项是其写作目的。第二段虽然提到“以前,科学界如此之强大...但现在不同了。由于科研经费减少...”,但A选项不是两段主要涉及的内容,当然也不是写作目的。B和C选项文中均未涉及。
3.Which of the following is true according to the passage?3.根据文章下面哪个说法是正确的?\[A\] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.\[A\] 环境保护者在一篇文章里被指责为反科学者。\[B\] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.\[B\] 政治家不容易被贴上反科学的标签。\[C\] The,more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscience.\[C\],更有见识的人”倾向于给别人贴上反科学的标签。\[D\] Tagging environmentalists as,antiscience” is justifiable.\[D\] 把环境保护者冠以“反科学”的称谓是有道理的。\[答案\] A
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:综合细节题。难度:0.32
A选项与第六段末句提到的“去年五月《美国新闻与世界报道》在一篇文章中似乎暗示环境保护者是反科学的”内容相符。因此是正确答案。
B选项与第五段提到的“从官方人士到共和党人都被贴上反科学标签”的内容相悖。C选项中more enlightened只在文末出现,指那些被“反科学”标签激怒或威胁,自以为比别人更有见识的人,而不是给别人贴标签的人。D选项与第七段第二句“这并不意味着,对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环境主义者也是反科学的”相悖。
4.The authors attitude toward the issue of,science vs,antiscience” is.4.作者对科学与反科学的争论所持的态度是。\[A\] impartial\[A\] 公平的,不偏不倚的\[B\] subjective\[B\] 主观的\[C\] biased\[C\] 有偏向的\[D\] puzzling\[D\] 令人困惑的\[答案\] A
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。难度:0.38
从文章结构看,作者首先提出自然科学和人文学科之间的分歧越来越大并举例说明。然后作者谈到“反科学”这一词语适用的对象。作者只是客观地叙述自然科学和人文学科之间的论战,而并未评价孰好孰坏,态度不偏不倚。因而A选项表述了作者的态度。
技巧:①当涉及到某一事物的好坏时,作者无论赞成或反对态度,在文中都会有明确表示,因此带有中立感情色彩的词通常不入选。而在评判某一事物或观点时,作者态度必须客观或支持或反对,或肯定或否定。
②表漠不关心的词汇不入选。
③区分作者态度和文中其他人的态度,考生应保持旁观者的立场。
④通过文章中的褒贬词汇来判断。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析
①Think of Galileos 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.
这是一个类似祈使句的无主语句。think of后有两个宾语,即think of Galileos trial和think of poet William Blakes remarks;for his rebelling belief解释的是原因,而before the Catholic Church表示的是地点。
②Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as,The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995,and,Science in the Age of (Mis)information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.
句子主干是Defenders..,have also voiced their concerns at meetings...。后面的such as是举例说明meetings;引号里是两个会议的名称,其中在第一个引号后用过去分词短语held...修饰引号中的内容;第二个引号后用which引导的非限定性定语从句补充说明该会议召开的时间和地点。
③A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
句子主干是A survey..,reveals that...,谓语后是that引导的宾语从句,其主干是the..,tag has been attached to many other groups...;逗号后面是from...to...的结构连接两个并列名词authorities和Republicans,举例说明other groups,在这两个名词后又分别使用了who引导的定语从句进行修饰。
④Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in 1995,scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia,
该句主干是Few would dispute that...,宾语是that引导的从句,其中whose引导的定语从句修饰从句的宾语Unabomber(指近些年来美国一系列针对工商业的科学和研究从业人员的邮件炸弹事件的制造者);在这个定语从句的主语manifesto和谓语scorns之间又有一个过去分词的插入成分published in 1995修饰主语。utopia音译为“乌托邦”,指想象中的一种完美的地方或状态。
⑤But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience,as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest,
该句主干是that does not mean...,宾语是一个省略了关系代词的从句,其主干是:environmentalists are antiscience,逗号后是关系代词as引导的非限定性定语从句,其中as指代前面整个定语从句的内容。该从句在含义上有轻微转折。原句相当于:that does not mean environmentalists..,are antiscience,(but) an essay..,seemed to suggest they are,类似的句子还有:He didnt have any hope of success,as she thought.(他没有任何成功的希望,而她却认为他有),其中as she thought相当于(but) she thought he did。 Concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth 作定语修饰 environmentalists可译为“对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保者”。
⑥The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
句子的主语Paul Ehrlich,主语的同位语a pioneer of environmental studies和谓语argues成了类似插入语的成分,插在宾语从句中主语The..,enemies和谓语are those...之间;在those之后是who引导的定语从句,该从句中的谓语是question,宾语是the evidence,宾语之后是supporting 这一现在分词短语对其进行修饰。
佳句赏析
①Antiscience clearly means different things to different people.
