历年英语考研真题及英语资料：2007新东方考研英语（英译汉.词汇.完型）

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考研英语英译汉、完型与词汇分册
第一部分 英译汉全真试题（1994-2004年）
Passage 1
According to the new school of scientists,technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific
knowledge,71) Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of
more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.72) "In short",a leader of the new school contends,"the
scientific revolution,as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that
expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions." 73) Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a
source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science,The modern school
that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,and inventors such as Edison
attached great importance to,and derived great benefit from,craft information and technological devices of different
kinds that were usable in scientific experiments,The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes,genius-no advocate
was an analysis of Galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution,The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy,an
astronomer of the second century,whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions,74)
Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to
prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth,But the real hero of the story,according to the new
school of scientists,was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses,
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs,genius dispute,75) Whether the Government should
increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is
seen as the driving force,
Passage 2
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying,assigning,or
promoting students,employees,and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books,magazines,the daily
press,and even in congress,71) The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from the fault that
lies with ill-informed or incompetent users,The tests themselves are merely tools,with characteristics that can be
measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions,Whether the results will be valuable,meaningless,or even
misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user,
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance,school
grades research productive,sales records,or whatever is appropriate,72) How well the predictions will be validated by later
performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom
with which it is interpreted,Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and
that the predictions are always subject to error,
Standardized tests should be considered in this context,They provide a quick,objective method of getting some kids
of information about what a person learned,the skills he has developed,or the kinds of person he is,The information so
obtained has,qualitatively,the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information,73) Whether to use tests,other
kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning
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comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability,
74) In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least
effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined,Properly used,they provide a rapid means of getting
comparable information about many people,Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously
recognized,but there are many things they do not do,75,For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,
and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable
circumstances,
Passage3
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes,71) Some of these causes
are completely reasonable results of social needs,Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science
being to some extent self-accelerating,Some,however,are less reasonable processes of different growth in which
preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take,by persons in authority,act to alter the growth pattern of
different areas,This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend,72) This trend began
during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a
government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail,It can be predicted,
however,that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers,It is therefore
generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine tomb kept in functional order,73) This
seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible
consequence in the future,
This kind of support,like all government support,requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds,
Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward,But a decision among projects none of which has
immediate utility is more difficult,The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good " as opposed
to "bad" science,but a valid determination is difficult to make,Generally,the idea of good science tends to become
confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory,74) However,the world is so made that
elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects,75)
New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new
standards of elegance,
Passage 4
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put,It sounds like a useful,ground-clearing way to start,
71) Actually,it isn't,because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,which is something the world does
not have,
On one view of rights,to be sure,it necessarily follows that animals have none,72) Some philosophers argue that rights
exist only within a social contract,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements,Therefore,animals cannot have rights,
The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason,so is the idea that tigers have rights,
However,this is only one account,and by no means an uncontested one,It denies rights not only to animals but also
to some people — for instance,to infants,the mentally incapable and future generations,In addition,it is unclear what
force a contract can have for people who never consented to it,how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this
contract"?
The point is this without agreement on the rights of people,arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless,73) It leads the
discussion to extremes at the outset,it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration
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humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all,This is a false choice,Better to start with another,more
fundamental,question,is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it,74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists
of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice,Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a
mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans,
This view,which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood,may seem bravely "logical",In
fact it is simply shallow,the confused centre is right to reject it,The most elementary form of moral reasoning— the
ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others' interests against one's own,This in turn requires sympathy and
imagination,without which there is no capacity for moral thought,To see an animal in pain is enough,for most,to engage
sympathy,75) When that happens,it is not a mistake,it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that
should be encouraged rather than laughed at,
Passage 5
They were,by far,the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected,a strip of enormous
cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth,71) But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been
able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago,That was
just about the moment that the universe was born,What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected;
the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite — Cobe — had
discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known
as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)
72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to
maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos,According to the theory,the universe burst into being as a
submicroscopic,unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions,emitting radiation as it went,
condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas,Over billions of years,the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies,
stars,plants and eventually,even humans,
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures,but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well,the
seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies,They shouldn't have long to wait,73) Astrophysicists working
with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may
report their findings soon,
74) If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the
Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory,Inflation says that very early on,the universe expanded in size by more
than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second,propelled by a sort of antigravity,75) Odd though it
sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics,
and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true,
Passage 6
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to
one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past,Caught in the web of its own tune and
place,each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past,In this search the evidence found is always
incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan,The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know
that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process,
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline
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and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves,While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy,the
emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to
an understanding of the past,Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical
sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world,73) During this transfer,traditional historical methods were
augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study,
Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession,74) There is no agreement whether
methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the
various branches of historical inquiry,Historians,especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been
accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences,the
technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation,75) It
applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science
historians who equate their activity with specific techniques,
Passage 7
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the
economic strength and wealth of the community,71) Under modern conditions,this requires varying measures of
centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts,72)
Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a country' s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its
agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds,It also
means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure
that it is utilized to the best advantage,For example,they may encourage research in various ways including the setting
up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education,or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of
natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of
international projects related to science,economics and industry,In any case,all such interventions are heavily
dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds,
73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications,people everywhere are feeling new wants and are
being exposed to new customs and ideas,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the
reasons given above,At the same time the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly
accelerated speed compared with the past,For example,74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of
industrialization — with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a
century,whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so,All this has the effect of
building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the
governments concerned,75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems
arising from mass migration movements — themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport,
As a result of all these factors,governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for
planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect,
Passage 8
In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality,Direct links between the brain' s nervous system
and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments,allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total
Recall,
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them
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when they offend,72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,computers with in-built personalities
will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,relaxation will be in front of smell-television,and digital age will have
arrived,
According to BT' s futurologist,Ian Pearson,these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades
of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years),when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas
of life,
73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique
millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and
discoveries to take place,Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine,including an extended life expectancy and
dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040,
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links,"By linking directly to our nervous system,
computers could pick up what we feel and,hopefully,simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory
environments,rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says,74) But that,Pearson points out,is
only the start of man-machine integration,"It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately
lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."
Through his research,Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted,However,there are
still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available,or when human cloning will be perfected,or when time
travel will be possible,But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances,A boom in neighborhood
surveillance cameras will,for example,cause problems in 2010,while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean
people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids,75) And home appliances will also
become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder —
kitchen rage,
Passage 9
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological
technology alone,What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which
such a technology might be drawn,61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace
behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on,Physics and biology once followed similar
practices and advanced only when they discarded them,62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly
because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have
been hard to find,The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure,It does not push or pull,it
selects,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze,63) The role of natural selection in evolution was
formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining
the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied,As the interaction between organism and
environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are
beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available,It will not
solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched,Freedom and
dignity illustrate the difficulty,64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional
theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his
achievements,A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment,It also raises
questions concerning "values",Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved,a
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technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems,
Passage 10
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it,Humans are thoughtful
and creative,possessed of insatiable curiosity,(61) Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which
they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies,Therefore,it is important to study
humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner,with the hope that the knowledge resulting from
such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet
Earth,
"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name,
anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind,
Anthropology is one of the social sciences,(62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to
study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists
use for the study of natural phenomena,
Social science disciplines include geography,economics,political science,psychology,and sociology,Each of
these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology,
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity,Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which
makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis,(63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined
with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly
important social science,
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture,Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the
concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science,(64) Tylor defined culture
as "..,that complex whole which includes belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired
by man as a member of society." This insight,so profound in its simplicity,opened up an entirely new way of perceiving
and understanding human life,Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned,shared,and
patterned behavior,
(65) Thus,the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics,is an abstract concept
which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding,
Passage 11
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries,(61) The Greeks assumed that
the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people
realized how diverse languages could be,
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own,Two
anthropologist-linguists,Franz Boas Edward Sapir,were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South
America during the first half of the twentieth century,(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since
vanished,as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages,Other linguists in
the earlier part of this century,however,who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language,were not
always so grateful,(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe
and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data,Native American languages are indeed
different,so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages,
Sapir's pupil,Benjamin Lee Whorf,continued the study of American Indian languages,(64) Being interested in the
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relationship of language and thought,Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of
habitual thought ma society,He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society,He reasoned that because it
is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language,the speakers of that language think along one track and not
along another,(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in its strongest form,states that language
imprisons the mind,and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture
of a society,Later,this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,but this term is somewhat inappropriate,Although
both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic
determinism,
第二部分 英译汉全真模拟试题 （Passages 1-10)
Passage 1
Directions,Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese,(10 points)
71) The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No,1 health
problem in the U,S,today,even more than AIDS or cancer,is that Americans don't know how to think about health and
illness,Our reactions are formed on the terror level,We fear the worst,expect the worst,thus invite the worst,The result is
that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs （自疑有病者),a self-medicating society incapable of
distinguishing between casual,everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention,
Somewhere in our early education we become addicted to the notion that pain means sickness,72) We fail to learn that
pain is the body's way of informing the mind that we are doing something wrong,not necessarily that something is
wrong,We don't understand that pain may be telling us that we are eating too much or the wrong things; or that we are
smoking too much or drinking too much; or that there is too much emotional congestion in our lives; or that we are
being worn down by having to cope daily with overcrowded streets and highways,the pounding noise of garbage grinders,
or the cosmic distance between the entrance to the airport and the departure gate,we get the message of pain all wrong,73)
Instead of addressing ourselves to the cause,we become pushovers for pills,driving the pain underground and inviting it
to return with increased authority,
74) Early in life,too,we become seized with the bizarre idea that we are constantly assaulted by invisible monsters
called germs,and that we have to be on constant alert to protect ourselves against their fury,Equal emphasis,however,is
not given to the presiding fact that our bodies are superbly equipped to deal with the little demons,and that the best way of
forestalling an attack is to maintain a sensible life-style,
The most significant single statement about health to appear in the medical journals during the past decade is by Dr,Franz
Ingelfinger,the late and former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine,Ingelfinger noted that almost all
illnesses are self-limiting,That is,the human body is capable of handling them without outside intervention,75)
The thrust of the article was that we need not feel we are helpless if disease tries to tear away at our bodies,and that we can
have greater confidence in the reality of a healing system that is beautifully designed to meet most of its problems,And even
when outside help is required,our own resources have something of value to offer in a combined strategy of treatment,
Passage 2
When offices are planned the attention paid to the correct use of space,and individual and company needs,is
often totally inadequate,71) Bad planning can frustrate the manager and employee and reduce their level of performance,
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This is why so much research has been undertaken since the war into effective office planning,
There is a growing realisation that investment in people means that their needs should be thoroughly analysed and
provided for,It has encouraged a number of office planning approaches,72) The best of these approaches take into
account not just the physical aspects of a building but the complex individual and group relationships which need to be
understood before a plan is implemented,
A man's personal preference is always for his own separate office,Where this can be achieved it provides privacy and
special advantages for him,However,it is quite uneconomic for most organisations to provide such facilities on anything
but a limited scale,73) Moreover the corporate needs for good communications,smooth exchange of ideas and paper work,
and flexibility demand a different form of planning,Preoccupation with rental costs has led in the past to openplan
offices which in the worst circumstances are laid out in such a regimented fashion that the atmosphere is totally
impersonal,
Nevertheless,costs must be faced realistically,Perhaps the best balance between the needs of most of the employees
