历年英语考研真题及英语资料：88-06

1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked,Put your choice in the brackets on the left,(15 points)
EXAMPLE:
I was caught ________ the rain yesterday.
[A] in
[B] by
[C] with
[D] at
ANSWER,[A]
1. No doctors could cure the patient ________ his strange disease.
[A] with
[B] of
[C] from
[D] off
2. He was his wits’ end ________ what to do.
[A] in
[B] on
[C] at
[D] of
3. Prior ________ his departure,he addressed a letter to his daughter.
[A] to
[B] of
[C] in
[D] from
4. The driving instructor told me to pull ________ at the post office.
[A] up
[B] back
[C] round
[D] along
5. When there’s a doubt,the chairman’s decision is ________.
[A] right
[B] definite
[C] fixed
[D] final
6. We can rely on William to carry out this mission,for his judgment is always ________.
[A] unquestionable
[B] sound
[C] subtle
[D] healthy
7. The noise of the plane died ________ in the distance.
[A] away
[B] out
[C] down
[D] off
8. Hospital doctors don’t go out very often as their work ________ all their time.
[A] takes away
[B] takes in
[C] takes over
[D] takes up
9. Attendances at football matches have ________ since the coming of television.
[A] dropped in
[B] dropped down
[C] dropped off
[D] dropped out
10. After the death of their parents,the sisters got well ________ and never quarreled.
[A] away
[B] in
[C] along
[D] out
11. They always give the vacant seats to ________ comes first.
[A] who
[B] whom
[C] whoever
[D] whomever
12. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication ________ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
[A] in that
[B] in which
[C] in order that
[D] in the way
13. He is ________ of an actor.
[A] anybody
[B] anyone
[C] somebody
[D] something
14. The captain apologized ________ to tell us more about the accident.
[A] for to be unable
[B] that he was unable
[C] to be unable
[D] for being unable
15. ________ is no reason for discharging her.
[A] Because she was a few minutes late
[B] Owing to a few minutes being late
[C] The fact that she was a few minutes late
[D] Being a few minutes late
Section II,Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices labeled [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage,Read the whole passage before making your choices,(10 points)
On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market,For an hour or __16__ she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything,buying here and there,and __17__ a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had,And then,with all the things she needed __18__ she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour __19__ she liked best,looking in furniture shop windows.
One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things,with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look __20__ without feeling they had to buy something,Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where,almost at once,she stopped __21__ before a green armchair,There was a card on the chair which said:,This fine chair is yours __22__ less than a pound a week,” and very small at the bottom,“Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.” A pound a week..,__23__,she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it! A voice at her shoulder made her __24__.,Can I help you,Madam?” She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her __25__.
“Oh,well,no,” she said.,I was just looking.”,We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom,If you’ll just come up,you will find something to suit you.”
Annie,worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need,left the shop hurriedly.
16. [A] so
[B] more
[C] else
[D] another
17. [A] taking
[B] making
[C] fixing
[D] keeping
18. [A] buy
[B] bought
[C] buying
[D] to have bought
19. [A] in a way
[B] by the way
[C] in the way
[D] on the way
20. [A] behind
[B] round
[C] back
[D] on
21. [A] doubted
[B] wondered
[C] puzzled
[D] delighted
22. [A] at
[B] for
[C] with
[D] in
23. [A] Why
[B] When
[C] How
[D] What
24. [A] jump
[B] leap
[C] laugh
[D] wonder
25. [A] place
[B] back
[C] side
[D] front
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions,For each question there are four answers,Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Put your choice in the brackets on the left,(10 points)
Text 1
There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization,You find these careers in engineering,in production,in statistical work,and in teaching,But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance,people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field,There is,in other words,a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees,of making general judgments,We can call these people,generalists.” And these,generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration,where it is their job to see that other people do the work,where they have to plan for other people,to organize other people’s work,to begin it and judge it.
The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools,He is a,trained” man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional,The generalist -- and especially the administrator -- deals with people; his concern is with leadership,with planning,and with direction giving,He is an,educated” man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation,Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator,And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field,Any organization needs both kinds of people,though different organizations need them in different proportions,It is your task to find out,during your training period,into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit,and to plan your career accordingly.
Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you -- but this is pure accident,Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job,At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job,an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.
26. There is an increasing demand for ________.
[A] all round people in their own fields
[B] people whose job is to organize other people’s work
[C] generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional
[D] specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others
27. The specialist is ________.
[A] a man whose job is to train other people
[B] a man who has been trained in more than one fields
[C] a man who can see the forest rather than the trees
[D] a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters
28. The administrator is ________.
[A] a,trained” man who is more a specialist than a generalist
[B] a man who sees the trees as well as the forest
[C] a man who is very strong in the humanities
[D] a man who is an,educated” specialist
29. During your training period,it is important ________.
[A] to try to be a generalist
[B] to choose a profitable job
[C] to find an organization which fits you
[D] to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist
30. A man’s first job ________.
[A] is never the right job for him
[B] should not be regarded as his final job
[C] should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job
[D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job
Test 2
At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and,until recent times,unknown to man,It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain,Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps,Man has explored,on foot,less than one per cent of its area,Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions,The Arctic is an ocean,covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe,Asia,and North America,The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined,centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world -- the Atlantic,Pacific,and Indian Oceans.
The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre,thus,the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions,This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited,Thus,more than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska,Siberia,and Scandinavia -- a region rich in forest and mining industries,Apart from a handful of weather stations,within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree,industry,or settlement.
31. The best title for this selection would be ________.
[A] Iceland
[B] Land of Opportunity
[C] The Unknown Continent
[D] Utopia at Last
32. At the time this article was written,our knowledge of Antarctica was ________.
[A] very limited
[B] vast
[C] fairly rich
[D] nonexistent
33. Antarctica is bordered by the ________.
[A] Pacific Ocean
[B] Indian Ocean
[C] Atlantic Ocean
[D] All three
34. The Antarctic is made uninhabitable primarily by ________.
[A] cold air
[B] calm seas
[C] ice
[D] lack of knowledge about the continent
35. According to this article ________.
[A] 2,000 people live on the Antarctic Continent
[B] a million people live within 2,000 miles of the South Pole
[C] weather conditions within a 2,000 mile radius of the South Pole make settlements impractical
[D] only a handful of natives inhabit Antarctica
Section IV,Structure and Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks with the words which best complete the sentences,Put your choices in the brackets on the left,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
It was the largest experiment we have ever had; it ________ six houses.
[A] ended
[B] finished
[C] was
[D] lasted
ANSWER,[D]
36. Music often ________ us of events in the past.
[A] remembers
[B] memorizes
[C] reminds
[D] reflects
37. If I take this medicine twice a day it should ________ my cold.
[A] heat
[B] cure
[C] treat
[D] recover
38. I could just see a car in the distance,but I couldn’t ________ what colour it was.
[A] make out
[B] look to
[C] look out
[D] take in
39. I could tell he was surprised from the ________ on his face.
[A] appearance
[B] shock
[C] look
[D] sight
40. The toy boat turned over and sank to the ________ of the pool.
[A] base
[B] depth
[C] ground
[D] bottom
41. Mary never tells anyone what she does for a ________.
[A] job
[B] work
[C] profession
[D] living
42. That boy is such a good violinist he will probably make quite a ________ for himself.
[A] star
[B] credit
[C] name
[D] character
43. Old photographs give one a brief ________ of the past.
[A] glance
[B] glimpse
[C] sight
[D] look
44. The novelist is a highly ________ person.
[A] imaginable
[B] imaginative
[C] imaginary
[D] imagined
45. Although the pay is not good,people usually find social work ________ in other ways.
[A] payable
[B] respectful
[C] grateful
[D] rewarding
Section V,Error-detection and Correction
Each question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases),These parts are labeled [A],[B],[C],and [D],Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the brackets on the left,Then,without altering the meaning of the sentence,write down the correct word or phrase on the line following the brackets,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
You’ve to hurry up if you want to buy something because [A] there’s [B] hardly something [C] left,[D]
ANSWER,[C] anything
46. The professor told the economics [A] student that he didn’t approve [B] in [C] his taking the advanced course before [D] he made a passing mark in Economics 1.
47. Although a great number of houses in that area are still [A] in need of repair,[B] there have been [C] improvement in the facilities,[D]
48. Mr,Gilmore is one of those men who appears [A] to be friendly [B] however,it is very hard to deal [C] with him,[D]
49. To understand the situation completely [A] requires [B] more thought than has given [C] thus far,[D]
50. [A] great many [A] educators firmly [B] believe that English is one of the poorest [C] taught subjects in high schools today,[D]
51. Of all his outdoor [A] activities,Paul likes fishing best of all,[B] but he doesn’t enjoy cleaning [C] fishing rods afterwards,[D]
52. I should [A] not have recognized the [B] man even [C] you had told [D] me his name.
53. In an hour’s [A] time I had done the work with [B] my satisfaction; I got my hat in [C] hall and slipped out unnoticed,[D]
54. The new hotel has erected [A] a beautiful building with [B] recreation areas and conference facilities on the top floor in which [C] the finest view of the city can be obtained,[D]
55. While in [A] Europe,the tourists enjoyed to [B] their heart’s [C] content the weather,the food and going to the theatre,[D]
Section VI,Verb Forms
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of verbs given in brackets,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
It is highly desirable that a new president ________ (appointed) for this college.
ANSWER,(should) be appointed
56. The enemy retreated to the woods after they (defeat).
57. I (speak) to him for some time before I realized who he was.
58. One should never lose one’s heart when (confront) with temporary difficulties.
59. The house suddenly collapsed while it (pull) down.
60. On (give) an assignment to make a business tour abroad,he gladly accepted it.
61. (Get) everything ready,they got down to map out a plan for the construction of a new express way.
62. After Peter grew a beard,even his close friends (not recognize) him at first sight.
63. Darkness (set) in,the young people lingered on merrymaking.
64. The students were to (assemble) at the auditorium before 1:30 p.m.,but the lecture was canceled at the last minute.
65. Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained (take) into account before starting a new project.
Section VII,Chinese-English Translation
Translate the following sentences into English,(15 points)
66. 去年的好收成是由于农场管理的改进和有利的气体条件。
67. 他在科研上取得的成就要比预期的大。
68. 我们现在必须做的是把情况作一番仔细的调查。
69. 很难说哪个方案更为切实可行。
70. 昨晚如果他来了，问题也许已得到解决。
Section VIII,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Translate the following passage into Chinese,Only the underlined sentences are to be translated,(20 points)
It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards,(71) If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered,it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities,(72) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life,to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself,he will undoubtedly benefit,(73) Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere,with its time tables and disciplines,to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do,(74) Most students would,I believe,profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies,especially those,all rounders” with no particular interest,They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees,so that in later life,they do not look back and say,“I should like to have been an archaeologist,If I hadn’t taken a degree in Modern Languages,I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter,but it’s too late now,I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.”
(75) There is,of course,another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university,(76) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning,(77) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice,and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist,emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about,(78) It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice,Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have,on the one hand,a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject,and on the other hand,an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.
1986年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)
1. [B] 2. [C] 3. [A] 4. [A] 5. [D]
6. [B] 7. [A] 8. [D] 9. [C] 10. [C]
11. [C] 12. [A] 13. [D] 14. [D] 15. [C]
Section II,Error-detection and Correction (10 points)
16. [A] 17. [D] 18. [B] 19. [C] 20. [B]
21. [D] 22. [B] 23. [A] 24. [A] 25. [C]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (10 points)
26. [B] 27. [D] 28. [C] 29. [D] 30. [B]
31. [C] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [A] 35. [C]
Section IV,Structure and Vocabulary (10 points)
36. [C] 37. [B] 38. [A] 39. [C] 40. [D]
41. [D] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [B] 45. [D]
Section V,Error-detection and Correction (10 points)
46. [C] approve of 47. [C] has been
48. [A] appear 49. [C] has been given
50. [C] most poorly 51. [B] (the) best,(the) most
52. [C] even if,even though 53. [B] to
54. [C] where,from which,on which 55. [D] the theatre
Section VI,Verb Forms (10 points)
56. were defeated/had been defeated 57. had been speaking
58. confronted 59. was being pulled
60. being given 61. Having got
62. could/did not recognize,were not able to recognize 63. setting
64. have assembled/assemble 65. (should) be taken
Section VII,Chinese-English Translation (15 points)
66. The good crop last year was due to the improvement of farm management and favorable weather condition.
67. The success he has achieved in scientific research is greater than expected.
68. What we must do now is to make a careful investigation of the situation.
69. It’s hard to say which plan is more practicable.
70. If he had come yesterday evening,the question might have been solved.
Section VIII,English-Chinese Translation (20 points)
71. 如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。
72. 如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。
73. 学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。
74. 我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。
75. 当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。
76. 某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。
77. 他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间，以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，成为一名专家，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。
78. 因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的指点。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked,Put your choice in the brackets on the left,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
I was caught ________ the rain yesterday.
[A] in
[B] by
[C] with
[D] at
ANSWER,[A]
1. The skyscraper stands out ________ the blue sky.
[A] in
[B] against
[C] under
[D] beneath
2. They have always been on good ________ with their next-door neighbors.
[A] friendship
[B] relations
[C] connection
[D] terms
3. Hello! Is that 21035? Please put me ________ to the manager.
[A] across
[B] up
[C] through
[D] over
4. Why do you look so ________? You never smile or look cheerful.
[A] miserable
[B] unfortunate
[C] sorry
[D] rude
5. Eggs,though nourishing,have ________ of fat content.
[A] large number
[B] a large number
[C] the high amount
[D] a high amount
6. Jim always ________ his classmates in a debate.
[A] backs out
[B] backs away
[C] backs up
[D] backs down
7. Most of the people who ________ two world wars are strongly against arms race.
[A] have lived out
[B] have lived through
[C] have lived on
[D] have lived off
8. There are many inconveniences that have to be ________ when you are camping.
[A] put up
[B] put up with
[C] put off
[D] put away
9. Is it true that those old houses are being pulled down ________ new office blocks?
[A] to accommodate
[B] to provide for
[C] to increase
[D] to make room for
10. Being in no great hurry,________.
[A] we went the long route with scenery
[B] the long,scenic route was our preference
[C] we took the long scenic route
[D] our preference was taking the long,scenic route
Section II,Reading Comprehension
Each of three passages below is followed by five questions,For each question there are four answers,read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each of the question,Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
Text 1
For centuries men dreamed of achieving vertical flight,In 400 A.D,Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as rotation ceased,Leonardo da Vinci conceive the first mechanical apparatus,called a,Helix,” which could carry man straight up,but was only a design and was never tested.
The ancient-dream was finally realized in 1940 when a Russian engineer piloted a strange looking craft of steel tubing with a rotating fan on top,It rose awkwardly and vertically into the air from a standing start,hovered a few feet above the ground,went sideways and backwards,and then settled back to earth,The vehicle was called a helicopter.
Imaginations were fired,Men dreamed of going to work in their own personal helicopters,People anticipate that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today,Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled.
The helicopter has now become an extremely useful machine,It excels in military missions,carrying troops,guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft cannot go,Corporations use them as airborne offices,many metropolitan areas use them in police work,construction and logging companies employ them in various advantageous ways,engineers use them for site selection and surveying,and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remote work stations accessible to crews and supplies,Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is a likely task for a helicopter,Among their other multitude of used,deliver people across town,fly to and from airports,assist in rescue work,and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons.
11. People expect that ________.
[A] the airliners of today would eventually be replaced by helicopters
[B] helicopters would someday be able to transport large number of people from place to place as airliners are now doing
[C] the imaginations fired by the Russian engineer’s invention would become a reality in the future
[D] their fantastic expectations about helicopters could be fulfilled by airliners of today
12. Helicopters work with the aid of ________.
[A] a combination of rotating devices in front and on top
[B] a rotating device topside
[C] one rotating fan in the center of the aircraft and others at each end
[D] a rotating fan underneath for lifting
13. What is said about the development of the helicopter?
[A] Helicopters have only been worked on by man since 1940.
[B] Chinese children were the first to achieve flight in helicopters.
[C] Helicopters were considered more dangerous than the early airplanes.
[D] Some people thought they would become widely used by average individuals.
14. How has the use of helicopters developed?
[A] They have been widely used for various purposes.
[B] They are taking the place of high-flying jets.
[C] They are used for rescue work.
[D] They are now used exclusively for commercial projects.
15. Under what conditions are helicopters found to be absolutely essential?
[A] For overseas passenger transportation.
[B] For extremely high altitude flights.
[C] For high-speed transportation.
[D] For urgent mission to places inaccessible to other kinds of craft.
Text 2
In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations,The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus,king of the Olympian Gods,eventually lost its local character,became first a national event and then,after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished,international,No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go,but some official records date from 776 B.C,The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus,Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece,but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator,Slaves,women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete,The exact sequence of events uncertain,but events included boy’s gymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horse racing and field events,though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.
On the last day of the Games,all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads,So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory,Although Olympic winners received no prize money,they were,in fact,richly rewarded by their state authorities,How their results compared with modern standards,we unfortunately have no means of telling.
After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years,the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D,They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics,the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind,and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars,It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.
Nowadays,the Games are held in different countries in turn,The host country provides vast facilities,including a stadium,swimming pools and living accommodation,but competing courtiers pay their own athletes’ expenses.
The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch,lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun’s rays,It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium,The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals,and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony,The well-known Olympic flag,however,is a modern conception,the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.
16. In ancient Greece,the Olympic Games ________.
[A] were merely national athletic festivals
[B] were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour
[C] had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous position
[D] were primarily national events with few foreign participants
17. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games ________.
[A] only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the games
[B] all Greeks,irrespective of sex,religion or social status,were allowed to take part
[C] all Greeks,with the exception of women,were allowed to compete in Games
[D] all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games
18. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics ________.
[A] has not definitely been established
[B] varied according to the number of foreign competitors
[C] was decided by Zeus,in whose honor the Games were held
[D] was considered unimportant
19. Modern athletes’ results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because ________.
[A] the Greeks had no means of recording the results
[B] they are much better
[C] details such as the time were not recorded in the past
[D] they are much worse
20. Nowadays,the athletes’ expenses are paid for ________.
[A] out of the prize money of the winners
[B] out of the funds raised by the competing nations
[C] by the athletes themselves
[D] by contributions
Text 3
In science the meaning of the word,explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality,Science cannot really explain electricity,magnetism,and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted,but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first looked into the nature of the electrification of amber,a hard yellowish-brown gum,Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces,really” are.,Electricity,” Bertrand Russell says,“is not a thing,like St,Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave,When we have told how things behave when they are electrified,and under what circumstances they are electrified,we have told all there is to tell.” Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea,Aristotle,for example,whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years,believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles,He felt,for example,that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place,hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong,and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs,The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen,Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.
21. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is ________.
[A] to explain why things happen
[B] to explain how things happen
[C] to describe self-evident principles
[D] to support Aristotelian science
22. What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?
[A] the speculations of Thales
[B] the forces of electricity,magnetism,and gravity
[C] Aristotle’s natural science
[D] Galileo’s discoveries
23. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is ________.
[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists
[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles
[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward,how” things happen
[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward,why” things happen
24. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea ________.
[A] that there are mysterious forces in the universe
[B] that man cannot discover what forces,really” are
[C] that there are self-evident principles
[D] that we can discover why things behave as they do
25. Modern science came into being ________.
[A] when the method of controlled experiment was first introduced
[B] when Galileo succeeded in explaining how things happen
[C] when Aristotelian scientist tried to explain why things happen
[D] when scientists were able to acquire an understanding of reality of reasoning
Section III,Structure and Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks with the words which best complete the sentence,Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
It was the largest experiment we have ever had,it ________ six hours.
[A] ended
[B] finished
[C] was
[D] lasted
ANSWER,[D]
26. As scheduled,the communications satellite went into ________ round the earth.
[A] circle
[B] orbit
[C] path
[D] course
27. When I saw Jane,I stopped and smiled,but she ________ me and walked on.
[A] refused
[B] ignored
[C] denied
[D] missed
28. It was a good game,and at the end the ________ was Argentina 3,West Germany 2.
[A] mark
[B] account
[C] record
[D] score
29. George took ________ of the fine weather to do a day’s work in his garden.
[A] chance
[B] interest
[C] advantage
[D] charge
30. Is there anyone who ________ the plans put forward by the committee?
[A] differs
[B] opposes
[C] disagrees
[D] refuses
31. All too ________ it was time to go back to school after the summer vacation.
[A] often
[B] quick
[C] fast
[D] soon
32. In an accident when two cars run into each other,they ________.
[A] hit
[B] knock
[C] strike
[D] collide
33. The noise was caused by a boy ________ a cat through the garden.
[A] catching
[B] fighting
[C] following
[D] chasing
34. He drove fast and arrived an hour ________ of schedule.
[A] in advance
[B] ahead
[C] abreast
[D] in front
35. This ticket ________ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.
[A] gives
[B] entitles
[C] grants
[D] credits
Section IV,Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,Read the whole passage before making your choice,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
For instance,the automobile tunnel might ________ huge ventilation problems.
[A] make
[B] bring
[C] raise
[D] create
ANSWER,[D]
Cheques have __36__ replaced money as a means of exchange for they are widely accepted everywhere,Though this is very convenient for both buyer and seller,it should not be forgotten that cheques are not real money,they are quite valueless in themselves,A shop-keeper always runs a certain __37__ when he accepts a cheques and he is quite __38__ his rights if on occasion,he refuses to do so.
People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called __39__,An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant experience,He went to a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large __40__ of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces,After examining several trays,he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay by Cheques,The assistant said that this was quite __41__ but the moment my friend signed his name,he was invited into the manager’s office.
The manager was very polite,but he explained that someone with exactly the same name had presented them with a worthless Cheque not long ago,My friend got very angry when he heard this and said he would buy a necklace somewhere else,When he got up to go,the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay __42__ the wanted to get into serious trouble,__43__,the police arrived soon afterwards,They apologized to my friend for the __44__,but explained that a person who had used the same name as his was responsible for a number of recent robberies,Then the police asked my friend to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops,The note __45__:,I have a gun in my pocket,Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” Fortunately,my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike the thief’s,He was not only allowed to go without further delay,but to take the string of pearls with him.
36. [A] exactly
[B] really
[C] largely
[D] thoroughly
37. [A] danger
[B] chance
[C] risk
[D] opportunity
38. [A] within
[B] beyond
[C] without
[D] out of
39. [A] in difficulty
[B] in doubt
[C] in earnest
[D] in question
40. [A] amount
[B] stock
[C] number
[D] store
41. [A] in order
[B] in need
[C] in use
[D] in common
42. [A] whether
[B] if
[C] otherwise
[D] unless
43. [A] Really
[B] Sure enough
[C] Certainly
[D] However
44. [A] treatment
[B] manner
[C] inconvenience
[D] behaviour
45. [A] read
[B] told
[C] wrote
[D] informed
Section V,Verb Forms
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the brackets,Put your answer in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
It is highly desirable that a new president ________ (appointed) for this college.
ANSWER,(should) be appointed
46. With all factors (consider) we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal.
47. They had been working round the clock for a couple of days (hope) to get the design out before their competitors did.
48. There’s a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention (give) to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.
49. If we don’t start out now,we must risk (miss) the train.
50. This test (intend) to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks.
51. The members of the delegation were glad (stay) longer than originally planned.
52. With full knowledge of his past experience,we knew all along that he (succeed).
53. (Know not) what appropriate measures to be taken to cope with the situation,he wrote to his lawyer for advice.
54. It’s no good (write) to him,he never answers letters,The only thing to do is to go and see him.
55. (Come) what may,we’re not going to make any concessions to his unreasonable demands.
Section VI,Error-detection and Correction
Each question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases),These parts are labeled [A],[B],[C],and [D],Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,Then,without altering the meaning of the sentence,write down the correct word or phrase on the line in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
You’ve to hurry up if you want to buy something because [A] there’s [B] hardly something [C] left,[D]
ANSWER,[C] anything
56. In [A] his response to [B] the advertisement,Ed,replied that he was looking for a full-time position [C] not a part-time [D] one.
57. No one who has seen [A] him work [B] in the laboratory can deny [C] that William has great capabilities of [D] research.
58. Neither of the alternatives that had been outlined [A] at the last meeting [B] were [C] acceptable to [D] the executive committee.
59. Airline companies today require [A] that all luggage’s [B] be inspected [C] before passengers are admitted into [D] the waiting rooms.
60. Although Alice has been [A] to the mountains many times [B] be fore,she still [C] loves visiting it,[D]
61. An important function of the World Health Organization is to improve [A] the healthy [B] and living conditions for the sick and the poor of [C] world [D]
62. The element carbon is widely [A] found [B] in nature [C] in many forms including both diamonds as well as [D] coal.
63. While still a young boy [A] Bizet knew to play [B] the piano well and as [C] he grew older,he wrote operas,the most famous of which [D] is Carmen.
64. Despite the fact that [A] the South Pole is as snow-covered [B] and stormy-weathered [C] as the North Pole,it is colder [D] than the North Pole.
65. Climate [A] conditions vary widely [B] from place to place and from season to season,but a certain order and pattern [C] can be identifiable,[D]
Section VII,Chinese-English Translation
Translate the following sentences into English (15 points)
66. 所有那些努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。
67. 我们恳切希望你早日给我们一个答复。
68. 即使你说服不了他，也不要灰心丧气。
69. 这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论。
70. 你讲英语时，发音要准，否则人家就听不懂你的意思。
Section VIII,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Translate the following passage into Chinese,Only the underlined sentences are to be translated,(20 points)
Have there always been cities? (71) Life without large urban areas may seem inconceivable to us,but actually cities are relatively recent development,Groups with primitive economics still manage without them,The trend,however,is for such groups to disappear,while cities are increasingly becoming the dominant mode of man’s social existence,(72) Historically,city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization,Any high degree of human endeavor and achievement has been closely linked to life in an urban environment,(73) It is virtually impossible to imagine that universities,hospitals,large businesses or even science and technology could have come into being without cities to support them,To most people,cities have traditionally been the areas where there was a concentration of culture as well as of opportunity,(74) In recent years,however,people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems,What has happened to the modern American city? Actually,the problem is not such a new one,Long before this century started,there had begun a trend toward the concentration of the poor of the American society into the cities,Each great wave of immigration from abroad and from the rural areas made the problem worse,During this century,there has also been the development of large suburban areas surrounding the cities,for the rich prefer to live in these areas,Within the cities,sections may be sharply divided into high and low rent districts,the,right side of town” and the slums.
Of course,everyone wants to do something about this unhappy situation,But there is no agreement as to goals,Neither is there any systematic approach or integrated program,Opinions are as diverse as the people who give them,(75) But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved,Perhaps transportation and the means of communication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities,Of course,there is the problem of persuading people to move out of them of their own free will,(76) And there is also the objection that the city has always been the core from which cultural advancement has radiated,Is this,however,still the case today in the presence of easy transportation and communication? Does culture arise as a result of people living together communally,or is it too the result of decisions made at the level of government and the communications industry?
It is probably true to say that most people prefer to preserve the cities,Some think that the cities could be cleaned up or totally rebuilt,This is easy to say; it would not be so easy to do,(77) To be sure,a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them,Living conditions could not help but improve,at least for a while,But would the problems return after the rebuilding was completed?
Nevertheless,with the majority of the people living in urban areas,the problem of the cities must be solved,(78) From agreement on this general goal,we have,unfortunately,in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals,and from there to total inaction,At the basis of much of this inaction is an old-fashioned concept -- the idea human conditions will naturally tend to regulate themselves for the general goal.
1987年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (10 points)
1. [B] 2. [D] 3. [C] 4. [A] 5. [D]
6. [C] 7. [B] 8. [B] 9. [D] 10. [C]
Section II,Reading Comprehension (15 points)
11. [B] 12. [B] 13. [D] 14. [A] 15. [D]
16. [B] 17. [A] 18. [A] 19. [C] 20. [B]
21. [B] 22. [C] 23. [C] 24. [B] 25. [A]
Section III,Structure and Vocabulary (10 points)
26. [B] 27. [B] 28. [D] 29. [C] 30. [B]
31. [D] 32. [D] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [B]
Section IV,Close Test (10 points)
36. [C] 37. [C] 38. [A] 39. [D] 40. [B]
41. [A] 42. [D] 43. [B] 44. [C] 45. [A]
Section V,Verb Forms (10 points)
46. considered 47. hoping
48. (should) be given 49. missing
50. is intended 51. to have stayed
52. would succeed 53. Not knowing
54. writing 55. come
Section VI,Error-detection and Correction (10 points)
56. [D] a part-time 57. [D] for
58. [C] was 59. [B] luggage
60. [D] visiting them 61. [B] health
62. [D] and 63. [B] how to play
64. [D] it is colder 65. [D] identified
Section VII,Chinese-English Translation (15 points)
66. All those who work hard should be encouraged.
67. We sincerely hope that you give us an early reply.
68. Don’t feel discouraged even if you should fail in persuading him.
69. So far no correct conclusion has been drawn on the matter.
70. When you speak English,your pronunciation should be correct,Otherwise you can’t make yourself understood.
Section VIII,English-Chinese Translation (20 points)
71. 对我们来说，生活要是没有广大的城市地区似乎是不可想象的，但实际上城市还是比较按期才发展起来的。(2分)
72. 从历史上看，城市生活始终是文明的一个组成部分。(2分)
73. 如果没有城市的支持，简直难以想象会有大学，医院，大企业，甚至连科学技术也不会有。(3分)
74. 可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。(2分)
75. 但是，一个最主要的分歧意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去。(3分)
76. 同时也有人反对说，文化方面的进步，始终是以城市为中心而向外辐射的。(3分)
77. 诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。(2分)
78. 遗憾的是，过去我们在总目标方面意见是一致的，但涉及到各个具体目标时，意见就不一致，因而也就根本没有什么行动。(3分)
1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked,Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
EXAMPLE:
I was caught ________ the rain yesterday.
[A] in
[B] by
[C] with
[D] at
ANSWER,[A]
1. I didn’t buy the apples; she gave them to me ________ nothing.
[A] with
[B] as
[C] for
[D] by
2. It’s ________ my power to make final decision on the matter.
[A] off
[B] outside
[C] above
[D] beyond
3. I should say Henry is not ________ much a writer as a reporter.
[A] that
[B] so
[C] this
[D] as
4. I won’t pay 20 for the coat; it’s not worth ________.
[A] all that much
[B] that much all
[C] that all much
[D] much all that
5. He didn’t go into detail on the subject; he spoke ________.
[A] in common
[B] in general
[C] in particular
[D] in short
6. It’s true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer,We won’t take the new one,________,because we don’t feel as safe on it.
[A] somehow
[B] though
[C] therefore
[D] otherwise
7. When you are about through the story ________,try to make a guess how the plot will develop.
[A] half
[B] midway
[C] halfway
[D] one-half
8. Though already a teenager,Peter still finds it hard to ________ his favorite toys.
[A] part off
[B] part with
[C] part away
[D] part from
9. Strenuous efforts have been made to ________ government expenses to a desirable level.
[A] cut down
[B] cut short
[C] cut out
[D] cut off
10. When at a party,be sure not to ________ from the person who tries to engage you in conversation.
[A] turn down
[B] turn away
[C] turn off
[D] turn back
11. The survival ________ of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins.
[A] rate
[B] degree
[C] ratio
[D] scale
12. He was ________ admittance to the theatre for not being properly dressed.
[A] denied
[B] rejected
[C] repelled
[D] deprived
13. When I ask you a question,I expect a ________ answer.
[A] punctual
[B] fast
[C] rapid
[D] prompt
14. If a man is legally separated from his wife,is he still ________ for her debts?
[A] answerable
[B] chargeable
[C] recoverable
[D] payable
15. At the meeting,Roland argued ________ in favor of the proposal.
[A] severely
[B] heavily
[C] forcefully
[D] warmly
Section II,Reading Comprehension
Each of the three passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers,Read the passages carefully and chose the best answer to each of the questions,Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(20 points)
Text 1
It doesn’t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can’t remember it,You just waste your valuable time,Maybe you have already discovered some clever ways to keep yourself from forgetting.
One dependable aid that does help you remember what you study is to have a specific purpose or reason for reading,You remember better what you read when you know why you’re reading.
Why does a clerk in a store go away and leave you when your reply to her offer to help is,“No,thank you,I’m just looking”? Both you and she know that if you aren’t sure what you want,you are not likely to find it,But suppose you say instead,“Yes,thank you,I want a pair of sun glasses.” She says,“Right this way,please.” And you and she are off -- both eager to look for exactly what you want.
It’s quite the same with your studying,If you chose a book at random,“just looking” for nothing in particular,you are likely to get just that -- nothing,But if you do know what you want,and if you have the right book,you are almost sure to get it,Your reasons will vary; they will include reading or studying,to find out more about”,“to understand the reasons for”,“to find out how”,A good student has a clear purpose or reason for what he is doing.
This is the way it works,Before you start to study,you say to yourself something like this,“I want to know why Stephen Vincent Benet happened to write about America,I’m reading this article to find out.” Or,“I’m going to skim this story to see what life was like in medieval England.” Because you know why you are reading or studying,you relate the information to your purpose and remember it better.
Reading is not one single activity,At least two important processes go on at the same time,As you read,you take in ideas rapidly and accurately,But at the same time you express your own ideas to yourself as you react to what you read,You have a kind of mental conversation with the author,If you expressed your ideas orally,they might sound like this:,Yes,I agree,That’s my opinion too.” or,Ummmm,I thought that record was broken much earlier,I’d better check those dates,” or,But there are some other facts to be considered!” You don’t just sit there taking in ideas -- you do something else,and that something else is very important.
This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it,relating it to what you already know,and using it for your own purposes,In other words,a good reader is a critical reader,One part of critical reading,as you have discovered,is distinguishing between facts and opinions,Facts can be checked by evidence,Opinions are one’s own personal reactions.
Another part of critical reading is judging sources,Still another part is drawing accurate inferences.
16. If you cannot remember what you read or study,________.
[A] it is no surprise
[B] it means you have not really learned anything
[C] it means you have not chosen the right book
[D] you realize it is of no importance
17. Before you start reading,it is important ________.
[A] to make sure why you are reading
[B] to relate the information to your purpose
[C] to remember what you read
[D] to choose an interesting book
18. Reading activity involves ________.
[A] only two simultaneous processes
[B] primarily learning about ideas and evaluating them critically
[C] merely distinguishing between facts and opinions
[D] mainly drawing accurate inferences
19. A good reader is one who ________.
[A] relates what he reads to his own knowledge about the subject matter
[B] does lots of thinking in his reading
[C] takes a critical attitude in his reading
[D] is able to check the facts presented against what he has already known
Text 2
If you live in a large city,you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise,but because of some of its harmful effects,you may not be aware of the extent of its influence on human behavior,Although everyone more or less knows what noise is,i.e.,it is sounds that one would rather not hear,it is perhaps best to define it more precisely for scientific purposes,One such definition is that noise is sounds that are unrelated to the task at hand,Thus stimuli that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise,depending on what one is doing at the moment,In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects of noise on human behavior,and concepts such as,noise pollution” have arisen,together with movements to reduce noise.
Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing,depending on the intensity,duration,and frequency composition of the noise,Many jobs present noise hazards,such as working in factories and around jet aircraft,driving farm tractors,and working (or sitting) in music halls where rock bands are playing,In general,continuous exposure to sounds of over 80 decibels (a measure of the loudness of sound) can be considered dangerous,Decibel values correspond to various sounds,Sounds above about 85 decibels may,if exposure is for a sufficient period of time,produce significant hearing loss,Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is exposed,and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.
Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks,for instance,if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance,in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind (e.g.,watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).
Communicating with other people is unfavorably affected by noise,If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport,you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first,and that,eventually,you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect,The problem is noise.