...means different things to different people这个结构相当于中文的“仁者见仁、智者见智”。此句简单易懂而意义深刻。
四、核心词汇和超纲词汇
(1) trial(n.)审讯;实验,考验;on trial在试用中、在受审中;trial by fire考验、测试某人(尤指在压力下正常行动)的能力
(2) harsh(a.)粗糙的;严厉的,苛刻的;刺耳的
(3) humanity(n.)人类,人性,人情;(pl.)人文科学
(4) afford(v.)(sth./to do sth.)负担得起,买得起,花得起(时间);供给,给予
(5) ignore(v.)不理,不顾,忽视; ignorance(n.)无知,不知;ignorant(n.)(of)无知的;不知道
(6) voice(v.)表达,吐露,如:~ opinions/feelings/a grievance(发表看法/表达出情绪/表达悲哀);注意英文中有很多词语既可做名词也可做动词,如:mouth beautiful words(说漂亮话);light the candles(点燃蜡烛);Hand me your keys(把你的那些钥匙递给我)。
(7) sociologist(n.)社会学家;socio前缀,表示“社会的”;如:sociogroup社会群体;sociolinguistics 社会语言学
(8) academic(a.)学院的,学术的;(n.)大学教师,学术界人士,学者academy (n)学院
(9) objectivity(n.)客观性;objective(n.)目标,目的;(a.)客观的,真实的 反义词subjectivity(n)主观性,subjective 主观的。
(10) contradict(v.)反驳,同…矛盾;contra“反对,相反,相对”,如:contramissile反导弹导弹,dict“说,言”。
(11) smallpox(n.)\[医\]天花;pox(n.)\[医\]发疹的疾病,痘,疹,瘟疫;cowpox(n.)牛痘;chicken pox水痘;goatpox羊痘;horsepox马痘,马天花
(12) manifesto(n.)宣言,声明;manifest:(v.)表明,证明;(a.)明白的,明了的
(13) scorn(n./v.)轻蔑,蔑视,不屑做,嘲弄的对象,be a/the scorn to 是…的嘲笑对象,遭到…的鄙视
(14) depletion(n.)耗尽,枯竭;deplete(v.)耗尽,使衰竭
(15) epithet(n.)别称,绰号;表述词语
(16) lump sth,together意思是“把…归并在一起”。
五、全文翻译科学与文化其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。想想看,17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判,还有诗人威廉·布莱克对艾萨克·牛顿的机械论世界观所发表的尖锐批判。(长难句①)本世纪,(自然)科学与人文科学之间如果说有什么的话,那就是分裂更深了。
以前,科学界如此之强大以至于可以对批评者置之不理——但现在不同了。由于科研基金减少,科学家开始在几本著作中抨击“反科学”势力,特别是弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗·R·格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根著的《鬼怪出没的世界》。
科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如,1995年在纽约举行的“远离科学和理性”会议,以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“(伪)信息时代的科学”会议。(长难句②)
显然,反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。(佳句)格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。而萨根则更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他违背科学世界观的现象的人。
1996年对新闻报道的调查表明,反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上,从提倡消灭最后残存的天花病毒库的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。(长难句③)
将该词用在在美国制造一连串类似炸弹爆炸事件的人身上,也不会引起多大争议,他在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会的声明。(长难句④)当然,这并不意味着,对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保主义者也是反科学的,而去年5月份刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的一篇文章却似乎暗示是这么回事。(长难句⑤)
环保主义者必定会对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者,斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为,科学的真正的敌人是那些对全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和其他由于工业增长带来的后果的证据提出质疑的人。(长难句⑥)
的确,一些观察者担心反科学这个称号面临失去意义的危险。“‘反科学’一词可以涵盖很多截然不同的东西”,哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在其1993年的著作《科学与反科学》中写道:“它们惟一的共同之处就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更有见识的人。”
15.美国人口的增长、分布和迁移(1998年 Text 4)难度:0.49
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development—and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as Americas most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting.
(1)Altogether,the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people—numerically the thirdlargest growth ever recorded in a single decade,Even so,that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent,lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
(1)Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II,and the pattern still prevails.
Three sunbelt states—Florida,Texas and California—together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier,Among large cities,San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th—with Cleveland and Washington,D,C,dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt,census officials say,Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role,too—and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays,baby boom” generation reached its childbearing years.
(2)(4)Moreover,demographers see the continuing shift south and west joined by a related but newer phenomenon,More and more,Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people,too,Some instances—
■Regionally,the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate—37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
■(3)Among states,Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all,63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively,Except for Florida and Texas,the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people—about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
(2)Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West,There,California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s,more than any other state.