and the needs of the company are to be found in landscaped offices,
Developed in Germany in the late 1950s,landscaping,or Burolandschaft as it is sometimes called,seeks to achieve
good communications and information flow by the correct juxtaposition of departments,74) Its aim is to provide a
pleasing working environment for all,coupled with economic use of space and the ability on management's part to alter office
layout to cope with changes in working methods,
Ideally a floor area of not less than 6000 sq.ft.is required,generally in the form of a square or rectangle the sides of
which have a ratio of less than two to one,Employees are grouped together in clusters,in accordance with a plan that takes
into account work flow and desirable relationships across traditional organisational barriers,Such groups are identified and
separated by movable screens,75) An acceptable general noise level is achieved by careful acoustic control to provide aural
privacy and mask intrusive noise,
Passage 3
All great writers express their ideas in an individual way,it is often possible to determine the authorship of a
literary passage from the style in which it is written,71) Many authors feel that the conventions of the written language
hamper them and they use words freely,with little observance of accepted grammar and sentence structure,in order to
convey vividly their feelings,beliefs and fantasies,Others with a deep respect for traditional usage achieve a style of
classical clearness and perfection or achieve effects of visual or musical beauty by their mastery of existing forms
enriched by a sensitive and adventurous vocabulary,vivid imagery and a blending of evocative vowels and consonants,
Young people often feel the need to experiment and,as a result,to break away from the traditions they have been taught,In
dealing with a foreign language,however,they have to bear in mind two conditions for experiment,72) Any great
experimental artist is fully familiar with the conventions from which he wishes to break free; he is capable of achievement in
established forms but feels these are inadequate for the expression of his ideas,In the second place,he is indisputably an
outstanding artist who has something original to express; otherwise the experiments will appear pretentious,even
childish,
Few students can achieve so intimate an understanding of a foreign language that they can explore its resources freely
and experimentally,Not all feel the need to do so,73) And in any case examination candidates need to become thoroughly
acquainted with conventional usage as it is a sure knowledge of accepted forms that examiners look for,
The student undertaking a proficiency course should have the ability to use simple English correctly to express everyday
facts and ideas,74) This ability to express oneself in a foreign language on a basis of thinking in that language without
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reference to one's own is essential at all stages of learning,Students with extensive experience in translation who
have had little practice in using the foreign language directly must,above all,write very simply at first,using only
easy constructions which they are convinced are correct,forgetting for the time being their own language and rigorously
avoiding translating from it,
More complex forms,more varied vocabulary and sentence structure should evolve naturally in step with the student's
increasing knowledge of the language,The student introduces a certain form or construction only when he is thoroughly
familiar with it and is certain that it is normally used in this way,As he achieves additional conidence,he can begin to take
an interest in the use of the language to create diverse effects,He may want to convey impressions of suspense,calm,dignity,
humour,of music or poetry,75) He will master the art of logical explanation,of exact letter-writing,of formal speeches and
natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description,But he will still write within the limits of Ms ability and
knowledge,And,as a learner,he will still be studying and observing conventional English usage in all that he writes,
Passage 4
We usually assume that an innate characteristic of human beings is the close and immediate attachment between the
newborn child and its parents,especially its mother,Because abandonment or abuse of children seems to defy such beliefs,
we are baffled by reports of widespread parental abuse of children,A look at the past may provide a different perspective
on the present,
According to some scholars,maternal indifference to infants may have been typical of the Middle Ages,Aries says there
is evidence that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries parents showed little affection for their children,and Edward
Shorter argues that this indifference was probably typical among the ordinary people of Western Europe,even in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,71) The death of young children seems to have been accepted casually,and although overt
infanticide was frowned upon,allowing children to die was sometimes encouraged,or at least tolerated,For example,in
Western Europe it was common for mothers to leave infants at foundling hospitals or with rural wet nurses,both of which
resulted in very high mortality rates,72) Whether these practices were typically the result of economic desperation,the
difficulty of raising an out-of-wedlock child,or lack of attachment to an infant is not clear,but the fact that many
well-to-do married women casually chose to give their infants to wet nurses,despite the higher mortality risks,suggests
that the reasons were not always economic difficulty or fear of social stigma,
While the practice of overt infanticide and child abandonment may have been relatively widespread in parts of
Western Europe,it does not seem to have been prevalent in either England or America,73) Indeed,authorities in both
those countries in the sixteenth century prosecuted infanticide cases more vigorously than other forms of murder,and the
practice of leaving infants with wet nurses went out of fashion in England by the end of the eighteenth century,
By the eighteenth century in Western Europe,parents were expressing more interest in their children and more affection
for them,and by the nineteenth century,observers were beginning to criticize parents for being too child-centered,
Nevertheless parents were still not prevented from abusing their own children,as long as it did not result in death,74)
Because the parent-child relationship was regarded as sacred and beyond State intervention,it was not until the late
nineteenth century that reformers in England were able to persuade law makers to pass legislation to protect children from
abusive parents,75) Ironically,efforts to prevent cruelty to animals preceded those to accomplish the same ends for
children by nearly a half century,
Passage 5
A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend
their money must study consumer behaviour,71) He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives
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that tend to encourage or discourage money spending,
If an economist were asked which of the three groups borrow most — people with rising incomes,stable incomes,or
declining incomes — he would probably answer,those with declining incomes,Actually,in the years 1947-1950,the answer
was,people with rising incomes,People with stable incomes were next and people with declining incomes borrowed the
least,This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable,72) Another traditional
assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up,they hasten to buy,If they expect prices to go down,
they will postpone buying,But research surveys have shown that this is not always true,The expectations of price
increases may not stimulate buying,One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of
rising prices,"In a few months," she said,"We'll have to pay more for meat and milk; We'll have less to spend on other
things." Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase,73) Furthermore,the rise in prices
that has already taken place may be resented and buyer's resistance may be evoked,This is shown by the following
typical comment,"I just don' t pay these prices; they are too high,
Traditional assumptions should be investigated carefully,and factors of time and place should be considered,The
investigations mentioned above were carried out in America,74) Investigations conducted at the same time in Great
Britain,however,yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending
patterns,The condition most conductive to spending appears to be price stability,75) If prices have been stable and people
have been accustomed to consider them "right" and expect them to remain stable,they are likely to buy,Thus,it appears
that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices with occasional sales or discounts is based on a correct
understanding of consumer psychology,
Passage 6
Aging can be defined as the progressive deterioration,with the passage of time,of the structures and functions of a
mature organism,This ultimately leads to the death of the organism,71) Either the progressive loss of function makes the
organism less able to withstand infectious disease or,often,the failure of some vital organ precipitates the death of all the
rest,
Many fish and reptiles also seem to avoid,or at least inhibit,aging by continuing to grow throughout their lives,72) We
do not know just what brings on death,but it may simply be the same factors that cause death in younger members of the
species,disease and predation,These challenges to life,acting in a completely random way,will eventually strike down
all the members of a given generation,It is probably also true that fish and reptiles become less well adapted to their
environment when they exceed a certain size,73) In any case,the ability to grow steadily,even if slowly,does seem to
protect them from the harmful effects of aging,Some marine turtles are estimated to live more than 150 years,
Mammals,as we have seen,grow to a certain size and then stop,Some time after the cessation of growth,aging begins,
The actual time span involved varies widely from species to species,A three-year-old laboratory rat is very old,74) In man,
although the deterioration associated with aging can be detected by the age of 30 years,fatal loss of function may not occur
until much later,
What are the symptoms of aging? 75) Decreased muscular strength,decreased lung capacity,decreased pumping of
blood from the heart,decreased urine formation in the kidney,and decreased metabolic rate are just a few of the many body
changes which occur with aging,
Passage 7
Scientists must accept facts even when they would like them to be different,71) They must strive to distinguish
between what they see and what they wish too see for humanity's capacity for self-deception is vast,People have
11
traditionally tended to adopt general rules,beliefs,creeds,theories,and ideas without thoroughly questioning their validity
and to retain them long after they have been shown to be meaningless,false,or at least questionable,The most widespread
assumptions are the least questioned,72) Most often,when an idea is adopted,particular attention is given to cases that
assert it,while cases that seem to refute it are distorted,belittled,or ignored,We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to
"change our minds." 73) Competent scientists,however,must be expert at changing their minds,This is because science
seeks not to defend our beliefs but to improve them,Better theories are made by those who are not hung up on prevailing
ones,
Away from their profession,scientists are inherently no more honest or ethical than other people,But in their profession
they work in an arena that puts a high premium on honesty,The cardinal rule in science is that all claims must be testable
they must be capable,at least in principle,of being proved wrong,74) For example,if someone claims that a certain
procedure has a certain result,it must in principle be possible to perform a procedure that will either confirm or contradict
the claim,If confirmed,then the claim is regarded as useful and a steppingstone to further knowledge,None of us has the time
or energy or resources to test every claim,so most of the time we must take somebody's word,However,we must have
some criterion for deciding whether one person's word is as good as another's and whether one claim is as good as another,
The criterion,again,is that the claim must be testable,To reduce the likelihood of error,scientists accept the word only of
those whose ideas,theories,and findings are testable — if not in practice then at least in principle,Speculations that
cannot be tested are regarded as "unscientific." This has the long-run effect of compelling honest findings widely
publicized among fellow scientists are generally subjected to further testing,75) Sooner or later,mistakes (and lies) are
bound to be found out; wishful thinking is bound to be exposed,The honesty so important to the progress of science
thus becomes a matter of self-interest to scientists,
Passage 8
As civilization proceeds in the direction of technology,it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of
life-food,shelter,clothes,and warmth,71) Then we are faced with a choice between using technology to provide and fulfil
needs which have hitherto been regarded as unnecessary or,on the other hand,using technology to reduce the number of
hours of work which a man must do in order to earn a given standard of living,In other words,we either raise our
standard of living above that necessary for comfort and happiness or we leave it at this level and work shorter hours,I shall
take it as axiomatic (=assumed to be true without proof) that mankind has,by that time,chosen the latter alternative,Men
will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid employment,It follows that the housewife will also expect to be able to
have more leisure in her life without lowering her standard of living,It also follows that human domestic servants will
have completely ceased to exist,72) Yet the great majority of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely
from the routine operations of the home such as scrubbing the floors or the bath or the cooker,or washing the clothes or
washing up,or dusting or sweeping,or making beds,
The most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot slave which can be trained to the
requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations (for
example,scrubbing,sweeping and dusting,washing up,laying tables,making beds),when so switched by the housewife,
73) It will be a machine having no more emotions than a car,but having a memory for instructions and a limited degree of
instructed or built-in adaptability according to the positions in which it finds various types of objects,It will operate other
more specialized machines,for example,the vacuum cleaner or clothes-washing machine,
74) There are no problems in the production of such a domestic robot to which we do not have already the glimmering
of a solution,
12
When I have discussed this kind of device with housewives,some 90 per cent of them have the immediate reaction,'
How soon can I buy one?' The other 10 per cent have the reaction,' I would be terrified to have it moving about my house'
— but when one explains to them that it could be switched off or unplugged or stopped without the slightest difficulty,or
made to go and put itself away in a cupboard at any time,they quickly realize that it is a highly desirable object,In my own
home we have found that,at first,the washing-up machine was regarded as a rival to the worker at the kitchen sink,but now
there is no greater pleasure than to go to bed in the evening and know that the washing up is being done downstairs after one
is asleep,75) Some families would be delighted,no doubt,to have the robot slave doing all the downstairs housework
after they were in bed at night,while others would prefer to have it done in the mornings,but this would be entirely a matter
of choice,
Passage 9
71)The amazing success of man as a species is the result of the evolutionary development of his brain which has
led,among other things,to tool-using,tool-making,the ability to solve problems by logical reasoning,thoughtful cooperation,
and language,One of the most striking ways in which the chimpanzee biologically resembles man lies in the structure of his
brain,The chimpanzee,with his capacity for primitive reasoning,exhibits a type of intelligence more like that of man than
does any other mammal living today,
72)The brain of the modern chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brain that so many millions of years ago
directed the behavior of the first ape man,
For a long time,the fact that prehistoric man made tools was considered to be one of the major criteria distinguishing
him from other creatures,As I pointed out earlier,I have watched chimpanzees modify grass stems in order to use them
to probe for termites,
73)It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion his tools to "a regular and set pattern''-but then,prehistoric man,
before his development of stone tools,undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws,at which stage it seems unlikely
that he made tools to a set pattern,either,
74) It is because of the close association in most people's minds of tools with man that special attention has always
been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool; but it is important to realize that this ability,on its own,does
not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned,The fact that the Galapagos woodpecker finch
uses a cactus spine or twig to probe insects from crevices in the bark is indeed a fascinating phenomenon,but it does not
make the bird more intelligent than a genuine woodpecker that uses its long beak and tougue for the same purpose,
75) The point at which tool-using and tool-making,as such,acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal
can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes,and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve
a brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble,
At the Gombe Stream alone we have seen chimpanzees use objects for many different purposes,They use stems
and sticks to capture and eat insects,and,if the material picked is not suitable,then it is modified,They use leaves to sop up
water they cannot reach with their lips,and first they chew on the leaves and thus increase their absorbency,We have seen
them use handfuls of leaves to wipe dirt from their bodies or to dab at wounds,
Passage 10
The most important development will be the interconnection of "intelligent" items and computers,The whole network
will offer far more in terms of saving labour than the mere elements alone,Whatever you want will be there when you
want it,
For example,if you wanted to cook a meal for friends,one of whom was a vegetarian,you could ask your oven
13
for ideas,71) It might suggest several recipes using the ingredients your fridge and cupboards had told it they contained
which would be acceptable to all your guests while avoiding ingredients that you,the host,did not like,It could then cook
it,
This would probably mean more time to sit motionless in front of the television,Unless people chose to lead more
active lives,there would be national epidemics of obesity-related conditions such as diabetes,cardio-vascular disease and
hypertension,
In the last two centuries,the average height has increased by 18in,72) We are now in the middle of another great shift,
but it's outwards and not upwards,because we fill our spare time with sedentary behaviour such as watching television,
The problem posed by labour-saving devices is how to spend the saved time,While most people would sit in their
homes,some white-collar workers might fill the time by working harder,
The result could be a divided society,By 2050 we' re going to have a small number of hard-working rich and a vast
majority of idle poor,
73)The social changes labour-saving devices will bring could also strain personal relationships,lead to
unemployment and spark an anti-technology backlash,
74)We could become an impersonal society,preoccupied with technology,but there are going to be lots of people
with low-paid jobs who won' t be liberated by it at all,
However,mankind will rise to the challenge,We should not underestimate the amazing adaptability of human
beings,75) "If you are worried about getting too little exercise,someone would be happy to build a physical exercise
machine so that you could burn calories while you sat at your desk."
For the entrepreneurial capitalist the message is clear,invest in health clubs,
第三部分 2003年和2001年英译汉评分标准
2003 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语试卷评分执行细则
一、英译汉
评分标准说明
1．如果句子译文扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不得超过 0.5 分。
2．如果某考生给出两种或两种以上的译法，若均正确，给分：若其中一种译法错误，不给分。
3．汉语错别字,不个别扣分,按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣 0.5 分
各句的分数段划分如下,
61,Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,
(1) (2)
thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies,
(3) (4)
（ 1）,（ 2）,（ 3）,（ 4）,各 0.5 分
答案,而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
可接受的译法
不可接受的译法
14
（１）● furthermore,
另外 ；并且；更进一步来说；甚至；
不仅如此；此外；
● modify：改善；改进；改造
●进而；确切地说；不久的将来
●美化；去适应；影响，看清；控制；调适
（２） subject… to…
使……服从于……
使……承受……
使……都符合……
使……按照……来改变
按照……将……进行改造
使……与……致……
使……适应……
● other life forms
其它生命形式，其它生命形态；其它形式的生命
●依据……制定……
其它……形成了……
将……都纳入……
以……反抗……
将……转变成……思想和想象力
随着……支持……
根据……追求其它生活方式；
希望……形成
●其它的生活方式；其它生活模式
整句示例,
1．另外，人类具有调适生活的能力，这样，易于反对所有其他的生命形式进入他们自己奇怪的思想和幻想中。
2．并且，人类具有能力改变适应他们的环境，其它的生命形式也适应人类的愿望和爱好。 （ 0,5 分）
3．更进一步说，人们有改变他们所生活的环境的能力，这使得人们随着他们的想法和爱好来安排其他所有的生活方式。 （ 1 分）
4．不仅如此，人类还有改造他们所处的环境的能力，这就是以人类自身所特有的观念和喜好来改造其他所有生命形式。 （ 1.5 分）
5．而且，人类还有改造他他们所居住的环境的能力，这样，使其他的生命都服从于他们特有的思维和想法。 （ 2
分）
62,Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and
(1) (3)
endeavors in he same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural
(3) (4)
scientists use for the study of natural phenomena,
答案：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
可接受的译法
不可接受的译法
（ 1）● intellectual 智力；智能
● enquiry 探究；探寻
●智慧、能力
●查询、需求、发展、科学、活动、获取、
成果、学科、体系
●美化；去适应；影响，看清；控制；调适注：没有译出 intellectual enquiry 的意思，包括只译出其中一词的，均扣 0.5 分。
（ 2）● seeks 试图；致力于；寻求
● endeavors 努力；活动
● study 研究
●寻找
●耐力；尝试；工作；行动
●学习
15
（ 3）● reasoned 推理的
● orderly
● dispassioned
不带感情（色彩）的；理性的；客观的；不受情绪影响的
● manner 方法
●原因的；理由的；合理的；理智的；
●序列的
●无激情的；缺乏激情的；消极的；感情的
● systematic
可接受的译法
不可接受的译法
（ 1）● that natural scientists...phenomena,
自然科学家（用同样的方式）
研究自然现象；
（这也是）自然科学家研究自然
现象（的方式） ；
（同）自然科学家研究自然现象的方式（一样） ；
（和） 自然科学家研究自然现象 （相同）
注：没译出该节与第三小节的,in the
same...manner..."的关系，扣 0.5 分。
整句示例,
1．社会科学是能力发展的一个分支，它需要研究人类和同样条件下自己的规律。系统学和使用自然物理用于自然科学家。 （ 0 分）
2．社会科学是智力发展的一个分支，它通过使用自然科学家学习自然规律的方法，即原因，秩序，系统以及其方法，去学习人类及其生存。 （ 0.5 分）
3．社会科学是智能获取的一个分支，它试图用推测，顺序，体系并感性的方式研究人类及其活动，而这种方式也是自然科学家用以研究自然现象的。 （ 1 分）
4．社会科学是知识探究的一个分支，它致力于研究人类及其行为。和自然科学家研究自然现象一样，它运用同样原因、规则、系统和缺乏激情的方法去研究人类和他们的行为。 （ 1.5 分）
5．社会科学是知识探寻一门学科。同自然科学家研究自然现象的方式一样，它用理性的，有序的，系统的和客观的方式去研究人类及其行为。 （ 2 分）
63,The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined with a cross-cultural
(1) (2)
perpective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a
(3)
unique and distinctly important social science,
(4)
(1),(2),(3),(4)各 0.5 分
答案：强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
可接受的译法
不可接受的译法
（ 1）● emphasis
注重：重视；对于……的
重视 /强调； emphasis
● data gathered fust-hand,
第一手数据的采集；
第二手数据的收集；
●重点在；重点在于；重点是
●第一手收集；
用第一手的资料；
收集到的第一手资料
16
（ 2）● combined with,结合；联同
● cross-culture:文化交汇；交叉文化
● perspective,视点；观察
●联系；融合；汇成；混合；复合
●多文化；跨越文化
●背景；领域；透视法；前景
注：如,combined“未译，可结合其它
错误综合扣分。
（ 3）● culture past and present
古今文化：过去和现在的文化；
过去和现在的文化现象
●文化过去和现在
注,brought to 修饰 perspectives,若没有翻出这层关系，扣分 。
（ 4）● unique 独一无二，与众不同
● distinctly important
非常重要的； 极力重要的； 特别重要的；
有特殊重要性的
●定义明确
注：如 "distinctively"未译，只译出“重要的,”
可结合其它错误综合起来扣分。
整句示例,
1．收集的第一手数据资料现象造成了社会科学中完备、直接研究的重要性。它包括传统文化为过去和现在带来的文化根基。 （ 0 分）
2．第一手资料的收集重点在于结合相关知识的观点用于分析现在和过去的文化现象，使这项研究成为一门独一无二的有特点的重要的社会科学。 （ 0.5 分）
3．注重第一手资料的采集，结合具备历史感和现代感的多文化分析视角，使得人类学成为一门独特的，有着特殊重要性的社会科学。 （ 1 分）
4．强调对第一手材料的收集，以及从跨文化的视角对过去的和当前的文化进行分析使得社会科学的研究有一种独特的重要性。 （ 1.5 分）
5．这一学科强调第一手资料的收集，并以跨文化的角度对过去和当代文化进行的分析，使这一研究领域成为独一无二而且非常重要的社会科学。 （ 2 分）
64,Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole which includes belief,art,morals,
(1) (2)
law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
(3)
society."