20. Noise differs from sound in that ________.
[A] it is sounds that interfere with the task being done
[B] it is a special type of loud sound
[C] it is usually unavoidable in big cities
[D] it can be defined more precisely than the latter
21. One of the harmful effects of noise on human performance is that ________.
[A] it reduces one’s sensitivity
[B] it renders the victim helpless
[C] it deprives one of the enjoyment of music
[D] it drowns out conversations at worksites
22. The purpose of this passage is ________.
[A] to define the effects of noise on human behavior
[B] to warn people of the danger of noise pollution
[C] to give advice as to how to prevent hearing loss
[D] to tell the difference between noise and sound
Text 3
The traditional belief that a woman’s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions,It is said that it is a woman’s task to care for the children,but families today tend to be small and with a year or two between children,Thus a woman’s whole period of childbearing may occur within five years,Furthermore,with compulsory education from the age of five or six her role as chief educator of her children soon ceases,Thus,even if we agree that a woman should stay at home to look after her children before they are of school age,for many women,this period would extend only for about ten years.
It might be argued that the house-proud woman would still find plenty to do about the home,That may be so,but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking,cleaning,mending and sewing,Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry,the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes,Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many pre-cooked foods are obtainable in tins,Shopping,instead of being a daily task,can be completed in one day a week,The new man-made fibers are more hardwiring than natural fibers and greatly reduce mending,while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful.
Apart from women’s own happiness,the needs of the community must be considered,Modern society cannot do well without the contribution that women can make in professions and other kinds of work,There is a serious shortage of nurses and teachers,to mention only two of the occupations followed by women,It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession,The training,it is true,will help her in duties as a mother,but if she continued to work,her service would be more widely useful,Many factories and shops,too,are largely staffed by women,many of them married,While here the question of training is not so important,industry and trade would be seriously short of staff if married women did not work.
23. The author holds that ________.
[A] the right place for all women,married or otherwise,is the home,not elsewhere
[B] all married women should have some occupation outside the home
[C] a married woman should give first priority to her duties as a mother
[D] it is desirable for uneducated married women to stay at home and take care of the family
24. A house-proud woman ________.
[A] would devote her whole life to her family
[B] would take her own happiness and that of her family as her chief concern
[C] would still need some special training at public expense to help her in her duties as a housewife
[D] would take full advantage of modern household appliances
25. According to the author,modern society ________.
[A] can operate just as well even without women participation
[B] has been greatly hampered in its development by the shortage of women nurses and women teachers
[C] cannot operate properly without the contribution of women
[D] will be seriously affected by the continuing shortage of working women in heavy industries and international trade
Section III,Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A],[B],[C],and [D],Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,Read the whole passage before making your choice,(10 points)
In 1620,a small sailboat named the Mayflower left England for the New World,The Mayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia,Its one hundred passengers were the Pilgrims,They were looking for a place where they could worship God __26__,Because of strong winds and severe storms,the Mayflower lost its __27__,The brave group of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620,It was the middle of the stern northern winter,__28__ months of starvation,disease,and death were ahead of them,Only the strongest of the pilgrims __29__ that winter,Many women gave their own pitiful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves,Living __30__ began to improve in the spring of 1621,There were wild vegetables,There were berries and fruit,Fish and game were plentiful,Therefore,they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing,The colonists’ health __31__ with the warm weather and their better diet.
In the fall,they look back __32__ the past year,They were both regretful and thankful,Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained,The price in human life and tragedy had been great,On the other hand,they saw new hope for the future,A splendid harvest was __33__ them,They were ready for the second winter with confidence,They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter,Seven were for families,and four were for communal use,__34__,they had established a treaty of friendship with their Indian neighbors under Chief Massasoit in the summer.
The woods and forests became safe,When the Mayflower returned to England that summer,there were no colonists __35__,At the end of their first year in their new home,the Pilgrims wanted to celebrate with a real holiday,It was their first Thanks giving Day.
26. [A] in their own style
[B] in their own way
[C] on their own
[D] of their own
27. [A] course
[B] route
[C] passage
[D] channel
28. [A] Uncomfortable
[B] Bad
[C] Unfavourable
[D] Terrible
29. [A] passed
[B] sustained
[C] survived
[D] spent
30. [A] situations
[B] environments
[C] conditions
[D] circumstances
31. [A] strengthened
[B] regained
[C] recovered
[D] improved
32. [A] in
[B] of
[C] over
[D] at
33. [A] on
[B] behind
[C] for
[D] beyond
34. [A] Best of all
[B] For the best
[C] To their best
[D] All in all
35. [A] ashore
[B] around
[C] about
[D] aboard
Section IV,Error-detection and Correction
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts,These parts are labeled [A],[B],[C] and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,Then,without altering the meaning of the sentence,write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
You’ve to hurry up if you want to buy something because [A] there’s [B] hardly something [C] left,[D]
ANSWER,[C] anything
36. The union and the management are having such a difficult [A] time agreeing [B] on a contract for [C] the forthcoming year that the workers may go on strike [D].
37. He got up,walked across [A] the room,and with [B] a sharp quick movement flung [C] the door widely open,[D]
38. His victory in the final [A] was no more [B] convinced [C] than I had expected,[D]
39. Because there are less [A] members present tonight than [B] there were [C] last night,we must wait until the next voting,[D]
40. We’ve given him just [A] about everything he asked; [B] whatever else [C] can [D] he want?
41. In note-taking [A],a strict discipline has to be kept [B] and all inessential details ignored [C] unnecessary words eliminated,[D]
42. When the tank car carried [A] the poisonous gas ran off [B] the rails,the firemen tried to isolate the village from [C] all traffic,[D]
43. To be [A] frank,that [B] is a great relief to have the task fulfilled [C] in so short a time,[D]
44. At [A] a minimum,the negotiators are hoping of achieving [B] an agreement in principle,[C] with details to be worked out [D] later.
45. It is encouraging [A] to note [B] that in recent years,cigarette smokers have been in the decline [C],especially among older [D] people.
Section V,Verbs Forms
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the brackets,Put your answer in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
It is highly desirable that a new president ________ (appointed) for this college.
ANSWER,(should) be appointed
46. In the Middle Ages,in Rome,Venice and other Italian cities,there developed an intellectual movement (call) humanism,which was the basis of the Renaissance.
47. If law and order (be) not preserved,neither the citizen nor his property is safe.
48. The colonel was decorated for bravery,(fight) off the enemy.
49. It’s quite obvious that Paul won’t sell his business now that he’s got it (run) so well.
50. (Not wish) to disturb his baby sister,he tiptoed into the room.
51. I happened (talk) with him when he was hit by a ball and collapsed.
52. The applicants (interview) are required to bring all the necessary papers.
53. Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened,otherwise he (not make) such a stupid remark.
54. Such (be) the case,there are no grounds to justify your complaints.
55. The car shows no signs of (repair); it looks like a new one.
Section VI,Chinese-English Translation
Translate the following sentence into English,(15 points)
56. 恶劣的天气使他无法按时动身去北京。
57. 请先把事故的原因查清楚再向主任汇报。
58. 直到演出已经开始，他才匆匆赶到。
59. 经当地政府批准后，他们取消了原定的项目。
60. 他听到这意外消息，吃惊得连一句话也说不出来。
Section VII,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Translate the following passage into Chinese,Only the underlined sentences are to be translated,(20 points)
Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm,the receptionist was efficient.
Stylishly dressed,the firm’s newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a natural charm that put clients at ease,The company was pleased,(61) Clearly,this was a person who took considerable pride in personal appearance,David King,the receptionist,is unusual,but by no means unique,(62) Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men,all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women,The number of men in women-dominated fields is still small and they haven’t attracted the attention that has often followed women advancing into male-dominated fields,but men are moving into more and more jobs that have traditionally been held by women.
Strictly speaking,the phenomenon is not new,For the past several decades,men have been quietly entering fields such as nursing,social work and elementary education,But today no job seems off-limits,Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes,(63) These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and women can do -- but they also produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women.
What kinds of men venture into these so-called,women’s fields”? All kinds,(64),I don’t know of any definite answers I’d be comfortable with,” explains Joseph Pleck,Ph.D.,of the Wellesley College Centre for Research on Women.
Sam Ormont,for example,a thirty-year-old nurse at a Boston hospital,went into nursing because the army had trained him as a medical worker,(65),I found that work very interesting.” he recalled,“and when I got out of the service it just seemed natural for me to go into something medical,I wasn’t really interested in becoming a doctor.” Thirty-five-year-old David King,an out-of-work actor,found a job as a receptionist because he was having trouble landing roles in Broadway plays and he needed to pay the rent.
(66) In other words,men enter,female” jobs out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work,But similarities often end there,Men in female-dominated jobs are conspicuous,As a group,their work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues,and they are frequently treated differently by the people with whom they are in professional contact.
The question naturally arises,Why are there still approximately ninety-nine female secretaries for every one male? There is also a more serious issue,Most men don’t want to be receptionists,nurses,secretaries or sewing workers,Put simply,these are not generally considered very masculine jobs,(67) To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule.
“There was kidding in the beginning,” recalls Ormont.,Kids coming from school ask what I am,and when I say ‘A nurse,’ they laugh at me,I just smile and say,‘You know,there are female doctors,too.’”
Still,there are encouraging signs,Years ago,male grade school teachers were as rare as male nurses,Today more than one elementary school teacher in six is male.
(68) Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix of men and women -- or when the mention of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows? It’s probably coming -- but not very soon.
1988年参考答案
I,Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)
1. [C] 2. [D] 3. [B] 4. [A] 5. [C]
6. [B] 7. [C] 8. [B] 9. [A] 10. [C]
11. [A] 12. [A] 13. [D] 14. [A] 15. [C]
II,Reading Comprehension (20 points)
16. [B] 17. [A] 18. [B] 19. [C] 20. [A]
21. [A] 22. [A] 23. [B] 24. [D] 25. [C]
III,Cloze Test (10 points)
26. [B] 27. [A] 28. [D] 29. [C] 30. [C]
31. [D] 32. [C] 33. [B] 34. [A] 35. [D]
IV,Error-detection and Correction (10 points)
36. [A] such a difficult 37. [D] wide open
38. [C] convincing 39. [A] fewer
40. [B] asked for 41. [B] kept to
42. [A] carrying 43. [B] it
44. [B] hoping to achieve 45. [C] on the decline
V,Verb Forms (10 points)
46. called 47. is
48. having fought 49. running
50. Not wishing 51. to be talking
52. to be interviewed 53. wouldn’t have made
54. being 55. having been repaired
VI,Chinese-English Translation (15 points)
56. Bad weather prevented him from starting out for Beijing on time.
57. Please make sure of the cause of the accident and then report to the director.
58. He arrived in a hurry after the performance had already started.
59. With the approval of the local government,they cancelled the original project.
60. Upon hearing the unexpected news,he was so surprised that he couldn’t utter a word.
VII,English-Chinese Translation (20 points)
61. 他显然，他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。
62. 正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样，秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。
63. 这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法，但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些的男人来说，无疑也带来一些问题。
64. 我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案。
65. 他回忆说：“我觉得那种工作十分有趣，当我退役时，对我来说，去干某种医务工作，似乎是极其自然的。”
66. 换句话说，男人干起了“女人干的”工作，其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样，既出于个人的兴趣，也出于经济上需要的考虑。
67. 选定这一类工作是会惹人笑话的。
68. 我们是否能预见到这么一天：那时当秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时，人们不会再感到吃惊?
1989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked,Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
EXAMPLE:
I was caught ________ the rain yesterday.
[A] in
[B] by
[C] with
[D] at
ANSWER,[A]
1. Modern man faces dangers completely unknown ________ his predecessors.
[A] for
[B] to
[C] of
[D] by
2. The chances of seeing a helicopter in my hometown are one ________ a million.
[A] for
[B] to
[C] in
[D] against
3. ________ we have all the materials ready,we should begin the new task at once.
[A] Since that
[B] Since now
[C] By now
[D] Now that
4. We hope the measures to control prices,________ taken by the government,will succeed.
[A] when
[B] as
[C] since
[D] after
5. The historical events of that period are arranged ________.
[A] in alphabetical order
[B] in an alphabetical order
[C] in the alphabetical orders
[D] in alphabetical orders
6. In some markets there may be only one seller,________ is called a monopoly.
[A] Situation as this
[B] Such kind of situation
[C] Such a situation
[D] A situation of this
7. He is ________ to speak the truth.
[A] too much of a coward
[B] too much a coward
[C] so much a coward
[D] so much of a coward
8. He always gives ________ to his wife’s demands and does whatever she tells him to.
[A] up
[B] away
[C] in
[D] out
9. It’s ________ in the regulations that you can take 20 kilos of luggage with you.
[A] laid upon
[B] laid out
[C] laid up
[D] laid down
10. Look at all the corruption that’s going on,It’s time the city was ________.
[A] cleaned out
[B] cleaned down
[C] cleaned away
[D] cleaned up
11. Though he did not say so directly,the inspector ________ the man was guilty.
[A] declared
[B] implied
[C] disclosed
[D] said
12. The Prime Minister refused to ________ on the rumour that he had planned to resign.
[A] explain
[B] comment
[C] remark
[D] talk
13. I asked the tailor to make a small ________ to my trousers because they were too long.
[A] change
[B] variation
[C] revision
[D] alteration
14. Magnificent views over the countryside have often ________ people to write poems.
[A] excited
[B] inspired
[C] induced
[D] attracted
15. The food was divided ________ according to the age and size of the children.
[A] equally
[B] proportionately
[C] sufficiently
[D] adequately
Section II,Reading Comprehension
Each of the three passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers,Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(20 points)
Test 1
A scientist once said:,I have concluded that the earth is being visited by intelligently controlled vehicles from outer space.”
If we take this as a reasonable explanation for UFOs (unidentified flying objects),questions immediately come up.
“Why don’t they get in touch with us,then? Why don’t they land right on the White House lawn and declare themselves?” people asked.
In reply,scientists say that,while this may be what we want,it may not necessarily be what they want.
“The most likely explanation,it seems to me,” said Dr,Mead,“is that they are simply watching what we are up to -- that responsible society outside our solar system is keeping an eye on us to see that we don’t set in motion a chain reaction that might have unexpected effects for outside our solar system.”
Opinions from other scientists might go like this:,Why should they want to get in touch with us? We may feel we’re more important than we really are! They may want to observe us only and not interfere with the development of our civilization,They may not care if we see them but they also may not care to say ‘hello’.”
Some scientists have also suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife reserve,Just as we set aside wilderness areas and wildlife reserves to allow animals and growing things to develop naturally while we observe them,so perhaps Earth was set aside ages ago for the same purpose.
Are we being observed by intelligent beings from other civilizations in the universe? Are they watching our progress in space travel? Do we live in a gigantic,zoo” observed by our,keepers,” but having no communication with them?
Never before in our history have we had to confront ideas like these,The simple fact is that we,who have always regarded ourselves as supreme in the universe,may not be so,Now we have to recognize that,among the stars in the heavens,there may very well be worlds inhabited by beings who are to us as we are to ants.
16. People who ask the question,Why don’t they get in touch with us..,and declare themselves?” think that ________.
[A] there are no such things as UFOs
[B] UFOs are visitors from solar system
[C] there’s no reason for UFOs sooner or later
[D] we are bound to see UFOs sooner or later
17. According to Dr,Mead,the attitude of beings from outer space toward us is one of ________.
[A] unfriendliness
[B] suspicion
[C] superiority
[D] hostility
18. The tone of the writer is that of ________.
[A] doubt
[B] warning
[C] indifference
[D] criticism
Test 2
The use of the motor is becoming more and more widespread in the twentieth century; as an increasing number of countries develop both technically and economically,so a larger proportion of the world’s population is able to buy and use a car,Possessing a car gives a much greater degree of mobility,enabling the driver to move around freely,The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport and is,therefore,not compelled to work locally,He can choose from different jobs and probably changes his work more frequently as he is not restricted to a choice within a small radius,Travelling to work by car is also more comfortable than having to use public transport; the driver can adjust the heating in winter and the air conditioning in the summer to suit his own needs and preference,There is no irritation caused by waiting for trains,buses or underground trains,standing in long patient queues,or sitting on windy platforms,for as long as half an hour sometimes,With the building of good,fast motorways long distances can be covered rapidly and pleasantly,For the first time in this century also,many people are now able to enjoy their leisure time to the full by making trips to the country or seaside at the weekends,instead of being confined to their immediate neighbourhood,This feeling of independence,and the freedom to go where you please,is perhaps the greatest advantage of the car.
When considering the drawbacks,perhaps pollution is of prime importance,As more and more cars are produced and used,so the emission from their exhaust-pipes contains an ever larger volume of poisonous gas,Some of the contents of this gas,such as lead,not only pollute the atmosphere but cause actual harm to the health of people,Many of the minor illnesses of modern industrial society,headaches,tiredness,and stomach upsets are thought to arise from breathing polluted air; doctors’ surgeries are full of people suffering from illnesses caused by pollution,It is also becoming increasingly difficult to deal with the problem of traffic in towns; most of the important cities of the world suffer from traffic congestion,In fact any advantage gained in comfort is often cancelled out in city driving by the frustration caused by traffic jams,endless queues of cars crawling one after another through all the main streets,As an increasing number of traffic regulation schemes are devised,the poor bewildered driver finds himself diverted and forced into one-way systems which cause even greater delays than the traffic jams they are supposed to prevent,The mounting cost of petrol and the increased license fees and road tax all add to the driver’s worries,In fact,he must sometimes wonder if the motor car is such a blessing and not just a menace.
19. More and more people can afford to buy and use cars because ________.
[A] an increasing number of cars are being produced
[B] the cost of cars is getting cheaper with the development of technology
[C] lots of countries have become more developed
[D] the use of cars has proved to be more economical
20. The advantages of having a car are best experienced in the driver’s ________.
[A] freedom in choosing his job
[B] comfort during the travels
[C] enjoyment of his leisure time
[D] feeling of self-reliance
21. What is considered by the writer as the greatest menace to the people caused by the widespread use of motor cars?
[A] air pollution
[B] traffic jams
[C] fatal diseases
[D] high cost
Test 3
Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent,It is nothing for a big,strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus,much less stand up and offer his seat to her,as he ought,In fact,it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman,it is nearly always a Continental man or one from the older generation.
This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men,who say that,since women have claimed equality,they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else,Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men,Even if it is not agreed,however,that young men should stand up for younger women,the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old,the sick and the burdened,Are we really so lost to all ideals of unselfishness that we can sit there indifferently reading the paper or a book,saying to ourselves,First come,first served,” while a grey-haired woman,a mother with a young child or a cripple stands? Yet this is all too often seen.
Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone,we know,but hardship is surely no excuse,Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behaviour of these stout young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prison-camp during the War,Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then?
Older people,tired and irritable from a day’s work,are not angels,either -- far from it,Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each other to get on buses and tubes,One cannot commend this,of course,but one does feel there is just a little more excuse.
If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all,however,it seems imperative,not only that communications in transport should be improved,but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite,All over cities,it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite,Shop assistants won’t bother to assist,taxi drivers growl at each other as they dash dangerously round corners,bus conductor pull the bell before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus,and so on and so on,It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration.
22. From what you have read,would you expect manners to improve among people ________?
[A] who are physically weak or crippled
[B] who once lived in a prison-camp during the War
[C] who live in big modern cities
[D] who live only in metropolitan cities
23. What is the writer’s opinion concerning courteous manners towards women?
[A] Now that women have claimed equality,they no longer need to be treated differently from men.
[B] It is generally considered old-fashioned for young men to give up their seats to young women.
[C],Lady First” should be universally practiced.
[D] Special consideration ought to be shown them.
24. According to the author communication between human beings would be smoother if ________.
[A] people were more considerate towards each other
[B] people were not so tired and irritable
[C] women were treated with more courtesy
[D] public transport could be improved
25. What is the possible meaning of the word,deterioration” in the last paragraph?
[A] worsening of general situation
[B] lowering of moral standards
[C] declining of physical constitution
[D] spreading of evil conduct
Section III,Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,Read the whole passage before making your choice,(10 points)
One day drought may be a thing of the past at least in coastal cities,Vast areas of desert throughout the world may for the first time __26__ and provide millions of hectares of land where now nothing grows.
By the end of this century this may not be mere __27__,Scientists are already looking into the possibility of using some of the available ice in the Arctic and Antarctic,In these regions there are vast ice-caps formed by snow that has fallen over the past 50,000 years,Layer __28__ layer of deep snow means that,when melted,the snow water would be pure,not salty as sea-ice would be,There is so much __29__ pure water here that it would need only a fraction of it to turn much of the desert or poorly irrigated parts of the world into rich farmland,And what useful packages it would come in! It should be possible to cut off a bit of ice and transport it! Alternatively perhaps a passing iceberg could be __30__,They are always breaking away from the main caps and floating around,pushed by currents,until they eventually melt and are wasted.
Many icebergs are,of course,far too small to be towed __31__ distance,and would melt before they reached a country that needed them anywhere,It would be necessary to locate one that was __32__ and that was big enough to provide a good supply of ice when it reached us,Engineers think that an iceberg up to seven miles long and one and a half miles wide could be transported if the tug pulling it was as big as a supertanker! Even then they would cover only twenty miles every day,However,__33__ the iceberg was at its destination,more that 7,000 million cubic metres of water could be taken from it! That would probably be more than enough for any medium-sized city even in the hottest summer! But no doubt a use could be found for it,__34__,scientist say,there would not be too much wastage in such a journey,The larger the iceberg,the slower it melts,even if it is towed through the tropics,This is because when the sun has a bigger area to warm __35__,less heat actually gets into the iceberg,The vast frozen centre would be unaffected.
26. [A] come to life
[B] come into existence
[C] come into activity
[D] come round
27. [A] speculation
[B] imagination
[C] computation
[D] expectation
28. [A] above
[B] of
[C] upon
[D] over
29. [A] essential
[B] potential
[C] claimable
[D] obtainable
30. [A] seized
[B] snatched
[C] grabbed
[D] captured
31. [A] much
[B] any
[C] some
[D] certain
32. [A] manageable
[B] manipulative
[C] operable
[D] controllable
33. [A] after
[B] while
[C] since
[D] once
34. [A] Apparently
[B] Noticeably
[C] Distinctly
[D] Notably
35. [A] round
[B] over
[C] up
[D] through
Section IV,Error-detection and Correction
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts,These parts are labeled [A],[B],[C] and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,Then,without altering the meaning of the sentence,write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
You have to hurry up if you want to buy something because [A] there’s [B] hardly something [C] left,[D]
ANSWER,[C] anything
36. No [A] bank keeps enough [B] cash paying [C] all its depositors in full [D] at one time.
37. Magazines [A] provide the [B] great variety of advertisements [C] and entertainment as well as [D] information.
38. If it doesn’t [A] rain within [B] the next few weeks,the crops [C] will have to be watered if they are to be survived,[D]
39. This is the most important respect which [A] civilized man [B] can be distinguished from [C] primitive communities,[D]
40. As [A] a bad-tempered man,he would not tolerate [B] having his lectures interrupted as if [C] he were some obscure candidate making [D] an election speech.
41. If you were [A] awarded a prize of ten thousand dollars,what would you do with [B] it if you had [C] to spend [D] in a day?
42. The boy is constantly being told [A] not to scratch the paint off [B] the all,but he goes on to do [C] it all the same,[D]
43. The parcel you post must be well packed [A],Inadequate packing can mean [B] delay,damage or [C] loss at your expenses,[D]
44. The radio was of so [A] inferior quality that [B] I took it back [C] and asked for a better one,[D]
45. I can listen to Bruckner for [A] hours without getting bored,but if you haven’t heard [B] much of his music before,you may find [C] it takes some getting used,[D]
Section V,Verb Forms
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given the brackets,Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
It is highly desirable that a new president ________ (appointed) for this college.
ANSWER,(should) be appointed
46. Byron is said (live) on vinegar and potatoes.
47. You (leave) a note,It was very inconsiderate of you to do so.
48. If the horse won today,he (win) thirty races in five years.
49. Upon being questioned he denied (write) the article.
50. I was so sick last night that I felt as if the room (go) round.
51. Nowadays people usually prefer driving to (drive).
52. I hope her health (improve) greatly by the time we come back next year.
53. While we were in London that year,the London Bridge (repair).
54. Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man’s bed,He must have done nothing but (drink).
55. Ford tried dividing the labour,each worker (assign) a separate task.
Section VI,Chinese-English
Translate the following sentences into English,(15 points)
56. 请乘客们系好安全带，以防碰伤。
57. 除非安装一条新的装配线，否则提高产量是没有指望的。
58. 有人提出，暑假期间安排一次到海南岛的考察旅行。
59. 为了把课文中的难点解释清楚，他举了许多例子。
60. 护士们通常毕生致力于照顾病人。
Section VII,English-Chinese Translation
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the sentences in heavy type into Chinese,(20 points)
When Jane Matheson started work at Advanced Electronics Inc,12 years ago,(61) she laboured over a microscope,hand-welding tiny electronic computers and turned out 18 per hour,Now she tends the computerized machinery that turns out high capacity memory chips at the rate of 2,600 per hour,Production is up,profits are up,her income is up and Mrs,Matheson says the work is far less strain on her eyes.
But the most significant effect of the changes at AEI was felt by the workers who are no longer there,Before the new computerized equipment was introduced,there were 940 workers at the plant,Now there are 121,(62) A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages,Nearly half finally settled for lower pay and more than 13% are still out of work,The AEI example is only one of hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology,but leave the majority of their workers behind.
(63) Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down,the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century,One corporation economist says the growth of,machine job replacement” has been with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution,but never at the pace it is now,The human costs will be astonishing,(64),It’s humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back,but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.” Some workers,like Jane Matheson,are retrained to handle the new equipment,but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a new,and invariably smaller set of workers,(65) The old workers,trapped by their limited skills,often never regain their old status and employment,Many drift into marginal areas,They feel no pride in their new work,They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable,but still they are luckier than those who never find it.
(66) The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government,Unemployment increases the chances of divorce,child abuse,and alcoholism,a new federal survey shows,Some experts say the problem is only temporary..,that new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it destroys,(67) But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done.,We should treat this as an opportunity to give people more leisure,It may not be easy,but society will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor,” Seymour says,He predicts most people will work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century,But the concern of the unemployed is for now,(68) Federally funded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way,but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology,For the next few years,for a substantial portion of the workforce,times are going to be very tough indeed.
1989年参考答案
I,Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)
1. [B] 2. [C] 3. [D] 4. [B] 5. [A]
6. [C] 7. [A] 8. [C] 9. [D] 10. [D]
11. [B] 12. [B] 13. [D] 14. [B] 15. [B]
II,Reading Comprehension (20 points)
16. [A] 17. [B] 18. [D] 19. [C] 20. [D]
21. [A] 22. [C] 23. [D] 24. [A] 25. [B]
III,Cloze Test (10 points)
26. [A] 27. [A] 28. [C] 29. [B] 30. [D]
31. [B] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [A] 35. [C]
IV,Error-detection and Correction (10 points)
36. [C] to pay 37. [B] a
38. [D] to survive 39. [A] in which
40. [A] Being 41. [D] to spend it
42. [C] doing 43. [D] expense
44. [A] such 45. [D] getting used to
V,Verb Forms (10 points)
46. to have lived 47. should have left
48. would/should have won 49. having written
50. were/was going 51. being driven
52. will have improved 53. was being repaired
54. drink 55. assigned
VI,Chinese-English Translation (15 points)
56. All travellers are advised to fasten their safety-belts to avoid being bumped.
57. No increase in output can be expected unless a new assembly line is installed.
58. It is suggested that an exploration tour to the Hainan Island (should) be arranged during the summer vacation.
59. He gave lots of examples in order to get the difficult points in the text fully explained.
60. Nurses often devote their whole lives to tending the sick.
VII,English-Chinese Translation (20 points)
61. 她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好18个。
62. 一家工厂的跟踪调查表明，被解雇的工人中一年后只有38%的人找到了与原工资相等或优于原工资的工作。
63. 它（新技术的采用导致失业上升）一开始被全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业所掩盖，但到20世纪末，新技术所引起的失业问题可能会构成对社会经济的巨大挑战。
64. 被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新的工作。
65. 老工人由于处于技术掌握得很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会。
66. 要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支。
67. 未来学家海曼?西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力将出现一个绝对的和直接的净减数。
68. 为失业工人提供的由联邦政府帮助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但专家中几乎没有认为这些计划能跟得上新技术的发展步伐。
1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked,Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
EXAMPLE:
I was caught ________ the rain yesterday.
[A] in
[B] by
[C] with
[D] at
ANSWER,[A]
l. Those two families have been quarrelling ________ each other for many years.
[A] to
[B] between
[C] against
[D] with
2. There are many things whose misuse is dangerous,bur it is hard to think of anything that can be compared ________ tobacco products.
[A] in
[B] with
[C] among
[D] by
3. “How often have you seen cases like this?” one surgeon asked another.,Oh,________ times,I guess,” was the reply.
[A] hundred of
[B] hundreds
[C] hundreds of
[D] hundred
4. Give me your telephone number ________ I need your help.
[A] whether
[B] unless
[C] so that
[D] in case
5. You sang well last night,We hope you’ll sing ________.
[A] more better
[B] still better
[C] nicely
[D] best
6. Those people ________ a general understanding of the present situation.
[A] lack of
[B] are lacking of
[C] lack
[D] are in lack
7. Alone in a desert house,he was so busy with his research work that he felt ________ lonely.
[A] nothing but
[B] anything but
[C] all but
[D] everything but
8. Grace ________ tears when she heard the sad news.
[A] broke in
[B] broke into
[C] broke off
[D] broke through
9. She refused to ________ the car keys to her husband until he had promised to wear his safety belt.
[A] hand in
[B] hand out
[C] hand down
[D] down
10. Michael found it difficult to get his British jokes ________ to American audiences.
[A] around
[B] over
[C] across
[D] down
11. The book contained a large ________ of information.
[A] deal
[B] amount
[C] number
[D] sum
12. Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable ________ to the total cost of the product.
[A] proportion
[B] correlation
[C] connection
[D] correspondence
13. When she saw the clouds she went back to the house to ________ her umbrella.
[A] carry
[B] fetch
[C] bring
[D] reach
14. We must ________ that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.
[A] assure
[B] secure
[C] ensure
[D] issue
15. He was knocked down by a car and badly ________.
[A] injured
[B] damaged
[C] harmed
[D] ruined
Section II,Reading Comprehension
Each of the three passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers,Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(20 points)
Text 1
In May l989,space shuttle,Atlantis” released in outer space the space probe,Megallan,” which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus,A new phase in space exploration has begun.
The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth; it is the only other object in the solar system,in fact,that even comes close to earth’s size,Venus has a similar density,so it is probably made of approximately the same stuff,and it has an atmosphere,complete with clouds,It is also the closest planet to earth,and thus the most similar in distance from the sun,In short,Venus seems to justify its long-held nickname of,earth’s twin.”
The surface temperature of Venus reaches some 900F,Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about 90 times Earth’s,High overhead in the carbon dioxide (CO2) that passes for air is a layer of clouds,perhaps 10 to 20 miles thick,whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (H2SO4),Water is all but nonexistent.
Born with so many fundamental similarities to earth,how did Venus get to be so radically different,It is not just an academic matter,For all its extremes,Venus is a valuable laboratory for researchers studying the weather and climate of earth,It has no earth’s oceans,so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified,In addition,the planet Venus takes 243 earth-days to turn once on its axis,so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely,observable pace.
16. Venus is similar to Earth in ________.
[A] size and density
[B] distance from the sun
[C] having atmosphere
[D] all of the above
17. The greatest value in studying Venus should be to ________.
[A] allow us to visit there
[B] understand Earth better
[C] find a new source of energy
[D] promote a new space program
18. The main idea of this passage is about ________.
[A] problems of space travel
[B] scientific methods in space exploration
[C] the importance of Venus to Earth
[D] conditions on Venus
Text 2
Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome’s main avenues,Italy’s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been even more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome.
Shouting slogans,waving flags and dancing to drumbeats,the women had come to the capital from all over Italy to demonstrate for,a job for each of us,a different type of job,and a society without violence.” So far,action to improve women’s opportunities in employment has been the province of collective industrial bargaining.,But there is a growing awareness that this is not enough,” says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for the Development of Professional Training for Workers.
Women,who constitute 52 per cent of Italy’s population,today represent only 35 per cent of Italy’s total workforce and 33 per cent of the total number of Italians with jobs,However,their presence in the workplace is growing,The employment of women is expanding considerably in services,next to the public administration and commerce as their principal workplace,Official statistics also show that women have also made significant strides in self-employment,More and more women are going into business for themselves,Many young women are turning to business because of the growing overall in employment,It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared,so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman.
Such changes are occurring in the professions too,The number of women doctors,dentists,lawyers,engineers and university professors increased two to three fold,Some of the changes are immediately visible,For example,women have appeared on the scene for the first time as state police,railway workers and street cleaner.
However,the present situation is far from satisfactory though some progress has been made,A breakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demanded.
19. The expression,snake through central Rome” probably means,to move ________
[A] quietly through central Rome.”
[B] violently through central Rome.”
[C] in a long winding line through central Rome.”
[D] at a leisurely pace through central Rome.”
20. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
[A] There are more women than men in Italy.
[B] In Italy,women are chiefly employed in services.
[C] In Italy,women are still at a disadvantage in employment.
[D] In Italy,about two-thirds of the jobs are held by men.
21. About 200,000 women in Rome demonstrated for ________.
[A] more job opportunities
[B] a greater variety of jobs
[C],equal job,equal pay”
[D] both A and B
22. The best title for this passage would be ________.
[A] The Role of Women is Society
[B] Women Demonstrate for Equality in Employment
[C] Women as Self-employed Professionals
[D] Women and the Jobs Market
Text 3
The old idea that talented children,burn themselves out” in the early years,and,therefore,are subjected to failure and at worst,mental illness is unfounded,As a matter of fact,the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults.
To find this out,l,500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results:
On adult intelligence tests,they scored as high as they had as children,They were,as a group,in good health,physically and mentally,84 per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives.
About 70 per cent had graduated from college,though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors,A few had even dropped out,but nearly half of these had returned to graduate,Of the men,80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs,The women who had remained single had office,business,or professional occupations.
The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific,scholarly,and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents.
In a material way they did not do badly either,Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people,especially the men,than for the country as a whole,despite their comparative youth.
In fact,far from being strange,most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality.
23. The old idea that talented children,burn themselves out” in the early years is ________.
[A] true in all senses
[B] refuted by the author
[C] medically proven
[D] a belief of the author
24. The survey of bright children was made to ________.
[A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults
[B] prove that talented children,burn themselves out” in the early years
[C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted
[D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out
25. Intelligence tests showed that ________.
[A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy
[B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence
[C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults
[D] when talented children grew into adults,they made low scores
Section III,Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A],[B],[C],and [D],choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,Read the whole passage before making your choice,(10 points)
No one knows for sure what the world would be like in the year 2001,Many books have been written __26__ the future,But the 19th-century French novelist Jules Verne may be called a futurologist in the fullest __27__ of the word,In his fantastic novels,A Trip to the Moon” and,80 Days Around the World,” he described with detail the aeroplane and even the helicopter,These novels still have a great attraction __28__ young readers of today because of their bold imagination and scientific accuracy.
Below is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a __29__ writer.
In 2001,in the home,cookers will be set so that you can cook a complete meal at the touch of a switch.
Television will provide information on prices at the __30__ shops as well as news and entertainment,Videophones will bring pictures as well as __31__ to telephone conversations.
Machines will control temperature,lighting,entertainment,security alarms,laundry and gardening.
Lighting will provide decoration as well as wallpaper.
At work,robots will take __32__ most jobs in the manufacturing industries,Working hours will fall to under 30 hours a week,Holidays will get longer; six weeks will be the normal annual holiday,Men and women will retire at the same age.