In that decade,however,large numbers also migrated from California,mostly to other parts of the West,Often they chose—and still are choosing—somewhat colder climates such as Oregon,Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result,Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s,to 18,5 percent—little more than twothirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
一、文章结构总体分析本章主要介绍了美国1980年人口普查所反映的人口增长、分布和迁移特点及其原因。
第一至五段:给出人口普查的结果,包括净增长数量、总人口增长率及人口的分布特点:南部成为人口最稠密的地区。
第六至十一段:分析人口向南部和西部迁移的原因,特别是新出现的因素:人们开始寻求更广阔的生活空间。
二、试题具体分析
1.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided,America in 1970s.1.根据1980年美国人口普查提供的复杂的人口增长情况,可以看出20世纪70年代的美国。\[A\] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history\[A\] 经历了历史上最低的人口净增长
\[B\] witnessed a southwestern shift of population\[B\] 经历了人口向西南地区的迁移\[C\] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth\[C\] 经历了一段空前的人口增长期
\[D\] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ\[D\] 终止了自二战以来的迁移模式
\[答案\] B
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。难度:0.26
文章第三段指出:“20世纪70年代,美国人口总共增长了2 320万——从数字上看,这是有历史记载以来10年期间内人口增长的第三高”,A选项中lowest和C选项中unparalleled都与文意不符。文章第四段谈到人口普查显示出“第二次世界大战以来,美国人不断移居西部和南部,现在这种趋势依然存在”。由此得出B选项是正确答案,而D选项与该段内容正好相反。
2.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that.2.这次人口普查不同于以前的人口流动研究是因为。 \[A\] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution\[A\] 它强调了气候对人口分布的影响
\[B\] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants\[B\] 它强调了不断的移民潮的影响
\[C\] it reveals the Americans new pursuit of spacious living\[C\] 它显示了美国人对宽敞的生活空间的新追求\[D\] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterdays,baby boom”\[D\] 它详尽地阐述了昔日“生育高峰”的滞后影响\[答案\] C
\[分析\]本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。难度:0.47
第七段指出:“人口学家发现,向南部和西部地区的不断迁移还伴随着一种相关却又较新的现象:越来越多的美国人显然不再仅仅寻找有更多工作机会的地方,也在寻找人口稀少的地方”。第九段也指出:“没有哪次调查比1980年美国人口普查更能突出显示出美国人迁往最西部是为了寻找更广阔的生存空间”。综合这两处,C选项正是这次人口普查显示出来的新特点。A、B、和D选项都在第六段有所述及,但作者并未强调它们是新特点,也未作详尽地阐述。
3.We can see from the available statistics that.
3.根据可得到的数据,我们可以看出。\[A\] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US\[A\] 加州曾经是全美国人口最稀少的地区\[B\] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West\[B\] 人口增长率排名前十位的州都位于西部地区\[C\] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration\[C\] 气候条件好的城市无一例外地都从人口迁移中受益\[D\] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population\[D\] 在所有州中,亚利桑那州的人口增长率排名第二\[答案\] D
\[分析\]本题考核的知识点是:综合细节题。难度:0.51
第七段指出,在所有州中,内华达州和亚利桑那州人口增长速度最快,分别为63.5%和53.1%,因而亚利桑那州排在第二位。D选项为正确答案。
文章分别在第五段、第九段、第十段和最后第一段提到加州,但是都没有涉及人口是否稀少的问题,因此A选项不正确。B选项与第七段“除了佛罗里达州(位于东部和南部)和得克萨斯州(位于中部)以外,人口增长率最高的十个州都在美国西部”不符。第十段提到,人们选择气候较冷的地区,为的是躲开“黄金州”(加利福尼亚)的烟雾等问题,可见C选项与文意不符。
技巧:细节题中,定位非常重要。考生应该学会通过大写字母、时间、人名、地名等迅速定位。如本题四个选项都谈到了州或城市,而文中是从第七段开始介绍各州和城市的。因而我们应该从第七段开始定位。
4.The word,demographers” (line 1,paragraph 7) most probably means.4.单词“demographers”(第七段第一行)的含义可能是。 \[A\] people in favor of the trend of democracy\[A\] 赞成民主倾向的人\[B\] advocates of migration between states\[B\] 主张州与州之间迁移的人\[C\] scientists engaged in the study of population\[C\] 从事人口研究的科学家\[D\] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life\[D\] 坚持旧生活模式的保守分子\[答案\] C
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。难度:0.73
第七段首句出现的“demographers”与第六段首句出现的census officials(人口普查官员)相呼应。而且该词上下文的内容都与人口有关,从而可知C选项是正确含义,其他三个选项都没有提到中心词“人口”,因此干扰性很小。同时,也可以运用构词法的知识,“demo”=“people”,“graph”=,write”,er指人,因而猜出它指“记录人口方面数据的人”。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析长难句分析
①Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
该句是个倒装句。正常的结构应该是The picture of..,is emerging from the 1980 census,因为修饰主语的成分太长,造成倒装。分词developing修饰nation,做定语。as引导的是一个伴随性状语。
知识点补充:emerge意为“(从水中)出来,露出;使(事实、意见等)暴露、知悉”。如:There is no new evidence emerged during the enquiry.(调查中未发现新的证据。)
②Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role,too—and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays,baby boom” generation reached its childbearing years,
这是由两个分句组成的并列句,由破折号连接。其中第二个分句so did bigger crops of babies属于语法倒装,so用来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况,即重复前面分句的谓语played a role,意为“也如此”。as引导了一个原因状语从句。baby boom指美国二战结束后的“育婴高峰”期。
③Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West,
当句首是否定副词(如:本句句首的nowhere)或含有否定词的词语时,一般要部分倒装。该句中含有Nowhere..,more..,than的否定形式的比较级结构,含义上相当于最高级,即1980 census statistics dramatize most the American search for spacious living in the Far West.类似的用法又如:Nowhere is the effect of government policy more apparent than in agriculture.(政府的政策对农业的影响最为显著)
知识点补充:dramatize意为“使…戏剧化,夸张”。
佳句赏析
①This development—and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years aheadhas enthroned the South as Americas most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting,
句子主干是This development..,has enthroned the South as..,region...。enthrone本义是“(国王、女王或主教)登基、就任”。该句里作者采用enthrone的这个含义,诙谐地暗示这种情况的出现很不容易,难得一见。head counting和census一样都指“人口普查”,但是比census更加形象化。
②Often they chose—and still are choosing—somewhat colder climates such as Oregon,Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
smog,crime,plagues of urbanization形象贴切地说明了城市的弊端。plagues本指“瘟疫”,这里指的是都市固有的弊病。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1) census(n.)人口普查(调查)
(2) standstill(n.)停止;停滞
(3) numerically(adv.)数字地,数值地
(4) migrate(v.)移居(国外),迁移;候鸟迁徙
(5) immigrate(v.)从外国移入,作为移民定居 ~ into
(6) emigrate(v.)移居外国或外地 ~ from...to...