(1),(3) 各 0.5 分,（ 2）为 1 分。
答案：泰勒把文化定义为,......一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯” 。
可接受的译法
不可接受的译法
17
（ 1）● defined culture as
将文化定义为：为文化下的定义是：是这样定义文化的
● complex whole
复合体：综合体：集合体：统一体；复杂整体；组合体
●认为文化应该是：指出文化是；把文化翻译为
●综合反映；复杂的过程；复杂体系
（ 2）● which includes..,
合译：包括 0 的复杂整体；
分择：是一个复杂整体，它包括……
● belief 信念
● morals 伦理
● custom 风俗习惯
（ 3）● acquired 获取
● acquired by as a member of society
人作为社会成员所获得的信仰，艺术，道德……能力和习惯；
信仰，艺术……以及人作为社会成员所获得的能力和习惯。
●要求；拥有；需要
整句示例,
1．研究发现：,一个人必须掌握的知识涵盖了生活，艺术，法律，和另外一些需要具备的技能。,（ 0 分）
2．泰勒这样给文化下定义：整个复杂的文化过程包括信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗和其它任何能力和习惯都需要通过人类作为社会的一员而构成。 （ 0.5 分）
3．泰勒给文化下的定义是：人作为社会成员所需要的包括信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗，习惯等的混合体。
（ 1 分）
4．泰勒给文化下了一个定义：,……它是一个复杂的整体，包括信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗和其它能力和习惯，是人作为社会的成员而获得的。,（ 1.5 分）
5．泰勒给文化下的定义是：,……一个复杂的有机整体，它包括作为一个社会成员的人所获得的信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗，以及其他能力和习惯。,
65,Thus,the anthropological concept of" culture" like the concept of" set" in
(1) (2)
mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of
(3) (4)
concrete research and understanding,
（ 1）,（ 2）,（ 3）,（ 4）,各 0.5 分
答案：因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
可接受的译法
不可接受的译法
（ 1）● Thus:因此，所以
● the anthopoloical concept of "culture"
人类学中/上/里/的/关于/对于文化的概念/
观念
●由此；然而；尽管/总之
●分析学的；社会学的；文化
的人类学概念
（ 2）● set:集
未译成“集”可不扣分
（ 3）● an abstract concept,
一个/种抽象/的/概念
●一个高深的概念
一种绝对的/准确的东西/概括
18
（ 4）● which is..,
合译：是……的一种抽象概念
分译：它/这种概念
● makes possible..,
使……成为可能；使有
可能进行
● immense amounts of 大量的
● concrete research
具体的研究
●这/这样……/对它的认识
使……
●这样可能使得……
●足够多的；
●集体的/真实的/周密的/实体
的/准确的/相关的/专心的/混合
的研究
整句示例,
1．所以，社会学家定义“文化”就好像数学“公式”一样，它们都很抽象并在研究和理解的过程中发生冲突。
（ 0 分）
2．如此,“文化”的 anthropological 概念，跟数学概念相象，是一个绝对概念，这从数量上研究和理解是可能的。
（ 0.5 分）
3．这样，关于“文化”的概念如同数学上“定理”一样，是一个抽象概念，它使得很多专心致力于研究和理解成为可能。 （ 1 分）
4．因此，人类学中的“文化”这个概念，就象数学中“设定”概念一个样，是一个混合研究和理解成为可能的一个抽象概念。 （ 1.5 分）
5．因此，像数学中的“制定”概念一样，人类学的“文化”概念是一种抽象概念，它使大量具体的研究与理解成为可能。 （ 2 分）
2001 硕士研究生入学考试全国统一命题
英语试卷主观性试题评分执行细则
一、英译汉,
1．每个句子微观评分，综合扣分，注意各句中的要点。
2．整句译错，意思扭曲不给分。
各句的分数段划分及实例如下,
71,There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,|
（ 1） 1 分
and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them | when they offend
（ 2） 1 分 （ 3） 1 分
答案：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规）,
监控器就会使其停驶。
可接受译法 不可接受译法
（ 1） There will be...robots 将会有机器人主持的谈话 /聊天 /讨论 /表演
将有被机器人安装的电视聊天节目；
（ hosted 错译扣 1 分）
（ 2） and cars...them 关系代词如指汽车，则扣 1 分,disable 错
19
和有污染临控器装置的汽车，这些装置致使汽车失灵 /无法运行 /瘫痪 /不能前进 /
不能开动 /将阻止汽车开动
译扣 0.5 分； them（指汽车） 指代关系错译，
如译成监控器，扣 1 分，但本部分扣分最多不得超过 1 分。
（ 3） when they offend
当汽车污染超量时。
当有污染监控器的汽车冒犯时。 （本段中
offend 错译扣 1 分）
整句示例,
例 1．将有由机器人主持的电视闲谈节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。当汽车违反污染控制时；污染控制器将使汽车无法运转。 （ 3 分）
例 2．将会有机器人主持的电视聊天的节目产生，并且有带有污染监控器的汽车。在汽车违反规章时就会不能前进。 （ 2 分）
例 3．将会出现被机器人控制的电视聊天节目，以及带有污染监控器的汽车在破坏环境时，使司机不能工作。
（ 1 分）
71,Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,
（ 1） 1 分
computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,
（ 2） 1 分
relaxation will be in front of smell-television,and digital age will have arrived
（ 3） 1 分
答案,儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。
可接受译法 不可接受译法
（ 1） children will play..,chips 孩子们
将与装有个性集成电路块的玩具娃
娃玩；
孩子们将会玩装有集成电路块的有
个人性格的玩偶；
personality 为：,性格、个性” ；
孩子们将要玩具有性格集成块的玩具；
dolls 译成“玩具”扣 0.5 分；
chips 译成“锌片”扣 0.5 分；
personality 译为“个人”扣 0.5 分
（ 2） computer..,tools
带有内装个性的计算机将被认为是
同事而不是工具；
内部装有人格化芯片的电脑将不会
被看作工具而是被看作工作同伴；
具有性格的计算机将被看作是同事而不是工具；
（ in-built 错译或漏译扣 0.5 分） ；
（ 3） relaxation will be..,arrived
(relaxation 译为“放松、休息、消
遣、娱乐”均为可接受译法。 ）
休息时前面的计算机就会发出气味（扣 1
分） ；
（本段译文基本意思正确，个别词错译或漏译均扣 0.5 分。 ）
整句示例,
例 1．孩子们将会与装有个性化集成电路片的玩偶玩耍，内装个性的电脑将被认为是工作同伴而不是工具，消遣将会在释放气味的电视机前进行，那就是说数字化时代就已到来。 （ 3 分）
20
例 2．孩子们将用装有人的性格的玩具玩，内装性格的计算机将被看作是同伴而不是工具，娱乐将出现在有气味的电视机前面，数字化时代将已到来。 （ 2 分）
例 3．孩子们能够与安装了人工智能的玩具玩，电脑一旦安装了个性程序，它将视为伙伴而不是工具，看有香味的电视的时代即将到来。 （ 1 分）
73,Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world,
（ 1） 1 分
to produce a unique millenium technology calender that gives the lastest dates,
（ 2） 1 分
when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place
（ 3） 1 分
答案：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
可接受译法 不可接受译法
（ 1） pieced together.汇集；收集；综合；
拼集在一起
around the world:世界各地，全世界；
来自全世界
召集 /让…在一起（工作）
拼凑；记载；整理；统计；组装； （ 0.5 分）
周围世界； 关于世界的； 有关该领域的 （扣
0.5 分）
（ 2） unique:独特的；独一无二的；唯一的
millennium technology calender:技术
千年历；千年技术是历
latest dates:最近 /迟日期
统一的；天才的（扣 0.5 分 )
技术方案；科技日记 /记录（扣 0.5 分）
入门技术计划；微型技术日历（扣 0.5 分）
最新时代特征；新的数据 /材料；
最新日期 /信息（扣 0.5 分）
（ 3） when,key breakthroughs,
重大突破；关键性突破
当…时（扣 1 分）关键破迷 /难题（扣 0.5
分）
整句示例,
例 1．未来学家皮尔森已经将世界上数以百计的研者的工作成果拼合起来，制成了独一无二的千年技术日历，它将给我们所能期望得到的几百个重要发现和突破发生的最近的日期。 （ 3 分）
例 2．皮尔森已将世界上成百科研者的工作综合起来，制成了一个独一无二的千年技术年历，给了我们一个最近日期，当我们能希望数百关键发现的突破不断出现。 （ 2 分）
例 3．皮尔森把世界各地成百上千科研者的工作总集起来，产生一项技术，即当我们能希望找到百把钥匙并有所发现时，它能给出最新的数据。 （ 1 分）
73,But that,Pearson points out,is only the start of man-machine integration,
(1) 1 分
"It will be the beginning of the long process of integration,
(2) 1 分
that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic huma bfeore the end of the next century."