Our leisure will be different too,The home will become the center of entertainment through television and electronic games,More people will eat out in restaurants __33__ they do today; also they will have a much wider variety of food available,There will be a change of taste towards a more savoury-flavored menu,New synthetic foods will form a __34__ part of people’s diets.
Foreign travel will __35__; winter holidays will become more popular than summer ones.
Also non-stop flights from Britain to Australia and New Zealand will be easily available and much cheaper,Education will become increasingly more important than ever before.
26. [A] in
[B] of
[C] about
[D] for
27. [A] sense
[B] meaning
[C] detail
[D] implication
28. [A] for
[B] of
[C] on
[D] towards
29. [A] today
[B] nowadays
[C] present-day
[D] present
30. [A] near
[B] nearby
[C] nearly
[D] nearer
31. [A] noise
[B] sound
[C] tone
[D] tune
32. [A] to
[B] away
[C] off
[D] over
33. [A] than
[B] as
[C] when
[D] while
34. [A] usual
[B] popular
[C] daily
[D] regular
35. [A] add
[B] increase
[C] raise
[D] arise
Section IV,Error-detection and Correction
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts,These parts are labeled [A],[B],[C],and [D],Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,Then,without altering the meaning of the sentence,write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
You have to hurry up if you want to buy something because [A] there’s [B] hardly something [C] left,[D]
ANSWER,[C] anything
36. Alice was having [A] trouble to control [B] the children because there were [C] so many [D] of them.
37. We were very much surprised [A] that the [B] village was such [C] long way from [D] the road.
38. John’s chance of being elected [A] chairman [B] of the committee is far [C] greater than Dick [D].
39. “We have won [A] a [B] great victory on [C] our enemy [D],” the captain said.
40. There are many valuable services [A] which the public are willing to pay for [B],but which does not bring [C] a return in money [D] to the community.
41. The law I am referring [A] require that everyone [B] who owns [C] a car have [D] accident insurance.
42. “I considered it [A] a honor [B] to be invited to address [C] the meeting of world-famous [D] scientists,” said Professor Leacock.
43. He was seeing [A] somebody creeping [B] into the house through [C] the open [D] window last night.
44. The reason for [A] all the [B] changes being made [C] has not explained [D] to us yet.
45. Even though [A] the children pretended asleep [B],the nurses were not deceived [C] when [D] they came into the room.
Section V,Verb Forms
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the brackets,Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
It is highly desirable that a new president ________ (appointed) for this college.
ANSWER,(should) be appointed
46. Buying clothes ________ (be) very time-consuming as you rarely find things that fit you nicely.
47. They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative ________ (send) to the conference on schedule.
48. I must call your attention to the directions,Read them carefully and act as ________ (instruct).
49. Emma said in her letter that she would appreciate ________ (hear) from you soon.
50. I ________ (call) to make an airline reservation,but I didn’t.
51. If Greg had tried harder to reach the opposite shore,we ________ (not have) to pick him up in the boat.
52. After twenty years abroad,William came back only ________ (find) his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake.
53. The lecture ________ (begin),he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
54. The children were surprised when the teacher had them ________ (close) their books unexpectedly.
55. A new road will be built here,and therefore a number of existing houses ________ (have to destroy).
Section VI,Chinese-English Translation
Translate the following into English (15 points)
56. 你应该仔细核对全部资料，以避免严重错误。
57. 尽管这个实验复杂，他们决心按时把它完成。
58. 一切迹象表明这个人对这里发生的情况毫无所知。
59. 只有那些不怕困难的人，才有可能在工作中取得卓越的成果。
60. 这篇作品与其说是短篇小说，不如说更像是新闻报导。
Section VII,English-Chinese Translation
Translate the following passage carefully and then translate the sentences underlined into Chinese,(20 points)
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed,It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions,(61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors,There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed,As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other,The controversy is often conveniently referred to as,nature vs,nurture.”
(62) Those who support the,nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors,(63) That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Those who support the,nurture” theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists,They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act,A behaviorist,B,F,Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings,(64) The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence,offered by the two theories,(65) Supporters of the,nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined,Needless to say,They don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic,On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences,(66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound,(67) In the United States,blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests,This leads some,nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites,(68) Behaviorists,in contrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.
1990年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)
1. [D] 2. [B] 3. [C] 4. [D] 5. [B]
6. [C] 7. [B] 8. [B] 9. [D] 10. [C]
11. [B] 12. [A] 13. [B] 14. [C] 15. [A]
Section II,Reading Comprehension (20 points)
16. [D] 17. [B] 18. [C] 19. [C] 20. [B]
21. [D] 22. [B] 23. [B] 24. [A] 25. [C]
Section III,Cloze Test (10 points)
26. [C] 27. [A] 28. [A] 29. [C] 30. [B]
31. [B] 32. [D] 33. [A] 34. [D] 35. [B]
Section IV,Error-detection and Correction (10 points)
36. [B] controlling 37. [C] such a
38. [D] Dick’s 39. [C] over
40. [C] do not bring 41. [A] referring to
42. [B] an honor 43. [A] saw
44. [D] has not been explained 45. [B] to be asleep
Section V,Verb Forms (10 points)
46. is 47. (should) be sent
48. instructed 49. hearing
50. should have called 51. would not have had
52. to find 53. having begun
54. close 55. will have to be destroyed
Section VI,Chinese-English Translation (15 points)
56. You should check all data the carefully so as to avoid serious mistakes.
57. Although the experiment is complicated,they are determined to finish it on time.
58. All signs showed that the man knew nothing of what had happened here.
59. Only those who are not afraid of any difficulties have the chance of achieving outstanding results in their work.
60. This piece of writing is more like a news report than a short story.
Section VII,English-Chinese Translation (20 points)
61. 他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。
62. 在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。
63. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
64. 行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。
65. 支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。
66. 行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
67. 在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。
68. 相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
In each sentence,decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked,Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)
1. They lost their way in the forest,and ________ made matters worse was that night began to fall.
[A] that
[B] it
[C] what
[D] which
2. ________ my return,I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not be back for several hours.
[A] At
[B] On
[C] With
[D] During
3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond to ________ situations.
[A] similar
[B] alike
[C] same
[D] likely
4. There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ________.
[A] in detail
[B] in brief
[C] in short
[D] in all
5. In this factory,suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully ________.
[A] admitted
[B] acknowledged
[C] absorbed
[D] considered
6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,________ a sudden loud noise.
[A] being there
[B] should there be
[C] there was
[D] there having been
7. By the year 2000,scientists probably ________ a cure for cancer.
[A] will be discovering
[B] are discovering
[C] will have discovered
[D] have discovered
8. Jim isn’t ________,but he did badly in the final exams last semester.
[A] gloomy
[B] dull
[C] awkward
[D] tedious
9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’ ________.
[A] command
[B] conviction
[C] consent
[D] compromise
10. He had ________ on the subject.
[A] a rather strong opinion
[B] rather strong opinion
[C] rather the strong opinion
[D] the rather strong opinion
11,When Jane fell off the bike,the other children ________.
[A] were not able to help laughter
[B] could not help but laughing
[C] could not help laughing
[D] could not help to laugh
12. It is better to die on one’s feet than ________.
[A] living on one’s knees
[B] live on one’s knees
[C] on one’s knees
[D] to live on one’s knees
13. The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly for the people.
[A] element
[B] spot
[C] sense
[D] point
14. This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market.
[A] superior
[B] advantageous
[C] super
[D] beneficial
15. In a typhoon,winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.
[A] assume
[B] accomplish
[C] attain
[D] assemble
16. ________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
[A] In spite of
[B] But for
[C] Because of
[D] As for
17. Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
[A] has received
[B] ought to have received
[C] couldn’t have received
[D] shouldn’t have received
18. ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him.
[A] Hardly had he begun
[B] No sooner had he begun
[C] Not until he began
[D] Scarcely did he begin
19. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction,completely ________ to the outside world.
[A] being lost
[B] having lost
[C] losing
[D] lost
20. The policemen went into action ________ they heard the alarm.
[A] promptly
[B] presently
[C] quickly
[D] directly
21. The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.
[A] vanished
[B] abandoned
[C] scattered
[D] rejected
22. Dress warmly,________ you’ll catch cold.
[A] on the contrary
[B] or rather
[C] or else
[D] in no way
23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so ________ as to be able to change brain chemistry.
[A] powerful
[B] influential
[C] monstrous
[D] vigorous
24. Bob was completely ________ by the robber’s disguise.
[A] taken away
[B] taken down
[C] taken to
[D] taken in
25. Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the young geologist.
[A] brought out
[B] brought about
[C] brought forth
[D] brought up
26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period of time.
[A] being created
[B] to have been created
[C] having been created
[D] to be created
27. Even if they are on sale,these refrigerators are equal in price to,if not more expensive than,________ at the other store.
[A] anyone
[B] the others
[C] that
[D] the ones
28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ________ the investment plan within a week.
[A] work out
[B] put out
[C] make out
[D] set out
29. He knows little of mathematics,and ________ of chemistry.
[A] even more
[B] still less
[C] no less
[D] still more
30. The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the final exam.
[A] is
[B] being
[C] have been
[D] to be
Section II,Reading Comprehension
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For ach question four answers are given,Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(30 points)
Text l
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing,So,as a police officer,I have some urgent things to say to good people.
Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime,Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life,It has happened in the area of values,A key ingredient is disappearing,and I think I know what it is,accountability.
Accountability isn’t hard to define,It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.
Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty,kindness,and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all,Without it,there can be no respect,no trust,no law -- and,ultimately,no society.
My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse,or have never learned,to impose it on themselves,But as every policeman knows,external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt,shame and embarrassment.
Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns,usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim:,In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”
Yet more and more,especially in our larger cities and suburbs,these inner restraints are loosening,Your typical robber has none,He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants,including your life if you enrage him.
The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes,Thirty years ago,if a crime was committed,society was considered the victim,Now,in a shocking reversal,it’s the criminal who is considered victimized,by his underprivileged upbringing,by the school that didn’t teach him to read,by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance,by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.
I don’t believe it,Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities,If we free the criminal,even partly,from accountability,we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.
We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.
31. What the wise man said suggests that ________.
[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil
[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it
[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil
[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil
32. According to the author,if a person is found guilty of a crime,________.
[A] society is to be held responsible
[B] modern civilization is responsible for it
[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame
[D] the standards of living should be improved
33. Compared with those in small towns,people in large cities have ________.
[A] less self-discipline
[B] better sense of discipline
[C] more mutual respect
[D] less effective government
34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.
[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals
[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards
[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty
[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities
35. The key point of the passage is that ________.
[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families
[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow
[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior
[D] more people should accept the value of accountability
Text 2
The period of adolescence,i.e.,the period between childhood and adulthood,may be long or short,depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood,In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time,while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor,the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life,Furthermore,the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change,Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States,and more universally,the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modern society,ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies,Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status,For example,grade school graduation,high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence,and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition,the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual,Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles,right,privileges and responsibilities,It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted,The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train,airplane,theater and movie tickets,Basically,the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights,At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices,He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws,At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier,but he also can marry without parental permission,At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult,He now can vote,he can buy liquor,he can enter into financial contracts,and he is entitled to run for public office,No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained,None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
36. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________.
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________.
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[B] social recognition
[C] socio-economic status
[D] certain behavioral changes
38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.
[A] eleven years old
[B] sixteen years old
[C] twenty-one years old
[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old
39. Starting from 22,________.
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[B] the older one becomes,the more basic rights he will have
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
40. According to the passage,it is true that ________.
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
Text 3
Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined,C,R,Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick -- a brick building,Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water,The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root,They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state,The carbon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built,Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water,Structural parts of plants,such as woody stems no longer actively growing,may have much less water than growing tissues.
The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time,however,is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development,The processes of photosynthesis,by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars,require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant,This occurs mainly in the leaves,The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings,through which the carbon dioxide enters,The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf,however,permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it,Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F,saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air),the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake,Actually,because of wind and other factors,the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases,Also,not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).
41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________.
[A] forming sugars
[B] sustaining woody stems
[C] keeping green
[D] producing carbon dioxide
42. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________.
[A] to form sugars
[B] to derive energy from light
[C] to preserve water
[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water
43. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________.
[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs
[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development
[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition
[D] the stronger the wind,the more the water vapor loss
44. According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE?
[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.
[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.
[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.
[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.
45. This passage is mainly about ________.
[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water
[B] the role of water in a growing plant
[C] the process of simple sugar formation
[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide
Section III,Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A],[B],[C],and [D],choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
When television first began to expand,very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television,Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to __46__ themselves to the new medium were technical,When working __47__ radio,for example,they had become __48__ to seeing on behalf of the listener.
This __49__ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking,__50__ all,he has to be able to __51__ a continuous sequence of visual images which __52__ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears,In the __53__ of television,however,the commentator sees everything with the viewer,His role,therefore,is __54__ different,He is there to make __55__ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest,to help him __56__ on particular things,and to __57__ the images on the television screen,__58__ his radio colleague,he must know the __59__ of silence and how to use it at those moments __60__ the pictures speak for themselves.
46. [A] turn
[B] adapt
[C] alter
[D] modify
47. [A] on
[B] at
[C] with
[D] behind
48. [A] experienced
[B] determined
[C] established
[D] accustomed
49. [A] efficiency
[B] technology
[C] art
[D] performance
50. [A] Of
[B] For
[C] Above
[D] In
51. [A] inspire
[B] create
[C] cause
[D] perceive
52. [A] add
[B] apply
[C] affect
[D] reflect
53. [A] occasion
[B] event
[C] fact
[D] case
54. [A] equally
[B] completely
[C] initially
[D] hardly
55. [A] definite
[B] possible
[C] sure
[D] clear
56. [A] focus
[B] attend
[C] follow
[D] insist
57. [A] exhibit
[B] demonstrate
[C] expose
[D] interpret
58. [A] Like
[B] Unlike
[C] As
[D] For
59. [A] purpose
[B] goal
[C] value
[D] intention
60. [A] if
[B] when
[C] which
[D] as
Section IV,Error-detection and Correction
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts,These parts are labeled [A],[B],[C],and [D],Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,Then,without altering the meaning of the sentence,write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
61. These is a [A] delicate balance of nature which [B] many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed [C] to maintain only a relatively few [D] human beings.
62. The idea that [A] learning is a [B] lifelong process has expressed [C] by philosophers and educationalists throughout [D] the centuries.
63. Nobody beside [A] little [B] children thinks [C] that a trip by bus is exciting [D].
64. Just outside [A] the ruins are [B] a magnificent [C] building surrounded [D] by tall trees.
65. In the teaching of [A] mathematics,the way of instruction is generally traditional,with [B] teachers presenting formal [C] lectures and students take [D] notes.
66. The teacher asked them [A] who had completed [B] their tests to leave [C] the room as quietly [D] as possible.
67. He wanted more out of life [A],not just working at [B] high-paid [C] jobs or spending nights on the streets playing games [D].
68. Man [A] has used metals for centuries in gradual [B] in creasing quantities,but it was not until the Industrial Revolution that [C] they came to be employed [D] in real vast quantities.
69. If you want your film to properly process [A],you’ll have to wait and pick it up [B] on Friday,which [C] is [D] the day after tomorrow.
70. A man cannot [A] be really happy if that [B] he enjoys doing is ignored [C] by society as of [D] no value or importance.
Section V,English-Chinese Translation
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese,(15 points)
The fact is that the energy crisis,which has suddenly been officially announced,has been with us for a long time now,and will be with us for an even longer time,Whether Arab oil flows freely or not,it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base,(71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time,and in any case,the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use,(72) New sources of energy must be found,and this will take time,but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past,For an indefinite period from here on,mankind is going to advance cautiously,and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.
To make the situation worse,there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight,Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations,including the United States,the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.
(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this,which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
Taking all this into account,what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?
To begin with,the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States,By 2001,the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million,and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths,(74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that,if necessity forces exports,it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.
In fact,as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety,there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives,(75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more,unnatural food”.
Section VI,Writing
DIRECTIONS:
[A] Title,WHERE TO LIVE -- IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?
[B] Time limit,40 minutes
[C] Word limit,120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.
[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
OUTLINE:
1,Conveniences of the city
2,Attractions of the country
3,Disadvantages of both
4,My preference
1991年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)
1. [C] 2. [B] 3. [A] 4. [B] 5. [D]
6. [B] 7. [C] 8. [B] 9. [C] 10. [A]
11. [C] 12. [D] 13. [D] 14. [A] 15. [C]
16. [B] 17. [C] 18. [A] 19. [D] 20. [D]
21. [B] 22. [C] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]
26. [C] 27. [D] 28. [A] 29. [B] 30. [D]
Section II,Reading Comprehension (30 points)
31. [B] 32. [C] 33. [A] 34. [A] 35. [D]
36. [C] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [C] 40. [A]
41. [D] 42. [A] 43. [C] 44. [D] 45. [B]
Section III,Cloze Test (15 points)
46. [B] 47. [A] 48. [D] 49. [C] 50. [C]
51. [B] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [B] 55. [C]
56. [A] 57. [D] 58. [B] 59. [C] 60. [B]
Section IV,Error-detection and Correction (10 points)
61. [B] in which 62. [C] has been expressed
63. [A] except/but 64. [B] is
65. [D] taking 66. [A] those
67. [C] highly-paid 68. [B] gradually
69. [A] be properly processed 70. [B] what
Section V,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
72. 必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不可能再出现了。
73. 食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。
74. 这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
75. 除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
Section VI,Writing (15 points)
76. 参考范文（略）
1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
In each sentence,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked,Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
l. I will give this dictionary to ________ wants to have it.
[A] whomever
[B] someone
[C] whoever
[D] anyone
2. After having gone ________ far,George did not want to turn back.
[A] enough
[B] much
[C] such
[D] that
3. ________ all our kindness to help her,Sarah refused to listen to us.
[A] At
[B] For
[C] In
[D] On
4. Richard doesn’t think he could ever ________ what is called,free-style” poetry.
[A] take on
[B] take over
[C] take to
[D] take after
5. In the past men generally preferred that their wives ________ in the home.
[A] worked
[B] would work
[C] work
[D] were working
6. I don’t want to lend any more money to him; he’s already in debt ________ me.
[A] to
[B] for
[C] of
[D] with
7. The business of each day,________ selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.
[A] it being
[B] be it
[C] was it
[D] it was
8. Carey didn’t go to the party last night because she ________ the baby for her sister until 9:30.
[A] must have looked after
[B] would have to look after
[C] had to look after
[D] should have looked after
9. ________,he does get initiated with her sometimes.
[A] As he likes her much
[B] Much though he likes her
[C] Though much he like her
[D] Much as he likes her
10. Californians and New Englanders speak the same language and ________ by the same federal laws.
[A] stand
[B] conform
[C] abide
[D] sustain
11. The vocabulary of any technical discussion may include words which are never used outside the subject or field ________.
[A] in view
[B] in question
[C] in case
[D] in effect
12. The long-awaited Hubble Space Telescope,________ to orbit the Earth next March,will observe some of the oldest stars in the sky.
[A] subject
[B] owing
[C] available
[D] due
13. ________ of the burden of ice,the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.
[A] To be free
[B] Freeing
[C] To free
[D] Freed
14. The patient has been ________ of the safety of the operation.
[A] assured
[B] guaranteed
[C] entrusted
[D] confirmed
15. Will you ________ this passage to see if there is any misprint?
[A] look up
[B] go over
[C] dwell on
[D] work out
16. The patients believe that the doctor knows exactly how to put them ________.
[A] correct
[B] straight
[C] right
[D] well
17. Although he thought he was helping us prepare the dinner,he was actually ________ the way.
[A] in
[B] by
[C] off
[D] on
18. If we believe something is good and true we should ________ it.
[A] hold up
[B] keep on
[C] hold on
[D] keep up
19. ________,more than 200 houses and buildings are heated by solar energy,not to mention the big cities in the region.
[A] Alone in the small town
[B] In the small alone town
[C] In the alone small town
[D] In the small town alone
20. The bank is reported ________ in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday.
[A] to be robbed
[B] robbed
[C] to have been robbed
[D] having been robbed
21. The engineers are going through with their highway project,________ the expenses have risen.
[A] even though
[B] just because
[C] now that
[D] as though
22. Although we had told them not to keep us waiting,they made no ________ to speed up deliveries.
[A] trial
[B] attempt
[C] action
[D] progress
23. Water will continue to be ________ it is today -- next in importance to oxygen.
[A] how
[B] which
[C] as
[D] what
24. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election,he ________ our chairman now.
[A] must have been
[B] would have been
[C] were
[D] would be
25. Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits,which ________ increase the risk of heart disease.
[A] in turn
[B] in return
[C] by chance
[D] by turns
26. The tourist is prevented from entering a country if he does not have passport ________.
[A] an operative
[B] a valid
[C] an efficient
[D] an effective
27. I like to go to the cinema when I am in the ________ for it.
[A] motive
[B] mind
[C] mood
[D] notion
28. The project requires more labor than ________.
[A] has been put in
[B] have been put in
[C] being put in
[D] to be put in
29. Circus tigers,although they have been tamed,can ________ attack their trainer.
[A] unexpectedly
[B] deliberately
[C] reluctantly
[D] subsequently
30. There seemed little hope that the explorer,________ in the tropical forest,would find his way through it.
[A] to be deserted
[B] having deserted
[C] to have been deserted
[D] having been deserted
Section II,Reading Comprehension
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For each question four answers are given,Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(30 points)
Text 1
It is all very well to blame traffic jams,the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life,but manners on the roads are becoming horrible,Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel,It is very well,again,to have a tiger in the tank,but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether,You might tolerate the odd road-hog,the rude and inconsiderate driver,but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule,Perhaps the situation calls for a ‘Be Kind to Other Drivers’ campaign,otherwise it may get completely out of hand.
Road politeness is not only good manners,but good sense too,It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior,On the other hand,a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring,A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions,But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today,Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.
However,misplaced politeness can also be dangerous,Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic,when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time,The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to,It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.
A veteran driver,whose manners are faultless,told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper,Unfortunately,modern motorists can’t even learn to drive,let alone master the subtler aspects of boatmanship,Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users,It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.
31. According to this passage,troubles on the road are primarily caused by ________.
[A] people’s attitude towards the road-hog
[B] the rhythm of modern life
[C] the behavior of the driver
[D] traffic conditions
32. The sentence,You might tolerate the odd road-hog..,the rule.” (Para,1) implies that ________.
[A] our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists
[B] rude drivers can be met only occasionally
[C] the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog
[D] nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists
33. By,good sense,” the writer means ________.
[A] the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonably
[B] the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions
[C] the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior
[D] the driver’s acknowledgement of politeness and regulations
34. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,________.
[A] road users should make more sacrifice
[B] drivers should be ready to yield to each other
[C] drivers should have more communication among themselves
[D] drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others
35. In the writer’s opinion,________.
[A] strict traffic regulations are badly needed
[B] drivers should apply road politeness properly
[C] rude drivers should be punished
[D] drivers should avoid traffic jams
Text 2
In the atmosphere,carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror -- the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.
According to a weather expert’s prediction,the atmosphere will be 3℃ warmer in the year 2050 than it is today,if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate,If this warming up took place,the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt,thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities,Also,the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere,possibly resulting in an alteration of earth’s chief food-growing zones.
In the past,concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet,But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic,which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming,in other words,by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.
Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing,The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place,This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.
However,most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere,where temperatures seem to be falling,Scientists conclude,therefore,that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man,The question is,Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?
One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun,Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and,cold” spots (that is,the relatively less hot spots) on the sun,As the sun rotates,every 27.5 days,it presents hotter or,colder” faces to the earth,and different aspects to different parts of the earth,This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure,and consequently on wind circulation,The sun is also variable over a long term,its heat output goes up and down in cycles,the latest trend being downward.
Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years,including the last Ice Age,The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not,One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia (惯性) of the earth’s climate,If this is right,the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat.
36. It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ________.
[A] prevent the sun’s rays from leeching the earth’s surface
[B] mean a warming up in the Arctic
[C] account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere
[D] raise the temperature of the earth’s surface
37. The article was written to explain ________.
[A] the greenhouse effect
[B] the solar effects on the earth
[C] the models of solar-weather interactions
[D] the causes affecting weather
38. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere,temperatures there seem to be falling,This is ________.
[A] mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising
[B] possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting
[C] exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climate
[D] partly due to variations in the output of solar energy
39. On the basis of their models,scientists are of the opinion that ________.
[A] the climate of the world should be becoming cooler
[B] it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effect
[C] the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects
[D] the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect
40. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct,________.
[A] the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels
[B] ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere
[C] the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quickly
[D] the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earth
Text 3
Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together,Others say that the opposite is true,that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred,There is probably some truth in both arguments,but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood,Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes,but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.
One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey (曲棍球) final,There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match,the losers objecting to the final decisions,They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’ victory was unfair,Their manager was in a rage when he said:,This wasn’t hockey,Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.
The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia,after a disputable end to their contest,The game had ended in disturbance,It was thought at first that the United States had won,by a single point,but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play,A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other,and another player popped it into the basket,It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match,An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand,The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game,The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals,or in non-national teams,might be too much to hope for,But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.
41. According to the author,recent Olympic Games have ________.
[A] created goodwill between the nations
[B] bred only false national pride
[C] barely showed any international friendship
[D] led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred
42. What did the manager mean by saying,“..,Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”?
[A] His team would no longer take part in international games.
[B] Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions.
[C] There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation.
[D] The Federation should be dissolved.
43. The basketball example implied that ________.
[A] too much patriotism was displayed in the incident
[B] the announcement to prolong the match was wrong
[C] the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decision
[D] the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals
44. The author gives the two examples in paragraphs 2 and 3 to show ________.
[A] how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games
[B] that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be
[C] that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendship
[D] that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games
45. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
[A] The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.
[B] Athletes should compete as individual in the Olympic Games.
[C] Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.
[D] International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.
Section III,Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there four choices labeled [A],[B],[C],and [D],choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET by blackening (15 points)
The key to the industrialization of space is the U.S,space shuttle,__46__ it,astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle __47__ of flying into space and returning many times,__48__ by reusable rockets that can lift a load of 65,000 pounds,the shuttle will carry devices for scientific inquiry,as __49__ as a variety of military hardware,__50__ more significantly,it will __51__ materials and machines into space for industrial purposes __52__ two decades ago when,sputnik” (artificial satellite) was __53__ to vocabulary,In short,the __54__ importance of the shuttle lies in its __55__ as an economic tool.
What makes the space shuttle __56__ is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an airplane,__57__,when it has accomplished its __58__,it can be ready for __59__ trip in about two weeks.
The space shuttle,the world’s first true spaceship,is a magnificent step __60__ making the impossible possible for the benefit and survival of man.
46. [A] In
[B] On
[C] By
[D] With
47. [A] capable
[B] suitable
[C] efficient
[D] fit
48. [A] Served
[B] Powered
[C] Forced
[D] Reinforced
49. [A] far
[B] well
[C] much
[D] long.
50. [A] Then
[B] Or
[C] But
[D] So
51. [A] supply
[B] introduce
[C] deliver
[D] transfer
52. [A] unimagined
[B] unsettled
[C] uncovered
[D] unsolved
53. [A] attributed
[B] contributed
[C] applied
[D] added
54. [A] general
[B] essential
[C] prevailing
[D] ultimate
55. [A] promise
[B] prosperity
[C] popularity
[D] priority
56. [A] exceptional
[B] strange
[C] unique
[D] rare
57. [A] Thus
[B] Whereas
[C] Nevertheless
[D] Yet
58. [A] venture
[B] mission
[C] commission
[D] responsibility
59. [A] new
[B] another
[C] certain
[D] subsequent
60. [A] for
[B] by
[C] in
[D] through
Section IV,Error-detection and Correction
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts,These parts are labeled [A],[B],[C],and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,Then,without altering the meaning of the sentence,write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
61. Young readers,more often than not [A],find the novels of [B] Dickens far [C] more exciting than Thackeray [D].
62. People cannot but [A] feel puzzling [B],for they simply cannot [C] understand how he could have made [D] such a stupid mistake.
63. Nowhere but in Europe we have seen [A] the results so clearly [B],which really have surprised [C] us all [D].
64. The amount of pressure [A] which [B] the materials are subject [C] to affect [D] the quality of the products.
65. I regret having left [A] the work unfinished [B] ; I should plan [C] everything ahead [D] carefully.
66. The problem of unemployment the [A] governments want solved [B] is as serious as never [C] in these underdeveloped [D] countries.
67. Many species can communicate an amazing [A] amount of information via [B] sound,information which [C] both the life of an individual and the continued [D] existence of the species may depend.
68. It was not so much [A] the many blows he received for [B] the lack of fighting [C] spirit that led to his losing [D] the game.
69. Those part-time students expected to offer [A] some jobs on [B] campus during [C] the coming [D] summer vacation.
70. With [A] production having gone [B] up steadily,the factory needs an ever-increasing [C] supply of [D] raw materials.
Section V,English-Chinese Translation
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese,(15 points)
Intelligence at best is an assumptive construct -- the meaning of the word has never been clear,(71) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them,But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily,make distinctions,reason logically,and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems,An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning,particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school,It does not measure character,social adjustment,physical endurance,manual skills,or artistic abilities,It is not supposed to -- it was not designed for such purposes,(72) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.
(73) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a ‘valid’ or ‘fair’ comparison,It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin,Any test performed involves at least three factors,the intention to do one’s best,the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do,and the intellectual ability to do it,(74) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared,if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made,In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable,and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly,Its value lies,of course,in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction,No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require ‘general intelligence’.
(75) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
Section VI,Writing
DIRECTIONS:
[A] Title,FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD
[B] Time limit,40 minutes
[C] Word limit,120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.
[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
OUTLINE:
1,Present situation,Lack of communication between parent and child
2,Possible reasons:
1) Different likes and dislikes
2) Misunderstanding
3) Others
3,Suggestions:
l) For parents
2) For children
1992年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)
1. [C] 2. [D] 3. [B] 4. [C] 5. [C]
6. [A] 7. [B] 8. [C] 9. [D] 10. [C]
11. [B] 12. [D] 13. [D] 14. [A] 15. [B]
16. [C] 17. [A] 18. [C] 19. [D] 20. [C]
21. [A] 22. [B] 23. [D] 24. [D] 25. [A]
26. [B] 27. [C] 28. [A] 29. [A] 30. [D]
Section II,Reading Comprehension (30 points)
31. [C] 32. [D] 33. [A] 34. [B] 35. [B]
36. [D] 37. [D] 38. [D] 39. [A] 40. [D]
41. [C] 42. [B] 43. [A] 44. [C] 45. [A]
Section III,Cloze Test (15 points)
46. [D] 47. [A] 48. [B] 49. [B] 50. [C]
51. [C] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [D] 55. [A]
56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [B] 59. [B] 60. [C]
Section IV,Error-detection and Correction (10 points)
61. [D] Thackery’s 62. [B] puzzled
63. [A] have we seen 64. [D] affects
65. [C] should have planned 66. [C] ever
67. [C] on which 68. [B] as
69. [A] to be offered 70. [B] going
Section V,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 人们对智力这个词所指的不同表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。
72. 批评智力测试不反映上述情况，犹如批评温度计不能测风速一样。
73. 既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。
74. 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。
75. 总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受影响。
Section VI,Writing (15 points)
76. 参考范文
For A Better Understanding Between Parent And Child
Nowadays,there is often a lack of understanding between parent and child,One generation often feels that its style of life is different from another generation’s style,The feeling that each family unit should have a separate residence is characteristic,No one wants to intrude or be intruded upon,Both parents and child feel that the other’s presence would upset and change the normal routine.
One of the reasons for present situation is that there are different likes and dislikes between parents and child,For example,the child likes glittering disco,rock-and-roll music or loves movies for his entertainment at night while the parents like peaceful environment and physical exercises,They would like to spend their evenings of life in happiness.
Secondly,there often exists misunderstanding between parent and child,The child doesn’t know what his parent thinks and acts,while the parent doesn’t understand what his children want to do,In general,young people enjoy a great deal of freedom,while their parents always keep their traditional style of life.
Thirdly,children often do not feel an equal share of responsibility toward their parents,For example,a brother sometimes feels that his sisters are responsible for physical care of their parents,One child may resent another’s reluctance to help,provoking misunderstanding and bitterness,Not all of the children may be financially capable of contributing an equal share to the cost of their parent’s care.
I argue that it is unfair to say that they are self-centered,Parent and child should often communicate each other,By discovering things about both sides,they can interact much better and help each other to deal with their problems for a better understanding between parents and child.
1993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
In each sentence,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked,Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
1. The board deemed it urgent that these files ________ right away.
[A] had to be printed
[B] should have been printed
[C] must be printed
[D] should be printed
2. The local health organization is reported ________ twenty-five years ago when Dr,Audon became its first president.
[A] to be set up
[B] being set up
[C] to have been set up
[D] having been set up
3. The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers ________ for.
[A] be demonstrating
[B] demonstrate
[C] had been demonstrating
[D] have demonstrated
4. Ted had told me that he always escapes ________ as he has got a very fast sport car.
[A] to fine
[B] to be fined
[C] being fined
[D] having been fined
5. More than one third of the Chinese in the United States live in California,________ in San Francisco.
[A] previously
[B] predominantly
[C] practically
[D] permanently
6. Prof,Lee’s book will show you ________ can be used in other contexts.
[A] that you have observed
[B] that how you have observed
[C] how that you have observed
[D] how what you have observed
7. All fights ________ because of the snowstorm,we decided to take the train.
[A] were canceled
[B] had been canceled
[C] having canceled
[D] having been canceled
8. The new secretary has written a remarkably ________ report only in a few pages but with all the details.
[A] concise
[B] clear
[C] precise
[D] elaborate
9. With prices ________ so much,it’s hard for the company to plan a budget.
[A] fluctuating
[B] waving
[C] swinging
[D] vibrating
10. Expert say walking is one of the best ways for a person to ________ healthy.
[A] preserve
[B] stay
[C] maintain
[D] reserve
11. Expected noises are usually more ________ than unexpected ones of the like magnitude.
[A] manageable
[B] controllable
[C] tolerable
[D] perceivable
12. It isn’t so much whether he works hard; the question is whether he works ________.
[A] above all
[B] in all
[C] at all
[D] after all
13. There is an incorrect assumption among scientists and medical people that everyone agrees ________ what constitutes a benefit to an individual.
[A] on
[B] with
[C] to
[D] in
14. All the information we have collected in relation to that case ________ very little.
[A] makes up for
[B] adds up to
[C] comes up with
[D] puts up with
15. A really powerful speaker can ________ the feelings of the audience to the fever of excitement.
[A] work out
[B] work over
[C] work at
[D] work up
16. Before the students set off,they spent much time setting a limit ________ the expenses of the trip.
[A] to
[B] about
[C] in
[D] for
17. According to the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud,wisdom comes from the ________ of maturity.
[A] fulfillment
[B] achievement
[C] establishment
[D] accomplishment
18. From the tears in Nedra’s eyes we can deduce that something sad ________.
[A] must have occurred
[B] would have occurred
[C] might be occurring
[D] should occur
19. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting ________ you don’t mind taking the night train.
[A] provided
[B] unless
[C] though
[D] until
20. Hardly a month goes by without ________ of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S,citizens.
[A] words
[B] a word
[C] the word
[D] word
21. If you ________ Jerry Brown until recently,you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.
[A] shouldn’t contact
[B] didn’t contact
[C] weren’t to contact
[D] hadn’t contacted
22. Some teenagers harbor a generalized resentment against society,which ________ them the rights and privileges of adults,although physically they are mature.
[A] deprives
[B] restricts
[C] rejects
[D] denies
23. I must go now,________,if you want that book I’ll bring it next time.
[A] Incidentally
[B] Accidentally
[C] Occasionally
[D] Subsequently
24. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,________ they can limit how much water you drink.