(7) prevail(v.)(over,against)取胜,占优势;流行,盛行
(8) attribute(v.)(to)把…归因于;认为…是…所为
(9) overcrowdedness(n.)过于拥挤;over,(前缀)表示“越过,超过”。如:overestimate估计过高,过高评价,oversensitive过于敏感,overplease使过分高兴,overactive过于活跃
(10) spacious(a.)宽敞的
(11) urbanization(n.)城市化;ize:(后缀)表示“使成为”,“使形成”,“使…化”;如:systemize使系统化,使成体系,Americanize 使美国化,modernize 使现代化,unionize使成立联合组织五、全文翻译
1980年美国人口普查显示出这样一幅图像:随着东北部和中西部人口增长近乎停止,地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。(长难句①)
这一发展——以及它对今后美国政治和经济的强大影响——使南部地区在美国人口普查史上首次成为人口最密集的地区。(佳句①)
20世纪70年代,美国人口总共增长了2 320万——从数字上看,这是有历史记载以来10年期间内人口增长的第三高。即使如此,人口总数也只增加了11.4%,除了大萧条时期,这是美国年度记录中最低的增长率。
第二次世界大战以来,美国人口大量向南部和西部地区迁移,而且这种趋势如今仍然盛行。
佛罗里达、得克萨斯和加利福尼亚这三个阳光地带的州,1980年的人口比前10年增加了近1 000万。在大城市排行榜上,圣地亚哥从第14位上升到第8位,圣安东尼奥从第15位升到第10位,而克利夫兰和华盛顿特区则被挤出了前10位。
人口普查官员说,并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。不断涌入的移民,还有往昔“生育高峰”时期出生的一代也已到了生育年龄,生育了大批婴儿,这些都发挥着作用。(长难句②)
而且,人口学家发现,向南部和西部地区的不断迁移还伴随着一种相关却又较新的现象:显然,越来越多的美国人不再只是寻找提供更多工作机会的地方,而是人口密度较小的地方。例证如下:
·从区域上看,洛基山脉各州上报了自1970年以来最高的人口增长率——37.1%,而以前这片广阔的土地上的人口仅占美国总人口的5%。
·从各州情况看,内华达和亚利桑那是增长最快的两个州:其增长率分别为63.5%和53.1%。除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州外,处于人口增长率前10位的都是西部各州,共有750万人——每平方英里约9个人。
从人口过度稠密地区的逃离,影响了以前那种从寒冷地带到气候宜人地区的迁徙趋势。
1980年美国人口统计最能显示出,美国人迁往最西部是为了寻找更广阔的生活空间。(长难句③)最西部的加利福尼亚州在70年代人口增加了370万,比其他任何州都多。
同时,70年代也有大量的人从加利福尼亚迁出,大多数去了西部其他的地方。他们常常选择——现在依然这样选择——气候较冷的地区,如俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加,为的是躲开“黄金州”(加利福尼亚)的烟雾、犯罪和城市化带来的其他问题。(佳句②)
结果,加利福尼亚的人口增长率在70年代降到了18.5%——略高于60年代增长率的2/3,但大大低于西部其他各州。
11.地质板块学中的“热点”现象(1998年 Text 5)难度:0.62
(2)Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots,Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes,they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earths surface; on the contrary,many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate,Most of the hot spots move only slowly,and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes,(1)The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
(1)That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute,Africa and South America,for example,are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them,(2)The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined,The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail,(1)but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior,(1)(2)It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it,Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth,provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question,From an analysis of the hotspot population it appears that the (2)African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
(3)The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference,It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe,When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot,the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome,As the dome grows,it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean,Thus just as (3)earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents,so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
一、文章结构总体分析这是一篇纯自然科学的文章。主要介绍了“热点”现象以及其对地质板块学研究的重要意义。由于文章目的是解释一种理论,因此,从语言上讲,描写成分比较多。
第一段:对于中心概念“热点”进行了描述,实际相当于一个定义。
第二段:从大陆板块移动谈起,后半段指出“热点”理论对于地质板块学研究的一个意义,即,作为参照。
第三段:“热点”理论对于地质板块学研究的第二个意义,即,影响地球物理过程,如海洋的形成。
二、试题具体分析
1.The author believes that.1.作者相信的观点是。\[A\] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earths interior\[A\] 板块的运动与地球内部的运动相一致\[B\] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true\[B\] 地质学上的板块漂移说被证明是正确的\[C\] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions\[C\] 热点和板块向相反方向缓慢地移动\[D\] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart\[D\] 热点的运动证明各大洲(即大陆板块)正在彼此分开\[答案\] B
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:作者观点题。难度:0.43