21
答案,
皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：,它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。,
可接受译法 不可接受译法
（ 1） But that is …
That 所指代的内容不译出扣 0.5 分
,..integration 是人机综合的起点；
是人机集成的开端；
是人和机器结合的开始；
是人和机器结为一体的开端；
是人机集成技术的一个开端；
人造机器集成的开端正 这仅仅是人造机器
人集成工艺的开始 如果人造机器的研究开
始；
那仅仅是人造机械一体化的开始；
这仅仅是人化机器整体的一个开端；
这仅仅是人杨交流的开始；
这预测仅仅只是人类机器时代升级开始；
这仅是人工机械系统的开始；
(2) In will…of integration
它将成为长期的综合过程的开始；
它将成为漫长的集成历程的开始；
这是一体化漫长过程的开端；
它将成为整体化长久过程的开端；
这将是交流的长期过程的起始
(3) that will…next century
这项技术将…人机结合在下世纪末之
前必将最终导致完全的电子人；
这种结合将在下个世纪结束前最终引起
完全电子人的出现。
…将引导我们…实现全电子人类；
…将在下个世纪之前；
…并将导致完全电子人类直到下个世纪末；
…“电子人”最终出现的时间可能是到下世
纪末；
将会产生电子人类；
整句示例,
例 1．但是，皮尔森指出这种进步仅仅是人和机器结合的开始：,人与机器的结合将是一个很长的进程，这只是一个开端，人机结合在下世纪末之前必要将最终导致完全电子人的出现。 （ 3 分）
例 2．但是，皮尔森指出，那仅仅是人机综合的起点：,它将成为长期的综合过程的开始，这个过程最终将引导我们在下个世纪末之前实现完全电子人类。 （ 2 分）
例 3．但是，人们也指出，如果人造机器的研究开始：,它将成为一个长时间研究的开始并将导致完全电子人类直到下世纪末。 （ 1 分）
75,And home appliances will also become so smart
(1) 1分
that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout
(2) 1分
of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage,
(3) 1分
答案：家用电器会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病－－厨房狂躁,
可接受译法 不可接受译法
（ 1） home appliances,
家庭电器；
家具、家庭设施；
家用机器人；
22
家用电器 （注：没有翻出“电器”,扣 0.5 分。 ）
（ 2） smart,
聪明、有智慧；
精巧、精细、精致；
轻巧、轻松；
便捷、漂亮、方便、迷人；
敏锐、突出、简单轻松；
精密； （注,smart 错译扣 0.5 分。 ）
（ 3） breakout,
爆发，出现；
发作，发生；
泛滥，突破，打破，开始；
问世，破坏，发泄；
变革； （注,breakout 错译扣 0.5 分。 ）
（ 4） psychological disorder,
心理混乱,
心理不正常，心理失调；
心理紊乱，心理错乱；
心理失衡；
心理不平衡；
心理扭曲；
（注,psycholoical disorder 错译扣 0.5
分。 ）
（ 5） kitchen rage,
厨房愤怒、厨房盛怒；
厨房烦躁、厨房狂躁症；
厨房生气、厨房火气；
厨房怒气；
厨房抑郁症、厨房危机
厨房生气了、厨房紊乱；
厨房革命、厨房范围；
厨房心态；
（注,kitchen rage 错译扣 0.5 分。 ）
整句示例,
例 1．家用电器也将变得如此有智慧，以致于操作和控制它们将导致一种新的心理混乱的爆发——厨房愤怒。 （ 3
分）
例 2．而且家庭用具也将变得这样灵敏，以致于控制和操作它们就会导致一种新的心理失衡的爆发——即所谓的厨房火气。 （ 2 分）
例 3．家庭供应也将变得如此精细，以致控制和操作它们将会导制新心理不正常的泛滥——厨房。 （ 1 分）
第四部分 完形填空全真试题 （1994—2004年）
Passage 1
The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word,In speaking,the choice of words
is 41 the utmost importance,Proper selection will eliminate one source of 42 breakdown in the
communication cycle,Too often,careless use of words 43 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener,
The words used by the speaker may 44 unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his
comprehension; hence,the transmission-reception system breaks down,
46 inaccurate or indefinite words may make 47 difficult for the listener to understand the
23
48 which is being transmitted to him,The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary
may be 49 to explain or describe in a 50 that can be understood by his listeners,
41.[A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on
42.[A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid
43.[A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroy [D] offers
44.[A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up
45.[A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what
46.[A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly
47.[A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this
48.[A] speech [B]sense [C] message [D] meaning
49.[A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable
50.[A] case [B] means [C]method [D]way
Passage 2
Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep,characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming,and longer
periods of non-REM sleep,41 kind of sleep is at all well understood,but REM sleep is 42 to serve
some restorative function of the brain,The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43,The new experiments,such
as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis,suggest
fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep,
For example,it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats,yet,47
examination of the dead bodies,the animals look completely normal,A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why
the animals die,The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood,50 their immune systems — the
self-protecting mechanism against diseases-had crashed,
41.[A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any
42.[A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred
43.[A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful
44.[A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded
45.[A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose
46.[A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction
47.[A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with
48.[A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on
49.[A] developed [B] produced [C] stimulated [D] induced
50.[A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only
Passage 3
Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of
animals,including man,
They do not provide energy,41 do they construct or build any part of the body,They are needed for
42 foods into energy and body maintenance,There are thirteen or more of them,and if 43 is missing a
deficiency disease becomes 44,
24
Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements — usually carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and 45
nitrogen,They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently,and each vitamin 47 one or
more specific functions in the body,
48 enough vitamins is essential to life,although the body has no nutritional use for 49
vitamins,Many people,50,believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins,However,a
well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body' s vitamin needs,
41.[A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never
42.[A]shifting [B]transferring [C]altering [D]transforming
43.[A]any [B]some [C]anything [D]something
44.[A]serious [B]apparent [C]severe [D]fatal
45.[A]mostly [B]partially [C]sometimes [D]rarely
46.[A]in that [B]so that [C]such that [D]except that
47.[A]undertakes [B]holds [C]plays [D]performs
48.[A]Supplying [B]Getting [C]Providing [D]Furnishing
49.[A]exceptional [B]exceeding [C]excess [D]external
50.[A]nevertheless [B]therefore [C]moreover [D]meanwhile
Passage 4
Manpower Inc,with 560,000 workers,is the world's largest temporary employment agency,Every morning,its
people 41 into the offices and factories of America,seeking a day's work for a day's pay,One day at a time,
42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of
employees,Manpower,based in Milwaukee,Wisconsin,is booming,
44 its economy continues to recover,the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and
temporary workers,This "45" work force is the most important 46 in American business today,and it
is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs,The phenomenon provides a way for
companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49
by employment rules,healthcare costs and pension plans,For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and
sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee,
41.[A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip
42.[A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since
43.[A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by
44.[A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that
45.[A] durable [B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable
46.[A] approach [B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend
47.[A] instantly [B] reversely [C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently
48.[A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas
49.[A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined
50.[A] excitement [B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importance
Passage 5
25
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution,They 41 that in
the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man,But they insisted that its
43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the
English population,45 contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750,when England
was still a 46 agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity,
This view,47,is generally thought to be wrong,Specialists 48 history and economics,have
49 two things,that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty,and that industrialization
certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace,
41.[A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted
42.[A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal
43.[A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate
44.[A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude
45.[A] on [B] With [C] For [D] By
46.[A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely
47.[A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover
48.[A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for
49.[A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated
50.[A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] marked
Passage 6
Industrial safety does not just happen,Companies 41 low accident rates plan their safety programs,
work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep them 42 and active,When the work is well
done,a 43 of accident-free operations is established 44 time lost due to injuries is kept at a
minimum,
Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program,
Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding,Others stress safe work practices by 46 rules or
regulations,47 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker,But,there are certain basic ideas that must be
used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained,
There can be no question about the value of a safety program,From a financial standpoint alone,safety
48,The fewer the injury 49,the better the workman's insurance rate,This may mean the difference between
operating at 50 or at a loss,
41.[A] at [B] in [C] on [D] with
42.[A] alive [B] vivid [C] mobile [D] diverse
43.[A] regulation [B] climate [C] circumstance [D] requirement
44.[A] where [B] how [C]what [D] unless
45.[A] alter [B] differ [C] shift [D] distinguish
46.[A] constituting [B] aggravating [C] observing [D] justifying
47.[A] some [B] Many [C] Even [D] still
48.[A] comes off [B] turns up [C] pays off [D] holds up
26
49.[A] claims [B] reports [C] declarations [D] proclamations
50.[A] an advantage [B] a benefit [C] an interest [D] a profit
Passage 7
If a farmer wishes to succeed,he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production,He must store a
large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately,He can continue to support himself and his family
42 he produces a surplus,He must use this surplus in three ways,as seed for sowing,as an insurance 43
the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old
agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil,He may also need money to construct
irrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways,If no surplus is,available,a farmer cannot be
47,He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans,Naturally he will try to
borrow money at a low 49 of interest,but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable,
41.[A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than
42.[A] only of [B] much as [C] long before [D] ever since
43.[A] for [B] against [C] of [D] towards
44.[A] replace [B] purchase [C] supplement [D] dispose
45.[A] enhance [B] mix [C] feed [D] raise
46.[A] vessels [B] routes [C] paths [D] channels
47.[A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient [C] self-satisfied [D] self-restrained
48.[A] search [B] save [C] offer [D] seek
49.[A] proportion [B] percentage [C] rate [D] ratio
50.[A] genuinely [B] obviously [C] presumably [D] frequently
Passage 8
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent
cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West,
In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor,will introduce a
33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of
35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins,
In a letter to Gerald Kaufman,chairman of the House of Commons media select committee,Lord Irvine said he
37 with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control,
39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the
41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament,
The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill,which 43 the European Convention on
Human Rights legally 44 in Britain,laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public
figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families,
"Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said,
Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995,Up to 19 witnesses
were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers,Concerns were raised 49
witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdict,
27
31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as
32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening
33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft
34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper
35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity
36.[A]since [B] if [C] before [D] as
37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed
38.[A]present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate
39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure
40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash
41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration
42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than
43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns
44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining
45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified
46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by
47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue
48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told
49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that
50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee
Passage 9
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the
15th and 16th centuries,Yet much had happened 21,As was discussed before,it was not 22 the 19th
century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23,following in the wake of the pamphlet and the
book and in the 24 of the periodical,It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25
up,beginning with transport,the railway,and leading 26 through the telegraph,the telephone,radio,and motion
pictures 27 the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane,Not everyone sees that process in 28
It is important to do so,
It is generally recognized,29,that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,30
by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process,31 its impact on the
media was not immediately 32,As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful,and they
became " personal" too,as well as 33,with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing,
They were thought of,like people,35 generations,with the distance between generations much
36,
It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the 37
within which we now live,The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and
feel both about place and time,but there have been 39 views about its economic,political,social and cultural
implications,"Benefits" have been weighed 40 "harmful" outcomes,And generalizations have proved
difficult,
28
21.[A] between [B] before [C] since [D] later
22.[A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until
23.[A] means [B] method [C] medium [D] measure
24.[A] process [B] company [C] light [D] form
25.[A] gathered [B] speeded [C] worked [D] picked
26.[A] on [B] out [C] over [D] off
27.[A] of [B] for [C] beyond [D] into
28.[A] concept [B] dimension [C] effect [D] perspective
29.[A] indeed [B] hence [C] however [D] therefore
30.[A] brought [B] followed [C] stimulated [D] characterized
31.[A] unless [B] since [C] lest [D] although
32.[A] apparent [B] desirable [C] negative [D] plausible
33.[A] institutional [B] universal [C] fundamental [D] instrumental
34.[A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty
35.[A] by means of [B] in terms of [C] with regard to [D] in line with
36.[A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller
37.[A] context [B] range [C] scope [D] territory
38.[A] regarded [B] impressed [C] influenced [D] effected
39.[A] competitive [B] controversial [C] distracting [D] irrational
40.[A] above [B] upon [C] against [D] with
Passage 10
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical changes that young adults experience,And
they also need to give serious 21 to how they can best 22 such changes,Growing bodies need
movement and 23,but not just in ways that emphasize competition,24 they are adjusting to
their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and
need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others,
However,the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan
activities in which there are more winners than losers,28,publishing newsletters with many student-written
book reviews,29 student artwork,and sponsoring book discussion clubs,A variety of small clubs can
provide 30 opportunities for leadership,as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics,Making
friends is extremely important to teenagers,and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization
with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background,
In these activities,it is important to remember that young teens have 34 attention spans,A variety of activities
should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else
without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37,This does not mean that adults must accept
irresponsibility,38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are
within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules,
21,[A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice
22,[A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance
29
23,[A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure
24,[A] if [B] although [C] whereas [D] because
25,[A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance
26,[A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed
27,[A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise
28,[A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense
29,[A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging
30,[A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple
31,[A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation
32,[A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security
33,[A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely
34,[A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short
35,[A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if
36,[A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something
37,[A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone
38,[A] on the contrary [B] on the average [C] on the whole [D] on the other hand
39,[A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking
40,[A] capabilities [B] responsibilities [C] proficiency [D] efficiency
Passage 11
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the
individual or on society as the major contributing influence,Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children
engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned
criminal behavior through 23 with others,Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit
crimes in 24 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status 25 as a rejection of middle-class
values,
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,26 the fact
that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes,The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental
control,All theories,however,are tentative and are 28 to criticism,
Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29 juvenile crime rates,For example,changes in the economy
that 30 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31 make gainful employment
increasingly difficult to obtain,The resulting discontent may in 32 lead more youths into criminal behavior,
Families have also 33 changes these years,More families consist of one parent households or two working
parents; 34,children are likely to have less supervision at home 35 was common in the
traditional family 36,This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates,Other
37 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school,the increased 38 of drugs and alcohol,and
the growing 39 of child abuse and child neglect,All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child
committing a criminal act,40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established,
21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting
22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because
30
23.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation
24.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response
25.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else
26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding
27.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with
28.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject
29,[A] affect [B] reduce [C] check [D] reflect
30,[A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount
31,[A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length
32,[A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence
33,[A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced
34,[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C]similar [D] simultaneously
35,[A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as
36,[A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage
37,[A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible
38,[A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability
39,[A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity
40,[A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing
第五部分 完形填空全真模拟定 （Passages 1——14）
大纲样题
Directions,For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D,Choose the best
one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil,(10
points )
During the 1980s,unemployment and underemployment in some countries was as high as 90 per cent,Some countries
did not 1 enough food; basic needs in housing and clothing were not 2,Many of these countries
looked to the industrial processes of the developed nations 3 solutions,
4,problems cannot always be solved by copying the industrialized nations,Industry in the developed
nations is highly automated and very 5,
It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industrial processes,and highly 6 workers are needed to 7
and repair the equipment,These workers must be trained,8 many nations do not have the necessary training
institutions,Thus,the 9 of importing industry becomes higher,Students must be sent abroad to 10
vocational and professional training,11,just to begin training,the students must 12 learn
English,French,German,or Japanese,The students then spend many years abroad,and 13 do not
return home,
All nations agree that science and technology 14 be shared,The point is,countries 15
the industrial processes of the developed nations need to look care-fully 16 the costs,because many of
these costs are 17,Students from these nations should 18 the problems of the industrialized
countries closely,19 care,they will take home not the problems of science and technology,20
31
the benefits,
1.[A] generate [B] raise [C] product [D] manufacture
2.[A] answered [B] met [C] calculated [D] remembered
3.[A] for [B] without [C] as [D] about
4.[A] Moreover [B] Therefore [C] Anyway [D] However
5.[A] expensive [B] mechanical [C] flourishing [D] complicated
6.[A] gifted [B] skilled [C] trained [D] versatile
7.[A] keep [B] maintain [C] retain [D] protect
8.[A] since [B] so [C] and [D] yet
9.[A] charge [B] price [C] cost [D] value
10.[A] accept [B] gain [C] receive [D] absorb
11.[A] Frequently [B] Incidentally [C] Deliberately [D] Eventually
12.[A] soon [B] quickly [C] immiediately [D] first
13.[A] some [B] others [C] several [D] few
14.[A] might [B] should [C] would [D] will
15.[A] adopting [B] conducting [C] receiving [D] adjusting
16.[A] to [B] at [C] on [D] about
17.[A] opaque [B] secret [C] sealed [D] hidden
18.[A] tackle [B] learn [C] study [D] manipulate
19.[A] In [B] Through [C] With [D] Under
20.[A] except [B] nor [C] or [D] but
全真模拟试题
Passage 1
Silence is unnatural to man,He begins life with a cry and ends it in stillness,In the 1 he does all he can
to make a noise in the world,and there are few things 2 he stands in more fear than of the 3 of
noise,Even his conversation is 4 a desperate attempt to prevent a dreadful silence,If he is introduced to a
fellow mortal and a number of 5 occur in the conversation,he regards himself as a failure,a worthless person,
and is full of 6 of the emptiest-headed chatterbox,He knows that ninety-nine percent of human conversation
means 7 the buzzing of a fly,but the longs to join in the buzz and to prove that he is a man and not a
wax-work 8,The object of conversation is not,9
the most part,to communicate ideas; it is to 10 the buzzing sound,Most buzzing,11,is agreeable
to the ear,and some of it is agreeable even to the 12,He would be a foolish man,however,13
waited until he had a wise thought to take part in the buzzing with his neighbors,Those who 14 the weather
as a conversational opening seem to be 15 of the reason why human beings wish to talk,Very few human
beings join in a conversation 16 the hope of learning anything new,Some of them are 17 if they
are merely allowed to go on making a noise into other people's ears,though they have nothing to tell them 18
they have seen a new play,At the end of an evening during which they have said nothing at immense 19,they
justly 20 themselves on their success as conversationalists,
32
1.[A] intervention [B] interval [C] eclipse [D] meantime
2.[A] of which [B] in which [C] with which [D] by which
3.[A] presence [B] abundance [C] existence [D] absence
4.[A] in great measure [B] in brief [C] all in all [D] at least
5.[A] hesitations [B] delays [C] interruptions [D] pauses
6.[A] admiration [B] envy [C] amazement [D] revenge
7.[A] more than [B] no less than [C] rather than [D] no more than
8.[A] character [B] figure [C] role [D] personality
9.[A] for [B]in [C]at [D]on
10.[A] carry out [B] pick up [C] speed up [D] keep up
11.[A] particularly [B] unfortunately [C] fortunately,[D] utterly
12.[A] mind [B] mentality [C] intelligence [D] wit
13.[A] who [B] when [C] if [D] which
14.[A] dispose [B] dispatch [C] dismiss [D] despise
15.[A] ignorant [B] negligible [C] obscure [D] inconspicuous
16.[A] at [B] against [C] with [D] in
17.[A] disgusted [B] content [C] disgraced [D] discouraged
18.[A] in that [B] so that [C] such that [D] except that
19.[A] length [B] expanse [C] stretch [D] span
20.[A] prey [B] model [C] respect [D] pride
Passage 2
Recent legal research indicated that incorrect identification is a major factor in many miscarriages（失败） of justice,
It also suggests that identification of people by witnesses in a courtroom is not as 1 as commonly believed,
Recent studies do not support the 2 of faith judges,jurors,lawyers and the police have in eyewitness
evidence,
The Law Commission recently published an educational paper,"Total Recall? The Reliability of Witness 3
",as a companion guide to a proposed code of evidence,The paper finds that commonly held 4 about how
our minds work and how well we remember are often wrong,But while human memory is 5 change,it should
not be underestimated,
In court witnesses are asked to give evidence about events,and judges and juries 6 its reliability,The
paper points out that memory is complex,and the reliability of any person' s recall must be assessed 7,
Both common sense and research say memory 8 over time,The accuracy of recall and recognition are
9 their best immediately 10 encoding the information,declining at first rapidly,then gradually,The
longer the delay,the more likely it is that information obtained after the event will interfere 11 the original
memory,which reduces 12,
The paper says 13 interviews or media reports can create such 14,"People are particularly
susceptible to having their memories 15 when the passage of time allows the original memory to
16,and will be most susceptible if they repeat the 17 as fact."