[A] much more than
[B] no more than
[C] no less than
[D] any more than
25. Though ________ in San Francisco,Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of small-town life.
[A] raised
[B] grown
[C] developed
[D] cultivated
26. Most electronic devices of this kind,________ manufactured for such purposes,are tightly packed.
[A] that are
[B] as are
[C] which is
[D] it is
27. As for the winter,it is inconvenient to be cold,with most of ________ furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.
[A] what
[B] that
[C] which
[D] such
28. Achieving a high degree of proficiency in English as a foreign language is not a mysterious ________ without scientific basic.
[A] process
[B] practice
[C] procedure
[D] program
29. We cannot always ________ the wind,so new windmills should be so designed that they can also be driven by water.
[A] hang on
[B] count on
[C] hold on
[D] come on
30. The storm sweeping over this area now is sure to cause ________ of vegetables in the coming days.
[A] rarity
[B] scarcity
[C] invalidity
[D] variety
Section II,Reading Comprehension
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C],and [D],Read the passages carefully and choose the answer to each of the questions,Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(30 points)
Text 1
Is language,like food,a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century,it may be,Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue,he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year,But clearly there was more than lack of language here,What was missing was good mothering,Without good mothering,in the first year of life especially,the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick,Nevertheless,some children are still backward in speaking,Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant,whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly,If these sensitive periods are neglected,the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again,A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time,but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age,but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ,At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words,At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences,and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak,What is special about man’s brain,compared with that of the monkey,is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of,say,a toy-bear with the sound pattern,toy-bear.” And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him,to analyze,to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
But speech has to be induced,and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling (咿呀学语),grasping and smiling,and responds to them,Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals,Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
31. The purpose of Frederick II’s experiment was ________.
[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
[D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
32. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that ________.
[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly
[B] they are exposed to too much language at once
[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak
[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them
33. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that ________.
[A] he is born with the capacity to speak
[B] he has a brain more complex than an animal’s
[C] he can produce his own sentences
[D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing
34. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.
[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
[C] The child’s brain is highly selective.
[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.
35. If a child starts to speak later than others,he will ________.
[A] have a high IQ
[B] be less intelligent
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals
[D] not necessarily be backward
Text 2
In general,our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small,well-oiled cog in the machinery,The oiling is done with higher wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music,and by psychologists and,human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless,that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it,In fact,the blue- and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious,not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life,They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious,Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates,They are even more insecure in some respects,They are in a highly competitive race,To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect,When they apply for their first job,they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence,From that moment on they are tested again and again -- by the psychologists,for whom testing is a big business,and by their superiors,who judge their behavior,sociability,capacity to get along,etc,This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century,free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not,Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown,I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities -- those of love and of reason -- are the aims of all social arrangements,Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from ruling man.
36. By,a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is ________.
[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible
[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society,though functioning smoothly
[D] a humble component of the society,especially when working smoothly
37. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ________.
[A] they are likely to lose their jobs
[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence
38. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those ________.
[A] who are at the bottom of the society
[B] who are higher up in their social status
[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors
[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world
39. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should ________.
[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors
[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees
[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities
[D] take the fundamental realities for granted
40. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ________.
[A] approval
[B] dissatisfaction
[C] suspicion
[D] tolerance
Text 3
When an invention is made,the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him,he can give the invention to the world by publishing it,keep the idea secret,or patent it.
A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state,by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.
Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.
The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated,the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and,if older than half a century,sometimes even re-patent,Indeed,patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.
Likewise,because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea,it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print,Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.
Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most,new” ideas are,in fact,as old as the hills,It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity or dedication,or through the availability of new technology,that makes news and money,The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886,Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century,Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.
41. The passage is mainly about ________.
[A] an approach to patents
[B] the application for patents
[C] the use of patents
[D] the access to patents
42. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
[A] When a patent becomes out of effect,it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.
[B] It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public.
[C] A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.
[D] One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office.
43. George Valensi’s patent lasted until 1971 because ________.
[A] nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time
[B] his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time
[C] there were not enough TV stations to provide colour programmes
[D] the colour TV receiver was not available until that time
44. The word,plagiarize” (line 8,Para,5) most probably means,________.”
[A] steal and use
[B] give reward to
[C] make public
[D] take and change
45. From the passage we learn that ________.
[A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice
[B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago
[C] it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one
[D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents
Section III,Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C],and [D],Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(15 points)
Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture,its development into a specialized field is really quite recent,Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be __46__ in a single large building.
The importance of interior design becomes __47__ when we realize how much time we __48__ surrounded by four walls,Whenever we need to be indoors,we want our surroundings to be __49__ attractive and comfortable as possible,We also expect __50__ place to be appropriate to its use,You would be __51__ if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look __52__ the inside of a restaurant,And you wouldn’t feel __53__ in a business office that has the appearance of a school.
It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic __54__ is the function of the particular __55__,For example,a theater with poor sight lines,poor sound-shaping qualities,and __56__ few entries and exits will not work for __57__ purpose,no matter how beautifully it might be __58__,Nevertheless,for any kind of space,the designer has to make many of the same kind of __59__,He or she must coordinate the shapes,lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor,__60__ addition,the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture,according to the functions that need to be served.
46. [A] consisted
[B] contained
[C] composed
[D] comprised
47. [A] obscure
[B] attractive
[C] appropriate
[D] evident
48. [A] spend
[B] require
[C] settle
[D] retain
49. [A] so
[B] as
[C] thus
[D] such
50. [A] some
[B] any
[C] this
[D] each
51. [A] amused
[B] interested
[C] shocked
[D] frightened
52. [A] like
[B] for
[C] at
[D] into
53. [A] correct
[B] proper
[C] right
[D] suitable
54. [A] care
[B] concern
[C] attention
[D] intention
55. [A] circumstance
[B] environment
[C] surroundings
[D] space
56. [A] too
[B] quite
[C] a
[D] far
57. [A] their
[B] its
[C] those
[D] that
58. [A] painted
[B] covered
[C] ornamented
[D] decorated
59. [A] solutions
[B] conclusions
[C] decisions
[D] determinations
60. [A] For
[B] In
[C] As
[D] With
Section IV,Error-detection and Correction
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C],and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,Then,without altering the meaning of the sentence,write down your correction on the line on the ANSWER SHEET,(10 points)
EXAMPLE:
A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition which [C] they saw [D] many new products.
Answer [C] is wrong because the sentence should read,“A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C] and write the correction,where” on the line.
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [●] [D] where
61. He cannot tell the difference between true [A] praise and flattering [B] statements making [C] only to gain [D] his favor.
62. They want to expose those educational [A] disadvantaged students to creative,enriching [B] educational experiences [C] for a five-year [D] period.
63. The changes that took [A] place in air travel during [B] the last sixty years would have seemed [C] completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at [D] the turn of the 19th century.
64. I don’t think it [A] advisable that he will be assigned [B] to the job since he has no [C] experience whatsoever [D].
65. Beethoven,the great musician,wrote [A] nine symphonies in his life,most of them were written [B] after he had lost [C] his hearing [D].
66. Mr,Jankin regretted to blame [A] his secretary for [B] the mistake,for [C] he later discovered [D] it was his own fault.
67. As for [A] the influence of computerization,nowhere we have seen [B] the results more clearly than in the U.S,[C],which really have surprised [D] us all.
68. At times [A],more care goes into [B] the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than the writing [C] of features [D] and editorials.
69. It is required by law that a husband have to pay [A] the debts of his wife until [B] formal notice is given that [C] he no longer has to pay her [D].
70. Over [A] the years,a large number of overseas students have studied [B] at that university in the result [C] that it has [D] acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.
Section V,English-Chinese Translation
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese,(15 points)
(71) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation,There is no more difference,but there is just the same kind of difference,between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person,as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales,and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights,(72) It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other,differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
You will understand this better,perhaps,if I give you some familiar examples,(73) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction,that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories,(74) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training,To hear all these large words,you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms,you will discover that you are quite wrong,and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.
There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere’s plays,where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life,In the same way,I trust that you will take comfort,and be delighted with yourselves,on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period,(75) Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning,of the very same kind,though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
Section VI,Writing
DIRECTIONS:
[A] Title,ADVERTISEMENT ON TV
[B] Time limit,40 minutes
[C] Word limit,120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
[D] Your composition should be based at the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:,Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen.”
[E] Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
OUTLINE:
l,Present state
2,Reasons
3,My comments
1993年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)
1. [D] 2. [C] 3. [C] 4. [C] 5. [B]
6. [D] 7. [D] 8. [A] 9. [A] 10. [B]
11. [C] 12. [C] 13. [A] 14. [B] 15. [D]
16. [A] 17. [B] 18. [A] 19. [A] 20. [D]
21. [D] 22. [D] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]
26. [B] 27. [A] 28. [A] 29. [B] 30. [B]
Section II,Reading Comprehension (30 points)
31. [B] 32. [C] 33. [C] 34. [B] 35. [D]
36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [D] 39. [C] 40. [B]
41. [D] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [A]
Section III,Cloze Test (15 points)
46. [B] 47. [D] 48. [A] 49. [B] 50. [D]
51. [C] 52. [A] 53. [C] 54. [B] 55. [D]
56. [A] 57. [B] 58. [D] 59. [C] 60. [B]
Section IV,Error-detection and Correction (10 points)
61. [C] made 62. [A] educationally
63. [A] have taken 64. [B] (should) be assigned
65. [B] written 66. [A] having blamed
67. [B] have we seen 68. [C] into the writing
69. [D] to pay them 70. [C] with the result
Section V,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。
72. 这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。
73. 你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。
74. 许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
75. 在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。
Section VI,Writing (15 points)
76. 参考范文（略）
1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
Part A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],B),[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(5 points)
1. By the time you arrive in London,we ________ in Europe for two weeks.
[A] shall stay
[B] have stayed
[C] will have stayed
[D] have been staying
2. I appreciated ________ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
[A] having been given
[B] having given
[C] to have been given
[D] to have given
3. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,________ obtaining water is not the least.
[A] of which
[B] for what
[C] as
[D] whose
4. The heart is ________ intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.
[A] not so
[B] not much
[C] much more
[D] no more
5. ________ the fact that his initial experiments had failed,Prof,White persisted in his research.
[A] Because of
[B] As to
[C] In spite of
[D] In view of
6. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it ________ in religious,as well as worldly,frame of reference.
[A] is to be analyzed
[B] has been analyzed
[C] be analyzed
[D] should have been analyzed
7. The millions of calculations involved,had they been done by hand,________ all practical value by the time they finished.
[A] could lose
[B] would have lost
[C] might lose
[D] ought to have lost
8. No bread eaten by man is so sweet as ________ earned by his own labour.
[A] one
[B] that
[C] such
[D] what
9. It isn’t cold enough for there ________ a frost tonight,so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.
[A] would be
[B] being
[C] was
[D] to be
10. Scientists generally agree that the Earth’s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years ________ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.
[A] as long as
[B] as much as
[C] as soon as
[D] as well as
Part B
Directions:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(5 points)
11. Similar elements in the prehistoric remains [A] from both areas suggest [B] that Indians and their neighbours had maintained [C] distant but real connections ever [D] before 1500 B,C.
12. It soon became obviously [A] that instead of being trained [B] to sing she would [C] be trained as [D] the astronomer’s assistant.
13. He also conceived [A] that the solar system and the universe would come [B] into existence by [C] a natural process and would disappear [D] one day.
14. The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less [A] than the earth [B]; in consequence [C],the force of [D] gravity at the moon’s surface is only one-sixth of that at the earth’s surface.
15. “The Bunsen burner is so [A] named because it is thought [B] to be invented [C] by Robert Bunsen,who was German by [D] birth.
16. Much although [A] I have traveled,I have never seen anyone to equal [B] her in thoroughness,whatever [C] the job [D].
17. The weeds [A] and tall grass in that yard makes [B] the house look [C] as if it had been vacant [D] for quite some time.
18. If only [A] the nature of the aging process is [B] better understood,the possibility of discovering [C] a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems [D] very remote.
19. When I consider how talented he is [A] as a painter [B],I cannot help but believing [C] that the public [D] will appreciate his gift.
20. Allen has stated [A] that he has always had [B] a great interest [C] and admiration for [D] the work of the British economist Keynes.
Part C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
21. Please do not be ________ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.
[A] disregarded
[B] distorted
[C] irritated
[D] intervened
22. Craig assured his boss that he would ________ all his energies in doing this new job.
[A] call forth
[B] call at
[C] call on
[D] call off
23. Too much ________ to X-rays can cause skin burns,cancer or other damage to the body.
[A] disclosure
[B] exhibition
[C] contact
[D] exposure
24. When confronted with such questions,my mind goes ________,and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.
[A] dim
[B] blank
[C] faint
[D] vain
25. It is well known that knowledge is the ________ condition for expansion of mind.
[A] incompatible
[B] incredible
[C] indefinite
[D] indispensable
26. More than two hundred years ago the United States ________ from the British Empire and become an independent country.
[A] got off
[B] pulled down
[C] broke away
[D] attached to
27. Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is ________ loud continuous noise.
[A] subjected to
[B] filled with
[C] associated with
[D] dropped off
28. Some of the most important concepts in physics ________ their success to these mathematical systems.
[A] oblige
[B] owe
[C] contribute
[D] attribute
29. As your instructor advised,you ought to spend your time on something ________ researching into.
[A] precious
[B] worth
[C] worthy
[D] valuable
30. As a defense against air-pollution damage,many plants and animals ________ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.
[A] relieve
[B] release
[C] dismiss
[D] discard
31. Without the friction between their feet and the ground,people would ________ be able to walk.
[A] in no time
[B] by all means
[C] in no way
[D] on any account
32. While typing,Helen has a habit of stopping ________ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth.
[A] occasionally
[B] simultaneously
[C] eventually
[D] promptly
33. One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S,is that they have taken great ________ to educate their children.
[A] efforts
[B] pains
[C] attempts
[D] endeavours
34. If any man here does not agree with me,he should ________ his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people.
[A] put on
[B] put out
[C] put in
[D] put forward
35. I support your decision,but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be ________ to it.
[A] connected
[B] fastened
[C] bound
[D] stuck
36. The English language contains a(n) ________ of words which are comparative seldom used in ordinary conversation.
[A] altitude
[B] latitude
[C] multitude
[D] attitude
37. In my opinion,you can widen the ________ of these improvements through your active participation.
[A] dimension
[B] volume
[C] magnitude
[D] scope
38. Your improper words will give ________ to doubts concerning your true intentions.
[A] rise
[B] reason
[C] suspicion
[D] impulse
39. The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made ________.
[A] on the spot
[B] on the site
[C] on the location
[D] on the ground
40. The remarkable ________ of life on the Galopagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution.
[A] classification
[B] variety
[C] density
[D] diversion
Section II,Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in following passage,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word,In speaking,the choice of words is __41__ the utmost importance,Proper selection will eliminate one source of __42__ breakdown in the communication cycle,Too often,careless use of words __43__ a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener,The words used by the speaker may __44__ unfavorable reactions in the listener __45__ interfere with his comprehension; hence,the transmission-reception system breaks down.
__46__,inaccurate or indefinite words may make __47__ difficult for the listener to understand the __48__ which is being transmitted to him,The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be __49__ to explain or describe in a __50__ that can be understood by his listeners.
41. [A] of
[B] at
[C] for
[D] on
42. [A] inaccessible
[B] timely
[C] likely
[D] invalid
43. [A] encourages
[B] prevents
[C] destroys
[D] offers
44. [A] pass out
[B] take away
[C] back up
[D] stir up
45. [A] who
[B] as
[C] which
[D] what
46. [A] Moreover
[B] However
[C] Preliminarily
[D] Unexpectedly
47. [A] that
[B] It
[C] so
[D] this
48. [A] speech
[B] sense
[C] message
[D] meaning
49. [A] obscure
[B] difficult
[C] impossible
[D] unable
50. [A] case
[B] means
[C] method
[D] way
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(40 points)
Text 1
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most,Private businessmen,striving to make profits,produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive,operating under competitive pressures,largely determines how these goods and services are produced,Thus,in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers,In the American economy,this mechanism is provided by a price system,a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers,If the product is in short supply relative to the demand,the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market,If,on the other hand,producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost,this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers,which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product,Thus,price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property),and they are permitted to hire labor,gain control over natural resources,and produce goods and services for sale at a profit,In the American economy,the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
51. In Line 11,Paragraph 1,“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means ________.
[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes
[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased
[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ________.
[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
[B] consumers can express their demands through producers
[C] producers decide the prices of products
[D] supply and demand regulate prices
53. According to the passage,a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ________.
[A] private property and rights concerned
[B] manpower and natural resources control
[C] ownership of productive resources
[D] free contracts and prices
54. The passage is mainly about ________.
[A] how American goods are produced
[B] how American consumers buy their goods
[C] how American economic system works
[D] how American businessmen make their profits
Text 2
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card,They give their owners automatic credit in stores,restaurants,and hotels,at home,across the country,and even abroad,and they make many banking services available as well,More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically,making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations,whether or not the local branch bank is open,For many of us the,cashless society” is not on the horizon -- it’s already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers,they have many advantages for sellers too,Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales,They can keep a wide range of records,including who sold what,when,and to whom,This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving,Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made,At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient,allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly,And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns,Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons,Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now,which to develop for the future,and which to drop,Computers keep track of goods in stock,of raw materials on hand,and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises,from theaters to magazine publishers,from gas and electric utilities to milk processors,bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
55. According to the passage,the credit card enables its owner to ________.
[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes
[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do
[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper
[D] cash money wherever he wishes to
56. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ________.
[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards
[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today
[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash
[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before
57. The phrase,ring up sales” (Line 3,Para,2) most probably means,________”.
[A] make an order of goods
[B] record sales on a cash register
[C] call the sales manager
[D] keep track of the goods in stock
58. What is this passage mainly about?
[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.
[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.
Text 3
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age,For these children to develop to their full adult potential,their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children,we find ourselves describing their environment as well,While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention,we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself,Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development,And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge,hopes,and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society,In that mirror we can see the strengths,the weaknesses,the hopes,the prejudices,and the central values of the culture itself,The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens,whatever their special conditions,deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times,but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society,Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law,it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity,That concept implies educational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity,whether that capacity be small or great,Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not -- to an appropriate education,and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education,In response,schools are modifying their programs,adapting instruction to children who are exceptional,to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
59. In Paragraph 2,the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
61. This passage mainly deals with ________.
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
62. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[C] was clearly stated by the country’s founders
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
Text 4
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg,an expert on cancer.,But,” he cautions,“some people have the idea that once one understands the causes,the cure will rapidly follow,Consider Pasteur,he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections,but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
This year,50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years,In the year 2000,the National Cancer Institute estimates,that figure will be 75 percent,For some skin cancers,the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent,But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer,and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence,discovering how cancer works is not easy,The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s,when they discovered that oncogenes,which are cancer-causing genes,are inactive in normal cells,Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene,but how remains unknown,If several oncogenes are driven into action,the cell,unable to turn them off,becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious,but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.,Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward,Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out,“We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”
The prospects for cure,though still distant,are brighter.
“First,we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself,Second,we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble,If we can understand how cancer works,we can counteract its action.”
63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
64. The author implies that by the year 2000,________.
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[D] which normal cells can’t turn off
66. The word,dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
[A] dead
[B] ever-present
[C] inactive
[D] potential
Text 5
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by,untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents,Sir Alexander Fleming did not,as legend would have it,look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then,He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery,Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error,Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal -- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity,The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach,Everybody gets ideas,but innovators work consciously on theirs,and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise,What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions,professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch,a language authority,This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:,How come nobody thought of that before?”
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears,Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything,Faced with getting from A to B,the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route,The innovator will search for alternate courses,which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
67. What does the author probably mean by,untaught mind” in the first paragraph?
[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
[C] A person who has had no education.
[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.
68. According to the author,what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?
[A] The variety of ideas they have.
[B] The intelligence they possess.
[C] The way they deal with problems.
[D] The way they present their findings.
69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________.
[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity
[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things
[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view
[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented
70. The phrase,march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are ________.
[A] diligent in pursuing their goals
[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things
[C] devoted to the progress of science
[D] concerned about the advance of society
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese,Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(15 points)
According to the new school of scientists,technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge,(71) Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools,(72),In short,” a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution,as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (73) Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science,The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to,and derived great benefit from,craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes,genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution,The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy,an astronomer of the second century,whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions,(74) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth,But the real hero of the story,according to the new school of scientists,was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs,genius dispute,(75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
Section V,Writing
DIRECTIONS:
[A] Title,ON MAKING FRIENDS
[B] TIME LIMIT,40 minutes
[C] Word limit,120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:,As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.”
[E] Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
OUTLINE:
l,The need for friends
2,True friendship
3,My principle in making friends
1994年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. [C] 2. [A] 3. [A] 4. [D] 5. [C]
6. [C] 7. [B] 8. [B] 9. [D] 10. [B]
Part B (5 points)
11. [D] even 12. [A] obvious
13. [B] had come 14. [B] that of the earth
15. [C] to have been invented 16. [A] Much as 或 Much though
17. [B] make 18. [A] Unless (=if..,not)
19. [C] 删去 but 或将 believing 改为 believe 20. [C] a great interest in
Part C (10 points)
21. [C] 22. [A] 23. [D] 24. [B] 25. [D]
26. [C] 27. [A] 28. [B] 29. [B] 30. [B]
31. [C] 32. [A] 33. [B] 34. [D] 35. [C]
36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [A] 39. [A] 40. [B]
Section II,Cloze Test (10 points)
41. [A] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [D] 45. [C]
46. [A] 47. [B] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [D]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (40 points)
51. [D] 52. [D] 53. [A] 54. [C] 55. [B]
56. [C] 57. [B] 58. [B] 59. [A] 60. [C]
61. [D] 62. [A] 63. [D] 64. [D] 65. [B]
66. [C] 67. [A] 68. [C] 69. [B] 70. [B]
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。
72. 新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”
73. 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
74. 伽里略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。
75. 政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
Section V,Writing (15 points)
76. 参考范文（略）
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
Part A:
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(5 points)
1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed ________.
[A] had produced
[B] have been produced
[C] would have produced
[D] had been produced
2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ________ in the public mind today.
[A] exists
[B] exist
[C] existing
[D] existed
3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument in favor of the new theory.
[A] which to base on
[B] on which to base
[C] to base on which
[D] which to be based on
4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.
[A] Everybody
[B] Anybody
[C] Somebody
[D] Nobody
5. How many of us ________,say,a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
[A] attended
[B] Attending
[C] to attend
[D] have attended
6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.
[A] so that
[B] but that
[C] in that
[D] provided that
7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ________ in a personal one.
[A] rather than
[B] Other than
[C] better than
[D] less than
8. ________ is generally accepted,economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
[A] What
[B] That
[C] It
[D] As
9. It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force ________ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.
[A] by
[B] with
[C] at
[D] on
10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth,________ the atmosphere.
[A] as it is
[B] the same as
[C] so is
[D] and so is
Part B
Directions:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C],and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(5 points)
11. The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting [A] not so much a leisurely [B] lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are [C] too valuable to be wasted [D].
12. In debating one must correct the opponent’s [A] facts,deny the relevance of his proof,or deny that [B] what [C] he presents as proof,unless [D] relevant,is sufficient.
13. We are not conscious of [A] the extent of which [B] provides the psychological satisfaction that [C] can make the difference [D] between a full and an empty life.
14. The Portuguese give [A] a great deal of credit to one man [B] for having promoted [C] sea travel,that man was [D] Prince Henry the navigator,who lived in the 15th century.
15. Accounts of [A] scientific experiments are generally correct for [B] those write about [C] science are careful in checking [D] the accuracy of their reports.
16. whenever we hear of [A] a natural disaster,even [B] in a distant part of the world,we feel sympathy [C] for the people to have affected [D].
17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say [A] that we shall soon be trusting [B] our health,wealth and happiness to elements with whom [C] very names the general public are [D] unfamiliar.
18. The speaker claimed that no other [A] modern nation devotes so small [B] a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health than [C] the United States does [D].
19. There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked [A] research projects will account for [B] an improvement in the standard of living or,alternately,to do much [C] to protect our diminishing [D] resources.
20. If individuals are awakened [A] each time as [B] they begin a dream phase of sleep,they are likely to become irritable even though [C] their total amount of sleep has been [D] sufficient.
Part C:
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
21. In that country,guests tend to feel they are not highly ________ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.
[A] admired
[B] regarded
[C] expected
[D] worshipped
22. [A] ________ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.
[A] shorthand
[B] scheme
[C] schedule
[D] sketch
23. [A] man has to make ________ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.
[A] supply
[B] assurance
[C] provision
[D] adjustment
24. The newly-built Science Building seems ________ enough to last a hundred years.
[A] spacious
[B] sophisticated
[C] substantial
[D] steady
25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ________ free medical care.
[A] entitled to
[B] involved in
[C] associated with
[D] assigned to
26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ________.
[A] danger
[B] stake
[C] loss
[D] threat
27. I felt ________ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.
[A] fatigued
[B] tired
[C] exhausted
[D] bored
28. When the engine would not start,the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ________.
[A] wrong
[B] trouble
[C] fault
[D] difficulty
29. Your advice would be ________ valuable to him,who is at present at his wit’s end.
[A] exceedingly
[B] excessively
[C] extensively
[D] exclusively
30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract,and now he has to ________ the consequences.
[A] answer for
[B] run into
[C] abide by
[D] step into
31. The river is already ________ its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.
[A] parallel to
[B] level in
[C] flat on
[D] flush with
32. People ________ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.
[A] convinced
[B] anticipated
[C] resolved
[D] assured
33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or ________ for language learning purposes,there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.
[A] adapted
[B] acknowledged
[C] assembled
[D] appointed
34. The mother said she would ________ her son washing the dished if he could finish his assignment before supper.
[A] let down
[B] let alone
[C] let off
[D] let out
35. We should always keep in mind that ________ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.
[A] urgent
[B] hasty
[C] instant
[D] prompt
36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ________ in the dictionary.
[A] missing
[B] losing
[C] dropping
[D] leaking
37. In the past,most foresters have been men,but today,the number of women ________ this field is climbing.
[A] engaging
[B] devoting
[C] registering
[D] pursuing
38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it ________,but he gave us an idea about his plan.
[A] at hand
[B] in turn
[C] in conclusion
[D] at length
39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ________ of being met.
[A] prospect
[B] prediction
[C] prosperity
[D] permission
40. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ________ way when in a furious state.
[A] stable
[B] rational
[C] legal
[D] credible
Section II,Close Test
For each numbered blank in following passage,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep,characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming,and longer periods of non-REM sleep,__41__ kind of sleep is at all well understood,but REM sleep is __42__ to serve some restorative function of the brain,The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more __43__,The new experiments,such as these __44__ for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis,suggest fascinating explanations __45__ of non-REM sleep.
For example,it has long been known that total sleep __46__ is 100 percent fatal to rats,yet,__47__ examination of the dead bodies,the animals look completely normal,A researcher has now __48__ the mystery of why the animals die,The rats __49__ bacterial infections of the blood,__50__ their immune systems -- the self-protecting mechanism against disease -- had crashed.
41. [A] Either
[B] Neither
[C] Each
[D] Any
42. [A] intended
[B] required
[C] assumed
[D] inferred
43. [A] subtle
[B] obvious
[C] mysterious
[D] doubtful
44. [A] maintained
[B] described
[C] settled
[D] afforded
45. [A] in the light
[B] by virtue
[C] with the exception
[D] for the purpose
46. [A] reduction
[B] destruction
[C] deprivation
[D] restriction
47. [A] upon
[B] by
[C] through
[D] with
48. [A] paid attention to
[B] caught sight of
[C] laid emphasis on
[D] cast light on
49. [A] develop
[B] produce
[C] stimulate
[D] induce
50. [A] if
[B] as if
[C] only if
[D] if only
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(40 points)
Text 1
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of,It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices,By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living,By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour,and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment,It lowers the costs of many services,without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much,the price of your television license would need to be doubled,and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
And perhaps most important of all,advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy,Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements,He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising,He will not do so for long,for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once,If you see an article consistently advertised,it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it,and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on,Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs,He was drawing excessively fine distinctions,Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention,But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.
51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.
[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming
[C] advertising costs money like everything else
[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52. In the passage,which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?
[A] Securing greater fame.
[C] Enhancing living standards.
[B] Providing more jobs.
[D] Reducing newspaper cost.
53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.
[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising
[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention
[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising
54. In the author’s opinion,________.
[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
Text 2
There are two basic ways to see growth,one as a product,the other as a process,People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured,The worker who gets a promotion,the student whose grades improve,the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast,the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine,since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way,The process is not the road itself,but rather the attitudes and feelings people have,their caution or courage,as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles,In this process,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world,new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.
In order to grow,to travel new roads,people need to have a willingness to take risks,to confront the unknown,and to accept the possibility that they may,fail” at first,How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow,Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so,then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences,Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate,to move slowly,and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe,Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow,If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts,if we protect ourselves too much,then we cease to grow,We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.
[A] he has given up his smoking habit
[B] he has made great efforts in his work
[C] he is keen on leaning anything new
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
56. In the author’s eyes,one who views personal growth as a process would ________.
[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
[C] face difficulties and take up challenges
[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
57. When the author says,a new way of being” (line 2~3,Para,3) he is referring to ________.
[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves
[B] a new way of taking risks
[D] a new system of adaptation to change
58. For personal growth,the author advocates all of the following except ________.
[A] curiosity about more chances
[C] open-mindedness to new experiences
[B] promptness in self-adaptation
[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
Text 3
In such a changing,complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated,Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members,friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve,Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
In addition to this,there is the growing mobility of people since World War II,As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable,The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off,Thus,things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information,The individual now has more information available than any generation,and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated,time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before,Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files,and to program computers to locate specific information,Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television,radio,and very shortly,electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages,Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence,Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing,and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site,Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information,thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity,the need for information is of greatest importance,Those people who have accurate,reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business,social and family life,will survive and succeed.,Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
59. The word,it” (line 3,Para,2) most probably refers to ________.
[A] the lack of stable communities
[B] the breakdown of informal information channels
[C] the increased mobility of families
[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place
60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________.
[A] they have to learn new things consciously
[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information
[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily
[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family
61. From the passage we can infer that ________.
[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
[B] people should make the best use of the information
[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information
[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
Text 4
Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring,But the environment must also have a profound effect,since if competition is important to the parents,it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school,which is,by its very nature,a highly competitive institution,Too many schools adopt the ‘win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements,The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system,in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows,Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences,remember that Pheidippides,the first marathon runner,dropped dead seconds after saying:,Rejoice,we conquer!”
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations,It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well,The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable,but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously,it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B’s,The world needs A types,and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment,It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened,more time might be spent teaching children surer values,Perhaps selection for the caring professions,especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy,It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock,B’s are important and should be encouraged.
63. According to the passage,A-type individuals are usually ________.
[A] impatient
[B] considerate
[C] aggressive
[D] agreeable
64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.
[A] the pressure is too great on the students
[B] some students are bound to fail
[C] failure rates are too high
[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful
65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.
[A] candidates’ sensitivity
[B] academic achievements
[C] competitive spirit
[D] surer values
66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.
[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics
[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors
[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
Text 5
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering,Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory,Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano,to recitation of a poem,and even to reading and understanding these words,So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory,remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning,The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory,Typically,the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material,Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious,Yet,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive,In this sense,the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals,Indeed,when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety,forgetting may produce relief,Nevertheless,an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade,Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time,since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration,Without forgetting,adaptive ability would suffer,for example,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be,Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion,This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting,In this view,continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output),Indeed,there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned,Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
67. From the evolutionary point of view,________.
[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive
[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability
[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
68. According to the passage,if a person never forgot,________.
[A] he would survive best
[B] he would have a lot of trouble
[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced
[D] the evolution of memory would stop
69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.
[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning
[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system
[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting
[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
70. In this article,the author tries to interpret the function of ________.
[A] remembering
[B] forgetting
[C] adapting
[D] experiencing
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese,Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(15 points)
The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying,assigning,or promoting students,employees,and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books,magazines,the daily press,and even in congress,71) The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users,The tests themselves are merely tools,with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions,Whether the results will be valuable,meaningless,or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance,school grades,research productivity,sales records,or whatever is appropriate,72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted,Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context,They provide a quick,objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned,the skills he has developed,or the kind of person he is,The information so obtained has,qualitatively,the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information,73) Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
74) In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined,Properly used,they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people,Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized,but there are many things they do not do,75) For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
Section V,Writing
DIRECTIONS:
[A] Title,THE,PROJECT HOPE”
[B] Time limit,40 minutes
[C] Word limit,120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:,Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.”
[E] Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
OUTLINE:
1,Present situation
2,Necessity of the project
3,My suggestion
1995年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. [D] 2. [A] 3. [B] 4. [D] 5. [B]
6. [C] 7. [A] 8. [D] 9. [A] 10. [C]
Part B (5 points)
11. [A] reflect 12. [D] if
13. [B] to which 14. [D] being
15. [C] writing about或who write about 16. [D] affected
17. [C] whose 18. [C] as
19. [C] do much 20. [B] each time
Part C (10 points)
21. [B] 22. [D] 23. [C] 24. [C] 25. [A]
26. [B] 27. [D] 28. [C] 29. [A] 30. [A]
31. [D] 32. [B] 33. [A] 34. [C] 35. [B]
36. [A] 37. [D] 38. [D] 39. [A] 40. [B]
Section II,Cloze Test (10 points)
41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [C] 44. [B] 45. [D]
46. [C] 47. [A] 48. [D] 49. [A] 50. [B]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (40 points)
51. [D] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [C] 55. [A]
56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [D] 59. [B] 60. [C]
61. [A] 62. [D] 63. [C] 64. [B] 65. [B]
66. [C] 67. [D] 68. [B] 69. [A] 70. [B]
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
72. 这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
73. 因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
74. 一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
75. 例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
Section V,Writing (15 points)
76. 参考范文（略）
1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
Part A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(5 points)
1. Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often ________,or better than an actual performance.
[A] as good as
[B] as good
[C] good
[D] good as
2. My pain ________ apparent the moment I walked into the room,for the first man I met asked sympathetically:,Are you feeling all right?”
[A] must be
[B] had
[C] must have been
[D] had to be
3. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ________ she could remember who last borrowed it.
[A] ever since
[B] much as
[C] even though
[D] if only
4. Observations were made ________ the children at the beginning and at the end of pre-school and first grade.
[A] towards
[B] of
[C] on
[D] with
5. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports,each ________ one major point in contrast with the other.
[A] makes
[B] made
[C] is to make
[D] making
6. A safety analysis ________ the target as a potential danger,Unfortunately,it was never done.
[A] would identify
[B] will identify
[C] would have identified
[D] will have identified
7. The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half ________.
[A] of last year’s
[B] those of last year’s
[C] of those of last year
[D] that of last year’s
8. For there ________ successful communication,there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.
[A] is
[B] to be
[C] will be
[D] being
9. There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently ________ what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
[A] giving
[B] gave
[C] to give
[D] given
10. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything ________ going on in the world.
[A] it is
[B] as is
[C] there is
[D] what is
Part B
Directions:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C],and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(5 points)
11. I’d rather you would go [A] by train,because I can’t bear [B] the idea of your being [C] in an airplane in such [D] bad weather.
12. It’s essential that people be [A] psychological [B] able to resist the impact brought about [C] by the transition form planned [D] economy to market economy.
13. Some bosses dislike to allow [A] people to share [B] their responsibilities; they keep all [C] important matters tightly [D] in their own hands.
14. Each cigarette which a person smokes does [A] some [B] harm,and eventually you [C] may get a serious disease from its [D] effect.
15. On the whole [A],ambitious students are much likely [B] to succeed in their studies than are those [C] with [D] little ambition.