文章第二段首句明确指出“板块漂移这一理论现在毋庸置疑”,接着作者又对此进行举例说明,因此可知B选项与文意相符。A选项与第二段第四句“但一个板块相对另一板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为相对于地球内部的运动”内容不符。第二段后四句提到,(凭借板块的相对运动)人们不能确定两个大陆的运动方向。而位于地球更深层的热点提供了解决该问题所需要的测量仪器。从热点地区的人口情况分析可看出,非洲板块是静止不动的。由此,排除D选项。同样,根据以上分析,以及第一段第二句提到的“许多热点深藏于板块内部”,可排除C选项。
2.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that.2.非洲和南美洲曾经彼此相连可以从这一事实推断出来。\[A\] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions
\[A\] 这两个大陆仍然在向相反的方向移动\[B\] they have been found to share certain geological features
\[B\] 它们被发现具有某些共同的地质特征\[C\] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years\[C\] 非洲板块至少3 000万年未移动\[D\] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe\[D\] 地球各地散布着一百多个热点\[答案\]B
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。难度:0.75
根据非洲和南美洲定位到第二段。该段第三句指出“互相吻合的海岸线和某些地质特征会使人想到这两个大陆曾经是连在一起的”,因而可知B选项证明了这两个洲曾经相连。A选项与该段第五句谈到的“人们无法断定两个大洲是向相反的方向移动,还是一个大洲没有运动而另一个大洲在漂离”的事实不符。C选项(第二段末句)和D选项(第一段第一句)都是事实,但不是非洲和南美洲曾经彼此相连的证据。
3.The hotspot theory may prove useful in explaining.3.在解释方面热点理论可以被证明是有用的。\[A\] the structure of the African plates\[A\] 非洲板块的结构\[B\] the revival of dead volcanoes\[B\] 死火山的复苏\[C\] the mobility of the continents\[C\] 大陆板块的移动性\[D\] the formation of new oceans\[D\] 新海洋的形成\[答案\] D
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。难度:0.43
最后一段谈到,热点的重要性不仅限于作为参照体系这一作用,还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。接着文章具体说明热点如何导致大陆断裂,从而形成新海洋的。因此D选项是热点理论能够解释的内容。C选项在文章末句谈到,但是它是早期理论解释的对象,热点理论解释的是板块的不稳定性。A选项和B选项文中未提及。
4.The passage is mainly about.4.本文主要是关于。\[A\] the features of volcanic activities\[A\] 火山活动的特点\[B\] the importance of the theory about drifting plates\[B\] 板块漂移理论的重要性\[C\] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
\[C\] 热点学说在地质物理研究中的重要性\[D\] the process of the formation of volcanoes\[D\] 火山的形成过程\[答案\] C
\[分析\] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。难度:0.85
题干要求考生回答文章主旨。文章第一段给出了热点的定义及热点和板块之间的关系。第二段主要介绍热点在板块移动的研究中提供参照的作用。最后一段指出,热点对推动板块移动的地质物理学过程也提供了解释。可见全文内容都围绕热点理论展开,因此C选项正确。文章只在开始部分解释热点时提到了火山,其他部分不再涉及,因此A选项和D选项不是主要内容。文章第二段提到了板块漂移理论,但这也是为了说明热点对于解释地质学现象的作用,排除B选项。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析
①Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes,they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earths surface; on the contrary,many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.
该句是由分号隔开的两个并列分句。前一个分句的主干是..,they are not found at the boundaries...,在主语they前是形容词性的短语对其进行修饰;在plates后是that引导的定语从句。第二个分句中用on the contrary表示与前面情况的不同,译为“与此相反,恰恰相反”。
②The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined,
该句主干是coastlines and features are reminders,其中主语被that引导的定语从句修饰,并在从句中也做主语;reminder指“提醒某人想起什么的东西,提示”;where引导的结构应该译为“…的地方”。
③The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail,but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior.
该句是but连接的两个平行结构的分句,前一个分句的主干是motion has been constructed,后一个是motion cannot readily be translated,前一分句中carrying做定语修饰主语,后一分句中with respect to“相对于”修饰前面的名词plate。
④It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.
It是形式主语,真正的主语是后面to引导的不定式短语,其中determine 后接的是or连接的两个whether引导的从句。
佳句赏析
①That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.
sth,is beyond dispute的结构用起来很地道,意思是“无可置疑,不容争辩”。
②Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents,so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
短语just as..,so..,表示“就像…一样也…”,它可表达一种对比,如:Just as they must put aside their prejudices,so we must be prepared to accept their good faith.
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1) isolated(a.)隔离的,孤立的;isolate(v.)孤立,隔离;isolation(n.)隔绝,孤立,隔离
(2) volcanic(a.)火山的;猛烈的,易突然发作的;volcano(n.)火山
(3) trail(n.)踪迹,痕迹,形迹(v.)跟踪,追踪,拉,拖
(4) milestone(n.)里程碑;人生或历史上重大事件或转折点
(5) stationary(a.)静止的,固定的;stationery(n.)文具
(6) confine(v.)(to,within)限制,局限于;管制
(7) propel(v.)推进,推动;激励,驱策
(8) fissure(n.)裂缝,裂隙(v.)