Witnesses may see or read information after the event,then 18 it to produce something 19
offender,"Further,witnesses may strongly believe in their memories,even though aspects of those memories are 20
33
false."
1.[A] trustful [B] reliable [C] innocent [D] considerable
2.[A] rate [B] degree [C] extent [D] scale
3.[A] Manifestation [B] Declaration [C] Presentation [D] Testimony
4.[A] perceptions [B] acceptances [C] permissions [D] receptions
5.[A] subject to [B] liable for [C] incapable of [D] attributable to
6.[A] assess [B] appreciate [C] calculate [D] speculate
7.[A] interactively [B] comparatively [C] horizontally [D] individually
8.[A] descends [B] declines [C] inclines [D] degrades
9.[A]at [B]in [C]on [D]upon
10.[A] before [B] after [C] when [D] until
11.[A] with [B] in [C] at [D] on
12.[A] appropriacy [B] accuracy [C] originality [D] justice
13.[A] consequent [B] successive [C] subsequent [D] preceding
14.[A] distortions [B] deformations [C] malfunctions [D] malformations
15.[A] altered [B] transformed [C] converted [D] modified
16.[A] fade [B] diminish [C] lessen [D] dwell
17.[A] misinformation [B] mistreatment [C] misguidance [D] misjudgement
18.[A] associate [B] connect [C] link [D] integrate
19.[A] other [B] rather [C] more [D] less
20.[A] invariably [B] constantly [C] justifiably [D] verifiably
Passage 3
Throughout the 19th century and into the 20th,citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities,
Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centres of 1,crime,poverty and moral
2,Their distrust was caused,3,by a national ideology that 4 farming the greatest occupation
and rural living 5 to urban living,This attitude 6 even as the number of urban dwellers increased
and cities became an essential 7 of the national landscape,Gradually,economic reality overcame ideology,
Thousands 8 the precarious (不稳定的 ) life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city,
But when these people 9 from the countryside,they carried their fears and suspicions with them,These new
urbanities,already convinced that cities were 10 with great problems,eagerly 11 the progressive
reforms that promised to bring order out of the 12 of the city,
One of many reforms came 13 the area of public utilities,Water and sewerage systems were usually
operated by 14 governments,but the gas and electric networks were privately owned,Reformers feared that
the privately owned utility companies would 15 exorbitant (过度的 ) rates for these essential services and
16 them only to people who could afford them,Some city and state governments responded by 17 the
utility companies,but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves,18 of these reforms
argued that public ownership and regulation would 19 widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a
20 price,
1,[A]eruption [B]corruption [C]interruption [D]provocation
34
2,[A]disgrace [B]deterioration [C]dishonor [D]degradation
3,[A]by origin [B]in part [C]at all [D]at random
4,[A]proclaimed [B]exclaimed [C]claimed [D]reclaimed
5,[A]superb [B]super [C]exceptional [D]superior
6,[A]predominated [B]dominated [C]commanded [D]prevailed
7,[A]feature [B]peculiarity [C]quality [D]attribute
8,[A]deserted [B]departed [C]abolished [D]abandoned
9,[A]reallocated [B]migrated [C]replaced [D]substituted
10,[A]overwhelmed [B]overflowed [C]overtaken [D]preoccupied
11,[A]embraced [B]adopted [C]hugged [D]outbreaks
12,[A]chaos [B]chores [C]chorus [D]outbreaks
13,[A]at [B]by [C]out [D]in
14,[A]public [B]municipal [C]republican [D]national
15.[A] charge [B] take [C] cost [D] spend
16.[A] distribute [B] deliver [C] transfer [D] transport
17.[A] degenerating [B] generating [C] regenerating [D] regulating
18.[A] Proponents [B] Opponents [C] Sponsors [D] Rivals
19.[A] secure [B] ensure [C] reassure [D] incur
20.[A] fair [B] just [C] square [D] objective
Passage 4
Psychologist Alfred Adler suggested that the primary goal of the psyche（灵魂、精神） was superiority,Although 1
he believed that individuals struggled to achieve superiority over others,Adler,eventually 2 a more complex
definition of the drive for superiority,
Adler's concept of striving for superiority does not 3 the everyday meaning of the word superiority,He did
not mean that we innately（天生地） seek to 4 one another in rank or position,5 did he mean that we seek
to 6 an attitude of exaggerated importance over our peers,7,Adler's drive for superiority involves the
desire to be competent and effective,complete and thorough,in 8 one strives to do,
Striving for superiority occasionally takes the 9 of an exaggerated lust for power,An individual may seek to
play god and 10 control over objects and people,The goal may introduce an 11 tendency into our
lives,in which we play games of "dog eat dog",But such expressions of the desire for superiority do not 12 its more
positive,constructive nature,
13 Adler,striving for superiority is innate and is part of the struggle for 14 that human beings share
with other species in the process of evolution,From this 15,life is not 16 by the need to reduce
tension or restore 17,as sigmund Freud tended to think; 18,life is encouraged by the desire to move
from below to above,from minus to plus,from inferior to superior,The particular ways in which individuals 19
their quest（追求） for superiority are 20 by their culture,their unique history,
and their style of life,
1.[A] instinctively [B] initially [C] presumably [D] invariably
2.[A] designed [B] devised [C] manipulated [D] developed
35
3.[A] refer to [B] point to [C] comply with [D] stand up for
4.[A] surpass [B] overpass [C] overthrow [D] pursue
5.[A] or [B] never [C] hardly [D] nor
6.[A] retain [B] sustain [C] maintain [D] obtain
7.[A] Rather [B] Despite [C] Though [D] Thus
8.[A] which [B] that [C] whichever [D] whatever
9.[A] form [B] format [C] formation [D] shape
10.[A] operate [B] speculate [C] exercise [D] resume
11.[A] ambiguous [B] intricate [C] deliberate [D] hostile
12.[A] reflect [B] abide [C] glorify [D] project
13.[A] According to [B] In terms of [C] Regardless of [D] In view of
14.[A] survivor [B] survival [C] durability [D] consistency
15.[A] respective [B] prospect [C] profile [D] perspective
16.[A] motivated [B] animated [C] inspired [D] elevated
17.[A] equation [B] equivalent [C] equilibrium [D] equality
18.[A] subsequently [B] instead [C] consequently [D] otherwise
19.[A] undermine [B] overtake [C] fling [D] undertake
20.[A] determined [B] resolved [C] consolidated [D] reinforced
Passage 5
Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag（喷气飞行时差反应 ),Jetlag makes business travelers less
productive and more prone 1 making mistakes,It is actually caused by 2 of your "body clock" —
a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 3,The body clock is designed for a 4
rhythm of daylight and darkness,so that it is thrown out of balance when it 5 daylight and darkness at the "wrong"
times in a new time zone,The 6 of jetlag often persist for days 7 the internal body clock slowly
adjusts to the new time zone,
Now a new anti-jetlag system is 8 that is based on proven 9 pioneering scientific research,Dr,Martin
Moore-Ede has 10 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 11
controlled exposure to bright light,The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 12 of the
discomfort of jetlag,
A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either 13 or avoid bright light,Exposure to
light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse,The proper schedule 14 light exposure depends a great
deal on 15 travel plans,
Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individual' s sleep 16 are used to produce a Trip Guide with
17 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light,
When the Trip Guide calls 18 bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible,If it is dark outside,or
the weather is bad,19 you are on an aeroplane,you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light
20 for a range of activities such as reading,watching TV or working,
1.[A] from [B] of [C] for [D] to
2.[A] eruption [B] disruption [C] rupture [D] corruption
3.[A] actions [B] functions [C] behavior [D] reflection
36
4.[A] formal [B] continual [C] regular [D] circular
5.[A] experiences [B] possesses [C] encounters [D] retains
6.[A] signs [B] defects [C] diseases [D] symptoms
7.[A] if [B] whereas [C] while [D] although
8.[A] agreeable [B] available [C] adaptable [D] approachable
9.[A] extensive [B] tentative [C] broad [D] inclusive
10.[A] devised [B] scrutinized [C] visualized [D] recognized
11.[A] in [B] as [C] at [D] through
12.[A] more [B] little [C] most [D] least
13.[A] shed [B] retrieve [C] seek [D] attain
14.[A] in [B] for [C] on [D] with
15.[A] specific [B] complicated [C] unique [D] peculiar
16.[A] mode [B] norm [C] style [D] pattern
17.[A] directories [B] commentaries [C] instructions [D] specifications
18.[A] up [B] off [C] on [D] for
19.[A] or [B] and [C] but [D] while
20.[A] spur [B] stimulus [C] agitation [D] acceleration
Passage 6
Our ape-men forefathers had 1 obvious natural weapons in the struggle for survival in the open,They had
neither the powerful teeth nor the strong claws of the big cats,They could not 2 with the bear,whose strength,
speed and claws 3 an impressive "small-fire" weaponry,They could not even defend themselves 4
running swiftly like the horses,zebras or small animals,If the apemen had attempted to compete on those terms in the open,they
would have been 5 to failure and extinction,But they were 6 with enormous concealed advantages
of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors,
In the search 7 the pickings of the forest,the ape-men had 8 efficient stereoscopic vision
and a sense of colour that the animals of the grasslands did not possess,The ability to see clearly at close range permitted the
ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay far 9 the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland,Good
long-distance sight was 10 another matter,Lack of long-distance vision had not been a problem for
forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint,the 11 the range of sight-so 12
they had had to do was climb a tree,Out in the open,how ever,this simple solution was not 13
Climbing a hill would have helped,14 in many places the ground was flat,The ape-men 15 the
only possible solution,They reared up as high as possible on their hind limbs and began to walk 16,
This vital change of physical position brought about considerable disadvantages,It was extremely unstable and it meant
that the already slow ape-men became slower 17,
18 they persevered and their bone structure gradually became 19 to the new,unstable position that
20 them the name Homo erectus,upright man,
1.[A] no [B] some [C] few [D] many
2.[A] match [B] compare [C] rival [D] equal
3.[A] became [B] equipped [C] posed [D] provided
37
4.[A] in [B] upon [C] by [D] with
5.[A] driven [B] doomed [C] forced [D] led
6.[A] bestowed [B] given [C] presented [D] endowed
7.[A] for [B] of [C] on [D] at
8.[A] progressed [B] generated [C] developed [D] advanced
9.[A] from [B] apart [C] beyond [D] above
10.[A] rather [B] quite [C] much [D] really
11.[A] greater [B] smaller [C] farther [D] nearer
12.[A] anything [B] that [C] everything [D] all
13.[A] available [B] enough [C] sufficient [D] convenient
14.[A] when [B] but [C] so [D] and
15.[A] chose [B] adopted [C] accepted [D] took
16.[A] fast [B] upright [C] steadily [D] awkwardly
17.[A] as well [B] further [C] still [D] even
18.[A] However [B] Therefore [C] Meanwhile [D] Subsequently
19.[A] accustomed [B] familiarized [C] adapted [D] suited
20.[A] obtained [B] called [C] deserved [D] earned
passage 7
Television is the most effective brainwashing 1 ever invented by man,Advertisers know this to be 2,
Children are 3 by television in ways we 4 understand,In the fall of 1971,1 was 5 a
story involving a young white woman living on the 6 of Boston's black ghetto,Her car had 7 out
of gas,She had gone to a filling station with a can and was returning to her car when she was 8 in an alley by a
gang of black youths,The gang poured gasoline over her and set fire 9 her,She died of her burns,It was
10 established that some of the youths 11 had,on the night before the killing,12 on
television a rerun of an old movie in which a drifter is set on fire by an adolescent gang; There is some kind of strange reductive
process 13 work here,To see something on television robs it of its reality,and then when the 14 thing is
15 out it is like the reenactment of something unreal,16 when the gang set fire to the girl,they were 17
what they had seen on a screen,18 they themselves were on a screen,and in a story,I don' t think we have
19 begun to realize how powerful a medium television is,It has already become very clear that the candidate with the most
television 20 win the election,
1.[A] equipment [B] machine [C] medium [D] method
2.[A] true [B] real [C] actual [D] genuine
3.[A] influenced [B] affected [C] controlled [D] manipulated
4.[A] scarcely [B] nearly [C] completely [D] generally
5.[A] arranged [B] appointed [C] assigned [D] attributed
6.[A] outskirts [B] fringes [C] border [D] range
7.[A] used [B] consumed [C] run [D] spent
8.[A] trapped [B] caught [C] held [D] tucked
9.[A] on [B] at [C] over [D] to
38
10.[A] then [B] after [C] lately [D] later
11.[A] associated [B] related [C] involved [D] participated
12.[A] watch [B] watched [C] watching [D] were watching
13.[A] at [B] on [C] in [D] under
14.[A] exact [B] extraordinary [C] normal [D] same
15.[A] performed [B] played [C] practiced [D] acted
16.[A] However [B] In contrast [C] In other words [D] Even to
17.[A] imitating [B] following [C] resembling [D] reacting
18.[A] as if [B] like [C] as [D] for
19.[A] still [B] nearly [C] almost [D] even
20.[A] influence [B] capacity [C] appeal [D] contribution
Passage 8
High school students who,after graduation,would like to continue their education are frequently faced with many problems
in financing college training,1 education is not so wide-spread at the college level 2 at the elementary
and 3 school levels,There is usually a charge for 4,In addition,for most students,going to college 5
living away from home,an expensive matter,
6,then,can be done by a student who finds that he must help to finance himself if he is to 7 his
education beyond high school? There are several 8,Scholarships are sometimes available,These are usually
9 partly on the basis of high grades,10 the day-today work in high school may be very important for
determining ones 11 of help from this source,Another 12 of help is the college loan fund,which is
established for the 13 of providing loans to 14 students,A third plan is that of 15
one s way through school,Work may involve 16 a part-time job outside the college,Sometimes it means
17 professors in laboratory work,library work,or office 18,Sometimes it means performing some 19
which the student body requires,such as helping in the preparation and serving of meals,working in college stores,and
20,
1.[A] Free [B] Private [C] Public [D] Compulsory
2.[A] than [B] as [C] that [D] to
3.[A] orphanage [B] secondary [C] primary [D] nursery
4.[A] money [B] tuition [C] expense [D] education
5.[A] means [B] implies [C] lends [D] suggests
6.[A] How [B] Whether [C] Whatever [D] What
7.[A] expand [B] finish [C] extend [D] stop
8.[A] questions [B] problems [C] possibilities [D] issues
9.[A] got [B] forced [C] given [D] retained
10.[A] Because [B] Though [C] However [D] Therefore
11.[A] choices [B] tendencies [C] results [D] chances
12.[A] respect [B] source [C] direction [D] aspect
13.[A] purpose [B] aim [C] goal [D] target
14.[A] worth [B] worthy [C] worthwhile [D] worthless
39
15.[A] working [B] wandering [C] finding [D] working
16.[A] to hold [B] hold [C] being held [D] holding
17.[A] dealing [B] coping [C] assisting [D] handling
18.[A] routine [B] ritual [C] practice [D] custom
19.[A] services [B] work [C] job [D] profession
20.[A] others [B] so [C] like this [D] the like
Passage 9
The majority of people,about nine out often,are right-handed,1 until recently,people who were
left-handed were considered 2,and once children showed this tendency they were forced to use their right hands,
Today left-handedness is generally 3,but it is still a disadvantage in a world 4 most people are
right-handed,For example,most tools and implements are still 5 for right-handed people,In sports 6
contrast,doing things with the left hand or foot,is often an advantage,Throwing,kicking,punching or batting from the "
7 " side may result in throwing 8 many opponents who are more accustomed to dealing with the 9
of players who are right-handed,This is why,in many 10 at a professional level,a 11 proportion
of players are left-handed than in the population as a whole,The word "right" in many languages means "correct" or is
12 with lawfulness,whereas the words associated 13 "left",such as "sinister",generally have
14 associations,Moreover,among a number of primitive peoples,there is 15 close association between death
and the left hand,
In the past,in 16 Western societies,children were often forced to use their right hands,especially to
write with,In some cases the left hand was 17 behind the child' s back so that it could not be used,If,in the
future,they are allowed to choose,18 will certainly be more left-handers,and probably 19
people with minor psychological disturbances as a result of being forced to use their 20 hand,
1.[A] Down [B] Never [C] Up [D] Not
2.[A] unique [B] eccentric [C] normal [D] abnormal
3.[A] accepted [B] admitted [C] approved [D] acknowledged
4.[A] when [B] that [C] where [D] which
5.[A] ordered [B] designed [C] planned [D] supposed
6.[A] by [B] for [C] at [D] with