16. Despite [A] much research,there are still certain elements in [B] the life cycle of the insect that is [C]not fully understood [D].
17. In 1921 Einstein won the Nobel Prize,and was honored [A] in Germany until the rise [B] of Nazism then [C] he was driven from [D] Germany because he was a Jew.
18. The data received [A] from the two spacecrafts [B] whirling around Mars indicate [C] that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring [D] about the equator of the planet.
19. Generally speaking,the bird flying across [A] our path is observed,and the one [B] staying on the tree near at hand [C] is passed by without any notice taking [D] of it.
20. Mercury’s velocity is so much [A] greater than the Earth’s [B] that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time that [C] takes the Earth to complete one [D].
Part C:
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
21. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were ________.
[A] hung up
[B] hung back
[C] cut down
[D] cut off
22. She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend ________ here so that she could learn more about the city.
[A] sometimes
[B] some time
[C] sometime
[D] some times
23. Ms,Green has been living in town for only one year,yet she seems to be ________ with everyone who comes to the store.
[A] accepted
[B] admitted
[C] admired
[D] acquainted
24. He does not ________ as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible.
[A] equal
[B] match
[C] qualify
[D] fit
25. Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been ________ the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.
[A] pursuing
[B] chasing
[C] reaching
[D] winning
26. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that ________ the speakers stopped for refreshments.
[A] at large
[B] at intervals
[C] at ease
[D] at random
27. When travelling,you are advised to take travellers’ checks,which provide a secure ________ to carrying your money in cash.
[A] substitute
[B] selection
[C] preference
[D] alternative
28. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a ________ character.
[A] gracious
[B] suspicious
[C] unique
[D] particular
29. Changing from solid to liquid,water takes in heat from all substances near it,and this ________ produces artificial cold surrounding it.
[A] absorption
[B] transition
[C] consumption
[D] interaction
30. I didn’t say anything like that at all,You are purposely ________ my ideas to prove your point.
[A] revising
[B] contradicting
[C] distorting
[D] distracting
31. Language,culture,and personality may be considered ________ of each other in thought,but they are inseparable in fact.
[A] indistinctly
[B] separately
[C] irrelevantly
[D] independently
32. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn,the Irish milkmaid fought hard to ________ her laughter.
[A] hold back
[B] hold on
[C] hold out
[D] hold up
33. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ________ attitude toward customers.
[A] impartial
[B] mild
[C] hostile
[D] opposing
34. I ________ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.
[A] express
[B] confess
[C] verify
[D] acknowledge
35. It is strictly ________ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.
[A] secured
[B] forbidden
[C] regulated
[D] determined
36. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ________ again next spring.
[A] assembly
[B] session
[C] conference
[D] convention
37. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ________ the birth of Jesus Christ.
[A] in accordance with
[B] in terms of
[C] in favor of
[D] in honor of
38. Since it is too late to change my mind now,I am ________ to carrying out the plan.
[A] obliged
[B] committed
[C] engaged
[D] resolved
39. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley,but it ________ as well as we had hoped.
[A] came off
[B] went off
[C] brought out
[D] made out
40. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries,we must ________ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.
[A] improve
[B] enhanced
[C] guarantee
[D] gear
Section II,Close Test
For each numbered blank in following passage,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.
They do not provide energy,__41__ do they construct or build any part of the body,They are needed for __42__ foods into energy and body maintenance,There are thirteen or more of them,and if __43__ is missing a deficiency disease becomes __44__.
Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements -- usually carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and __45__ nitrogen,They are different __46__ their elements are arranged differently,and each vitamin __47__ one or more specific functions in the body.
__48__ enough vitamins is essential to life,although the body has no nutritional use for __49__ vitamins,Many people,__50__,believe in being on the,safe side” and thus take extra vitamins,However,a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.
41. [A] either
[B] so
[C] nor
[D] never
42. [A] shifting
[B] transferring
[C] altering
[D] transforming
43. [A] any
[B] some
[C] anything
[D] something
44. [A] serious
[B] apparent
[C] severe
[D] fatal
45. [A] mostly
[B] partially
[C] sometimes
[D] rarely
46. [A] in that
[B] so that
[C] such that
[D] except that
47. [A] undertakes
[B] holds
[C] plays
[D] performs
48. [A] Supplying
[B] Getting
[C] Providing
[D] Furnishing
49. [A] exceptional
[B] exceeding
[C] excess
[D] external
50. [A] nevertheless
[B] therefore
[C] moreover
[D] meanwhile
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(40 points)
Text l
Tight-lipped elders used to say,“It’s not what you want in this world,but what you get.”
Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.
You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house,and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living,If we intend to have friends to dinner,we plan the menu,make a shopping list,decide which food to cook first,and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.
Likewise,if you want to find a job,take a sheet of paper,and write a brief account of yourself,In making a blueprint for a job,begin with yourself,for when you know exactly what you have to offer,you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.
This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education,experience and references,Such an account is valuable,It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews,While talking to you,your could-be employer is deciding whether your,wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires,you have something tangible to sell,Then you are ready to hunt for a job,Get all the possible information about your could-be job,Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm,Keep your eyes and ears open,and use your own judgment,Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for,and keep in mind,Securing a job is your job now.
51. What do the elders mean when they say,“It’s not what you want in this world,but what you get.”?
[A] You’ll certainly get what you want.
[B] It’s no use dreaming.
[C] You should be dissatisfied with what you have.
[D] It’s essential to set a goal for yourself.
52. [A] blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________.
[A] an illustration of how to write an application for a job
[B] an indication of how to secure a good job
[C] a guideline for job description
[D] a principle for job evaluation
53. According to the passage,one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.
[A] that is the first step to please the employer
[B] that is the requirement of the employer
[C] it enables him to know when to sell his services
[D] it forces him to become clearly aware of himself
54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires,you have something ________.
[A] definite to offer
[B] imaginary to provide
[C] practical to supply
[D] desirable to present
Text 2
With the start of BBC World Service Television,millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage,as well as listen to it,And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels,five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station,They are brought sport,comedy,drama,music,news and current affairs,education,religion,parliamentary coverage,children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of 83 pounds per household.
It is a remarkable record,stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt,The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization,at least for the time being,but its role,its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government,which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC -- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation,and even whether they thought it was worth keeping,The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is,or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan,If it ain’t broke,don’t fix it.” The BBC,ain’t broke,” they say,by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’,meaning having no money),so why bother to change it?
Yet the BBC will have to change,because the broadcasting world around it is changing,The commercial TV channels -- TV and Channel 4 -- were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial,competing with each other for advertisers,and cutting costs and jobs,But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
55. The world famous BBC now faces ________.
[A] the problem of new coverage
[B] an uncertain prospect
[C] inquiries by the general public
[D] shrinkage of audience
56. In the passage,which of the following about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?
[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.
[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.
[C] Potentials for further international co-operations.
[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organization.
57. The BBC’s,royal charter” (Line 4,Paragraph 3) stands for ________.
[A] the financial support from the royal family
[B] the privileges granted by the Queen
[C] a contract with the Queen
[D] a unique relationship with the royal family
58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.
[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels
[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government
[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs
[D] the challenge of new satellite channels
Text 3
In the last half of the nineteenth century,capital” and,labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines,Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers,The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders,It was moreover a step away from individual initiative,towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business,The railway companies,though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders,were very unlike old family business,At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting,trams and other services to the taxpayers.
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences,Such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class,an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business,All through the nineteenth century,America,Africa,India,Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital,and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization,Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large,comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes,and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management,On the other hand,shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The,shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives,thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares,and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good,The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands,but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away,Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible,Fortunately,however,the increasing power and organization of the trade unions,at least in all skilled trades,enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them,The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
59. It’s true of the old family firms that ________.
[A] they were spoiled by the younger generations
[B] they failed for lack of individual initiative
[C] they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies
[D] they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.
[A] the separation of capital from management
[B] the ownership of capital by managers
[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes
[D] the participation of shareholders in municipal business
61. According to the passage,all of the following are true except that ________.
[A] the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
[B] the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers
[C] the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
[D] the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
62. The author is most critical of ________.
[A] family film owners
[B] landowners
[C] managers
[D] shareholders
Text 4
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph,the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors,I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal,“spatial” thinking about things technological.
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics,especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states,were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage,As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported,“With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline,the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”
A further stimulus to invention came from the,premium” system,which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it,This approach,originated abroad,offered inventors medals,cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States,multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities,Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation,the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology,As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out,“A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual,nonverbal process..,The designer and the inventor..,are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”
This nonverbal,spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing,Robert Fulton once wrote,“The mechanic should sit down among levers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet,considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts,in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”
When all these shaping forces -- schools,open attitudes,the premium system,a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S,mainland,they produced that American characteristic,emulation,Today that word implies mere imitation,But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
63. According to the author,the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.
[A] elementary schools
[B] enthusiastic workers
[C] the attractive premium system
[D] a special way of thinking
64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.
[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
[B] shed light on disciplined school management
[C] was brought about by privileged home training
[D] owed a lot to the technological development
65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.
[A] they are both winners of awards
[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
[C] they both abandon verbal description
[D] they both use various instruments
66. The best title for this passage might be ________.
[A] Inventive Mind
[B] Effective Schooling
[B] Ways of Thinking
[D] Outpouring of Inventions
Text 5
Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines,A few have already appeared,The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life,Cosmology,geology,and biology have provided a consistent,unified,and constantly improving account of what happened.,Scientific” creationism,which is being pushed by some for,equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given,is based on religion,not science,Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard,scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.
The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution,At appropriate places,he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers,In the last three chapters,he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating,He describes their programmes and tactics,and,for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists,the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise,When their basic motivation is religious,one might have expected more Christian behavior.
Kitcher is a philosopher,and this may account,in part,for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments,The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory,The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all,On the dust jacket of this fine book,Stephen Jay Gould says:,This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
67. “Creationism” in the passage refers to ________.
[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe
[B] a notion of the creation of religion
[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation
[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe
68. Kitcher’s book is intended to ________.
[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists
[B] expose the true features of creationists
[C] curse bitterly at this opponents
[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists
69. From the passage we can infer that ________.
[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists
[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings
70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.
[A] a book review
[B] a scientific paper
[C] a magazine feature
[D] a newspaper editorial
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese,Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(15 points)
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes,71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs,Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating,Some,however,are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take,by persons in authority,act to alter the growth pattern of different areas,This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend,72) This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail,It can be predicted,however,that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers,It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order,73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support,like all government support,requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds,Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward,But decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult,The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting,good” as opposed to,bad” science,but a valid determination is difficult to make,Generally,the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory,74) However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects,75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.
Section V,Writing
76. DIRECTIONS:
[A] Title,GOOD HEALTH
[B] Time limit,40 minutes
[C] Word limit,120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:,The desire for good health is universal.”
[E] Your composition should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
OUTLINE:
1,Importance of good health
2,Ways to keep fit
3,My own practices
1996年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. [A] 2. [C] 3. [D] 4. [B] 5. [D]
6. [C] 7. [D] 8. [B] 9. [A] 10. [C]
Part B (5 points)
11. [A] went 12. [B] psychologically
13. [A] allowing 14. [C] he
15. [B] are more likely 16. [C] are
17. [C] when 18. [B] two spacecraft
19. [D] taken 20. [C] it
Part C (10 points)
21. [D] 22. [B] 23. [D] 24. [C] 25. [A]
26. [B] 27. [D] 28. [B] 29. [A] 30. [C]
31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [C] 34. [D] 35. [C]
36. [B] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [A] 40. [D]
Section II,Cloze Test (10 points)
41. [C] 42. [D] 43. [A] 44. [B] 45. [C]
46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [B] 49. [C] 50. [A]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (40 points)
51. [B] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [A] 55. [B]
56. [C] 57. [C] 58. [D] 59. [C] 60. [A]
61. [C] 62. [D] 63. [D] 64. [A] 65. [B]
66. [A] 67. [D] 68. [B] 69. [B] 70. [A]
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
72. 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
73. 给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。
74. 然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
75. 同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
Section V,Writing (15 points)
76. 参考范文
GOOD HEALTH
Wherever you are and whatever you do,staying healthy is always important,With the improvement of our living standards,people are attaching more and more importance to their health,We students can’t keep the high study efficiency without good health,The same thing is true with workers,scientists and doctors.
In my opinion,good diet and exercises are two major ways to keep healthy,The food we eat every day must be rational and should include meat,vegetables,eggs,and fruit,It is important to drink water every day and not to get addicted to drinking coffee or some other soft drinks,Exercising every day is also essential for us to stay healthy,We can ride bicycles,play tennis or swim,Of course we don’t need to exhaust ourselves,We should plan our physical exercises according to our actual condition,An hour a day is enough.
As a university student,I have much free time to do exercises,I usually play badminton and tennis,But sometimes I am lazy and do not exercise for all kinds of excuses,such as cold weather and exams,I must correct it,I am also careful with my diet,In a way,keeping healthy is not very hard,if you just take it seriously.
1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
Part A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],B),[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(5 points)
1. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds,________ could go penniless by next year.
[A] the larger one
[B] the larger of which
[C] the largest one
[D] the largest of which
2. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free,owing to its always ________ with other elements,most commonly with oxygen.
[A] combined
[B] having combined
[C] combine
[D] being combined
3. Andrew,my father’s younger brother,will not be at the picnic,________ to the family’s disappointment.
[A] much
[B] more
[C] too much
[D] much more
4. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible,but I ________ fully occupied the whole of last week.
[A] were
[B] had been
[C] have been
[D] was
5. Help will come from the UN,but the aid will be ________ near what’s needed.
[A] everywhere
[B] somewhere
[C] nowhere
[D] anywhere
6. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates ________ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
[A] and
[B] as
[C] but
[D] or
7. He claims to be an expert in astronomy,but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject,________ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.
[A] What little
[B] So much
[C] How much
[D] So little
8. Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results,we have to become reconciled ________ the decision made by our fellow countrymen.
[A] for
[B] on
[C] to
[D] in
9. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone ________ to the system,so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
[A] adding
[B] to have added
[C] to add
[D] added
10. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly ________.
[A] noticed
[B] to be noticed
[C] being noticed
[D] to notice
Part B
Directions:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(5 points)
Example:
A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition which [C] they saw [D] many new products.
Part [C] is wrong,The sentence should read,“A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].
11. Although Professor Green’s lectures usually ran over [A] the fifty minute [B] period,but none [C] of his students even [D] objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.
12. When [A] Edison died,it was proposed that the American people turned off [B] all power [C] in their homes,streets,and factories for several minutes in honor of [D] this great man.
13. They pointed out [A] the damage which [B] they supposed that [C] had been done by last night’s [D] storm.
14. Because of [A] the recent accidents,our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming [B] in the river unless [C] someone agrees to watch [D] over us.
15. A great many [A] teachers firmly [B] believe that English is one of the poorest taught [C] subjects in high schools at present,[D]
16. In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound produced [A] ability,organizing [B] two sounds delivered [C] at a high rate as one call,[D]
17. I thought the technician was to blame [A] for the blowing [B] of the fuse,but I see now how [C] I was [D] mistaken.
18. For him to be re elected,[A] what is essential is not that his policy works,[B] but that [C] the public believe that it is,[D]
19. As far as [A] I am concerned,his politics are [B] rather conservative compared [C] with other politicians,[D]
20. I’d say whenever you are going [A] after something that is belonging [B] to you,anyone who is depriving [C] you of the right to have it is criminal,[D]
Part C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],B),[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(10 points)
Example:
The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.
[A] vanished
[B] scattered
[C] abandoned
[D] rejected
The sentence should read,“The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore,you should choose [C].
21. When workers are organized in trade unions,employers find it hard to lay them ________.
[A] off
[B] aside
[C] out
[D] down
22. The wealth of a country should be measured ________ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.
[A] in line with
[B] in terms of
[C] in regard with
[D] by means of
23. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ________ on what he promises.
[A] faith
[B] belief
[C] credit
[D] reliance
24. My students found the book ________,it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.
[A] enlightening
[B] confusing
[C] distracting
[D] amusing
25. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will ________ down the economy.
[A] put
[B] settle
[C] drag
[D] knock
26. In this factory the machines are not regulated ________ but are jointly controlled by a central computer system.
[A] independently
[B] individually
[C] irrespectively
[D] irregularly
27. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change,or causes energy to be ________ in some form.
[A] given off
[B] put out
[C] set off
[D] used up
28. If businessmen are taxed too much,they will no longer be motivated to work hard,with the result that incomes from taxation might actually ________.
[A] shrink
[B] delay
[C] disperse
[D] sink
29. American companies are evolving from mass-production manufacturing to ________ enterprises.
[A] moveable
[B] changing
[C] flexible
[D] varying
30. If you know what the trouble is,why don’t you help them to ________ the situation?
[A] simplify
[B] modify
[C] verify
[D] rectify
31. I can’t ________ what has happened to the vegetables,for they were freshly picked this morning.
[A] figure out
[B] draw out
[C] look out
[D] work out
32. I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat ________.
[A] disapproval
[B] rejection
[C] refusal
[D] decline
33. From this material we can ________ hundreds of what you may call direct products.
[A] derive
[B] discern
[C] diminish
[D] displace
34. She had clearly no ________ of doing any work,although she was very well paid.
[A] tendency
[B] ambition
[C] intention
[D] willingness
35. What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become ________ a third time.
[A] clean and measurable
[B] notable and systematic
[C] pure and wholesome
[D] clear and organic
36. The public opinion was that the time was not ________ for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr,Jones.
[A] reasonable
[B] ripe
[C] ready
[D] practical
37. Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the ________ of hunger.
[A] sensation
[B] cause
[C] purpose
[D] motive
38. For the new country to survive,________ for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required.
[A] to name a few
[B] let alone
[C] not to speak
[D] let’s say
39. Foreign disinvestment and the ________ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.
[A] displacement
[B] elimination
[C] exclusion
[D] exception
40. When a number of people ________ together in a conversational knot,each individual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.
[A] pad
[B] pack
[C] squeeze
[D] cluster
Section II,Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C],[D],Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(10 points)
Manpower Inc.,with 560,000 workers,is the world’s largest temporary employment agency,Every morning,its people __41__ into the offices and factories of America,seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay,One day at a time,__42__ industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive __43__ reducing the number of employees,Manpower,based in Milwaukee,Wisconsin,is booming.
__44__ its economy continues to recover,the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers,This __45__ work force is the most important __46__ in American business today,and it is __47__ changing the relationship between people and their jobs,The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive __48__ avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens __49__ by employment rules,healthcare costs and pension plans,For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of __50__ that came from being a loyal employee.
41. [A] swarm
[B] stride
[C] separate
[D] slip
42. [A] For
[B] Because
[C] As
[D] Since
43. [A] from
[B] in
[C] on
[D] by
44. [A] Even though
[B] Now that
[C] If only
[D] Provided that
45. [A] durable
[B] disposable
[C] available
[D] transferable
46. [A] approach
[B] flow
[C] fashion
[D] trend
47. [A] instantly
[B] reversely
[C] fundamentally
[D] sufficiently
48. [A] but
[B] while
[C] and
[D] whereas
49. [A] imposed
[B] restricted
[C] illustrated
[D] confined
50. [A] excitement
[B] conviction
[C] enthusiasm
[D] importance
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers marked [A],B),[C] and [D],Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(40 points)
Text 1
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken,After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die,The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10,Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up,half a world away,by John Hofsess,executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada,He sent it on via the group’s on-line service,Death NET,Says Hofsess:,We posted bulletins all day long,because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia,It’s world history.”
The full import may take a while to sink in,The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications,Some have breathed sighs of relief,others,including churches,right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association,bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage,But the tide is unlikely to turn back,In Australia -- where an aging population,life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia,In the US and Canada,where the right to die movement is gathering strength,observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law,an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering,The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors,After a,cooling off” period of seven days,the patient can sign a certificate of request,After 48 hours the wish for death can be met,For Lloyd Nickson,a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer,the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering,a terrifying death from his breathing condition.,I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view,but what I was afraid of was how I’d go,because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.
51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.
[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage
52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,he means ________.
[A] observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US,Canada and other countries
[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
53. When Lloyd Nickson dies,he will ________.
[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia
[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering
[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days
54. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.
[A] opposition
[B] suspicion
[C] approval
[D] indifference
Text 2
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous,and helpful most Americans were to them,To be fair,this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians,and should best be considered North American,There are,of course,exceptions,Small minded officials,rude waiters,and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US,Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence,Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another,Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion,and brought news of the outside world.
The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality,Someone traveling alone,if hungry,injured,or ill,often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement,It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers,It reflected the harshness of daily life,if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him,there was no one else who would,And someday,remember,you might be in the same situation.
Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler,Yet,the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US,especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.,I was just traveling through,got talking with this American,and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon,but are not always understood properly,The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial,but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society,in America a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions,and conventions underlies all social interrelationships,And,of course,speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns,Visitors who fail to,translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions,For example,when an American uses the word,friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture,It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest,Yet,being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world,________.
[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
[B] small minded officials deserve a serious comment
[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
[D] most Americans are ready to offer help
56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.
[A] to improve their hard life
[B] in view of their long distance travel
[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life
[D] out of a charitable impulse
58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.
[A] tends to be superficial and artificial
[B] is generally well kept up in the United States
[C] is always understood properly
[D] was something to do with the busy tourist trails
Text 3
Technically,any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug,Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts,They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs,This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists,The phrase,substance abuse” is often used instead of,drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive,an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves,When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all,most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions,Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence,Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect,and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception,mood,and behavior are known as psychoactive substances,Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants,depressants,or hallucinogens,Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system,whereas depressants slow it down,Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception,distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations,These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning,mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.
59. “Substance abuse” (Line 5,Paragraph 1) is preferable to,drug abuse” in that ________.
[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
[B],drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers
[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
60. The word,pervasive” (Line 1,Paragraph 2) might mean ________.
[A] widespread
[B] overwhelming
[C] piercing
[D] fashionable
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.
[A] stimulants function positively on the mind
[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
Text 4
No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation.,Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week.,You have sold your souls,but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner,however,such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990,It’s a self-examination that has,at various times,involved issues of responsibility,creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin,56,who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992,On the financial front,Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt,which will increase to 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close,He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company,but investors are waiting impatiently.
The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him,Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression,In 1992,when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice T’s violent rap song Cop Killer,Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture,which deserves an outlet.,The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column,“lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude,however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be,We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”
Levin would not comment on the debate last week,but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line stand,at least to some extent,During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting,Levin asserted that,music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son,a teacher in the Bronx,New York,who uses rap to communicate with students,But he talked as well about the,balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility,and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
The 15 member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy,But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter.,Some of us have known for many,many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce.,I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”
63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.
[A] its raising of the corporate stock price
[B] its self-examination of soul
[C] its neglect of social responsibility
[D] its emphasis on creative freedom
64. According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE?
[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.
[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.
[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.
[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive
65. In face of the recent attacks on the company,the chairman ________.
[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression
[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy
[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection
[D] received more support from the 15-member board
66. The best title for this passage could be ________.
[A] A Company under Fire
[B] A Debate on Moral Decline
[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture
[D] A Form of Creative Freedom
Text 5
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy,such as,steering the economy to a soft landing” or,a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science,Nothing could be further from the truth,The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain,And there are long,variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy,Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen,a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
Given all these disadvantages,central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late,Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year,close to its lowest level in 30 years,before rising slightly to 2.5% this July,This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicated,In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995,In fact,it fell to 2.6% in August,and expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole,In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year,This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years,inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States,since conventional measures suggest that both economies,and especially America’s,have little productive slack,America’s capacity utilization,for example,hit historically high levels earlier this year,and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.
Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is,unfortunately,a little defective,Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
67. From the passage we learn that ________.
[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates
[B] economy will always follow certain models
[C] the economic situation is better than expected
[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation
68. According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE?
[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car
[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation
[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation
[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy
69. The sentence,This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5,Paragraph 3) means that ________.
[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time
[B] the inflation rate will soon rise
[C] the inflation will disappear quickly
[D] there is no inflation at present
70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.
[A] critical of
[B] puzzled by
[C] disappointed at
[D] amazed at
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese,Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put,It sounds like a useful,ground-clearing way to start,71) Actually,it isn’t,because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights,to be sure,it necessarily follows that animals have none,72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements,Therefore,animals cannot have rights,The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd,for exactly the same reason,so is the idea that tigers have rights,However,this is only one account,and by no means an uncontested one,It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance to infants,the mentally incapable and future generations,In addition,it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it,how do you reply to somebody who says,I don’t like this contract”?
The point is this,without agreement on the rights of people,arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless,73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset,it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all,This is a false choice,Better to start with another,more fundamental,question,is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it,74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice,Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood,may seem bravely,logical.” In fact it is simply shallow,the confused center is right to reject it,The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl -- is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own,This in turn requires sympathy and imagination,without which there is no capacity for moral thought,To see an animal in pain is enough,for most,to engage sympathy,75) When that happens,it is not a mistake,it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
71. ________
72. ________
73. ________
74. ________
75. ________
Section V,Writing
Directions:
[A] Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120.
[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET,(15 points)
[C] Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:
1,Interpret the following pictures.
2,Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reason.
1997年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. [B] 2. [D] 3. [A] 4. [D] 5. [C]
6. [B] 7. [A] 8. [C] 9. [D] 10. [B]
Part B (5 points)
11. [C] 12. [B] 13. [C] 14. [B] 15. [C]
16. [A] 17. [C] 18. [D] 19. [D] 20. [B]
Part C (10 points)
21. [A] 22. [B] 23. [D] 24. [A] 25. [C]
26. [A] 27. [A] 28. [A] 29. [C] 30. [D]
31. [A] 32. [C] 33. [A] 34. [C] 35. [D]
36. [B] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [C] 40. [D]
Section II,Cloze Test (10 points)
41. [A] 42. [C] 43. [D] 44. [A] 45. [B]
46. [D] 47. [C] 48. [B] 49. [A] 50. [D]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (40 points)
51. [D] 52. [B] 53. [A] 54. [C] 55. [D]
56. [A] 57. [C] 58. [B] 59. [D] 60. [A]
61. [A] 62. [B] 63. [C] 64. [D] 65. [B]
66. [A] 67. [C] 68. [B] 69. [A] 70. [D]
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。
72. 有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在在于社会契约中,是责任与权益相交换的一部分。
73. 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
74. 这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
75. 这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲弄。
Section V,Writing (15 points)
76. 参考范文例文一
We meet smokers everywhere,in the streets,on college campuses and in shops,There are 5.8 billion people in the world,and the smokers are about 1.1 billion,which makes up 20 percent of the world’s total population.
Smoking is very harmful,I think there are two main aspects to the damage,First,smoking consumes a great deal of money,As is shown in the pictorial graph,smoking wastes 200 billion dollars each year in the world,Second,smoking does harm to the health of smokers,and it is the main cause of lung cancer,About 3 million people die because of the relevant diseases derived from smoking every year.
Because more and more people are aware of the great harm of smoking to humans,the amount of tobacco consumption is on the decrease,From the following figures we can clearly see the tendency,The total amount of world tobacco production added up to 14.364 billion pounds in 1994,but it dropped to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995,At the same time,many countries call on people to give up smoking,So it is certain that the number of smokers is to decrease.
例文二
About Tobacco Consumption
From the above set of pictures,we can see that there were a total of 14.364 billion pounds of tobacco produced in 1994 and 14.2 billion pounds in 1995,Because the amount of tobacco production is falling yearly,it can be predicted that the tendency of tobacco consumption would also be falling yearly,There are many reasons,Firstly,smoking wastes money,Every year there are two hundred billion dollars,burnt” in the cigarette,fire.” Secondly,smoking would hardly do people any good and it can even cause cancer,Every year there are three million people,buried” in the cigarette,tomb”.
Although tobacco consumption is falling,there are too many people who smoke,The population in the world is 5.8 billion,but about twenty percent of the population,that is to say 1.1 billion people,smoke,So the situation is serious and the movement against smoking is still a difficult task.
评语：上边两篇作文内容符合要求,包括对各图的说明,对趋势的预测及理由,数字表达正确,语言较好,表达能力较强,长度符合要求。得14分
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
Part A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(5 points)
Example:
I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.
[A] from
[B] after
[C] for
[D] since
The sentence should read,“I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore,you should choose [D].
1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ________ the last bus.
[A] to have caught
[B] to catch
[C] catching
[D] having caught
2. As it turned out to be a small house party,we ________ so formally.
[A] needn’t dress up
[B] did not need have dressed up
[C] did not need dress up
[D] needn’t have dressed up
3. I apologize if I ________ you,but I assure you it was unintentional.
[A] offend
[B] had offended
[C] should have offended
[D] might have offended
4. Although a teenager,Fred could resist ________ what to do and what not to do.
[A] to be told
[B] having been told
[C] being told
[D] to have been told
5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ________ avoided.
[A] is to be
[B] can be
[C] will be
[D] has been
6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.
[A] before
[B] as
[C] since
[D] when
7. There are over 100 night schools in the city,making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter ________ he does.
[A] how
[B] where
[C] what
[D] when
8. I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ________ twenty years ago.
[A] about
[B] since
[C] till
[D] with
9. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,________ insufficiently popular with all members.
[A] being considered
[B] considering
[C] to be considered
[D] having considered
10. ________ for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is.
[A] Had it not been
[B] Were it not
[C] Be it not
[D] Should it not be
Part B
Directions:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(5 points)
Example:
A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition which [C] they saw [D] many new products.
Part [C] is wrong,The sentence should read,“A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].
11. According to Darwin,random changes that enhance a species’[A] ability for surviving [B] are [C] naturally selected and passed on to succeeding [D] generations.
12. Neither rain nor snow keeps [A] the postman from delivering our letters which [B] we so much [C] look forward to receive [D].
13. If they will not accept [A] a check,we shall have [B] to pay the cash [C],though it would be [D] much trouble for both sides.
14. Having been [A] robbed off [B] economic importance,those states are not [C] likely to count for very much [D] in international political terms.
15. The message will be [A] that [B] neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their [C] uncontrollable practices [D].
16. The logic of scientific development is such [A] that separates [B] groups of men working on [C] the same problem in far-scattered [D] laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.
17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to [A] the European races,and [B] some may even have a [C] freshness and vitality that can renew the energies [D] of more advanced races.
18. The [A] more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than [B] ample destroying [C] every city in the world several times over [D].
19. The universe works in a way so far remove [A] from what common sense would [B] allow that [C] words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it [D].
20. The integration of independent states could best be [A] brought about by first [B] creating a central organization with authorities [C] over technical [D] economic tasks.
Part C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
Example:
The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.
[A] vanished
[B] scattered
[C] abandoned
[D] rejected
The sentence should read,“The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore,you should choose [C].
21. The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in use for over ten years.
[A] amending
[B] fitting
[C] mending
[D] renovating
22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds,so I only caught a ________ of him.
[A] glance
[B] glimpse
[C] look
[D] sight
23. I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your greater knowledge in front of the director,for it may offend him.
[A] show up
[B] show out
[C] show in
[D] show off
24. The returns in the short ________ may be small,but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.
[A] interval
[B] range
[C] span
[D] term
25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with the properties of trees and plants,and the habit of birds and beasts.
[A] acquisition
[B] discrimination
[C] curiosity
[D] familiarity
26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ________ her long effort.
[A] justify
[B] testify
[C] rectify
[D] verify
27. I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ________ my debt in return for certain services.
[A] take away
[B] cut out
[C] write off
[D] clear up
28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ________.
[A] explosion
[B] sensation
[C] exaggeration
[D] stimulation
29. According to what you have just said,am I to understand that his new post ________ no responsibility with it at all?
[A] shoulders
[B] possesses
[C] carries
[D] shares
30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.
[A] comment
[B] reaction
[C] impression
[D] comprehension
31. Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law forbids them.
[A] restrain
[B] hinder
[C] restrict
[D] prohibit
32. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of ________ every business operation in the whole country.
[A] practically
[B] preferably
[C] precisely
[D] presumably
33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion,________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.
[A] in proportion to
[B] in reply to
[C] in relation to
[D] in contrast to
34. He is planning another tour abroad,yet his passport will ________ at the end of this month.
[A] expire
[B] exceed
[C] terminate
[D] cease
35. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ________ letters from their families.
[A] sentimental
[B] affectionate
[C] intimate
[D] sensitive
36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ________,or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s.
[A] revolt
[B] revolve
[C] reverse
[D] revive
37. I was unaware of the critical points involved,so my choice was quite ________.
[A] arbitrary
[B] rational
[C] mechanical
[D] unpredictable
38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ________ according to the weather.
[A] altered
[B] converted
[C] fluctuated
[D] modified
39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ________ their prospect of promotion.
[A] spur
[B] further
[C] induce
[D] reinforce
40. In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution,a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.
[A] applies
[B] accounts
[C] attaches
[D] amounts
Section II,Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C],[D],Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution,They __41__ that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the __42__ man,But they insisted that its __43__ results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the __44__ of the English population,__45__ contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750,when England was still a __46__ agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.
This view,__47__,is generally thought to be wrong,Specialists __48__ history and economics,have __49__ two things,that the period from 1650 to 1750 was __50__ by great poverty,and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.
41. [A] admitted
[B] believed
[C] claimed
[D] predicted
42. [A] plain
[B] average
[C] mean
[D] normal
43. [A] momentary
[B] prompt
[C] instant
[D] immediate
44. [A] bulk
[B] host
[C] gross
[D] magnitude
45. [A] On
[B] With
[C] For
[D] By
46. [A] broadly
[B] thoroughly
[C] generally
[D] completely
47. [A] however
[B] meanwhile
[C] therefore
[D] moreover
48. [A] at
[B] in
[C] about
[D] for
49. [A] manifested
[B] approved
[C] shown
[D] speculated
50. [A] noted
[B] impressed
[C] labeled
[D] marked
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets,(40 points)
Text 1
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams,Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating,But to be fascinated is also,sometimes,to be blind,Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful,It doesn’t help that building a big,powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves,Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam,Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.
But big dams tend not to work as intended,The Aswan Dam,for example,stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
And yet,the myth of controlling the waters persists,This week,in the heart of civilized Europe,Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube,The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams,But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs,and now needs a dam to prove itself.
Meanwhile,in India,the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam,And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction,The benefits are for the powerful,but they are far from guaranteed.
Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts,Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams,But when you are dealing with myths,it is hard to be either proper,or scientific,It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan,You don’t need a dam to be saved.
51. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.
[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted
[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things
[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight
52. In paragraph 5,“the powerless” probably refers to ________.
[A] areas short of electricity
[B] dams without power stations
[C] poor countries around India
[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area
53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?
[A] They bring in more fertile soil.
[B] They help defend the country.
[C] They strengthen international ties.
[D] They have universal control of the waters.
54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.
[A],It’s no use crying over spilt milk”
[B],More haste,less speed”
[C],Look before you leap”
[D],He who laughs last laughs best”
Text 2
Well,no gain without pain,they say,But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival,What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
The official statistics are mildly discouraging,They show that,if you lump manufacturing and services together,productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987,That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade,And since 1991,productivity has increased by about 2% a year,which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average,The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle,and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend,There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a,disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
Some of this can be easily explained,New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy,which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training,Moreover,most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable,and this need not always mean increasing productivity,switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.
Two other explanations are more speculative,First,some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done,Second,even if it was well done,it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.
Leonard Schlesinger,a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain,a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes,says that much,re-engineering” has been crude,In many cases,he believes,the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost,His colleague,Michael Beer,says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion,chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability,BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter,He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish --,the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”
55. According to the author,the American economic situation is ________.
[A] not as good as it seems
[B] at its turning point
[C] much better than it seems
[D] near to complete recovery
56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.