(9) initiate(v.)开始,发动,发起,提议;initiation(n.);initiator (n.)创始人,发起人,传授者,教导者
(10) mobility(n.)运动性,稳定性
(11) mutability(n.)可变性,易变性,不定性
五、全文翻译地球上散落分布着一百多个互不相连的小火山活动区,被地质学家称为热点。和世界上大多数火山不同的是,它们并不总是在构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块之间的边界上被发现;相反,许多热点深藏于板块内部。(长难句①)大多数热点只缓慢地移动,有时,经过这些热点的板块运动留下了死火山的痕迹。热点及其火山痕迹是标志板块迁移的里程碑。
板块漂移这一理论现在是毋庸置疑的。(佳句①)以非洲和南美洲为例,由于有新的物质注入二者之间的海底,两大洲正在彼此分离。但互相吻合的海岸线和某些似乎跨越海洋的地质特征会使人想到这两个大陆曾经是连在一起的。(长难句②)携带这些大陆的板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地阐述出来,但一个板块相对另一板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为相对于地球内部的运动。(长难句③)人们不能确定两个大陆是在朝相反的方向运动,还是一个大陆停止不动而另一个从它身边漂移开去。(长难句④)位于地球更深层的热点提供了解决该问题所需要的测量仪器。从热点地区的人口情况分析来看,非洲板块似乎是静止不动的,在过去3000万年里都没有移动过。
热点的重要性不仅限于作为参照体系这一作用。现在看来,它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。当大陆板块漂移到热点上方,来自地球深层的物质便形成了巨大的圆顶状隆起物。随着这个圆顶的增长,板块出现深深的裂缝。至少有几次,大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完全裂开了,因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。这样,正像早期的理论解释了大陆的移动性一样,热点理论或许能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。(佳句②)
翻译
10.宇宙的形成(1998年)难度:0.49
They were,by far,the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected,a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth,
(1)But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago,That was just about the moment that the universe was born,What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
(2)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos,According to the theory,the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic,unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions,emitting radiation as it went,condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas,Over billions of years,the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies,stars,plants and eventually,even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures,but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well,the seeds of local objects like cluster and superclusters of galaxies,They shouldnt have long to wait.(3)Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon,
(4)If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory,Inflation says that very early on,the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second,propelled by a sort of antigravity,(5)Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementaryparticle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
一、试题总体分析文章主要讲述的是关于宇宙形成的问题。现在所见到的星云是关于宇宙形成的“大爆炸”理论成立的重要证据之一。在人造卫星的帮助下,人们将得以弄清宇宙起源的真相,从而证实宇宙膨胀说(“大爆炸”理论的一种完美形式)。
选文看似偏向理科,但是作为一个准备攻读硕士学位的考生而言,这样的科普知识还是应该具备的。比如:当年有考生将文中的Big Bang译成“大笨钟”,这个译文从上下文中是绝对不会联想到的,这就是考生可能以前在其他文章中看到过Big Ben(英国“大笨钟”)的故事而望文生义所致。这也反映出考生平时应加强常识性的科普和文化知识的积累。科普类文章在句型使用上的一个最大的特点就是被动语态使用较多,考生需要根据具体的语言事与环境决定被动语态在译文中是保留,还是加主语变为主动,亦或使用一些特殊的表达形式,如“为、所”等。此外,由于文章涉及的是关于宇宙形成的学说,不可避免里面会涉及一些专有名词,这些词的意思确定以及译名的确定都是考生需要斟酌的内容。
二、试题具体解析
(1)But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:多重复合句的译法、补词。难度:0.63
该句是一个多重复合句,其结构可以分为两层。第一层是句子的主干it was the farthest,that引导定语从句,for引导原因状语从句。注意it在这里是具有指代意义的实义词,它指的是上句提到的距地球约150亿光年的巨大云系。第二层结构为for引导的原因状语从句中,what they were seeing为主语从句,that existed 15 billion years ago为定语从句,修饰前面的the patterns and structures。
词汇:farthest在翻译的过程中需要按照汉语习惯,增补一个名词,例如“景象”、“地方”等。billion是指“十亿”。
译文:更为重要的是,这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(2)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:被动语态、过去分词做定语。难度:0.46
该句为简单句,其主干是The existence...was required for...to maintain...。该句是一个被动句,如果译成“被要求的”,则与汉语习惯不符,因此可以意译为“是不可缺少的”。for...to(do)...是不定式的复合结构,基本译法是“对于…做…(怎么样)”;不定式to maintain...cosmos 做目的状语;first put forward...是过去分词做the Big Bang的修饰语,插在了不定式结构中,该修饰语不长,翻译时可以做前置定语。
词汇:put forward 译为“提出”,reign为“统治地位”。virtually为“实际上,本质上”。Big Bang此处含义可以参考前文的解释(the theory that...),从而译成“大爆炸论”。
译文:巨大的宇宙云的存在,实际上是20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。
(3)Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon,
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:用构词法猜测词义、意译。难度:0.03
该句是由and连接并列谓语的简单句,其主干是astrophysicists...are closing in on...and may report their findings,working with...and...instruments...是现在分词作后置定语,修饰主语astrophysicists,实际上是表示astrophysicists所用的研究工具,所以不一定要译成定语,可译为“用…”;at the south Pole修饰ground based detectors。
词汇:astrophysicists的意思可以由astro(天体的,如astronaut宇航员)+physicists,推测它指的是天体物理学家;close in(on)意为come nearer and attack from several directions,这里是一个比喻用法,可以意译为“越来越近地观察”;structures的翻译要结合上下文,如:“云系,团状物质”,而不能取其常用义“结构”。
译文:天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器,正在越来越近地观测这些云系,也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
(4)If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:同位语、习惯语as expected的翻译。难度:0.49