7.[A] proper [B] indirect [C] correct [D] wrong
8.[A] away [B] down [C] off [D] up
9.[A] minority [B] majority [C] plenty [D] lack
10.[A] games [B] hobbies [C] activities [D] rounds
11.[A] more [B] higher [C] better [D] smaller
12.[A] related [B] mixed [C] connected [D] combined
13.[A] by [B] with [C] to [D] at
14.[A] negative [B] positive [C] similar [D] equal
15.[A] the [B] any [C] some [D] a
16.[A] all [B] mostly [C] any [D] most
17.[A] tied [B] attached [C] brought [D] removed
40
18.[A] those [B] these [C] there [D] they
19.[A] on [B] more [C] greater [D] fewer
20.[A] left [B] right [C] either [D] correct
Passage 10
Most people would be 1 by the high quality of medicine 2 to most Americans,There is a lot of
specialization,a great deal of 3 to the individual,a 4 amount of advanced technical equipment,
and 5 effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must 6
in the courts if they 7 things badly,
But the Americans are in a mess,The problem is the way in 8 health care is organized and 9,
10 to pubic belief it is not just a free competition system,The private system has been joined a large public system,
because private care was simply not 11 the less fortunate and the elderly,
But even with this huge public part of the system,12 this year will eat up 84,5 billion dollars-more than 10
percent of the U.S,Budget-large number of Americans are left 13,These include about half the million unemployed
and those who fail to meet the strict limits 14 income fixed by a govern-ment trying to make savings where it
can,
The basic problem,however,is that there is no central control 15 the health system,There is no 16
to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services,other than what the public is able to pay,The number of doctors has shot
up and prices have climbed,When faced with toothache,a sick child,or a heart attack,all the unfortunate persons concerned
can do is 17 up,Two-thirds of the population 18 covered by medical insurance,Doctors charge as
much as they want 19 that the insurance company will pay the bill,
The rising cost of medicine in the U.S,A is among the most worrying problems facing the country,In 1981 the country's
health bill climbed 15.9percent-about twice as fast as prices 20 general,
1.[A] compressed [B] impressed [C] obsessed [D] repressed
2.[A] available [B] attainable [C] achievable [D] amenable
3.[A] extension [B] retention [C] attention [D] exertion
4.[A] countless [B] titanic [C] broad [D] vast
5.[A] intensive [B] absorbed [C] intense [D] concentrated
6.[A] run into [B] encounter [C] face [D] defy
7.[A] treat [B] deal [C] maneuver [D] handle
8.[A] which [B] that [C] what [D] when
9.[A] to finance [B] financed [C] the finance [D] to be financed
10.[A] Contrary [B] Opposed to [C] Averse [D] Objected
11.[A] looking for [B] looking into [C] looking after [D] looking over
12.[A] which [B] what [C] that [D] it
13.[A] over [B] out [C] off [D] away
14.[A] for [B] in [C] with [D] on
15.[A] over [B] on [C] under [D] behind
16.[A] boundary [B] restriction [C] confinement [D] limit
17.[A] to pay [B] paying [C] pay [D] to have paid
41
18.[A] is being [B] are [C] have been [D] is
19.[A] knowing [B] to know [C] they know [D] known
20.[A] in [B] with [C] on [D] for
Passage 11
On April 20,2000,in Accra,Ghana,the leaders of six West African-countries declared their intention to proceed to
monetary union among the non-CFA franc countries of the region by January 2003,as first step toward a wider monetary
union including all the ECOWAS countries in 2004.The six countries 1 themselves to reducing central bank
financing of budget deficits 2 10percent of the previous years government 3 ;reducing budget deficits to
4 percent of the second phase by 2003; creating a Convergence Council to help 4 macroeconomic policies; and 5
up a common central bank,Their declaration 6 that,"Member States 7 the need 8
strong political commitment and 9 to 10 all such national policies 11 would
facilitate the regional monetary integration process."
The goal of a monetary union in ECOWAS has long been an objective of the organization,going back to its formation
in 1975,and is intended to 12 broader integration process that would include enhanced regional trade and
13 institutions,In the colonial period,currency boards linked sets of countries in the region,14 independence,
15,these currency boards were 16,with the 17 of the CFA franc zone,which included the
francophone countries of the region,Although there have been attempts to advance the agenda of ECOWAS monetary
cooperation,political problems and other economic priorities in several of the region' s countries have to 18
inhibited progress,Although some problems remain,the recent initiative has been bolstered by the election in 1999 of a
democratic government and a leader who is committed to regional 19 in Nigeria,the largest economy of the
region,raising hopes that the long-delayed project can be 20,
1.[A] committed [B] devoted [C] adjusted [D] attributed
2.[A] to [B] by [C] with [D] until
3.[A] finance [B] profit [C] income [D] revenue
4.[A] coordinate [B] draft [C] ordinate [D] compromise
5.[A] building [B] setting [C] founding [D] erecting
6.[A] says [B] writes [C] reads [D] states
7.[A] accept [B] understand [C] recognize [D] realize
8.[A] for [B] of [C] with [D] without
9.[A] commence [B] undertake [C] initiate [D] try
10.[A] pursue [B] seek [C] quest [D] explore
11.[A] which [B] that [C] as [D] what
12.[A] accompany [B] enforce [C] execute [D] compel
13.[A] common [B] separate [C] several [D] public
14.[A] Towards [B] Form [C] By [D] On
15.[A] therefore [B] moreover [C] however [D] thus
16.[A] dissolved [B] discharged [C] dismissed [D] dispelled
17.[A] consideration [B] intention [C] exception [D] regard
18.[A] date [B] deter [C] hinder [D] delay
42
19.[A] development [B] prosperity [C] integration [D] cooperation
20.[A] revived [B] renew [C] restore [D] refreshed
Passage 12
Even plants can run a fever,especially when they are under attack by insects or disease,But 1 humans,
plants can have their temperature 2 from 3,000 feet a way-straight up,A decade ago,3 the infrared
（红外线的） scanning technology developed for military purpose and other satellites,physicist Stephen Paley 4
a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine 5 ones are under stress,The goal was to let farmer
6 target pesticide spraying 7 rain poison on a whole field,which 8 include plants that don't
have the pest problem,
Even better,Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problem before they became 9
to the eye,Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet 10,an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by
crops,The data were 11 into a color-coded map showing 12 plants were running "fevers",
Farmers could then spot spray,using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they 13 would,The bad news is
that Paley's company closed down in 1984,after only three years,Farmers 14 the new technology and
long-term backers were hard 15,But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce,and refinements in
infrared scanning,Paley hopes to 16 into operation,Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works,
"This technique can be used 17,75 percent of agricultural land in the United States," says George Oerther of
Texas A&M,Ray Jackson,who recently retired from the Department of Agriculture,thinks 18 infrared crop
scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade,But 19 Paley finds the financial backing 20 he
failed to obtain 10 years ago,
1.[A] as [B] with [C] like [D] unlike
2.[A] taken [B] take [C] took [D] taking
3.[A] adopted [B] adopting [C] adapted [D] adapting
4.[A] put up with [B] came up to [C] came up with [D] stood up to
5.[A] whose [B] which [C] what [D] where
6.[A] precisely [B] extraordinarily [C] exceedingly [D] extremely
7.[A] more than [B] less than [C] rather than [D] other than
8.[A] dominantly [B] deliberately [C] accidentally [D] invariably
9.[A] seeming [B] clear [C] apparent [D] visible
10.[A] at night [B] for the night [C] in night [D] over night
11.[A] transmitted [B] transferred [C] transformed [D] transported
12.[A] how [B] where [C] what [D] when
13.[A] otherwise [B] still [C] thus [D] therefore
14.[A] persisted in [B] resisted [C] insisted on [D] assisted
15.[A] to find out [B] to be found [C] to find [D] to be found on
16.[A] get off [B] get out [C] get away [D] get back
17.[A] of [B] in [C] for [D] on
18.[A] remote [B] lonely [C] removed [D] desolate
19.[A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] though
43
20.[A] where [B] which [C] how [D] when
Passage 13
Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English,for they are used to thinking of the British
Isles as England,1,the British Isles contain a variety of peoples,and only the people of England call themselves
English,The others 2 to themselves as Welsh,Scottish,or Irish,3 the case may be; they are
often slightly annoyed 4 being classified as "English",
Even in England there are many 5 in regional character and speech,The chief 6 is
between southern England and northern England,South of a 7 going from Bristol to London,people speak the
type of English usually learnt by foreign students,8 there are local variations,
Further north,regional speech is usually 9 than that of southern Britain,Northerners are 10 to
claim that they work harder than Southerners,and are more 11,They are openhearted and hospitable; foreigners
often find that they make friends with them 12,Northerners generally have hearty 13,the visitor to
Lancashire or Yorkshire,for instance,may look forward to receiving generous 14 at meal times,
In accent and character the people of the Midlands 15 a gradual change from the southern to the northern
type of Englishman,
In Scotland the sound 16 by the letter "R" is generally a strong sound,and "R" is often pronounced in
words in which it would be 17 in southern English,The Scots are said to be a serious,cautious,thrifty people,
18 inventive and somewhat mystical,All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh,the Irish,the Scots) are frequently
19 as being more "fiery "than the English,They are 20 a race that is quite distinct from the English,
1.[A] In consequence [B] In brief [C] In general [D] In fact
2.[A] confine [B] attach [C] refer [D] add
3.[A] as [B] which [C] for [D] so
4.[A] with [B] by [C] at [D] for
5.[A] similarities [B] differences [C] certainties [D] features
6.[A] factor [B] virtue [C] privilege [D] division
7.[A] line [B] road [C] border [D] scale
8.[A] who [B] when [C] though [D] for
9.[A] wider [B] broader [C] rarer [D] scarcer
10.[A] used [B] apt [C] possible [D] probable
11.[A] perfect [B] notorious [C] superior [D] thorough
12.[A] swiftly [B] promptly [C] immediately [D] quickly
13.[A] appetites [B] tastes [C] interests [D] senses
14.[A] helpings [B] offerings [C] fillings [D] findings
15[A] represent [B] designate [C] demonstrate [D] reckon
16[A] delivered [B] denoted [C] depicted [D] defined
17[A] quiet [B] obscure [C] faint [D] silent
18[A] rather [B] still [C] somehow [D] even
19[A] rendered [B] thought [C] impressed [D] described
20[A] with [B] of [C] among [D] against
44
Passage 14
College sports in the United States are a huge deal,Almost all major American universities have football,baseball,
basketball and hockey programs,and 1 millions of dollars each year to sports,Most of them earn millions 2
as well,in television revenues,sponsorships,They also benefit 3 from the added publicity they get via their
teams,Big-name universities 4 each other in the most popular sports,Football games at Michigan regularly
5 crowds of over 90,000,Basketball's national collegiate championship game is a TV 6 on a par with
（与…相同或相似） any other sporting event in the United States,7 perhaps the Super Bowl itself,At any given
time during fall or winter one can 8 one' s TV set and see the top athletic programs-from schools like Michigan,
UCLA,Duke and Stanford 9 in front of packed houses and national TV audiences,
The athletes themselves are 10 and provided with scholarships,College coaches identify 11
teenagers and then go into high schools to 12 the country's best players to attend their universities,There are
strict rules about 13 coaches can recruit-no recruiting calls after 9 p.m.,only one official visit to a campus-but they
are often bent and sometimes 14,Top college football programs 15 scholarships to20or 10players
each year,and those student-athletes,when they arrive 16 campus,receive free housing,tuition,meals,books,
etc,
In return,the players 17 the program in their sport,Football players at top colleges 18 two hours
a day,four days a week from January to April,In summer,it' s back to strength and agility training four days a week until
mid- August,when camp 19 and preparation for the opening of the September-to- December season begins
20,During the season,practices last two or three hours a day from Tuesday to Friday,Saturday is game day,Mondays are
an officially mandated day of rest,
1.[A] attribute [B] distribute [C] devote [D] attach
2.[A] out [B] by [C] in [D] back
3.[A] directly [B] indirectly [C] apart [D] indirect
4.[A] compete for [B] compete in [C] compete against [D] compete over
5.[A] draw [B] amuse [C] govern [D] handle
6.[A] spectator [B] spectacle [C] spectrum [D] spectacles
7.[A] save [B] saving [C] saved [D] to save
8.[A] flip on [B] flap at [C]fling away [D] flush out
9.[A] battle [B] to battle [C] battling [D] battled
10.[A] recruited [B] reconciled [C] rectified [D] reserved
11.[A] promising [B] pleasing [C] prominent [D] professional
12.[A] contrive [B] convince [C] convert [D] convict
13.[A] which [B] what [C] how [D] whether
14.[A] ignored [B] neglected [C] remembered [D] noticed
15.[A] offer [B] afford [C] award [D] reward
16.[A] in [B] on [C] at [D] around
17.[A] commit themselves to [B] commit themselves on
[C] commute themselves to [D] comply themselves to
18.[A] work in [B] work out [C] work over [D] work off
45
19.[A] recalls [B] enlists [C] convenes [D] collects
20.[A] in principle [B] in confidence [C] in name [D] in earnest
第六部分 填空式阅读
Directions,In the following article,some sentences have been removed,For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the
list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank,There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps,Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET l,(10 points)
大纲样题
Long before Man lived on the Earth,there were fishes,reptiles,birds,insects,and some mammals,Although some of these
animals were ancestors of kinds living today,others are now extinct,that is,they have no descendants alive now,41)
______________________________
Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin,so that,apart from color,we can build up a reasonably accurate picture
of an animal that died millions of years ago,That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the
original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate,
42)____________________________,Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water
action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water,Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals,birds,
and insects of which we know noting,
43) __________________________,There were also crablike creatures,whose bodies were covered with a horny substance,
The body segments each had two pairs of legs,one pair for walking on the sandy bottom,the other for swimming,The head was a
kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes,often with thousands of lenses,They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2
feet,
44)____________________________,Of these,the ammonites are very interesting and important,They have a shell
composed of many chambers,each representing a temporary home of the animal,As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber
and sealed off the previous one,Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast,
45)____________________________,
About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out,The mammals quickly developed,and
we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse,Many of the later mammals though now extinct,
were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings,
[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known,
[B] Nevertheless,we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the
rocks as fossils,From them we can tell their size and shape,how they walked,the kind of food they ate,
[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago,About
300 million years ago the amphibians,the animals able to live both on land and in water,appeared,They were giant,
sometimes 8 feet long,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam,or layer,or formed,The
amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land,in the sea,
and in the air,
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creature,There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large
areas of the world,
46
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea,Later forma are
more complex,and among these are the sea-lilies,relations of the starfishes,which had long arms and were attached by a
long stalk to the sea bed,or to rocks,
[F] When an animal dies,the body,its bones,or shell,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there
get covered up by mud,If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud,More and more
mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved,
[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks,Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals,
dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression,or simply reduced to a more stable form,