[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle
[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation
[C] meet the expectation of business people
[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy
57. The author raises the question,what about pain without gain?” because ________.
[A] he questions the truth of,no gain without pain”
[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works
[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading
[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses
58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?
[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.
[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.
[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.
[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.
Text 3
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture,Think of Gallileo’s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton,The schism between science and the humanities has,if anything,deepened in this century.
Until recently,the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer,As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked,antiscience” in several books,notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R,Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia,and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World,by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as,The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995,and,Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Antiscience clearly means different things to different people,Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists,philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity,Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts,creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in 1995,scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia,But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience,as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists,inevitably,respond to such critics,The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
Indeed,some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.,The term ‘antiscience’ can lump together too many,quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science.,They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”
59. The word,schism” (Line 4,Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.
[A] confrontation
[B] dissatisfaction
[C] separation
[D] contempt
60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.
[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power
[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists
[C] explain the way in which science develops
[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities
61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.
[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.
[C] The,more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscience.
[D] Tagging environmentalists as,antiscience” is justifiable.
62. The author’s attitude toward the issue of,science vs,antiscience” is ________.
[A] impartial
[B] subjective
[C] biased
[D] puzzling
Text 4
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.
Altogether,the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade,Even so,that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent,lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II,and the pattern still prevails.
Three sun-belt states -- Florida,Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier,Among large cities,San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington,D,C,dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt,census officials say,Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role,too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s,baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.
Moreover,demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon,More and more,Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people,too,Some instances --
■Regionally,the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
■Among states,Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all,63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively,Except for Florida and Texas,the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West,There,California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s,more than any other state.
In that decade,however,large numbers also migrated from California,mostly to other parts of the West,Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon,Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result,California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s,to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided,America in 1970s ________.
[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population
[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II
64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.
[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution
[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants
[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living
[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s,baby boom”
65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.
[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US
[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West
[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration
[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population
66. The word,demographers” (Line 1,Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.
[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy
[B] advocates of migration between states
[C] scientists engaged in the study of population
[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life
Text 5
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots,Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes,they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary,many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate,Most of the hot spots move only slowly,and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes,The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute,Africa and South America,for example,are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them,The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined,The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail,but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior,It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it,Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth,provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question,From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference,It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe,When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot,the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome,As the dome grows,it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean,Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents,so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
67. The author believes that ________.
[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior
[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true
[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions
[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart
68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.
[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions
[B] they have been found to share certain geological features
[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years
[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe
69. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.
[A] the structure of the African plates
[B] the revival of dead volcanoes
[C] the mobility of the continents
[D] the formation of new oceans
70. The passage is mainly about ________.
[A] the features of volcanic activities
[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates
[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese,Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2,(15 points)
They were,by far,the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected,a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth,71) But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago,That was just about the moment that the universe was born,What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos,According the theory,the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic,unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions,emitting radiation as it went,condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas,Over billions of years,the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies,stars,plants and eventually,even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures,but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well,the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies,They shouldn’t have long to wait,73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.
74) If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory,Inflation says that very early on,the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second,propelled by a sort of antigravity,75) Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
71. ________
72. ________
73. ________
74. ________
75. ________
Section V,Writing
Directions:
[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.
[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2,(15 points)
[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1,Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.
2,Give your comments
注：图片上的文字是：
本母鸡承诺：
①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角
②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清
1998年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. [B] 2. [D] 3. [B] 4. [C] 5. [A]
6. [D] 7. [C] 8. [D] 9. [A] 10. [A]
Part B (5 points)
11. [B] 12. [D] 13. [C] 14. [B] 15. [C]
16. [B] 17. [A] 18. [C] 19. [A] 20. [C]
Part C (10 points)
21. [C] 22. [B] 23. [D] 24. [D] 25. [D]
26. [A] 27. [C] 28. [B] 29. [C] 30. [B]
31. [A] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [A] 35. [B]
36. [C] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [B] 40. [D]
Section II,Cloze Test (10 points)
41. [A] 42. [B] 43. [D] 44. [A] 45. [D]
46. [D] 47. [A] 48. [B] 49. [C] 50. [D]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (40 points)
51. [C] 52. [D] 53. [D] 54. [C] 55. [A]
56. [B] 57. [B] 58. [A] 59. [C] 60. [D]
61. [A] 62. [A] 63. [B] 64. [C] 65. [D]
66. [C] 67. [B] 68. [B] 69. [D] 70. [C]
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
72. 巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
73. 天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
74. 假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
75. 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
Section V,Writing (15 points)
76. 参考范文
Recently,more and more people have seen varieties of promises either from TV,newspaper or from other media,As is shown in the cartoon,even a hen has learned how to promise,We all know that hen’s duty is to lay eggs which should undoubtedly consist of most elementary part,But the hen promises what she should do!
(图画点题,夹叙夹议)
With the development of the society and the improvement of people’s living standard,more and more attention should be paid to the improvement of quality of service,Therefore,many enterprises and departments promise to better their services so as to meet the people’s need better,They are also pleased to invite people to supervise what they have done and will do,But much to our surprise,some of them just say something that they should do,These promises are only laughed at by people.
(解释配诗,又有议论)
In my opinion,doing more is better than promising more,because people are willing to be served really,All we should lay more emphasis on what we do and how we can virtually improve the level of service,Only in this way can we make people satisfied with what we do.
(发表自己的观点)
评语：内容切题,包括图画的全部信息；清楚表达其内涵,文字连贯；句式有变化,句子结构和用词正确,文章长度符合要求。本作文得13分
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
Part A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(5 points)
l. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.
[A] would be
[B] to be
[C] was
[D] being
2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people each year than automobile accidents.
[A] seven more times
[B] seven times more
[C] over seven times
[D] seven times
3. It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.
[A] taking
[B] to take
[C] take
[D] taken
4. This is an exciting area of study,and one ________ which new applications are being discovered almost daily.
[A] from
[B] by
[C] in
[D] through
5. ________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures,the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.
[A] As
[B] What
[C] That
[D] It
6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony,I was unable to attend ________ such short notice.
[A] to
[B] in
[C] with
[D] on
7. California has more light than it knows ________ to do with but everything else is expensive.
[A] how
[B] what
[C] which
[D] where
8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed,don’t have small children and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.
[A] so well
[B] too well
[C] well as
[D] well enough
9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ________ compliments to his political leaders.
[A] paying
[B] having paid
[C] to pay
[D] to have paid
10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ________ in traditional media.
[A] exist
[B] exists
[C] existing
[D] to exist
Part B
Directions:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C],and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(5 points)
11. Your math instructor would have been [A] happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone [B] and explained [C] that your parents had been [D] ill at the time.
12. As the children become financially [A] independent of [B] the family,the emphasis on [C] family financial security will shift from protection to save [D] for the retirement years.
13. Were [A] the Times Co,to purchase another major media company,there is no doubt that it could [B] dramatically transform a family-ran [C] enterprise that still gets 90% of its [D] revenues from newspapers.
14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range [A] of subjects from [B] over-fishing to physical and environment [C] factors that affect the populations [D] of different species.
15. Conversation calls for a [A] willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one [B] of listener [C],and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses’ by [D] both.
16. If two theories are equal to [A] their ability to account for [B] a body of data,the theory that does so [C] with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred [D].
17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring [A] the seven automakers selling [B] the most cars in the state making [C] 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free [D] by 1998.
18. As long as [A] poor people,who in general are colored,are in conflict with [B] richer people,who in general are lighter [C] skin [D],there’s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.
19. All those left undone [A] may sound greatly [B] in theory,but even the trust believer [C] has great difficulty when [D] it comes to specifics.
20. Even if [A] automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on [B] alternative fuels [C],the cars won’t catch on in a big way when [D] drivers can fill them up at the gas station.
Part C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
21. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.
[A] stimulate
[B] renovate
[C] arouse
[D] advocate
22. Although architecture has artistic qualities,it must also satisfy a number of important practical ________.
[A] obligations
[B] regulations
[C] observations
[D] considerations
23. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ________ the bread-winner’s death.
[A] at the cost of
[B] on the verge of
[C] as a result of
[D] for the sake of
24. In education there should be a good ________ among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.
[A] distribution
[B] balance
[C] combination
[D] assignment
25. The American dream is most ________ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.
[A] plausible
[B] patriotic
[C] primitive
[D] partial
26. Poverty is not ________ in most cities although,perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas,it is more visible there.
[A] rare
[B] temporary
[C] prevalent
[D] segmental
27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in ________ populated areas.
[A] densely
[B] intensely
[C] abundantly
[D] highly
28. As a way of ________ the mails while they were away,the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.
[A] picking up
[B] coping with
[C] passing out
[D] getting across
29. Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market.
[A] pull out
[B] give up
[C] draw in
[D] back down
30. An increasing proportion of our population,unable to live without advanced medical ________,will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.
[A] interference
[B] interruption
[C] intervention
[D] interaction
31. These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the ________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.
[A] branch
[B] category
[C] domain
[D] scope
32. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in the financial system will drag down the economy.
[A] shallowness
[B] shakiness
[C] scantiness
[D] stiffness
33. Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in many animal species.
[A] minimization
[B] restriction
[C] descent
[D] decline
34. The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial and convention center.
[A] conjunction
[B] network
[C] junction
[D] link
35. Prof,White,my respected tutor,frequently reminds me to ________ myself of every chance to improve my English.
[A] assure
[B] inform
[C] avail
[D] notify
36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that ________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.
[A] contracts
[B] activates
[C] maintains
[D] prescribe
37. Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.
[A] conferred
[B] granted
[C] flung
[D] submitted
38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month,which was ________ from one new moon to the next.
[A] measured
[B] reckoned
[C] judged
[D] assessed
39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was ________ to the issue at hand.
[A] irrational
[B] unreasonable
[C] invalid
[D] irrelevant
40. Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.
[A] persuaded
[B] prompted
[C] imposed
[D] enlightened
Section II,Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in following passage,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
Industrial safety does not just happen,Companies __41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs,work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep them __42__ and active,When the work is well done,a __43__ of accident-free operations is established __44__ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.
Successful safety programs may __45__ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.
Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding,Others stress safe work practices by __46__ rules or regulations,__47__ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker,But,there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.
There can be no question about the value of a safety program,From a financial stand-point alone,safety __48__,The fewer the injury __49__,the better the workman’s insurance rate,This may mean the difference between operating at __50__ or at a loss.
41. [A] at
[B] in
[C] on
[D] with
42. [A] alive
[B] vivid
[C] mobile
[D] diverse
43. [A] regulation
[B] climate
[C] circumstance
[D] requirement
44. [A] where
[B] how
[C] what
[D] unless
45. [A] alter
[B] differ
[C] shift
[D] distinguish
46. [A] constituting
[B] aggravating
[C] observing
[D] justifying
47. [A] Some
[B] Many
[C] Even
[D] Still
48. [A] comes off
[B] turns up
[C] pays off
[D] holds up
49. [A] claims
[B] reports
[C] declarations
[D] proclamations
50. [A] an advantage
[B] a benefit
[C] an interest
[D] a profit
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(40 points)
Text 1
It’s a rough world out there,Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat,Light up the stove and you could burn down the house,Luckily,if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster,a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles,Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s,when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
Feeling threatened,companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,trying to anticipate every possible accident,Today,stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,among other things,that you might -- surprise! -- fall off,The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy,does not enable user to fly.”
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions,for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations,it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured,About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning,As personal injury claims continue as before,some courts are beginning to side with defendants,especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything,In May,Julie Nimmons,president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.,We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed,but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons,The jury agreed that the nature of the game,not the helmet,was the reason for the athlete’s injury,At the same time,the American Law Institute -- a group of judges,lawyers,and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.,Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines,If the moderate end of the legal community has its way,the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.
[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern
53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.
[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law
[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
[C] product labels would eventually be discarded
[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
54. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.
[A] biased
[B] indifferent
[C] puzzling
[D] objective
Text 2
In the first year or so of Web business,most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market,More recently,as the Web proved to be more than a fashion,companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another,Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.
Nonetheless,many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability.,Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research,Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing,Until recently,Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to,pull” customers into sites,In the past year,however,software companies have developed tools that allow companies to,push” information directly out to consumers,transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers,Most notably,the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors,Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site,Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales,product offerings,or other events,But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users,Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request,Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited,the distinction between the Web and television fades,That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money,The examples of Virtual Vineyards,Amazon.com,and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity,hospitality,and security will attract online customers,And the cost of computing power continues to free fall,which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon,People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.
[A] has been striving to expand its market
[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion
[C] tried but in vain to control the market
[D] has been booming for one year or so
56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing,the author implies that ________.
[A] the technology is popular with many Web users
[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
[C] there is a radical change in strategy
[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners
57. In the view of Net purists,________.
[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture
[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web
[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set
[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests
58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
[B] interactivity,hospitality and security are important to online customers
[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power
Text 3
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform,Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed,contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education,justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law,It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens,Rather,we have a certain conception of the American citizen,a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself,But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age,it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education,With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries,we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated,Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook,Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools,computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student,Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join,It is,however,presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists,so many businessmen,so many accountants,Besides,this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
But,for a small group of students,professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills,all other factors being equal,can be the difference between having a job and not,Of course,the basics of using any computer these days are very simple,It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs,If one wanted to become a computer engineer,that is,of course,an entirely different story,Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn,In any case,basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional,It should be observed,of course,that no school,vocational or not,is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.
[A] far-reaching
[B] dubiously oriented
[C] self-contradictory
[D] radically reformatory
60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.
[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers
[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-education advocates
[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries
61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is ________.
[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates
[B] worth trying in various social sections
[C] of little practical value
[D] attractive to every kind of professional
62. According to the author,basic computer skills should be ________.
[A] included as an auxiliary course in school
[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
[C] mastered through a life-long course
[D] equally emphasized by any school,vocational or otherwise
Text 4
When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep,President Clinton moved swiftly,Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans,he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning,That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper,and at a meeting on 17 May,members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely,and possibly that it be made law,But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology,The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question,however,whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations,discussed at the 17 May meeting,Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be,morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child,The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions,although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child,Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life,NBAC will remain silent on embryo research,NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer,But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning,Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation,but in a phone interview,he said this issue was still,up in the air.”
63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.
[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning
64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.
[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning
[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being
65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.
[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning
[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research
[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law
66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time
[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal
[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled
Text 5
Science,in practice,depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments,Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple,Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall,But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets,What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens,the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything,He was just wondering,His mind was ready for the unpredictable,Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research,If you don’t have unpredictable things,you don’t have research,Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals,but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists,particularly younger ones,you might gather the impression that they find the,scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought,I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment,The scientist has frowned,looked at the graphs,and said,the data are still inconclusive.”,We know that,” the men from the budget office have said,“but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to,of course,is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings,He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself,but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true,If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate,then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents,It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope,Nor,if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect,is management to be blamed for discriminating against the,odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who,work well with the team.”
67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.
[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
68. The author asserts that scientists ________.
[A] shouldn’t replace,scientific method” with imaginative thought
[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals
[D] should be confident about their research findings
69. It seems that some young scientists ________.
[A] have a keen interest in prediction
[B] often speculate on the future
[C] think highly of creative thinking
[D] stick to,scientific method”
70. The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.
[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected
[B] can be measured in dollars and cents
[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern
[D] are mostly underestimated by management
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese,Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(15 points)
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past,Caught in the web of its own time and place,each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past,In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan,The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves,While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy,the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past,Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world,73) During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession,74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry,Historians,especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of,tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the,technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences,the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
Section V,Writing
76. Directions:
[A] Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.
[B] Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(15 points)
[C] Your essay should cover these three points:
l,effect of the country’s growing human population on its wildlife
2,possible reason for the effect
3,your suggestion for wildlife protection
THE UPS AND DOWNS OF POPULATION GROWTH
1999年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. [D] 2. [B] 3. [A] 4. [C] 5. [A]
6. [D] 7. [B] 8. [D] 9. [C] 10. [A]
Part B (5 points)
11. [D] were 12. [D] saving
13. [C] family-run 14. [C] environmental
15. [B] that 16. [A] in
17. [C] to make 18. [D] skinned
19. [B] great 20. [D] until
Part C (10 points)
21. [A] 22. [D] 23. [C] 24. [B] 25. [A]
26. [C] 27. [A] 28. [B] 29. [D] 30. [C]
31. [C] 32. [B] 33. [D] 34. [C] 35. [C]
36. [B] 37. [A] 38. [B] 39. [D] 40. [B]
Section II,Cloze Test (10 points)
41. [D] 42. [A] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [B]
46. [C] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [A] 50. [D]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (40 points)
51. [B] 52. [C] 53. [A] 54. [D] 55. [A]
56. [C] 57. [D] 58. [B] 59. [B] 60. [D]
61. [C] 62. [A] 63. [B] 64. [C] 65. [D]
66. [A] 67. [A] 68. [B] 69. [D] 70. [A]
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
72. 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73. 在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
74. 所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75. 这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
Section V,Writing (15 points)
76. 参考范文
The two graphs tell us something about population growth and wildlife extinction in the U.S,From 1800,the American population has been growing all the time,In the 100 years from 1600 to 1700,the number of wildlife species remained almost stable,with the next 200 years witnessing a growing trend in wildlife extinction,It can be easily seen that the more the human beings,the fewer the animal species.
There may be several reasons for this effect,First,as human population expands,more and more wild animals are hunted for food,Second,due to all kinds of pollution and the damage of ecosystem caused by man,some animals have nowhere to live,Third,some animals are of great medical value,they become the targets for making money.
It is time we took some measures to stop this disturbing trend,On one hand,government should pass some laws and regulations to prevent people from killing more wild animals and forbid further damage to our environment,On the other hand,we should cultivate the awareness that animals are our friends and their extinction poses a threat rather than brings benefits to us,Only when human beings live in harmony with all kinds of animals can we really build a beautiful and healthy world.
2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
Part A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(5 points)
Example:
I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.
[A] from
[B] after
[C] for
[D] since
The sentence should read,“I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore,you should choose [D]
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [■]
1. As I’ll be away for at least a year,I’d appreciate ________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.
[A] hearing
[B] to hear
[C] to be hearing
[D] having heard
2. Greatly agitated,I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,________ to find it locked.
[A] just
[B] only
[C] hence
[D] thus
3. Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent ________ and the increased number of cases of skin cancer.
[A] to sunbathe
[B] to have sunbathed
[C] having sunbathed
[D] sunbathing
4. Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods,you are not entitled ________ a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.
[A] to
[B] with
[C] for
[D] on
5. On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont ________ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading,Boston”.
[A] which
[B] where
[C] when
[D] that
6. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away,as though ________ out of the office.
[A] went
[B] gone
[C] to go
[D] would go
7. The roles expected ________ old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.
[A] of
[B] on
[C] to
[D] with
8. Talk to anyone in the drug industry,________ you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.
[A] or
[B] and
[C] for
[D] so
9. It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ________ that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.
[A] rather
[B] so
[C] than
[D] as
10. Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce,let alone ________ one.
[A] getting
[B] to get
[C] gotten
[D] get
Part B
Directions:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C],and [D],Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(5 points)
Example:
A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition,which [C] they saw [D] many new products.
Answer [C] is wrong,The sentence should read,“A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition,where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [■] [D]
11. Having isolated [A] on a remote island,with [B] little work to occupy [C] them,the soldiers suffered from boredom and low spirits [D].
12. If the letter to be mailed [A] was placed [B] on the writing table an hour ago,it is [C] certain being [D] there now.
13. The ruling [A] party could even lose its [B] majority in the lower house of parliament,started [C] a period of prolonged struggling [D].
14. The mechanisms at [A] work are manifest [B] in the tendency for such physical activity to [C] utilize the potential [D] harmful constituents of the stress response.
15. In [A] the long run,however,this hurry to shed [B] full-time staff may be more [C] harmful to industry as it is to [D] the workforce.
16. See to it [A] that you include in [B] the examination paper whatever [C] questions they didn’t know the answer [D] last time.
17. Most newspapers,while devoting [A] the major part of its [B] space to recent events,usually manage to find room [C] on the inside pages for articles on [D] some interesting topics.
18. One sign by which [A] you are making progress in an art [B] such as painting or photography is that [C] you begin to realize how much there is [D] to learn.
19. The ideal listener stays both inside and outside [A] the music at the moment it is played and enjoying [B] it almost as much as [C] the composer at the moment he composes [D].
20. Continued [A] exposure to stress has been linked to worsened [B] functioning of the immune system,leaving [C] a person more liable for [D] infection.
Part C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
Example:
The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.
[A] vanished
[B] scattered
[C] abandoned
[D] rejected
The sentence should read,“The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore,you should choose [C].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [■][D]
21. He spoke so ________ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.
[A] bluntly
[B] convincingly
[C] emphatically
[D] determinedly
22. France’s ________ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.
[A] assumption
[B] consumption
[C] presumption
[D] resumption
23. The 215-page manuscript,circulated to publishers last October,________ an outburst of interest.
[A] flared
[B] glittered
[C] sparked
[D] flashed
24. His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties ________.
[A] came off
[B] came on
[C] came round
[D] came down
25. The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually ________ it in a profitable direction.
[A] adapt
[B] control
[C] install
[D] steer
26. The capital intended to broaden the export base and ________ efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.
[A] secure
[B] extend
[C] defend
[D] possess
27. It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be ________ at the manager’s office.
[A] declared
[B] obtained
[C] reclaimed
[D] recognized
28. When I ________ my senses,I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room,with Grandma bending over me.
[A] woke up
[B] took to
[C] picked up
[D] came to
29. The American society is ________ an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources,which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.
[A] established on
[B] affiliated to
[C] originated from
[D] incorporated with
30. I am not ________ with my roommate but I have to share the room with her,because I have nowhere else to live.
[A] concerned
[B] compatible
[C] considerate
[D] complied
31. At first,the ________ of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible,but,with painstaking efforts and at great expense,it became a reality.
[A] transaction
[B] transmission
[C] transformation
[D] transition
32. When the committee ________ to details,the proposed plan seemed impractical.
[A] got down
[B] set about
[C] went off
[D] came up
33. ________ to some parts of South America is still difficult,because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.
[A] Orientation
[B] Access
[C] Procession
[D] Voyage
34. Mr,Smith had an unusual ________,he was first an office clerk,then a sailor,and ended up as a school teacher.
[A] profession
[B] occupation
[C] position
[D] career
35. The mayor is a woman with great ________ and therefore deserves our political and financial support.
[A] intention
[B] instinct
[C] integrity
[D] intensity
36. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest ________ to everyone.
[A] speculation
[B] attribution
[C] utilization
[D] proposition
37. The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs ________ it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.
[A] renders
[B] reckons
[C] regards
[D] relates
38. To impress a future employer,one should dress neatly,be ________,and display interest in the job.
[A] swift
[B] instant
[C] timely
[D] punctual
39. You don’t have to install this radio in your new car,it’s an ________ extra.
[A] excessive
[B] optional
[C] additional
[D] arbitrary
40. We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t ________ to the traffic jam of the busy city.
[A] aid
[B] amount
[C] add
[D] attribute
Section II,Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in following passage,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
If a farmer wishes to succeed,he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production,He must store a large quantity of grain __41__ consuming all his grain immediately,He can continue to support himself and his family __42__ he produces a surplus,He must use this surplus in three ways,as seed for sowing,as an insurance __43__ the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to __44__ old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to __45__ the soil,He may also need money to construct irrigation __46__ and improve his farm in other ways,If no surplus is available,a farmer cannot be __47__,He must either sell some of his property or __48__ extra funds in the form of loans,Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low __49__ of interest,but loans of this kind are not __50__ obtainable.
41. [A] other than
[B] as well as
[C] instead of
[D] more than
42. [A] only if
[B] much as
[C] long before
[D] ever since
43. [A] for
[B] against
[C] supplement
[D] dispose
44. [A] replace
[B] purchase
[C] supplement
[D] dispose
45. [A] enhance
[B] mix
[C] feed
[D] raise
46. [A] vessels
[B] routes
[C] paths
[D] channels
47. [A] self-confident
[B] self-sufficient
[C] self-satisfied
[D] self-restrained
48. [A] search
[B] save
[C] offer
[D] seek
49. [A] proportion
[B] percentage
[C] rate
[D] ratio
50. [A] genuinely
[B] obviously
[C] presumably
[D] frequently
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(40 points)
Text 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap,but,if properly handled,it may become a driving force,When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale,Its scientists were the world’s best,its workers the most skilled,America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer,Just as inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful,By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness,Some huge American industries,such as consumer electronics,had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition,By 1987 there was only one American television maker left,Zenith,(Now there is none,Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market,America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes,For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors,which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age,was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence,Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted,They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing,and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well,The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline,Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling,Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle,Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.,American industry has changed its structure,has gone on a diet,has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh,executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government.,It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute,a think-tank in Washington,DC,And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as,a golden age of business management in the United States.”
51. The U.S,achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
52. The loss of U.S,predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
53. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pried.
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S,economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________.
[A] turning of the business cycle
[B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business management
[D] success in education
Text 2
Being a man has always been dangerous,There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity,and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men,But the great universal of male mortality is being changed,Now,boy babies survive almost as well as girls do,This means that,for the first time,there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate,More important,another chance for natural selection has been removed,Fifty years ago,the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight,A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death,Today it makes almost no difference,Since much of the variation is due to genes,one more agent of evolution has gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide,stay alive,but have fewer children,Few people are as fertile as in the past,Except in some religious communities,very few women have 15 children,Nowadays the number of births,like the age of death,has become average,Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring,Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished,India shows what is happening,The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples,The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
For us,this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived,Strangely,it has involved little physical change,No other species fills so many places in nature,But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not,We did not evolve,because machines and society did it for us,Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution,they,look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship,as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness,But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look just like us.
55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
[A] A lack of mates.
[B] A fierce competition.
[C] A lower survival rate.
[D] A defective gene.
56. What does the example of India illustrate?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ________.
[A] life has been improved by technological advance
[B] the number of female babies has been declining
[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
[A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution
[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution
[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature
[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere
Text 3
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion,it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at,for,however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal,With regard to Futurist poetry,however,the case is rather difficult,for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature.
This,in brief,is what the Futurist says,for a century,past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up,till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed,Consequently,our feelings,thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change,This speeding up of life,says the Futurist,requires a new form of expression,We must speed up our literature too,if we want to interpret modern stress,We must pour out a large stream of essential words,unhampered by stops,or qualifying adjectives,or finite verbs,Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page,and shorten or lengthen words at will.
Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused,But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:,Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”
This,though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry,can hardly be classed as Literature,All the same,no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition,that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression,The whole question is really this,have we essentially changed?
59. This passage is mainly ________.
[A] a survey of new approaches to art
[B] a review of Futurist poetry
[C] about merits of the Futurist movement
[D] about laws and requirements of literature
60. When a novel literary idea appears,people should try to ________.
[A] determine its purposes
[B] ignore its flaws
[C] follow the new fashions
[D] accept the principles
61. Futurists claim that we must ________.
[A] increase the production of literature
[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress
[C] develop new modes of expression
[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs
62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is ________.
[A] based on reasonable principles
[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people
[C] indicative of basic change in human nature
[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature
Text 4
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe,But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values,Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs,and young people don’t know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs,In a recent survey,it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life,compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States,In addition,far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics,Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.,Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality,ability,courage or humanity -- are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu,chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee.,Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence,including 929 assaults on teachers,Amid the outcry,many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education,Last year Mitsuo Setoyama,who was then education minister,raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the,Japanese morality of respect for parents.”
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles.,In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro,“it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life,but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated,two generation households,Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions,but as the old group and family values weaken,the discomfort is beginning to tell,In the past decade,the Japanese divorce rate,while still well below that of the United States,has increased by more than 50 percent,and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
63. In the Westerner’s eyes,the postwar Japan was ________.
[A] under aimless development
[B] a positive example
[C] a rival to the West
[D] on the decline
64. According to the author,what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C] Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.
[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
65. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that ________.
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
Text 5
If ambition is to be well regarded,the rewards of ambition -- health,distinction,control over one’s destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf,If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality,it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,the educated not least among them,In an odd way,however,it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal,What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents,There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this,a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly,Summer homes,European travel,BMWs -- the locations,place names and name brands may change,but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago,What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams,as easily and openly as once they could,lest they be thought pushing,acquisitive and vulgar,Instead,we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles,which now more than ever seem in ample supply,the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life,whose own children are enrolled in private schools,For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional,the proper formulation is,“Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive,where they are not extremely unattractive,As a result,the support for ambition as a healthy impulse,a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young,is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States,This does not mean that ambition is at an end,that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings,but only that,no longer openly honored,it is less openly professed,Consequences follow from this,of course,some of which are that ambition is driven underground,or made sly,Such,then,is the way things stand,on the left angry critics,on the right stupid supporters,and in the middle,as usual,the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.
[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices
[B] it is rewarded with money,fame and power
[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material
[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous
68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ________.
[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out
[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________.
[A] they think of it as immoral
[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth
[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits
[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained ________.
[A] secretly and vigorously
[B] openly and enthusiastically
[C] easily and momentarily
[D] verbally and spiritually
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese,Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(15 points)
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community,71) Under modern conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts,72) Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds,It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage,For example,the may encourage research in various ways,including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education,or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science,economics and industry,In any case,all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications,people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above,At the same time,the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past,For example,74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century,whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so,All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned,75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport,As a result of all these factors,governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
Section V,Writing
76. Directions:
[A] Study the following two pictures carefully and write and essay of at least 150 words.
[B] Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(15 points)
[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1,Describe the pictures.
2,Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures.
3,Suggest counter-measures.
2000年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. [A] 2. [B] 3. [D] 4. [A] 5. [C]
6. [C] 7. [A] 8. [B] 9. [D] 10. [C]
Part B (5 points)
11. [A] 12. [D] 13. [C] 14. [D] 15. [C]
16. [D] 17. [B] 18. [A] 19. [B] 20. [D]
Part C (5 points)
21. [B] 22. [D] 23. [C] 24. [A] 25. [D]
26. [A] 27. [C] 28. [D] 29. [A] 30. [B]
31. [B] 32. [A] 33. [B] 34. [D] 35. [C]
36. [A] 37. [A] 38. [D] 39. [B] 40. [C]
Part II,Cloze Test (10 points)
41. [C] 42. [A] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C]
46. [D] 47. [B] 48. [D] 49. [C] 50. [D]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (40 points)
51. [C] 52. [D] 53. [B] 54. [A] 55. [C]
56. [B] 57. [A] 58. [D] 59. [B] 60. [A]
61. [C] 62. [D] 63. [B] 64. [D] 65. [C]
66. [A] 67. [A] 68. [C] 69. [D] 70. [B]
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。
72. 再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
73. 大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗的思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。
74,在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。
75,由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动 (现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易) 造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
Section V,Writing (15 points)
76. 参考范文
These two pictures display a sharp contrast,there were a lot of fish with one fishing boat in the sea in 1900 while the situation was just the opposite in 1995,obviously,the fishing industry was facing a major problem,with all the ocean resources being exhausted so quickly.
The drawer is not exaggerating or joking about commercial fishing,On the contrary,he is seriously warning us that our way of thinking and ways of doing things are unreasonable and dangerous,Our resources are limited and our ecosystem needs careful consideration and protection,If we only care about the present,we will suffer in the future,It’s just like building friendship and saving money,the more you put into it,the more you can get; the more you take out,the less it is left.
Measures should be taken if such disappointing situation is to be avoided,I suggest that government make laws and regulations to guide and supervise people’s fishing activity,punishing those who only care about their own interest and bring harm to others and the environment,I also appeal to the public that money is not the only thing we can pursue and fish is not the only food we can eat,Whether for the benefit of the human race or for the interest of our own,we should show concern for others and make plans for the future,Only in this way can we live happily and affluently.
2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary
Part A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(5 points)
Example:
I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.
[A] from
[B] after
[C] for
[D] since
The sentence should read,“I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore,you should choose [D].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [■]
1. If I were in movie,then it would be about time that I ________ my head in my hands for a cry.
[A] bury
[B] am burying
[C] buried
[D] would bury
2. Good news was sometimes released prematurely,with the British recapture of the port ________ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
[A] to announce
[B] announced
[C] announcing
[D] was announced
3. According to one belief,if truth is to be known it will make itself apparent,so one ________ wait instead of searching for it.
[A] would rather
[B] had to
[C] cannot but
[D] had best
4. She felt suitably humble just as she ________ when he had first taken a good look at her city self,hair waved and golden,nails red and pointed.
[A] had
[B] had had
[C] would have and
[D] has had
5. There was no sign that Mr,Jospin,who keeps a firm control on the party despite ________ from leadership of it,would intervene personally.
[A] being resigned
[B] having resigned
[C] going to resign
[D] resign
6. So involved with their computers ________ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
[A] became the children
[B] become the children
[C] had the children become
[D] do the children become
7. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is ________ an anonymous,statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.
[A] everything except
[B] anything but
[C] no less than
[D] nothing more than
8. One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match,________ this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.
[A] By
[B] In
[C] For
[D] With
9. Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to ________ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.
[A] as
[B] which
[C] that
[D] what
10. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,________ they Christian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,and so on.
[A] be
[B] being
[C] were
[D] are
Part B
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the one that best completes the sentence,Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the rackets with a pencil,(10 points)
Example:
The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.
[A] vanished
[B] scattered
[C] abandoned
[D] rejected
The sentence should read.,The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” There fore,you should choose [C].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [■][D]
11. He is too young to be able to ________ between right and wrong.
[A] discard
[B] discern
[C] disperse
[D] disregard
12. It was no ________ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.
[A] coincidence
[B] convention
[C] certainty
[D] complication
13. One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ________ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.
[A] cautiously
[B] dutifully
[C] faithfully
[D] skillfully
14. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be ________ the welfare of his animals.
[A] critical about
[B] indignant at
[C] indifferent to
[D] subject to
15. The chairman of the board ________ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.
[A] compelled
[B] posed
[C] pressed
[D] tempted
16. It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with ________.
[A] for long
[B] in and out
[C] once for all
[D] by nature
17. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in ________ and lack of unity in style.
[A] conflict
[B] confrontation
[C] disturbance
[D] disharmony
18. The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list,and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once ________.
[A] thrived
[B] swelled
[C] prospered
[D] flourished
19. However,growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to ________ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.
[A] overturn
[B] overtake
[C] offset
[D] oppress
20. Because of its intimacy,radio is usually more than just a medium; it is ________.
[A] firm
[B] company
[C] corporation
[D] enterprise
21. When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person,the body immediately recognizes it as ________.
[A] novel
[B] remote
[C] distant
[D] foreign
22. My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I ________ at a garage sale.
[A] trifled with
[B] scraped through
[C] stumbled upon
[D] thirsted for
23. Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could ________.
[A] descend
[B] decline
[C] deteriorate
[D] depress
24. Equipment not ________ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.
[A] conforming to
[B] consistent with
[C] predominant over
[D] providing for
25. As an industry,biotechnology stands to ________ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020.
[A] contend
[B] contest
[C] rival
[D] strive
26. The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ________ for the states and liberty for individuals.
[A] autonomy
[B] dignity
[C] monopoly
[D] stability
27. For three quarters of its span on Earth,life evolved almost ________ as microorganisms.
[A] precisely
[B] instantly
[C] initially
[D] exclusively
28. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow ________,particularly in Western Europe.
[A] obscure
[B] obsolete
[C] optional
[D] overlapping
29. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe,it is just ________ and needs proving.
[A] spontaneous
[B] hypothetical
[C] intuitive
[D] empirical
30. The future of this company is ________,many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.
[A] at odds
[B] in trouble
[C] in vain
[D] at stake
Section II,Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10 points)
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases __31__ the trial of Rosemary West.