该句是主从复合句,主干是:If...,that will be a triumph...,a refinement...。as expected是一种习惯用法,意为“正如预料的那样”。idea后的成分是它的同位语,同位语可以用中文的“即、也就是”等词翻译,需要时可以把idea这个词重复一遍。这里由于同位语较长,可以单独处理成一个句子。called...theory为过去分词做the Big Bang的后置定语,可以译为前置定语,当然也可以独立成句。
词汇:a triumph for sth.的意思是“…的胜利”;refinement的意思有“提炼,文雅,改良”等意思,在这里说的是一种理论,因此应该灵活译成“(大爆炸论)的更完美的形式”或“更完美的(大爆炸论)”
译文:假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致,那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利,这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论,亦称宇宙膨胀说。
(5)Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
\[解析\] 本题考核的知识点是:倒装、词义引申、被动语态。难度:0.39
这是一个由and连接的两个并列句。前一部分主干:cosmic inflation is a...consequence,其中Odd though it sounds是倒装句,正常语序是Though it sounds odd,为让步状语从句。consequence由of some respected ideas...修饰。后一部分主干是 many astrophysicists have been convinced...that,是一个被动句,翻译中可以译为主动语态。此句中出现了两个it,均指cosmic inflation,按照汉语习惯,应避免过多使用相应的代词,而应将它们所替代的内容直接翻译出来或译成“这一论说”。
词汇:sound意为“听起来”;odd意为“奇怪,奇特”。elementary particle physics 意为“基本粒子物理学”;respected ideas需要引申词义使之符合汉语的习惯,本意是“受人尊敬的想法或思想”,引申为“公认的理论”;for the better part of a decade意为“近十年来”。
译文:宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
三、参考译文迄今为止,科学家所发现的最大、最遥远的物体是:离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系。(1)更为重要的是,这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员所发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶,又在人们的意料之中:美国国家航空航天局的Cobe号(宇宙背景探测器)已经发现了划时代的证据,表明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸,人们称之为“大爆炸”(此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量的爆炸)。
(2)巨大的宇宙云的存在,实际上是20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。按照这一理论,宇宙形成于一团亚微观的、密度相当大的纯能量团,它在向四面八方发散的过程中放出辐射线,浓缩成粒子,然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来,这种气体在引力的压缩下形成星系、恒星、植物,甚至最终产生人类。
设计Cobe卫星就是要观察这些最大的物体结构,但宇航员还想看到更小的热点,即,像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看来他们不必等待很长时间。(3)天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器,正在越来越近地观测这些云系,也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
(4)假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致,那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利,这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论,亦称宇宙膨胀说。膨胀说认为,很久以前,在一种反引力的驱动下,宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内膨胀了无数倍。(5)宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
10.讽刺社会上的虚假承诺(1998年)难度:0.42
Directions:
A,Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.
B,Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
C,Your essay should meet the requirement below:
1,Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.
2,Give your comments.
一、审题谋篇本题为漫画加提纲式作文。文章的主题应该落在讽刺虚假承诺上,即:承诺自己份内之事这一不良现象。
考生在审题时,从漫画和旁边的打油诗可以看出该文章的关键词为虚假承诺(false promise或empty promise)。提纲有两点要求:写出漫画所要表达的信息;进行评论。由此可见,这是一篇描写加议论的文章。文章第一段可以从描写漫画入手。漫画题材的写作,应着重抓住漫画本身所传达的信息,即漫画的寓意,对漫画本身不用拘泥于细节。考生可以在段尾点明该漫画所要表达的信息:虚假承诺。由于提纲的第二点要求比较泛,因此,考生可以根据各自的思路展开。第二段可以针对主题进一步讨论,既可以列举社会上众多的虚假承诺的不良现象,也可以着重讨论虚假承诺的危害,亦或追寻虚假承诺的根源。在第三段中考生可提出自己的观点,即,解决该问题的方法。
二、参考范文
Whoever sees this cartoon cant help laughing,How funny it is—A hen is holding a notice promising that her eggs would be round and surely would contain everything a normal egg contains,But at second thought,it is anything but funny because the picture reveals a prevalent phenomenon in our society,Many of these promises are meaningless since the promise provided is nothing but the normal responsibility of the promise maker,
Odd and funny as they sound,such false promises are so prevalent that we cannot afford to ignore them,Manufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality; commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and enthusiastic services; administration departments assure to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribery,As a matter of fact,these cannot be called promises at all since they are no more than their normal duties and obligations,It seems that we should be grateful to them because they just do what they are supposed to do.
I dare say these empty promises are causing great damage to our society both materially and morally,But the hen and her likes should know that by dishonest words no one could survive the intense competition under market economy system,People engaged in providing all kinds of services should honestly inform their customers of the service that they can enjoy because mutual trust is the foundation of business,They should remember the old saying,“Honesty is the best policy.”On the other hand,necessary laws and regulations should be adopted and enforced to ensure a trustworthy economic and social environment,Only in this way,can both parties,service providers and those served,enjoy a healthy atmosphere of mutual trust.