全真模拟试题
Passage 1
English has become the world's number one language in the 20th century,In every country where English is not the native
language,especially in the Third World,people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities,if they want to participate fully
in the development of their countries,41)_____________________________,
42).__________________________________,Nonetheless,a world full of different languages will disappear if the
present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education,trade and even politics
continues,43)_________________________________,
The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future
leaders of a proper education,According to many studies,only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to
learn the language of instruction (English) as well as basic subjects at the same time,Many leaders of these Third World countries
are obsessed with English and for them English is everything,They seem to believe that if the students speak English,they are
already
knowledgeable,44)____________________________,
All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages in all national development
activities,including education,From a psycho logical point of view,those who are taught in their own language from the start
will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance,From a linguistic point of view,the best brains can only be produced if
students are educated in their own language from the start,45)_________________________,
There is nothing wrong,however,in learning a foreign language at advanced levels of education,But the best thing to do
is to have a good education in one's native language first,then go abroad to have a university education in a foreign language,
[A] If this situation continues,the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three
generations,This phenomenon has been called linguistic genocide,A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities,
particularly as a medium of instruction in schools,
[B] Those who are taught in a foreign language from the start will tend to be imitators and lack self-confidence,They will tend to
rely on foreign consultants,
[C] Suppose you work in a big firm and find English very important for your job because you often deal with foreign
businessmen,Now you are looking for a place where you can improve your English,especially your spoken English,
[D] But many people are concerned that English's dominance will destroy native languages,
[E]These leaders speak and write English much better than their national languages,If these leaders deliver speeches
anywhere in the world they use English and they feel more at home with it and proud of their ability as well,The citizens of
their countries do not understand their leaders' speeches because they are made in a foreign language,
47
[F] Here are some advertisements about English language training from newspapers,You may find the information you
need,
[G]A close examination reveals a great number of languages have fallen casualty to English,For example,it has wiped
out Hawaiian,Welsh,Scotch Gaelic,Irish,native American languages,and many others,Luckily,some of these
languages are now being revived,such as Hawaiian and Welsh,and these languages will live again,hopefully,if
dedicated people continue their work of reviving them,
Passage 2
In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year's supply of food,In 1972 the family paid $ 1,311,That was a price
increase of nearly one-third,Every family has had this sort of experience,Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has
risen sharply,But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed,Who is really responsible?
Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables,fruit,meat,eggs,and cheese that stores offer for sale,According
to the U.S,Department of Agriculture,the farmer's share of the $ 1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $ 521.This was 31 per
cent more than the farmer had received in 1959,
But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living,Farmers tend to blame
others for the sharp rise in food prices,They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave
the farm,These include truck drivers,meat packers,manufacturers of packages and other food containers,and the
owners of stores where food is sold,41)
Of the $ 1,311 family food bill in 1972,middlemen received $ 790,which was 33 per cent more than they had received in
1959.It appears that the middlemen's profit has increased more than farmer's,But some economists claim that the middleman's
actual profit was very low,According to economists at the First National City Bank,the profit for meat packers and food stores
amounted to less than one per cent,During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent,
42)__________________________________,
43)_______________________________,Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by
someone other than the one who buys it,A family should expect to pay more when several "TV dinners" are taken home from
the store,These are fully cooked meals,consisting of meat,vegetables,and sometimes desert,all arranged on a metal dish,The
dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else,Such a convenience costs money,
44)_______________,
Economists remind us that many modern housewives have jobs outside the home,They earn money that helps to pay the
family food bills,The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day's work,She wants to buy many kinds of
food that can be put on her family's table easily and quickly,45),
It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one,Producers,consumers,and middlemen all
share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs,
[A] Thus,as economists point out,"Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to
the increasing use of convenience foods,which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to
the food processor' s plant."
[B] They are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmer and the people who
buy and eat the food,Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?
[C] "If the housewife wants all of these,"the economists say,"that is her privilege,but she
must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier."
48
[D] Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she
carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives,
but many people will not like it,These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices,They say that
food costs more now because women don' t want to spend much time in the kitchen,Women prefer to buy food which has
already been prepared before it reaches the market,
[E] However,some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period
of time,In cities with rent control,the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord (雇主 ) can charge for an
apartment,
[F] Economists do not agree on some of the predictions,They also do not agree on the value of
different decisions,Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it,
[G] By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen
have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices,
Passage 3
Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned,Government bureaus,trade
and travel association,carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers,
41)_______________________________,They distribute materials to agencies,such as journals,brochures and
advertising projects,42)_________________________,
Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling,
43)______________________________________________,
Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts,considering both the comfort of the clients
and their own profitable financial arrangement,44)__________________________,
45)________________________________,Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers,and agencies are
dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours,All services must work together for greater efficiency,fair pricing
and contented customers,
[A] The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers including car-rental and sight-seeing services,
[B] They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of
the tours,
[C] Travel operators,specialists in the field of planning,sponsor extensive research programs,They have knowledge
of all areas and all carrier services,and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective
advertising campaigns,
[D] As a result of teamwork,tourism is flouring in all countries,
[E] Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels,and,conversely,hotels rely upon agencies,to fulfill their-
contracts and to send them clients,
[F] In This way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of
travel-Planes,ships,trains,motorcoaches,car-rentals,and even car purchases,
[G] Consequently,the agencies started to pay more attention to the comfort of travel,
Passage 4
Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals,The drugs,
which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers,could be getting into our food and water,helping to create a new
49
generation of antibiotic-resistant "superbugs",
The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry,
41)____________________________________,
Some 20,000 tons antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year,More than half are given to
farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth,
42)______________________________________________,
Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat,But
far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products,says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for
Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf,43)_____________________________________,
With millions of tons animals manure spread onto fields of cops such as wheat and barley each year,this pathway
seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance,he said,The drugs contaminate the crops,which are then
eaten.44)________________,
Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides,
45)______________________________________________,This concentration is high enough to trigger the
development of resistance among bacteria,But vets are not treating the issue seriously,
There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs,including antibiotics,are polluting the environment,Many
drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and broken down by conventional sewage treatment,
[A]They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water,His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high
percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs,
[B] And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics,he says,
[C] Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid,
[D] But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the
appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people,
[E] His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned
antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed,
[F] They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields,
[G] There is no doubt that the food and drink is always important to the health,
Passage 5
The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics,it won't stay
American,no matter what it is,whether it is films,food and fashion,music,casual sports or slang,it' s soon at home
elsewhere in the world,There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal,
One theory is that is has been "advertised" and marketed through American films,popular music,and more recently,
television.41)_______________________________,
They are,after all,in competition with those produced by other countries,
Another theory,probably a more common one,is that American popular culture is internationally associated with
something called "the spirit of America." 42) _________________,
The final theory is less complex,American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it,
Regardless of why its spreads,American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many
other countries,43)_______________________,Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies
50
could be found,a generation later,on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their-own,
Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music,Some people can still
remember a time,When T-shirts,jogging clothes,tennis shoes,denim jackets,and blue jeans were not common daily
wear everywhere,Only twenty years ago,it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes,No longer so,
those bright colors,checkered jackets and trousers,hats and socks which were once made fun in cartoons are back again
in Paris as the latest fashion,44)________________,
The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning,when it was still clearly
American,it was often strongly resisted,Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals,and was
actually outlawed in several countries,Today,while still showing its rather American roots,it has become so well
established,Rock "n" roll and all its variations,country & western music,all have more or less similar histories,They
were first resisted,often in America as well,as being "low-class," and then as "a danger to our nation's youth."
45________________.And then the music became accepted and was extended and was extended and developed,and
exported back to the U.S,
[A] As a result,its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten,"happy birthday to you," for instance,is
such an everyday song that its source,its American copyright,so to speak,is not remembered,
[B] But this theory fails to explain why American films,music,and television,programs are so popular in
themselves,
[C] American in origin,informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style,
[D] The BBC,for example,banned rock and roll until 1962,
[E] American food has become popular around the world too,
[F] This spirit is variously described as being young and free,optimistic and confident,
informal and disrespectful,
[G] It is hardly surprising that the public concern contributes a lot to the spread of the their culture,
Passage 6
Albert Einstein,whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe,
was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday,
A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius,Einstein has come to represent more than any other
person the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology,
"The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history,The reason is not
political or economic,but technological-technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science," wrote
theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance,
41)___________________________________,
Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over
fascism,and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global
politics,
" What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism,
Gandhi personifying the great theme of individual struggling for their rights,and Einstein being both a great genius and
a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the
growth of freedom," said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson,
51
Einstein was born in Ulm,Germany in 1879,42)___________________,He could not stomach organized learning
and loathed taking exams,
In 1905,however,he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human
imagination in history,43)_______________________________,Everything else—mass,weight,space,even time
itself—is a variable,And he offered the world his now-famous equation,energy equals mass times the speed 6f light
squared—E=mc
2
44)_____________________________,
45)_____________________________,Einstein did not work on the project,Einstein died in Princeton,New Jersey
in 1955,
[A]"Indirectly,relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality,art and politics," Isaacson wrote in an
essay explaining Time's choices,"There was less faith in absolutes,not of time and space but also of truth and morality."
Einstein' s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons,In 1939,six
years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University,Einstein,an avowed pacifist,signed a letter to
President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did,
[B] How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public' s view about Albert Einstein,
[C] "Clearly,no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."
[D] Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project " that secretly developed the first atomic
weapon,
[E] In his early years,Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become,He was slow to learn to learn to
speak and did not do well in elementary school,
[F] In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of
light,
[G] It is said that Einstein's success lies in the fact that few people can understand his theories,
Passage 7
When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together,
according to a book by Dr,Leonard Zunin,In his book,"Contact,The first four minutes",he offers this advice to anyone
interested in starting new friendships,41)___________________,
A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that."
You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just
met.42)_________________________________,If anyone has ever done this to you probably did not like him very
much,
When we are introduced to new people,the author suggests,we should try to appear friendly and self-confident,In
general,he says,"People like people who like themselves."