In a significant __32__ of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor,will introduce a __33__ bill that will propose making payments to witnesses __34__ and will strictly control the amount of __35__ that can be given to a case __36__ a trial begins.
In a letter to Gerald Kaufman,chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee,Lord Irvine said he __37__ with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not __38__ sufficient control.
__39__ of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a __40__ of media protest when he said the __41__ of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges __42__ to Parliament.
The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill,which __43__ the European Convention on Human Rights legally __44__ in Britain,laid down that everybody was __45__ to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.
“Press freedoms will be in safe hands __46__ our British judges,” he said.
Witness payments became an __47__ after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995,Up to 19 witnesses were __48__ to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers,Concerns were raised __49__ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to __50__ guilty verdicts.
31. [A] as to
[B] for instance
[C] in particular
[D] such as
32. [A] tightening
[B] intensifying
[C] focusing
[D] fastening
33. [A] sketch
[B] rough
[C] preliminary
[D] draft
34. [A] illogical
[B] illegal
[C] improbable
[D] improper
35. [A] publicity
[B] penalty
[C] popularity
[D] peculiarity
36. [A] since
[B] if
[C] before
[D] as
37. [A] sided
[B] shared
[C] complied
[D] agreed
38. [A] present
[B] offer
[C] manifest
[D] indicate
39. [A] Release
[B] Publication
[C] Printing
[D] Exposure
40. [A] storm
[B] rage
[C] flare
[D] flash
41. [A] translation
[B] interpretation
[C] exhibition
[D] demonstration
42. [A] better than
[B] other than
[C] rather than
[D] sooner than
43. [A] changes
[B] makes
[C] sets
[D] turns
44. [A] binding
[B] convincing
[C] restraining
[D] sustaining
45. [A] authorized
[B] credited
[C] entitled
[D] qualified
46. [A] with
[B] to
[C] from
[D] by
47. [A] impact
[B] incident
[C] inference
[D] issue
48. [A] stated
[B] remarked
[C] said
[D] told
49. [A] what
[B] when
[C] which
[D] that
50. [A] assure
[B] confide
[C] ensure
[D] guarantee
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions,For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C] and [D],Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions,Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(40 points)
Text 1
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge,By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units,one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research,But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication,Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science,exceptions can be found to any rule,Nevertheless,the word,amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and,in particular,may not fully share its values,The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century,with its consequent requirement of a longer,more complex training,implied greater problems for amateur participation in science,The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training,and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research,but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper,Thus,in the nineteenth century,local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but,in the twentieth century,local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate,and reflect on,the wider geological picture,Amateurs,on the other hand,have continued to pursue local studies in the old way,The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs,a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing,first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century,As a logical consequence of this development,separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership,A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies,whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century,its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century,In science generally,however,the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.
[A] sociology and chemistry
[B] physics and psychology
[C] sociology and psychology
[D] physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that ________.
[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.
[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialization is ________.
[A] the development in communication
[B] the growth of professionalisation
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D] the splitting up of academic societies
Text 2
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide -- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor,And that divide does exist today,My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago,What was less visible then,however,were the new,positive forces that work against the digital divide,There are reasons to be optimistic.
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow,As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business to universalize access -- after all,the more people online,the more potential customers there are,More and more governments,afraid their countries will be left behind,want to spread Internet access,Within the next decade or two,one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together,As a result,I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead,And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.
Of course,the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty,And the Internet is not the only tool we have,But it has enormous potential.
To take advantage of this tool,some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment,Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States,When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didn’t have the capital to do so,And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads,harbors,highways,ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment,The English,the Germans,the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony,They financed them,Immigrant Americans built them,Guess who owns them now? The Americans,I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter,The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure,which today is an electronic infrastructure,the better off you’re going to be,That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled,or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled,But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.
55. Digital divide is something ________.
[A] getting worse because of the Internet
[B] the rich countries are responsible for
[C] the world must guard against
[D] considered positive today
56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.
[A] offers economic potentials
[B] can bring foreign funds
[C] can soon wipe out world poverty
[D] connects people all over the world
57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.
[A] providing financial support overseas
[B] preventing foreign capital’s control
[C] building industrial infrastructure
[D] accepting foreign investment
58. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on ________.
[A] how well developed it is electronically
[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants
[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern
[D] how much control it has over foreign corporations
Text 3
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question,The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say,this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes,combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper,Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events,In other words,there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers,which helps explain why the,standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers,In a recent survey,questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country,plus one large metropolitan area,Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans,journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods,have maids,own Mercedeses,and trade stocks,and they’re less likely to go to church,do volunteer work,or put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite,so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite,The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry,particularly a declining one,Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers,Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers,But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about,If it did,it would open up its diversity program,now focused narrowly on race and gender,and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook,values,education,and class.
59. What is the passage mainly about?
[A] needs of the readers all over the world
[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry
[D] aims of a journalism credibility project
60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.
[A] quite trustworthy
[B] somewhat contradictory
[C] very illuminating
[D] rather superficial
61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.
[A] working attitude
[B] conventional lifestyle
[C] world outlook
[D] educational background
62. Despite its efforts,the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.
[A] failure to realize its real problem
[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters
[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting
[D] prejudice in matters of race and gender
Text 4
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed,The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might,Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying:,Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”
There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful,Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982,Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly,International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment,In Argentina,for instance,after the reforms of the early 1990s,multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms,This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms,of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process,falling transportation and communication costs,lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands,All these are beneficial,not detrimental,to consumers,As productivity grows,the world’s wealth increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty,Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S.,when the Standard Oil trust was broken up,The mergers of telecom companies,such as WorldCom,hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress,On the contrary,the price of communications is coming down fast,In cars,too,concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler,Renault and Nissan -- but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched,A few weeks ago,Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry,Who is going to supervise,regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of,defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations,as in the U.S,vs,Microsoft case?
63. What is the typical trend of businesses today?
[A] to take in more foreign funds
[B] to invest more abroad
[C] to combine and become bigger
[D] to trade with more countries
64. According to the author,one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________.
[A] the greater customer demands
[B] a surplus supply for the market
[C] a growing productivity
[D] the increase of the world’s wealth
65. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ________.
[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
66. Toward the new business wave,the writer’s attitude can be said to be ________.
[A] optimistic
[B] objective
[C] pessimistic
[D] biased
Text 5
When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend,A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although,in the manner of a disgraced government minister,I covered my exit by claiming,I wanted to spend more time with my family”.
Curiously,some two-and-a-half years and two novels later,my experiment in what the Americans term,downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality,I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of,having it all,” preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine,into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of,juggling your life,” and making the alternative move into,downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status,Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed,12-hour working days,pressured deadlines,the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on,quality time”.
In America,the move away from juggling to a simpler,less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend,Downshifting -- also known in America as,voluntary simplicity” -- has,ironically,even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism,There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters,such as The Tightwad Gazette,that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-’90s equivalent of dropping out.
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s -- and is still linked to the politics of thrift,in Britain,at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance,we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s,downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life -- growing your own organic vegetables,and risking turning into one -- as a personal recognition of your limitations.
67. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?
[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.
[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
[C],A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.
[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
68. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ________.
[A] enables her to realize her dream
[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life
[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status
[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine
69. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by ________.
[A] non-materialistic lifestyle
[B] a bit of everything
[C] extreme stress
[D] anti-consumerism
70. According to the passage,downshifting emerged in the U.S,as a result of ________.
[A] the quick pace of modern life
[B] man’s adventurous spirit
[C] man’s search for mythical experiences
[D] the economic situation
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese,Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(15 points)
In less than 30 year’s time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality,Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments,allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend,72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,relaxation will be in front of smell-television,and digital age will have arrived.
According to BT’s futurologist,Ian Pearson,these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years),when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.
73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place,Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine,including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links.,By linking directly to our nervous system,computers could pick up what we feel and,hopefully,simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments,rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says,74) But that,Pearson points out,is only the start of man-machine integration:,It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”
Through his research,Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted,However,there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available,or when human cloning will be perfected,or when time travel will be possible,But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances,A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will,for example,cause problems in 2010,while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids,75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder -- kitchen rage.
Section V,Writing
76. Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind,love is probably the noblest,but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper,Write an essay to the newspaper to
1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
2) give a specific example,and
3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2,(20 points)
2001年参考答案
Section I,Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. [C] 2. [B] 3. [D] 4. [A] 5. [B]
6. [D] 7. [D] 8. [A] 9. [C] 10. [A]
Part B (10 points)
11. [B] 12. [A] 13. [B] 14. [C] 15. [C]
16. [C] 17. [D] 18. [A] 19. [C] 20. [B]
21. [D] 22. [C] 23. [B] 24. [A] 25. [C]
26. [A] 27. [D] 28. [B] 29. [B] 30. [D]
Section II,Cloze Text (10 points)
31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]
36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [B] 40. [A]
41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C]
46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [C]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (40 points)
51. [D] 52. [B] 53. [A] 54. [C] 55. [C]
56. [A] 57. [D] 58. [A] 59. [B] 60. [D]
61. [C] 62. [A] 63. [C] 64. [A] 65. [D]
66. [B] 67. [B] 68. [B] 69. [C] 70. [D]
Section IV,English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标 (违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。
72. 儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字体时代就来到了。
73. 皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
74. 但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化慢长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”
75. 家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病 -- 厨房狂躁。
Section V,Writing (20 points)
76. 参考范文（略）
This picture is a symbol that tells us how we should use our love,our love is like a lamp; the darker the place,the brighter the light,Indeed,love is most precious when it is offered to someone who is in difficulty.
I can tell you a real story here,When I was a child,my family moved to the countryside,Among our new neighbors was a paralyzed woman,As an innocent child,I somehow showed some interest in her,When I had time,I would to see her,When I had something to eat,I would let her share with me,One day she suddenly said to me,tear in her eyes,“I will bless you when I am in heaven.” I knew my love for her had worked wonders,for I had never heard her speaking and I thought she had lost her ability to speak,Her blessing may have really worked for I have been a lucky person in work and in life.
As far as I understand,love is sympathy and sincerity that needs not be expressed in terms of money or sweet words,As the proverb goes,“a hand may smell fragrant when it gives roses to others.” I believe love is the most precious thing in the world and we should give it to those who need it most.
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 (一)
National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002)
考生注意事项
1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则,得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。
2. 答题前,考生应将答题卡上的”考生姓名”、”报考单位”、”考试语种”、”考生编号”等信息填写清楚,并与准考证上的一致。
3. 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题 (一),试题 (二) 。
4. 本试题为试题 (一),共4页 (1～4页) 。考生必须在规定的时间内作答。
5. 试题 (一) 为听力部分。该部分共有A、B、C三节,所有答案都应填写或填涂在答题卡1上。A、B两节必须用蓝 (黑) 圆珠笔答题,注意字迹清楚。C节必须用2B铅笔按照答题卡上的要求填涂,如要改动,必须用橡皮擦干净。
6. 听力考试进行时,考生应先将答案写或标记在试题上,然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内,将答案整洁地誊写或转涂到答题卡1上。仅写或标记在试题上不给分。
Section I,Listening Comprehension
Directions:
This Section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English,You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them,There are three parts in this section,Part A,Part B and Part C.
Remember,while you are doing the test,you should first put down your answers in your test booklet,At the end of the listening comprehension section,you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions:
For Questions 1-5,you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch,While you listen,fill out the table with the information you’ve heard,Some of the information has been given to you in the table,Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box,You will hear the recording twice,You now have 25 seconds to read the table below,(5 points)
Welch’s Personal Information
Place of Birth Philadelphia
Year of Birth 1901
Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920
Major at University
1
Final Degree PhD
Year of Marriage 1928
Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year)
2
Field Study in the South Pacific (Age)
3
Main Interest
4
Professorship at Columbia Started (Year)
5
Death (Age) 77
Part B
Directions:
For questions 6-10,you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S,journalist,While you listen,complete the sentences or answer the questions,Use not more than 3 words for each answer,You will hear the recording twice,You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below,(5 points)
Besides reporters,who else were camped out for days outside the speaker’s home?
6,________
One reporter got to the speaker’s apartment pretending to pay
7,________
The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her looking
8,________
Where is a correction to a false story usually placed?
9,________
According to the speaker,the press will lost readers unless the editors and the news directors
10,________
Part C
Directions:
You will hear three pieces of recorded material,Before listening to each one,you will have time to read the questions related to it,While listening,answer each question by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D],After listening,you will have time to check your answers,You will hear each piece once only,(10 points)
Questions 11-13 are based on a report about children’s healthy development,You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.
11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time? [A] How much exercise they get every day.
[B] What they are most worried about.
[C] How long their parents accompany them daily.
[D] What entertainment they are interested in.
12. The academy suggests that children under age two ________.
[A] get enough entertainment
[B] have more activities
[C] receive early education
[D] have regular checkups
13. According to the report,children’s bedrooms should ________.
[A] be no place for play
[B] be near a common area
[C] have no TV sets
[D] have a computer for study
Questions 14-16 are based on the following talk about how to save money,You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.
14. According to the speaker,what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up?
[A] Family debts.
[B] Bank savings.
[C] Monthly bills.
[D] Spending habits.
15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit?
[A] $190,000.
[B] $330,000.
[C] $500,000.
[D] $1,000,000.
16. What should one do before paying monthly bills,if he wants to accumulate wealth?
[A] Invest into a mutual fund.
[B] Use the discount tickets.
[C] Quit his eating-out habit.
[D] Use only paper bills and save coins.
Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A,Glieberman,a domestic-relations lawyer,You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.
17. Which word best describes the lawyer’s prediction of the change in divorce rate?
[A] Fall
[B] Rise
[C] V-shape
[D] Zigzag
18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?
[A] To embrace changes of thought.
[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life.
[C] To return to the practice in the ‘60s and ‘70s.
[D] To create stability in their lives.
19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago?
[A] They feared the complicated procedures.
[B] They wanted to go against the trend.
[C] They were afraid of losing face.
[D] they were willing to stay together.
20. Years ago a divorced man in a company would have.
[A] been shifted around the country.
[B] had difficulty being promoted.
[C] enjoyed a happier life.
[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace.
You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
THIS IS THE END OF SECTION I
DO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTION
UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO CONTINUE
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 (二)
National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002)
考生注意事项
1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。
2. 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题 (一),试题 (二) 。
3. 本试题为试题 (二)，共11页(5～15页)，含有英语知识运用、阅读理解、写作三个部分。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作部分必须用蓝 (黑) 圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，注意字迹清楚。
4. 考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题 (一)、试题 (二) 交给监考人员。
Section II,Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text,Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1,(10 points)
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries,Yet much had happened __21__,As was discussed before,it was not __22__ the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic __23__,following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the __24__ of the periodical,It was during the same time that the communications revolution __25__ up,beginning with transport,the railway,and leading __26__ through the telegraph,the telephone,radio,and motion pictures __27__ the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane,Not everyone sees that process in __28__,It is important to do so.
It is generally recognized,__29__,that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,__30__ by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process,__31__ its impact on the media was not immediately __32__,As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful,and they became,personal” too,as well as __33__,with display becoming sharper and storage __34__ increasing,They were thought of,like people,__35__ generations,with the distance between generations much __36__.
It was within the computer age that the term,information society” began to be widely used to describe the __37__ within which we now live,The communications revolution has __38__ both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time,but there have been __39__ view about its economic,political,social and cultural implications.,Benefits” have been weighed __40__,harmful” outcomes,And generalizations have proved difficult.
21. [A] between
[B] before
[C] since
[D] later
22. [A] after
[B] by
[C] during
[D] until
23. [A] means
[B] method
[C] medium
[D] measure
24. [A] process
[B] company
[C] light
[D] form
25. [A] gathered
[B] speeded
[C] worked
[D] picked
26. [A] on
[B] out
[C] over
[D] off
27. [A] of
[B] for
[C] beyond
[D] into
28. [A] concept
[B] dimension
[C] effect
[D] perspective
29. [A] indeed
[B] hence
[C] however
[D] therefore
30. [A] brought
[B] followed
[C] stimulated
[D] characterized
31. [A] unless
[B] since
[C] lest
[D] although
32. [A] apparent
[B] desirable
[C] negative
[D] plausible
33. [A] institutional
[B] universal
[C] fundamental
[D] instrumental
34. [A] ability
[B] capability
[C] capacity
[D] faculty
35. [A] by means of
[B] in terms of
[C] with regard to
[D] in line with
36. [A] deeper
[B] fewer
[C] nearer
[D] smaller
37. [A] context
[B] range
[C] scope
[D] territory
38. [A] regarded
[B] impressed
[C] influenced
[D] effected
39. [A] competitive
[B] controversial
[C] distracting
[D] irrational
40. [A] above
[B] upon
[C] against
[D] with
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts,Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1,(40 points)
Text 1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile,you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems,Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view,Depending on whom you are addressing,the problems will be different,If you are talking to a group of managers,you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries,you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses’ convention,of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors,A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St,Peter,He sees wonderful accommodations,beautiful gardens,sunny weather,and so on,Everyone is very peaceful,polite and friendly until,waiting in a line for lunch,the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat,who rushes to the head of the line,grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.,Who is that?” the new arrival asked St,Peter.,Oh,that’s God,” came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”
If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties,With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman,You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous,you must practice so that it becomes more natural,Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner,Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile,so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor,It often comes from the unexpected,A twist on a familiar quote,If at first you don’t succeed,give up” or a play on words or on a situation,Search for exaggeration and understatements,Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
41. To make your humor work,you should ________.
[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience
[B] make fun of the disorganized people
[C] address different problems to different people
[D] show sympathy for your listeners
42. The joke about doctors implies that,in the eyes of nurses,they are ________.
[A] impolite to new arrivals
[B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privileges
[D] very busy even during lunch hours
43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.
[A] have benefited many people
[B] are the focus of public attention
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor
[D] have often been the laughing stock
44. To achieve the desired result,humorous stories should be delivered ________.
[A] in well-worded language
[B] as awkwardly as possible
[C] in exaggerated statements
[D] as casually as possible
45. The best title for the text may be ________.
[A] Use Humor Effectively
[B] Various Kinds of Humor
[C] Add Humor to Speech
[D] Different Humor Strategies
Text 2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity,people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty,That compulsion has resulted in robotics -- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines,And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.
As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor,Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms,Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction,Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers,And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy -- far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge.,While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery,manager of a robotics program at NASA,“we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results,Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010,researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found,in attempting to model thought,is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented -- and human perception far more complicated -- than previously imagined,They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment,But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd,The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability,and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.
46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
47. The word,gizmos” (line 1,paragraph 2) most probably means ________.
[A] programs
[B] experts
[C] devices
[D] creatures
48. According to the text,what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can ________.
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
[B] interact with human beings verbally
[C] have a little common sense
[D] respond independently to a changing world
49. Besides reducing human labor,robots can also ________.
[A] make a few decisions for themselves
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention
[C] improve factory environments
[D] cultivate human creativity
50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ________.
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
[D] best used in a controlled environment
Text 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel,up from less than $10 last December,This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and 1979-80,when they also almost tripled,Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline,So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports,Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s,In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s,In Europe,taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price,Energy conservation,a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption,Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production,For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973,The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year,compared with $13 in 1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP,That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980,On the other hand,oil-importing emerging economies -- to which heavy industry has shifted -- have become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the 1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand,A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline,The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago,In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%,and in 1979 by almost 30%.
51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________.
[A] global inflation
[B] reduction in supply
[C] fast growth in economy
[D] Iraq’s suspension of exports
52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________.
[A] price of crude rises
[B] commodity prices rise
[C] consumption rises
[D] oil taxes rise
53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________.
[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive
[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices
[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed
[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP
54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.
[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now
[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks
[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices
[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry
55. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________.
[A] optimistic
[B] sensitive
[C] gloomy
[D] scared
Text 4
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of,double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects -- a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen -- is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who,until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.,It’s like surgery,” he says.,We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death,If you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report,Approaching Death,Improving Care at the End of Life,It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of,ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.,Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes,systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards,must make it clear… that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”
56. From the first three paragraphs,we learn that ________.
[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain
[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’ death.
[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.
[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS’s report,one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________.
[A] prolonged medical procedures
[B] inadequate treatment of pain
[C] systematic drug abuse
[D] insufficient hospital care
59. Which of the following best defines the word,aggressive” (line 3,paragraph 7)?
[A] Bold
[B] Harmful
[C] Careless
[D] Desperate
60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________.
[A] manage their patients incompetently
[B] give patients more medicine than needed
[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients
[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese,Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(10 points)
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone,What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn,61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on,Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them,62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find,The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure,It does not push or pull,it selects,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze,63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied,As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available,It will not solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched,Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty,64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements,A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment,It also raises questions concerning,values.” Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
Section IV,Writing
66. Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled,Cultures -- National and International”.
In the essay you should
1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning,and
2) give your comment on the phenomenon.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(20 points)
An American girl in traditional Chinese costume (服装)
2002年参考答案
Section I,Listening Comprehension (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. sociology 2. 1930 3. 23 4. religions 5. 1954
Part B (5 points)
6. cameramen/camera men
7. a personal visit
8. depressed
9. among advertisements
10. take firm action
Part C (10 points)
11. [D] 12. [B] 13. [C] 14. [D] 15. [B]
16. [A] 17. [A] 18. [D] 19. [C] 20. [B]
Section II,Use of English (10 points)
21. [A] 22. [D] 23. [C] 24. [B] 25. [B]
26. [A] 27. [D] 28. [D] 29. [C] 30. [B]
31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [A] 34. [C] 35. [B]
36. [D] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [B] 40. [C]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (50 points)
Part A (40 points)
41. [C] 42. [B] 43. [D] 44. [D] 45. [A]
46. [C] 47. [C] 48. [D] 49. [B] 50. [C]
51. [B] 52. [D] 53. [D] 54. [A] 55. [A]
56. [B] 57. [C] 58. [B] 59. [A] 60. [D]
Part B (10 points)
61. 难题这一大于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
62. 行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
63. 自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
64. 自由和尊严 (它们) 是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
65. (如果) 这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
Section IV,Writing (20 points)
66. 参考范文
Cultures -- national and international
As is shown in the picture,a young American girl is wearing traditional Chinese dress and ornaments and is smiling sweetly,It may be an ordinary picture,but it conveys deep and profound meaning,national culture is also international culture.
Ever since we opened our door to the world,we have attracted and influenced by things from other cultures,such as jeans,country music and fast food,We have shown such interest in them that some people,especially the younger generation,become crazy about them,The more exotic they are,the more fashionable they seem to be,Now,begun to show its charm and gain popularity all over the world,Our national costume,just as shown in the picture,Beijing Opera,Cross Talk,for example,have won favor with a lot of foreigners.
As national culture becomes international culture,people in the world better understand each other,We are all villagers in this global village,Mutual respect and understanding make this world a better place to live in.
2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Listening Comprehension
Directions:
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English,You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them,There are three parts in this section,Part A,Part B,and Part C.
Remember,while you should first put down your answers in your test booklet,At the end of the listening comprehension section,you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions:
For Question 1-5,you will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Art,While you listen,fill out the table with the information you have heard,Some of the information has been given to you in the table,Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box,You will hear the recording twice,You now have 25 seconds to read the table below,(5 points)
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Boston Museum of Fine Arts Founded (year) 1870
Opened to the public (year)
Question 1
Moved to the current location (year) 1909
The west wing completed (year)
Question 2
Number of departments 9
The most remarkable department
Question 3
Exhibition Space (m2)
Question 4
Approximate number of visitors/year 800,000
Programs provided classes lectures
Question 5
Part B
Directions
For Questions 6-10,you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems,While you listen,complete the sentences or answer the questions,Use not more than 3 words for each answer,You will hear the recording twice,You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below,(5 points)
What should be the primary source of help for a troubled couple? ________,Question 6
Writing down a list of problems in the marriage may help a troubled couple discuss them ________,Question 7
Who should a couple consider seriously turning to if they can’t talk with each other? ________,Question 8
Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling troubled couples despite their ________,Question 9
According to the old notion,what will make hearts grow fonder? ________,Question 10
Part C
Directions:
You will hear three pieces of recorded material,Before listening to each one,you will have time to read the questions related to it,While listening,answer each question by choosing [A],[B],[C] or D,After listening,you will have time to check your answers you will hear each piece once only,(10 points)
Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about napping,you now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.
11. Children under five have abundant energy partly because they ________.
[A] sleep in three distinct parts
[B] have many five-minute naps
[C] sleep in one long block
[D] take one or two naps daily
12. According to the speaker,the sleep pattern of a baby is determined by ________.
[A] its genes
[B] its habit
[C] its mental state
[D] its physical condition
13. The talk suggests that,if you feel sleepy through the day,you should ________.
[A] take some refreshment
[B] go to bed early
[C] have a long rest
[D] give in to sleep
Questions 14-16 are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie,an American Indian poet,You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.
14,Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?
[A] He could bring unfinished work home.
[B] He might have time to pursue his interests.
[C] He might do some evening teaching.
[D] He could invest more emotion in his family.
15,What was his original goal at college?
[A] to teach in high school
[B] to write his own books
[C] to be a medical doctor
[D] to be a mathematician
16. Why did he take the poetry-writing class?
[A] To follow his father.
[B] For an easy grade.
[C] To change his specialty.
[D] For knowledge of poetry.
Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk about public speaking,You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.
17. What is the most important thing in public speaking?
[A] Confidence.
[B] Preparation.
[C] Informativeness.
[D] Organization.
18. What does the speaker advise us to do to capture the audience’s attention?
[A] Gather abundant data.
[B] Organize the idea logically.
[C] Develop a great opening.
[D] Select appropriate material.
19,If you don’t start working for the presentation until the day before,you will feel ________.
[A] uneasy
[B] uncertain
[C] frustrated
[D] depressed
20. Who is this speech most probably meant for?
[A] Those interested in the power of persuasion.
[B] Those trying to improve their public image.
[C] Those planning to take up some public work.
[D] Those eager to become effective speakers.
You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
Section II,Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text,Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1,(10 points)
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical changes that young adults experience,And they also need to give serious __21__ to how they can be best __22__ such changes,Growing bodies need movement and __23__,but not just in ways that emphasize competition,__24__ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the __25__ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are __26__ by others,However,the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be __27__ to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,__28__,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,__29__ student artwork,and sponsoring book discussion clubs,A variety of small clubs can provide __30__ opportunities for leadership,as well as for practice in successful __31__ dynamics,Making friends is extremely important to teenagers,and many shy students need the __32__ of some kind of organization with a supportive adult __33__ visible in the background.
In these activities,it is important to remember that the young teens have __34__ attention spans,A variety of activities should be organized __35__ participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to __36__ else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants __37__,This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility,__38__ they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by __39__ for roles that are within their __40__ and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.
21. [A] thought
[B] idea
[C] opinion
[D] advice
22. [A] strengthen
[B] accommodate
[C] stimulate
[D] enhance
23. [A] care
[B] nutrition
[C] exercise
[D] leisure
24. [A] If
[B] Although
[C] Whereas
[D] Because
25. [A] assistance
[B] guidance
[C] confidence
[D] tolerance
26. [A] claimed
[B] admired
[C] ignored
[D] surpassed
27. [A] improper
[B] risky
[C] fair
[D] wise
28. [A] in effect
[B] as a result
[C] for example
[D] in a sense
29. [A] displaying
[B] describing
[C] creating
[D] exchanging
30. [A] durable
[B] excessive
[C] surplus
[D] multiple
31. [A] groups
[B] individual
[C] personnel
[D] corporation
32. [A] consent
[B] insurance
[C] admission
[D] security
33. [A] particularly
[B] barely
[C] definitely
[D] rarely
34. [A] similar
[B] long
[C] different
[D] short
35. [A] if only
[B] now that
[C] so that
[D] even if
36. [A] everything
[B] anything
[C] nothing
[D] something
37. [A] off
[B] down
[C] out
[D] alone
38. [A] On the contrary
[B] On the average
[C] On the whole
[D] On the other hand
39. [A] making
[B] standing
[C] planning
[D] taking
40. [A] capability
[B] responsibility
[C] proficiency
[D] efficiency
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Read the following fore texts,Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet,The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information,Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the,great game” of espionage -- spying as a,profession.” These days the Net,which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail,is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.
The last revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail,That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades,In the past three or four years,the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying,The spooks call it,open source intelligence,” and as the Net grows,it is becoming increasingly influential,In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi,The winner,by a large margin,was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions,whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford,Inc.,a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin,Texas,Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International,Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.
Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution,a spymaster’s dream,Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.,As soon as that report runs,we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman,a former political science professor.,And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks,of course,since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad,That’s where Straitford earns its keep.
Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin,Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds,He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success,Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong,Straitford,says Friedman,takes pride in its independent voice.
41. The emergence of the Net has ________.
[A] received support from fans like Donovan
[B] remolded the intelligence services
[C] restored many common pastimes
[D] revived spying as a profession
42. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to ________.
[A] introduce the topic of online spying
[B] show how he fought for the U.S.
[C] give an episode of the information war
[D] honor his unique services to the CIA
43. The phrase,making the biggest splash” (line 1,paragraph 3) most probably means ________.
[A] causing the biggest trouble
[B] exerting the greatest effort
[C] achieving the greatest success
[D] enjoying the widest popularity
44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________.
[A] Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true
[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information
[C] Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability
[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information
45. Straitford is most proud of its ________.
[A] official status
[B] nonconformist image
[C] efficient staff
[D] military background
Text 2
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research,Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care,Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research,Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat,no fur,no medicines,Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research,When assured that they do,she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said,“Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way -- in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology,We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement,a father’s bypass operation,a baby’s vaccinations,and even a pet’s shots,To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done,Scientists could,adopt” middle school classes and present their own research,They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth,Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care,Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment,If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to ________.
[A] call on scientists to take some actions
[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement
47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________.
[A] cruel but natural
[B] inhuman and unacceptable
[C] inevitable but vicious
[D] pointless and wasteful
48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s ________.
[A] discontent with animal research
[B] ignorance about medical science
[C] indifference to epidemics
[D] anxiety about animal rights
49. The author believes that,in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientists should ________.
[A] communicate more with the public
[B] employ hi-tech means in research
[C] feel no shame for their cause
[D] strive to develop new cures
50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________.
[A] a well-known humanist
[B] a medical practitioner
[C] an enthusiast in animal rights
[D] a supporter of animal research
Text 3
In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging into super systems,causing heightened concerns about monopoly,As recently as 1995,the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails,Next year,after a series of mergers is completed,just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service,Any threat of monopoly,they argue,is removed by fierce competition from trucks,But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal,chemicals,and grain,trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company,Railroads typically charge such,captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business,Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief,but the process is expensive,time consuming,and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost,If railroads charged all customers the same average rate,they argue,shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line,It’s theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.,Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici,a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases,The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic,Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on,Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year,Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million,less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction,Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will,as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
51. According to those who support mergers,railway monopoly is unlikely because ________.
[A] cost reduction is based on competition
[B] services call for cross-trade coordination
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat
52. What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
[A] Indifferent.
[B] Supportive.
[C] Indignant.
[D] Apprehensive.
53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ________.
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business
54. The word,arbiters” (line 7,paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ________.
[A] who work as coordinators
[B] who function as judges
[C] who supervise transactions
[D] who determine the price
55. According to the text,the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ________.
[A] the continuing acquisition
[B] the growing traffic
[C] the cheering Wall Street
[D] the shrinking market
Text 4
It is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional,Small wonder,Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century,Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure,Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago,But not even a great health-care system can cure death -- and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish,even under ideal conditions,We all understand that at some level,yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved,Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care,we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even if it’s useless,The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care,Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient -- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950,the U.S,spent $7 billion on health care,In 2002,the cost will be $1,540 billion,Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable,Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it,Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age -- say 83 or so,Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm,have a duty to die and get out of the way,” so that younger,healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far,Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond,and remain dazzlingly productive,At 78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53,Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s,and former surgeon general C,Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s,These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age,As a mere 68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit,Ask a physician,I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful,I also know that people in Japan and Sweden,countries that spend far less on medical care,have achieved longer,healthier lives than we have,As a nation,we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.
56. What is implied in the first sentence?
[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
57. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that ________.
[A] medical resources are often wasted
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
58. The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of ________.
[A] strong disapproval
[B] reserved consent
[C] slight contempt
[D] enthusiastic support
59. In contras to the U.S.,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________.
[A] more flexibly
[B] more extravagantly
[C] more cautiously
[D] more reasonably
60. The text intends to express the idea that ________.
[A] medicine will further prolong people’s lives
[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living
[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life
[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlines segments into Chinese,Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(10 points)
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it,Humans are thoughtful and creative,possessed of insatiable curiosity,61) Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies,Therefore,it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner,with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos,human” and logos,the study of.” By its very name,anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences,62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography,economics,political science,psychology,and sociology,Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity,Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis,63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture,Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science,64) Tylor defined culture as,… that complex whole which includes belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight,so profound in its simplicity,opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life,Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned,shared,and patterned behavior.
65) Thus,the anthropological concept of,culture,” like the concept of,set” in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
Section IV,Writing
66. Directions:
Study the following set o f drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the set of drawings,Interpret its meaning,and
2) point out its implications in our life.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(20 points)
2003年参考答案
Section I,Listening Comprehension (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. 1876 2. 1981 3. textiles 4. 19,137 5. concerts
Part B (5 points)
6. (the couple) themselves
7. constructively
8. a qualified psychologist
9. good intentions
10. absence
Part C (10 points)
11. [D] 12. [A] 13. [D] 14. [B] 15. [C]
16. [B] 17. [B] 18. [C] 19. [A] 20. [D]
Section II,Use of English (10 points)
21. [A] 22. [B] 23. [C] 24. [D] 25. [C]
26. [B] 27. [D] 28. [C] 29. [A] 30. [D]
31. [A] 32. [D] 33. [B] 34. [D] 35. [C]
36. [D] 37. [B] 38. [A] 39. [C] 40. [A]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (50 points)
Part A (40 points)
41. [B] 42. [A] 43. [C] 44. [D] 45. [B]
46. [A] 47. [B] 48. [B] 49. [A] 50. [D]
51. [C] 52. [D] 53. [C] 54. [B] 55. [A]
56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [B] 59. [D] 60. [C]
Part B (10 points)
61. 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
62. 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图象自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
63. 强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
64. 泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。
65. 因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
Section IV,Writing (20 points)
66. 参考范文
As is shown in the two pictures,the same flower has different fate when put in different situations,When there is protection,the flower blooms beautifully,However,when exposed directly to rain and storm,the flower quickly withers,We can safely come to the conclusion that greenhouse flowers cannot withstand rain and storm.
The same is true with our children,As the one-child policy is adopted in China,more and more parents overprotect their children,With everything done for them and every need satisfied by their parents or grandparents,these only children seem to be healthy,happy and high-spirited,But when they leave home,they become disappointed and frustrated,Facing harsh things they have never experienced before,such as competition from peers,criticism from supervisors,pressure for deadlines and restriction for discipline,they will be at a loss,miserable or even desperate,In fact,the more protection they get from their parents,the less ability they acquire,Parents’ love for their children turns out to be a disaster.
Children,like flowers,should be treated with care,but reasonable and sensible ways of doing things will help to bring about more fruitful results,if we not only love our children but also teach them how to love,our love will be passed down from generation to generation; if we not only solve problems for our children but also encourage them to solve problems,our diligence and ingenuity will make our life more meaningful and worthwhile.
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Listening Comprehension
Directions:
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English,You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them,There are three parts in this section,Part A,Part B and Part C.