三、范文点评文章结构:
从结构上看,该范文对提纲做出适当调整,分为三段而不是两段。第一段采用了先总后分再总的写作方法,段首先用Whoever sees this cartoon cant help laughing一句话对图画做出总体评价,进而描写图画,在段末指出:这幅画实际并不可笑,而是讽刺了社会上非常普遍的虚假承诺现象。这句话也是文章的中心所在。第二段段首承接上段,指出这种现象不容忽视,进而使用列举的方法举了三个例子,说明其普遍性并与第一段呼应,指出这些现象都是在承诺本职所在的工作。第三段段首为主体句,段落中从两个方面提出改变这种现象的措施,段尾进行总结,与段首形成呼应。
语言亮点:
1,whoever:是疑问代词who的强调形式,也可做关系代词,等于any person who,如:Whoever comes is welcome.(任何人来了都欢迎)。同类的词还有:whatever=anything that(无论什么),whichever=any one that(任何一个)。
2,cant help laughing:cant help doing 忍不住干某事。如:We cant help worrying about our air condition when watching so many cars pumping huge amounts of waste gases into the atmosphere every day.(看到每天都有这么多汽车排放大量废气到大气中,我们禁不住为我们的空气质量而担忧)。
3,at second thought:仔细一想;at first thought乍一想。
4,anything but:根本不,决不,远非。例如:The present situation is anything but a relief.(目前形势绝对不容乐观)。
5,prevalent:“普遍的”,同义词为:widespread,common,predominant等。
6,nothing but和no more than:仅仅,只不过。类似的表达有:amounts to nothing but。
7,as:句子的表语提到句首时,as引导的是让步状语从句,如:Popular as it is,in terms of nutrition,fast food is far from satisfactory.(虽然快餐食品很流行,但从营养上来说,它很难让人满意)。
8,afford:经得起。例如:Our country cannot afford to go through another Cultural Revolution.(我们国家经不起再来一次文化大革命)。
9,ignore:“忽视,忽略,对…视而不见”。同义词有:disregard,overlook,look over等。
10,guarantee(保证)、swear(发誓)、assure(保证):三个动词词义相近,形成对仗。同义词还有:promise,vow,pledge,give a warranty。
11,likes:类似的(人或物)。如:Ive never seen the likes of this before.(我从没见过这样的事)。
12,inform sb,of sth.,通知某人某事。该结构还经常用于被动形式,如The news media keep us informed of what is happening in our country and in the world.(新闻媒体使我们知道我国和世界发生了什么事情)。
13,adopted:采纳,采用。近义词有:introduced。
14,party:(缔约或谈判等的)一方,如:In the agreement all parties guaranteed to take their own responsibilities.(在协议中各方都承诺担负起他们各自的责任)。
15,a trustworthy economic and social environment:一个值得信赖的经济和社会环境。
四、写作误区篇章结构误区:
1998年的作文第一个需要避免的问题还是跑题。首先,有些考生只注意到广告失实,并未抓住,承诺”二字,于是将文章主旨说成伪劣产品或虚假广告,结果跑题了。其次,考生在下笔前对文章的结构要心中有数,切不可想到什么就写什么,否则会造成文章思路不清,结构混乱。与往年试题不同,本年度的作文是一副漫画,为了要表达作者的意图,图画往往会运用夸张等手段,因此考生在描写图画时,切不可拘泥于个别单词或语句的表达,对于“见棱见角”,“蛋白”,“蛋黄”等陌生词汇,可采用迂回概括的方法表达思想。
语言表达错误,
①词性错误:
These dishonest behaviors,if permitted to continue,will sure do harm to the develop of our country.(These dishonest behaviors,if permitted to continue,will surely do harm to the development of our country.)
②词义错误:
It is taken for granted that an egg is round and has three parts.(It is known to all that an egg is round and has three parts.)
③捏造词汇:
Promise can generate worse results than unpromise if customers find they are cheated at last.(Making false promises can bring about worse results than making no promise if customers find they are cheated at last.)
④结构不平衡:
Nowadays,making promises is prevalent in society,from companies,factories,to shops.(Nowadays,making promises is prevalent in society,from companies and factories,to shops and stores.)
⑤非谓语结构错误:
For one thing,making promises about ones products is so popular that no one wants to leave behind.(For one thing,making promises about ones products is so popular that no one wants to be left behind.)
⑥指代不清:
The advertisers make false promises because they will buy more goods.(The advertisers make false promises because the consumers will be induced to buy more goods.)
⑦关联词误用:
Promises are necessary and we need not false and cheaty promises.(Promises are necessary but we need not false and deceptive ones.)
⑧中式英语:
My solutions to the problem have several ways.(As far as I am concerned,there are several solutions to the problem.)
⑨句子含义不完整:
Those who intend to deceive consumers should be punished as well as consumers consciousness.(Those who intend to deceive consumers should be punished and consumers should be on their guard against any false promises.)
⑩句子不连贯:
So to solve this problem,it needs everyone to make great effort.(It needs everyones efforts to solve this problem.)