Remember,while you are doing the test,you should first put down your answers in your test booklet,At the end of the listening comprehension section,you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions:
For questions 1-5,you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium,While you listen,fill out the table with the information you have heard,Some of the information has been given to you in the table,Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box,You will hear the recording twice,You now have 25 seconds to read the table below,(5 points)
Geography of Belgium
Three main regions coastal plain
central plateau

1
Highest altitude of the coastal plain ________m
2
Climate near the sea humid

3
Particularly rainy months of the years April

4
Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13 ℃
high ________℃
5
Part B
Directions:
For Questions 6-10,you will hear an interview with Mr,Saffo from the Institute for the Future,While you listen,complete the sentences or answer the questions,Use not more than 3 words for each answer,You will hear the recording twice,You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below,(5 points)
What is Saffo according to himself?
The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and ________.
The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is________.
To succeed in anything,one should be flexible,curious and________.
What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team?
6
7
8
9
10
Part C
Directions:
You will hear three pieces of recorded material,Before listening to each one,you will have time to read the questions related to it,While listening,answer each question by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D],After listening,you will have time to check your answers,You will hear each piece once only,(10 points)
Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns,You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.
11. What do we often do with the things we love?
[A] Ask for their names.
[B] Name babies after them.
[C] Put down their names.
[D] Choose names for them.
12. The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked if ________.
[A] the family tree is fairly limited
[B] the family tie is strong enough
[C] the name is commonly used
[D] nobody in the family complains
13. Several months after a baby’s birth,its name will ________.
[A] show the beauty of its own
[B] develop more associations
[C] lose the original meaning
[D] help form the baby’s personality
Questions 14-16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore,an English soccer player,You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.
14. How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?
[A] 90
[B] 108
[C] 180
[D] 668
15. In 1964,Bobby Moore was made ________.
[A] England’s footballer of the year
[B] a soccer coach in West Germany
[C] a medalist for his sportsmanship
[D] a number of the Order of the British Empire
16. After Moore retired from playing,the first thing he did was ________.
[A] editing Sunday Sport
[B] working for Capital Radio
[C] managing professional soccer teams
[D] developing a sports marketing company
Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk on the city of Belfast,You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.
17. Belfast has long been famous for its ________.
[A] oil refinery
[B] linen textiles
[C] food products
[D] deepwater port
18. Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?
[A] Soap
[B] Grain
[C] Steel
[D] Tobacco
19. When was Belfast founded?
[A] In 1177
[B] In 1315
[C] In the 16th century
[D] In the 17th century
20. What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century?
[A] French refugees arrived.
[B] The harbor was destroyed.
[C] Shipbuilding began to flourish.
[D] The city was taken by the English.
You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
Section II,Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text,Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1,(10 points)
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence,Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others,Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,__25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,__26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes,The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control,All theories,however,are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates,For example,changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain,The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also __33__ changes these years,More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__,children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__,This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates,Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school,the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol,and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect,All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,__40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21. [A] acting
[B] relying
[C] centering
[D] cementing
22. [A] before
[B] unless
[C] until
[D] because
23. [A] interactions
[B] assimilation
[C] cooperation
[D] consultation
24. [A] return
[B] reply
[C] reference
[D] response
25. [A] or
[B] but rather
[C] but
[D] or else
26. [A] considering
[B] ignoring
[C] highlighting
[D] discarding
27. [A] on
[B] in
[C] for
[D] with
28. [A] immune
[B] resistant
[C] sensitive
[D] subject
29. [A] affect
[B] reduce
[C] chock
[D] reflect
30. [A] point
[B] lead
[C] come
[D] amount
31. [A] in general
[B] on average
[C] by contrast
[D] at length
32. [A] case
[B] short
[C] turn
[D] essence
33. [A] survived
[B] noticed
[C] undertaken
[D] experienced
34. [A] contrarily
[B] consequently
[C] similarly
[D] simultaneously
35. [A] than
[B] that
[C] which
[D] as
36. [A] system
[B] structure
[C] concept
[D] heritage
37. [A] assessable
[B] identifiable
[C] negligible
[D] incredible
38. [A] expense
[B] restriction
[C] allocation
[D] availability
39. [A] incidence
[B] awareness
[C] exposure
[D] popularity
40. [A] provided
[B] since
[C] although
[D] supposing
Section III,Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts,Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D] Mark your mowers on ANSWER SHEET 1,(40 points)
Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year,lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder,a job database on the Internet,He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s,personal search agent.” It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location,title,and salary,then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database,Redmon chose the keywords legal,intellectual property,and Washington,D.C,Three weeks later,he got his first notification of an opening.,I struck gold,” says Redmon,who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet,finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient,Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases,But although a search agent worked for Redmon,career experts see drawbacks,Narrowing your criteria,for example,may work against you:,Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility,” says one expert.
For any job search,you should start with a narrow concept -- what you think you want to do -- then broaden it.,None of these programs do that,” says another expert.,There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead,the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail,consider it a reminder to check the database again.,I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.
Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return,When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service,for example,it includes only three potential jobs -- those it considers the best matches,There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them -- and they do.,On the day after we send our messages,we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets,vice president of marketing for CareerSite.
Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile,Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise,Although happily employed,Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder.,You always keep your eyes open,” he says,Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.
41. How did Redmon find his job?
[A] By searching openings in a job database.
[B] By posting a matching position in a database.
[C] By using a special service of a database.
[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.
42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?
[A] Lack of counseling.
[B] Limited number of visits.
[C] Lower efficiency.
[D] Fewer successful matches.
43. The expression,tip service” (Line 4,Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.
[A] advisory
[B] compensation
[C] interaction
[D] reminder
44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
[A] To focus on better job matches.
[B] To attract more returning visits.
[C] To reserve space for more messages.
[D] To increase the rate of success.
45. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.
[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.
[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.
[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.
Text 2
Over the past century,all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal,But one insidious form continues to thrive,alphabetism,This,for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage,refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories,Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo?uml Zysman,English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet,Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half,Even more striking,six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,Chrétien and Koizumi),The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan,Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet,even if one of them really uses Japanese characters,As are the world’s five richest men (Gates,Buffett,Allen,Ellison and Albrecht).
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory,dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged,is that the rot sets in early,At the start of the first year in infant school,teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front,to make it easier to remember their names,So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row,and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers,At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape,Yet the result may be worse qualifications,because they get less individual attention,as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
The humiliation continues,At university graduation ceremonies,the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ,Shortlists for job interviews,election ballot papers,lists of conference speakers and attendees,all tend to be drawn up alphabetically,and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?
[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.
[B] A type of conspicuous bias.
[C] A type of personal prejudice.
[D] A kind of brand discrimination.
47. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
[A] In both East and West,names are essential to success.
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.
[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.
[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
48. The 4th paragraph suggests that ________.
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students
[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight
49. What does the author mean by,most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3,Paragraph 5)?
[A] They are getting impatient.
[B] They are noisily dozing off.
[C] They are feeling humiliated.
[D] They are busy with word puzzles.
50. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.
[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.
[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.
[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
Text 3
When it comes to the slowing economy,Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet,But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting,filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to,either,Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly,but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up,Spero blames the softening economy.,I’m a good economic indicator,” she says.,I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling,shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home,instead of Neiman Marcus.,I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me,too” she says.
Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling,lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves,From car dealerships to Gap outlets,sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending,For retailers,who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas,the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time,Already,experts say,holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace,But don’t sound any alarms just yet,Consumers seem only concerned,not panicked,and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects,even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
Consumers say they’re not in despair because,despite the dreadful headlines,their own fortunes still feel pretty good,Home prices are holding steady in most regions,In Manhattan,“there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range,predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran,In San Francisco,prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.,Instead of 20 to 30 offers,now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly,a Bay Area real-estate broker,And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.
Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown,Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates,Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market,Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom,Diners might see an upside,too,Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible,Not anymore,For that,Greenspan & Co,may still be worth toasting.
51. By,Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1,Paragraph 1),the author means ________.
[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business
[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work
[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit
[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation
52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?
[A] Optimistic.
[B] Confused.
[C] Carefree.
[D] Panicked.
53. When mentioning,the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4,Paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________.
[A] gold market
[B] real estate
[C] stock exchange
[D] venture investment
54. Why can many people see,silver linings” to the economic showdown?
[A] They would benefit in certain ways.
[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.
[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.
[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.
55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] A now boom,on the horizon.
[B] Tighten the belt,the single remedy.
[C] Caution all right,panic not.
[D] The more ventures,the more chances.
Text 4
Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect,Our heroes are athletes,entertainers,and entrepreneurs,not scholars,Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge,Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.
“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravish.,Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book,Left Back,A Century of Failed School Reforms,traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools,concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
But they could and should be,Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control,Without the ability to think critically,to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others,they cannot fully participate in our democracy,Continuing along this path,says writer Earl Shorris,“We will become a second-rate country,We will have a less civil society.”
“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life,a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics,religion,and education,From the beginning of our history,says Hofstadter,our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism,Practicality,common sense,and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:,We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism,Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.
Intellect,according to Hofstadter,is different from native intelligence,a quality we reluctantly admire,Intellect is the critical,creative,and contemplative side of the mind,Intelligence seeks to grasp,manipulate,re-order,and adjust,while intellect examines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizes and imagines.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted,Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who,joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”
56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?
[A] The habit of thinking independently.
[B] Profound knowledge of the world.
[C] Practical abilities for future career.
[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.
57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.
[A] undervaluing intellect
[B] favoring intellectualism
[C] supporting school reform
[D] suppressing native intelligence
58. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.
[A] identical
[B] similar
[C] complementary
[D] opposite
59. Emerson,according to the text,is probably ________.
[A] a pioneer of education reform
[B] an opponent of intellectualism
[C] a scholar in favor of intellect
[D] an advocate of regular schooling
60. What does the author think of intellect?
[A] It is second to intelligence.
[B] It evolves from common sense.
[C] It is to be pursued.
[D] It underlies power.
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese,Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(10 points)
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries,61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own,Two anthropologist-linguists,Franz Boas and Edward Sapir,were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century,62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished,as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages,Other linguists in the earlier part of this century,however,who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from,exotic” language,were not always so grateful,63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data,Native American languages are indeed different,so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir’s pupil,Benjamin Lee Whorf,continued the study of American Indian languages,64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society,He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language,the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another,65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in its strongest form,states that language imprisons the mind,and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society,Later,this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,but this term is somewhat inappropriate,Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.
61. ________
62. ________
63. ________
64. ________
65. ________
Section IV,Writing
66. Directions:
Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the drawing,
2) interpret its meaning,and
3) support your view with examples.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(20 points)
2004年参考答案
Section I,Listening Comprehension (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. highlands 2. 20 3. mild 4. November 5. 22
Part B (5 points)
6. A (technology) forecaster;
7. government agencies;
8. A meaningful (exercise);
9. open to change;
10. Trust and cooperation.
Part C (10 points)
11. [D] 12. [B] 13. [C] 14. [D] 15. [A]
16. [C] 17. [B] 18. [A] 19. [A] 20. [C]
Section II,Use of English (10 points)
21. [C] 22. [D] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]
26. [B] 27. [C] 28. [D] 29. [A] 30. [B]
31. [A] 32. [C] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]
36. [B] 37. [B] 38. [D] 39. [A] 40. [C]
Section III,Reading Comprehension (50 points)
Part A (40 points)
41. [C] 42. [A] 43. [D] 44. [B] 45. [C]
46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [B] 50. [D]
51. [D] 52. [A] 53. [B] 54. [A] 55. [C]
56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [D] 59. [B] 60. [C]
Part B (10 points)
61. 希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
62. 我们之所有感激他们 (两位先驱),是因为在此之后,这些 (土著) 语言中有一些已经不复存在了,这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。
63. 这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。
64. Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。
65. Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维,语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
Section IV,Writing (20 points)
66. 参考范文
Look at this picture,A man is running toward the end of a race,sweating all over,Perhaps there is nothing special about the man and the race,yet the end line leaves a deep impression on us for it is both,finish line” and,starting line” if we look at it from a different angle.
The picture tells us a lot about life,An ordinary runner may think that his achievement calls for celebration for he has reached his goal,But an ambitious runner will well realize that his success is the starting point for a new race,Obviously,the way we look at things determines how far we will go,If we feel satisfied with the ability to read and write,perhaps we will not strive to get a college education,Again,if we think a Bachelor degree is quite enough,we will not take pains to pass the examination for postgraduate,Life is just like an endless race,If we don’t prepare for new races,we are either disqualified from the race or surpassed by others,That’s why the finish line is also a starting live.
I like this picture,I may have been running this endless race,but I have been pushed forward by my parents or people around me,From now on,I will become more active and take the initiative,for the picture has really enlightened me.
(233 words)
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text,Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The human nose is an underrated tool,Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,__1__ this is largely because,__2__ animals,we stand upright,This means that our noses are __3__ to perceiving those smells which float through the air,__4__ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces,In fact,__5__,we are extremely sensitive to smells,__6__ we do not generally realize it,Our noses are capable of __7__ human smells even when these are __8__ to far below one part in one million.
Strangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,__9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers,This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell receptors in the nose,These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send __11__ to the brain,However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell __12__ can suddenly become sensitive to it when __13__ to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it __14__ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if necessary,This may __16__ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be,We are not __17__ of the usual smell of our own house but we __18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s,The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__ the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. [A] although
[B] as
[C] but
[D] while
2. [A] above
[B] unlike
[C] excluding
[D] besides
3. [A] limited
[B] committed
[C] dedicated
[D] confined
4. [A] catching
[B] ignoring
[C] missing
[D] tracking
5. [A] anyway
[B] though
[C] instead
[D] therefore
6. [A] even if
[B] if only
[C] only if
[D] as if
7. [A] distinguishing
[B] discovering
[C] determining
[D] detecting
8. [A] diluted
[B] dissolved
[C] determining
[D] diffused
9. [A] when
[B] since
[C] for
[D] whereas
10. [A] unusual
[B] particular
[C] unique
[D] typical
11. [A] signs
[B] stimuli
[C] messages
[D] impulses
12. [A] at first
[B] at all
[C] at large
[D] at times
13. [A] subjected
[B] left
[C] drawn
[D] exposed
14. [A] ineffective
[B] incompetent
[C] inefficient
[D] insufficient
15. [A] introduce
[B] summon
[C] trigger
[D] create
16. [A] still
[B] also
[C] otherwise
[D] nevertheless
17. [A] sure
[B] sick
[C] aware
[D] tired
18. [A] tolerate
[B] repel
[C] neglect
[D] notice
19. [A] available
[B] reliable
[C] identifiable
[D] suitable
20. [A] similar to
[B] such as
[C] along with
[D] aside from
Section II,Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts,Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or D,Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise,Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one,Indeed,if he has a reputation for slacking,you might even be outraged,Such behaviour is regarded as,all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance,But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it all too monkey,as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys,They look cute,They are good-natured,cooperative creatures,and they share their food tardily,Above all,like their female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of,goods and services” than males,Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr,Brosnan’s and Dr,de waal’s study,The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food,Normally,the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber,However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers),So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber,And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all,the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber,or refused to accept the slice of cucumber,Indeed,the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys,like humans,are guided by social emotions,In the wild,they are a cooperative,group living species,Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated,Feelings of righteous indignation,it seems,are not the preserve of people alone,Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group,However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph,the author introduces his topic by ________.
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] making a comparison
[D] explaining a phenomenon
22. The statement,it is all too monkey” (Last line,paragraph l) implies that ________.
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature
[C] monkeys,like humans,tend to be jealous of each other
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions
24. Dr,Brosnan and Dr,de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers
[B] can be taught to exchange things
[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated
[D] are unhappy when separated from others
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
Text 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense,and over three decades,some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming,The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made,The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves,The president of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report:,Science never has all the answers,But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
Just as on smoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that it’s Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure,This is a dangerous game,by the 100 percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late,With the risks obvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention,But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously,Instead of a plan of action,they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of,paralysis by analysis”.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research,But research alone is inadequate,If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative,Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures,A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia,which would offer financial incentives for private industry,is a promising start,Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs,If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense
27. According to Bruce Alberts,science can serve as ________.
[A] a protector
[B] a judge
[C] a critic
[D] a guide
28. What does the author mean by,paralysis by analysis” (Last line,paragraph 4)?
[A] Endless studies kill action.
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.
[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author,what should the Administration do about global warming?
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press for further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.
[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse
Text 3
Of all the components of a good night’s sleep,dreams seem to be least within our control,In dreams,a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak,A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s,neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just,mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep,Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat,regulating moods while the brain is,off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control,to help us sleep and feel better,“It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright,chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center.,If you don’t like it,change it.”
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view,The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake,says Dr,Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh,But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the,emotional brain”) is especially active,while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet.,We wake up from dreams happy or depressed,and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr,William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic,Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,progressing toward happier ones before awakening,suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day,Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until,it appears,we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious,Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams,As soon as you awaken,identify what is upsetting about the dream,Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs,try to wake up just enough to control its course,With much practice people can learn to,literally,do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day,there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or,we waken up in a panic,” Cartwright says,Terrorism,economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety,Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist,For the rest of us,the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings,Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.
[A] can be modified in their courses
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs
32. By referring to the limbic system,the author intends to show ________.
[A] its function in our dreams
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions
[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind
[B] develop into happy dreams
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep
[D] show up in dreams early at night
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression
[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?
[A] Lead your life as usual.
[B] Seek professional help.
[C] Exercise conscious control.
[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
Text 4
American no longer expect public figures,whether in speech or in writing,to command the English language with skill and gift,Nor do they aspire to such command themselves,In his latest book,Doing Our Own Thing,The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should,Like,Care,John McWhorter,a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views,sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new,but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education,Mr,McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change,and he sees the gradual disappearance of,whom,” for example,to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal,“doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech,writing,poetry and music,While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s,even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page,Equally,in poetry,the highly personal,performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness,In both oral and written English,talking is triumphing over speaking,spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture,the trend that Mr,McWhorter documents is unmistakable,But it is less clear,to take the question of his subtitle,why we should,like,care,As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas,He is not arguing,as many do,that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads,while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers,Mr,McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary,and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful,We now take our English,on paper plates instead of china.” A shame,perhaps,but probably an inevitable one.
36. According to McWhorter,the decline of formal English ________.
[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms
[B] is but all too natural in language development
[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture
[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s
37. The word,talking” (Line 6,paragraph 3) denotes ________.
[A] modesty
[B] personality
[C] liveliness
[D] informality
38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
[D] Of all the varieties,standard English can best convey complex ideas.
39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.
[A] interest in their language
[B] appreciation of their efforts
[C] admiration for their memory
[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness
40. According to the last paragraph,“paper plates” is to,china” as ________.
[A],temporary” is to,permanent”
[B],radical” is to,conservative”
[C],functional” is to,artistic”
[D],humble” is to,noble”
Part B
Directions:
In the following text,some sentences have removed,For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into of the numbered blank there are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps,Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1,(10 points)
Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments),if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting,might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce health-care costs.
They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets,the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
41. ________
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency,Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs,bureaucracy,procedures and limited bargaining power,all would pool resources,work with Ottawa,and create a national institution.
42. ________
But,national” doesn’t have to mean that.,National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way,one benefit of a,national” organization would be to negotiate better prices,if possible,with drug manufacturers,Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than,say,Quebec,negotiating on behalf of seven million people,the national agency would negotiate on behalf 31 million people,Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers,the higher the likelihood of a better price.
43. ________
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,funded by Ottawa and the provinces,Under it,a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included,Predictably,and regrettably,Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making,They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few,if any,strings attached,That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.
44. ________
Premiers love to quote Mr,Romanow’s report selectively,especially the parts about more federal money,Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs:,A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”
45. ________
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list,they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology,One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University,Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!
[B] Or they could read Mr,Kirby’s report:,the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”
[C] What does,national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
[D] The problem is simple and stark,health-care costs have been,are,and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.
[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information,prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending,Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments,Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds,Part of it is higher prices.
[F] So,if the provinces want to run the health-care show,they should prove they can run it,starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication,save administrative costs,prevent one province from being played off against another,and bargain for better drug prices.
[G] Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream,They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way,They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another,They can hope that,if one province includes a drug on its list,the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs,They wouldn’t like a national agency,but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese,Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(10 points)
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history,History and news become confused,and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism,46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe,The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples,their cultures and national identities,With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene,47) In Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful,groups which bring together television,radio newspapers,magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another,One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group,while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.
Clearly,only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market,48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in,a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
Moreover,the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.
49) Creating a,European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe,This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market,whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.
In order to achieve these objectives,we must concentrate more on co-productions,the exchange of news,documentary services and training,This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which,on the model of European Investment Bank,will handle the finances necessary for production costs,50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say,Unity we stand,divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be,Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.
Section III,Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & fashions,But now you find that the word is not what you expected,You decide to quit,Write a letter to your boss,Mr,Wang,telling him your decision,stating your reason (s),and making an apology.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words,Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use,Li Ming” instead.
You do not need to write the address,(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing,In your essay,you should first describe the drawing,then interpret its meaning,and give your comment on it.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(20 points)
2005年参考答案
Section I,Use of English (10 points)
1. [C] 2. [B] 3. [A] 4. [C] 5. [B]
6. [A] 7. [D] 8. [A] 9. [D] 10. [B]
11. [C] 12. [A] 13. [D] 14. [C] 15. [D]
16. [B] 17. [C] 18. [D] 19. [A] 20. [B]
Section II,Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21. [C] 22. [B] 23. [A] 24. [C] 25. [B]
26. [C] 27. [D] 28. [A] 29. [D] 30. [B]
31. [A] 32. [C] 33. [D] 34. [D] 35. [A]
36. [B] 37. [D] 38. [A] 39. [B] 40. [C]
Part B (10 points)
41. [E] 42. [C] 43. [G] 44. [F] 45. [B]
Part C (10 points)
46. 电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。
47. 多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。
48. 仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。这个事实通过统计数字一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%。
49. 创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲统一体”绝非易事，需要战略性选择。正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲大陆的纽带。
50. 在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去。”
Section III,Writing (30 points)
Part A (10 points)
51. 参考范文
A Letter,to Quit
Jun 22,2005
Dear Mr,Wang,
First of all,please allow me to express my deep sorry to you for my resignation,I do know that this will bring about much trouble to you so that I write to you for my explanation.
I decided to quit for some reasons as follows,To begin with,the job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions is not suitable to me,What’s more,I am preparing for another degree and I prefer to further my study,Again,I apologize for my resignation to you!
I am looking forward to your early reply.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
Part B (20 points)
52. 参考范文
A Helpless Father
The picture ironically shows that a pitiable old man in rags is being helplessly kicked off by his three sons and a daughter,who all wear decent clothes,The father’s negligent children are all guarding their home gates lest their old father,roll into” their households,In other words,they four ignore their moral sense of assuming the responsibility for their old father even though they may be all living a satisfying life,That is a painful scene we often encounter in our daily life.
Sad to say,the moral decline of the younger generations may be a rather explosive situation in our modern society,People definitely have their living conditions improved by wider and wider margins,as evidenced by the four children’s decent dressing,but their moral sense still remains sadly unchanged or in some cases becomes dramatically downgrading,Most people might have become too much self-centered,and even worse,they discard the tradition of giving respect to the elderly,They no longer care for their elders,let alone their neighbors or the disadvantaged; instead they try every means to avoid responsibility for other citizens,When one cares for others,one might even appear stupid or may even be distrusted.
Therefore,we have to take some useful measures to avoid the scene that is mentioned above,We must launch a variety of campaigns about the return to the good tradition of giving help and love the elderly,Moreover,we must appeal to our government to establish some relevant laws to punish those who avoid their duties,The last but not the least,our respect for age is an indication of the progress of human society,as imperatives of traditions require,We sincerely wish that the old man could be welcome to any of the four households,elegantly dressed,and a smile on the face.
2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I,Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text,Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1,(10 points)
The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population,__1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__,To help homeless people __3__ independence,the federal government must support job training programs,__4__ the minimum wage,and fund more low-cost housing.
__5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless,Estimates __6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million,__7__ the figure may vary,analysts do agree on another matter,that the number of the homeless is __8__,One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.
Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult,__11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street,Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs,And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders,Many others,__14__ not addicted or mentally ill,simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__,Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless,__18__ Edward Blotkowsk,director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,__19__ it,“There has to be __20__ of programs,What we need is a package deal.”
1. [A] Indeed
[B] Likewise
[C] Therefore
[D] Furthermore
2. [A] stand
[B] cope
[C] approve
[D] retain
3. [A] in
[B] for
[C] with
[D] toward
4. [A] raise
[B] add
[C] take
[D] keep
5. [A] generally
[B] almost
[C] hardly
[D] not
6. [A] cover
[B] change
[C] range
[D] differ
7. [A] Now that
[B] Although
[C] Provided
[D] Except that
8. [A] inflating
[B] expanding
[C] increasing
[D] extending
9. [A] predicts
[B] displays
[C] proves
[D] discovers
10. [A] assist
[B] track
[C] sustain
[D] dismiss
11. [A] Hence
[B] But
[C] Even
[D] Only
12. [A] lodging
[B] shelter
[C] dwelling
[D] house
13. [A] searching
[B] strolling
[C] crowding
[D] wandering
14. [A] when
[B] once
[C] while
[D] whereas
15. [A] life
[B] existence
[C] survival
[D] maintenance
16. [A] around
[B] over
[C] on
[D] up
17. [A] complex
[B] comprehensive
[C] complementary
[D] compensating
18. [A] So
[B] Since
[C] As
[D] Thus
19. [A] puts
[B] interprets
[C] assumes
[D] makes
20. [A] supervision
[B] manipulation
[C] regulation
[D] coordination
Section II,Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts,Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C],or [D],Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1,(40 points)
Text 1
In spite of,endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people,This is,the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse,and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture,People are absorbed into,a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered,vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.” Instead of intimate shops catering to,a knowledgeable elite,” these were stores,anyone could enter,regardless of class or background.” This turned shopping into a public and democratic act,The mass media,advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture,which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous,Writing for the National Immigration Forum,Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation,In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900,13.6 percent,In the 10 years prior to 1990,3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890,9.2 for every 1,000,Now,consider three indices of assimilation -- language,home ownership and intermarriage.
The 1990 Census revealed that,a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.,By the third generation,the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a,graveyard” for language,By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent,higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.
Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics,have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation,one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics,and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.
Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks,yet,some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething in America? Indeed,It is big enough to have a bit of everything,But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past,today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
21. The word,homogenizing” (Line 2,Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.
[A] identifying
[B] associating
[C] assimilating
[D] monopolizing
22. According to the author,the department stores of the 19th century ________.
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption
23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S,________.
[A] are resistant to homogenization
[B] exert a great influence on American culture
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture
[D] constitute the majority of the population
24. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
[A] To prove their popularity around the world.
[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.
25. In the author’s opinion,the absorption of immigrants into American society is ________.
[A] rewarding
[B] successful
[C] fruitless
[D] harmful
Text 2
Stratford-on-Avon,as we all know,has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches,There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (ASC),which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon,And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come,not to see the plays,but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage,Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue,They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors,them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness,It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare,who earns their living,was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.
The tourist streams are not entirely separate,The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays,and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford,However,the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing,It is the playgoers,the ESC contends,who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants,The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.
The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company,Stratford cries poor traditionally,Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge,Hilton is building its own hotel there,which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,and will be very expensive.
Anyway,the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy,(The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row,Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason,of course,is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.
It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele,They come entirely for the plays,not the sights,They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean,pointed,dedicated faces,wearing jeans and sandals,eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.
26. From the first two Paragraphs,we learn that ________.
[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue
[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage
[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms
[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism
27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.
[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately
[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers
[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers
[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater
28. By saying,Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3,Paragraph 4),the author implies that ________.
[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects
[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties
[C] the town is not really short of money
[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid
29. According to the townsfolk,the RSC deserves no subsidy because ________.
[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending
[B] the company is financially ill-managed
[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable
[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise
30. From the text we can conclude that the author ________.
[A] is supportive of both sides
[B] favors the townsfolk’s view
[C] takes a detached attitude
[D] is sympathetic
Text 3
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world,something strange happened to the large animals,They suddenly became extinct,Smaller species survived,The large,slow-growing animals were easy game,and were quickly hunted to extinction,Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years,What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing,They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world,Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean,but rather changes in that biomass over time,According to their latest paper published in Nature,the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation,In some long-fished areas,it has halved again since then.
Dr,Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative,One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved,Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar,which were not available 50 years ago,That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught,so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes,In the early days,too,longlines would have been more saturated with fish,Some individuals would therefore not have been caught,since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them,leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past,Furthermore,in the early days of longline fishing,a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked,That is no longer a problem,because there are fewer sharks around now.
Dr,Myers and Dr,Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline,which future management efforts must take into account,They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists,that of the,shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past,That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels,Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way to do business.
31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that ________.
[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today
[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
32. We can infer from Dr,Myers and Dr,Worm’s paper that ________.
[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago
[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old
33. By saying these figures are conservative (Line 1,paragraph 3),Dr,Worm means that ________.
[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly
[B] then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded
[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss
[D] the data collected so far are out of date
34. Dr,Myers and other researchers hold that ________.
[A] people should look for a baseline that can’t work for a longer time
[B] fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
[C] the ocean biomass should restored its original level
[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation
35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.
[A] management efficiency
[B] biomass level
[C] catch-size limits
[D] technological application
Text 4
Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this,artists’ only job is to explore emotions,and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.
This wasn’t always so,The earliest forms of art,like painting and music,are those best suited for expressing joy,But somewhere in the 19th century,more artists began seeing happiness as insipid,phony or,worst of all,boring as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.
You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery,But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war,disaster and the massacre of innocents,The reason,in fact,may be just the opposite,there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
After all,what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising,The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media,and with it,a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery,They worked until exhausted,lived with few protections and died young,In the West,before mass communication and literacy,the most powerful mass medium was the church,which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms,Given all this,they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.
Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial,and forever happy,Fast-food eaters,news anchors,text messengers,all smiling,smiling,smiling,Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes,And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.,Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex,before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.
But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain,The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment,Today,surrounded by promises of easy happiness,we need someone to tell us as religion once did,Memento mori,remember that you will die,that everything ends,and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it,It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette,yet,somehow,a breath of fresh air.
36. By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire,the author intends to show that ________.
[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music
[B] art grow out of both positive and negative feeling
[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness
[D] artists have changed their focus of interest
37. The word,bummer” (Line 5,paragraph 5) most probably means something ________.
[A] religious
[B] unpleasant
[C] entertaining
[D] commercial
38. In the author’s opinion,advertising ________.
[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy part
[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public
[C] replace the church as a major source of information
[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself
39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes ________.
[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness
[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing
[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied
[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms
40. Which of the following is true of the text?
[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.
[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.
[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.
[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.
Part B
Directions:
In the following text,some sentences have been removed,For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks,There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks,Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1,(10 points)
On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville,Ind.,home of David Williams,52,and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played,During several years of gambling in that casino,Williams,a state auditor earning $35,000 a year,lost approximately $175,000,He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.
He visited the casino,lost the $20 and left,On his second visit he lost $800,The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a Fun Card,which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities,For Williams,these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.
(41)________,In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days,In March 1997 he lost $72,186,He sometimes played two slot machines at a time,all night,until the boat locked at 5 a.m.,then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m,Now he is suing the casino,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted,It did know he had a problem.
In March 1998,a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions,and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems,The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers,and wrote to him a,cease admissions” letter,Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.
(42) ________.
The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning:,Enjoy the fun..,and always bet with your head,not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health,Nevertheless,Williams’s suit charges that the casino,knowing he was,helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to,lure” him to,engage in conduct against his will.” Well.
(43) ________.
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says,pathological gambling” involves persistent,recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
(44) ________,Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.
(45) ________.
Forty-four states have lotteries,29 have casinos,and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering,And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995,competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense,The Oct,28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week,With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year,gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.
[A] Although no such evidence was presented,the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings,And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.
[B] It is unclear what luring was required,given his compulsive behavior,And in what sense was his will operative?
[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even,he would quit,One night he won $5,500,but he did not quit.
[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever,but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin,or a social disease,Now it is a social policy,the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.
[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation,But don’t bet on it.
[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,often defining as addictions what earlier,sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
[G] The anonymous,lonely,undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior,But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling,what would be its grounds for doing so?
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese,Our translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(10 points)
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true,Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans,But they have done more than that,They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual,It is they,not Americans,who have become anti-intellectual.
First,the object of our study pleads for definition,What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems,He explores such problem consciously,articulately,and frankly,first by asking factual questions,then by asking moral questions,finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained,47) His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist,for one,48) I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems,Like other human beings,he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments,manufacture evidence,or doctor his reports,49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business,During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted,as the businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living,50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment,This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars.,Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing,living in public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say,“is something else.”
Section III,Writing
Part A
51. Directions
You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area,Write a letter to the department concerned,asking them to help find a candidate,You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words,Write it on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use,Li Ming” instead.
You do not need to write the address,(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following photos carefully and write an essay of 160~200 words in which you should
1,describe the photos briefly,
2,interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them,and
3,give your point of view.
You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,(20 points)
有两幅图片，图1 把崇拜写在脸上；图2 花300元做“小贝头”
注：Beckham是英国足球明星有两张照片，一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字，另一张照片上有一个男子在理发，他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。
2006年参考答案
Section I,Use of English (10 points)
1. [A] 2. [B] 3. [D] 4. [A] 5. [D]
6. [C] 7. [B] 8. [C] 9. [A] 10. [A]
11. [C] 12. [B] 13. [D] 14. [C] 15. [C]
16. [A] 17. [B] 18. [C] 19. [A] 20. [D]
Section II,Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21. [C] 22. [A] 23. [C] 24. [D] 25. [B]
26. [A] 27. [B] 28. [C] 29. [D] 30. [D]
31. [C] 32. [A] 33. [C] 34. [D] 35. [B]
36. [D] 37. [B] 38. [D] 39. [B] 40. [A]
Part B (10 points)
41. [C] 42. [A] 43. [B] 44. [F] 45. [D]
Part C (10 points)
46．我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。
47．他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。
48．我之所以把他（普通科学家）排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。
49．但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行为的道德规范，就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规范一样。
50．他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。
Section III,Writing (30 points)
Part A (10 points)
51. 参考范文
Dear Sir or Madam,
As a college student who is studying and living in a good environment,I wish to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial assistance to a child in a remote area,Having conceived such a plan for a long time,I write this letter to request your help to recommend a proper candidate.
I wonder if it is convenient for you if three things concerning the child are taken into consideration,First,the child should come from Gansu Province,for I intend to help a child from my hometown,Second,it will be better if the child is a primary school student,I hope I will help him/her from the very beginning,In addition,he/she must be willing to return to his hometown to help built it after graduation from university.
My plan will be carried out as follows,On one hand,I will remit at least 2,000 Yuan in cash every year until he/she finishes his/her education before entering college,On the other hand,I decide to teach the child math and English in person during my summer vacation,which will surely be more beneficial to the child.
Your prompt help would be highly appreciated,And I am looking forward to your reply very soon.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
Part B (20 points)
52. 参考范文
How ironic the two pictures are in describing one of the most widespread social phenomena concerning idol adoration! In the first picture,a young man writes the name of Beckham on his face,In the second picture,another young man spends 300 Yuan in dealing with his hair to make himself look like Beckham.
The meaning conveyed in the two pictures reveals that in current China some young people are losing themselves,I am greatly shocked by the enthusiasm for this British football superstar shown by these two young men,Frankly speaking,things of this kind really happen among us,Some people,especially college students,do nothing but concentrate on imitating superstars,This does great harm to their study and growth,If we can’t stop the worsening of this tendency,our own culture will be damaged,and we ourselves will be the ultimate victims.
From my point of view,a lot of measures should be taken to save our losing culture and re-find ourselves,In fact,some measures have already been taken,In my university,campaigns have been launched to educate people to pay more attention to our traditional culture and read more books instead of focusing on our appearances,As a result,we have witnessed some improvements but still there is a long way to go.