On the other hand,we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves,It is important to appear
interested and sympathetic,realizing that the other person has his own needs,fears,and hopes,
Hearing such advice,one might say,"But I'm not a friendly,self-confident person,That's not my nature,It would be
dishonest for me to act that way."
43)______________________________,"It is like getting used to a new car,It may be unfamiliar at first,but it
goes much better than the old one."
52
But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way?
Perhaps,but according to Dr,Zunin,"total honesty" is not always good for social relationships,especially during the first
few minutes of contact,There is a time for everything,and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few
minutes of contact with a stranger,That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in
other people,It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions,
44)_____________________________,
The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school,along with
reading,writing,and mathematics,45)__________________,That is at least as important as how much we know,
[A] In reply,Dr,Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social
habits,We can become accustomed to any change we choose to make in our personality,
[B] Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends,For a
husband and wife or a parent and child,problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been
apart,Dr,Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care,If there are unpleasant matters to be
discussed,they should be dealt with later,
[C] In his opinion,success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people,
[D] Every time you meet someone in a social situation,give him your undivided attention for four minutes,
[E] He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder,as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part
of the room,
[F] He is eager to make friends with everyone,
[G] It is also noticed that eye-contact shows something special related to the friendship,
Passage 8
Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial,
political and foreign exchange risk,
41)_____________________________.They include solvency,default,or refusal to pay bills,Their major risk,
however,is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and
marketing.42)________________________________.Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the
quality of goods delivered,a dispute over contract terms,or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld,
One company,for example,shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany,
43)_______________________,The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price,reselling the potatoes,or
shipping them home again,each involving considerable cost,
Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution,currency inconvertibility,expropriation or expulsion,and
restriction or cancellation of import licenses.44)____________________________________,
Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political
risk,As many companies have discovered,sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk,so marketers must be
prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market,
Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems,but for many years,most firms could take protective action
to minimize their unfavorable effects.45)_________________________,Before rates were permitted to float,
devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated,but exchange-rate fluctuations in the
float system are daily affairs,
53
[A]Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses,
[B]One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments,
[C]Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business,
[D]The distributor tested the shipment and declared in to be below acceptable taste and texture standards,
[E] Floating exchange rates of the world' s major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of
exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning,International Business Ma-
chine Corporation,for example,reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings
in the third quarter to 1981,
[F] Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation,
[G] Anyone who gets into the stock market can not gloss over the risk brought by the political change,
Passage 9
Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation,according to Robert Bell,a
scientist,And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the
electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated,he said,"Nobody's going to drop dead overnight but we
should be asking for more scientific information," Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level
radiation,41)___________________________________
A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee
there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation,According to Robert Bell,there are 3.3 million mobile
phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day,42)________________________________,
As well,there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia,many in high density residential areas,
43)__________________________________,
Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone
towers form within a 500 metre radius of school grounds,child care centers,hospitals,sports playing fields and
residential areas with a high percentage of children,44)_______________________________.He adds that there is also
evidence that if cancer suffers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates,
45)__________________________________,
[A] He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that
of adults,
[B] By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones,nearly one for every two
people,
[C] "If mobile phones are found to be dangerous,they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be
decided," he said,
[D] Then who finances the research? According to Robert Bell,it is reasonable for the major telephone companies
to fund it,Besides,he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible health effects,
[E] For example,Telstra,Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and
disregard the need of the community,The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already pro-
duced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby,
[F] The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit,
54
[G] The mobile phone also causes a lot of problems while offering people great convenience,
Passage 10
Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company,including publicity releases,designed
to promote goodwill and a favorable image,
41)____________________________,Since public relations involves communications with stockholders,financial
analysts,government officials,and other noncustomer groups,it is usually placed outside the marketing department,
perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management,This organizational placement can
be a limitation because the public relations department of consultant will likely not be in tune with marketing efforts,
42)______________________________,Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence
on the public image,this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image
mix,
43)____________________________,Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing
department,as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising,44)______________________________,
The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function,whether
within the company or an outside firm,can take care of public image problems and opportunities,
45)________________________________,Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable
newsworthy events,and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity,but the other components
of the public image mix create more lasting impressions,
[A] Publicity may be in the form of news that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public
relations department,
[B] Furthermore,not all publicity is initiated by the firm; some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to
certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised,
[C] Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm,usually in the form of press releases or
press conferences,
[D]Many factors impact on the public image,Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business,such as
its product quality,the servicing and handling of complaints,and the tenor of the advertising,
[E] It surely causes heavy losses to the company,
[F] Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences,
[G] The public relations,in fact,is developing some new relative concept in the past few years,
附 录
附录一 词汇全真试题（ 1994 年—— 2001 年）
1994年词汇真题
21,Please do not be_____ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention,
[A] disregarded [B] distorted [C] irritated [D] intervened
22,Craig assured his boss that he would____ all his energies in doing this new job,
55
[A] call forth [B] call at [C] call on [D] call off
23,Too much_____ to X-rays can cause skin burns,cancer or other damage to the body,
[A] disclosure [B] exhibition [C] contact [D] exposure
24,When confronted with such questions,my mind goes ____,and I can hardly remember my own date of birth,
[A] dim [B] blank [C] faint [D] vain
25,It is well known that knowledge is the ___ condition for expansion of mind,
[A] incompatible [B] incredible [C] indefinite [D] indispensable
26,More than two hundred years ago the United States _______ from the British Empire and became an independent
country,
[A] got off [B] pulled down [C] broke away [D] attached to
27,Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is_________ loud
continuous noise,
[A] subjected to [B] filled with [C] associated with [D] dropped off
28,Some of the most important concepts in physics______ their success to these mathematical systems,
[A] oblige [B] owe [C] contribute [D] attribute
29.As your instructor advised,you ought to spend you time on something _____ researching into,
[A] precious [B] worth [C] worthy [D] valuable
30,As a defense against air-pollution damage,many plants and animals _____ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals,
[A] relieve [B] release [C] dismiss [D] discard
31,Without the friction between their feet and the ground,people would _____be able to walk,
[A] in no time [B] by all means [C] in no way [D] on any account
32,While typing,Helen has a habit of stopping ____ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth,
[A] occasionally [B] simultaneously [C] eventually [D] promptly
33,One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S,is that they have taken great _____ to educate their
children,
[A] efforts [B] pains [C] attempts [D] endeavours
34,If any man here does not agree with me,he should ______ his own plan for improving the living conditions of these
people,
[A] put on [B] put out [C] put in [D] put forward
35,I support your decision,but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be ______to it,
[A] connected [B] fastened [C] bound [D] stuck
36,The English language contains a (n) _____ of words which are comparatively seldom used in
ordinary conversation,
[A] altitude [B] latitude [C] multitude [D] attitude
37,In my opinion,you can widen the ______ of these improvements through your active participation,
[A] dimension [B] volume [C] magnitude [D] scope
38,Your improper words will give _____ to doubts concerning your true intentions,
[A] rise [B] reason [C] suspicion [D] impulse
39,The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made ______,
[A] on the spot [B] on the site [C] on the location [D] on the ground
56
40,The remarkable ______ of life on the Galopagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of
evolution,
[A] classification [B] variety [C] density [D] diversity
1995年词汇真题
21,In that country,guests tend to feel they are not highly ______ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or
four days before the party date,
[A] admired [B] regarded [C] expected [D] worshipped
22,A ______ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval,
[A] short hand [B] scheme [C] schedule [D] sketch
23,A man has to make ______ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old,
[A] supply [B] assurance [C] provision [D] adjustment
24,The newly-built Science Building seems ______ enough to last a hundred years,
[A] spacious [B] sophisticated [C] substantial [D] steady
25,It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ______ free medical care,
[A] entitled to [B] involved in [C] associated with [D] assigned to
26,The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at,
[A] danger [B] stake [C] loss [D] threat
27.I felt _____ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech,
[A] fatigued [B] tired [C] exhausted [D] bored
28,When the engine would not start,the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at,
[A] wrong [B] trouble [C] fault [D] difficulty
29,Your advice would be_____ valuable to him,who is at present at his wit's end,
[A] exceedingly [B] excessively [C] extensively [D] exclusively
30,_____ He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract,and now he has to ___ the consequences,
[A] answer for [B] run into [C] abide by [D] step into
31,The river is already ____ its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood,
[A] parallel to [B] level in [C] flat on [D] flush with
32,People _____that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today,
[A] convinced [B] anticipated [C] resolved [D] assured
33,In spite of the wide range of reading material -specially written or ____ for language learning purposes,there is yet
no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills,
[A] adapted [B] acknowledged [C] assembled [D] appointed
34,The mother said she would ____ her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper,
[A] let down [B] let alone [C] let off [D] let out
35,We should always keep in mind that_____ decisions often lead to bitter regrets,
[A] urgent [B] hasty [C] instant [D] prompt
36,John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ____ in the dictionary,
[A] missing [B] losing [C] dropping [D] leaking
37,In the past,most foresters have been men,but today,the number of women____ this field is climbing,
57
[A] engaging [B] devoting [C] registering [D] pursuing
38,The supervisor didn' t have time so far to go into it ____,but he gave us an idea about his plan,
[A] at hand [B] in turn [C] in conclusion [D] at length
39.Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ______ of being met,
[A] prospect [B] prediction [C] prosperity [D] permission
40,It ' s usually the case that people seldom behave in a _ way when in a furious state,
[A] stable [B] rational [C] legal [D] credible
1996年词汇真题
21.I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were ______,
[A] hung up [B] hung back [C] cut down [D] cut off
22,She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend ____here so that she could learn more about the city,
[A] sometimes [B] sometime [C] sometime [D] some times
23,Ms.Green has been living in town for only one year,yet she seems to be___ with everyone who comes to the store,
[A] accepted [B] admitted [C] admired [D] acquainted
24,He does not _____as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible,
[A] equal [B] match [C] qualify [D] fit
25,Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been ____ the goal of a practical and economic way to use
sunlight to split water molecules,
[A] pursuing [B] chasing [C] reaching [D] winning
26,The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that ____ the speakers stopped for refreshments,
[A] at large [B] at intervals [C] at ease [D] at random
27,_____ When travelling,you are advised to take travellers' checks,which provide a secure to carrying your money in
cash,
[A] substitute [B] selection [C] preference [D] alternative
28.I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a____ character,
[A] gracious [B] suspicious [C] unique [D] particular
29,Changing from solid to liquid,water takes in heat from all substances near it,and this produces artificial cold
surrounding it,
[A] absorption [B] transition [C] consumption [D] interaction
30.I didn' t say anything like that at all,You are purposely ___ my ideas to prove your point,
[A] revising [B] contradicting [C] distorting [D] distracting
31,Language,culture,and personality may be considered ____ of each other in thought,but they are inseparable in fact,
[A] indistinctly [B] separately [C] irrelevantly [D] independently
32,Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn,the Irish milkmaid fought hard t o ______ h e r l a ughter,
[A] hold back [B] hold on [C] hold out [D] hold up
33,The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ______ attitude toward customers,
[A] impartial [B] mild [C] hostile [D] opposing
34.I ______ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column,
[A] express [B] confess [C] verify [D] acknowledge
58
35.It is strictly ______ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few,
[A] secured [B] forbidden [C] regulated [D] determined
36.The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ______ again
next spring,
[A] assembly [B] session [C] conference [D] convention
37,Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ______ the birth of Jesus Christ,
[A] in accordance with [B] in terms of [C] in favor of [D] in honor of
38.Since it is too late to change my mind now,I am ______ to carrying out the plan,
[A] obliged [B] committed [C] engaged [D] resolved
39.It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley,but it ______ as well as we had hoped,
[A] came off [B] went off [C] brought out [D] made out
40,To survive in the intense trade competition between countries,we must _ the qualities and varieties of products we
make to the world-market demand,
[A] improve [B] enhance [C] guarantee [D] gear
1997年词汇真题
21,When workers are organized in trade unions,employers find it hard to lay t h e m ____,
[A] off [B] aside [C] out [D] down
22,The wealth of a country should be measured ______ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material
goods it can produce,
[A] in line with [B] in terms of [C] in regard with [D] by means of
23,He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ______ on what he promises,
[A] faith [B] belief [C] credit [D] reliance
24,My students found the book _____for it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject,
[A] enlightening [B] confusing [C] distracting [D] amusing
25,________ Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will down the economy,
[A] put [B] settle [C] drag [D] knock
26,In this factory the machines are not regulated ____but are jointly controlled by a central computer system,
[A] independently [B] individually [C] irrespectively [D] irregularly
27,Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change,or causes energy to be ________ in
some form,
[A] given off [B] put out [C] set off [D] used up
28.If businessmen are taxed too much,they will no longer be motivated to work hard,with the result that incomes from
taxation might actually __________,
[A] shrink [B] delay [C] disperse [D] sink
29,American companies are evolving from mass-production manufacturing to ___ enterprises,
[A] moveable [B] changing [C] flexible [D] varying
30,If you know what the trouble is,why don't you help them to ___ the situation?
[A] simplify [B] modify [C] verify [D] rectify
31.I can' t _____ what has happened to the vegetables,for they were freshly picked this morning,
[A] figure out [B] draw out [C] look out [D] work out
32.I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat ___,
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[A] disapproval [B] rejection [C] refusal [D] decline
33,From this material we can ____ hundreds of what you may call direct products,
[A] derive [B] discern [C] diminish [D] displace
34,She had clearly no _____of doing any work,although she was very well paid,
[A] tendency [B] ambition [C] intention [D] willingness
35,What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become ___ a third time,
[A] clean and measurable [B] notable and systematic
[C] pure and wholesome [D] clear and organic
36,The public opinion was that the time was not ___ for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr,Jones,
[A] reasonable [B] ripe [C] ready [D] practical
37,Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the ____ of hunger,
[A] sensation [B] cause [C] purpose [D] motive
38,For the new country to survive,_____ for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required,
[A] to name a few [B] let alone [C] not to speak [D] let's say
39,Foreign disinvestment and the ______ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its
economy,
[A] displacement [B] elimination [C] exclusion [D] exception
40,When a number of people ______ together in a conversational knot,each individual expresses his position in the group
by where he stands,
[A] pad [B] pack [C] squeeze [D] cluster
1998年词汇真题
21,The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years,
[A] amending [B] fitting [C] mending [D] renovating
22,There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds,so I only c a u g h t a ______ o f h i m,
[A] glance [B] glimpse [C] look [D] sight
23,I don' t think it' s wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director,for it may offend him,
[A] show up [B] show out [C] show in [D] show off
24,The returns in the short ______ may be small,but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid,
[A] interval [B] range [C] span [D] term
25,A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants,and the habit of birds and beasts,
[A] acquisition [B] discrimination [C] curiosity [D] familiarity
26,She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort,
[A] justify [B] testify [C] rectify [D] verify
27,I' m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in return for certain services,
[A] take away [B] cut out [C] write off [C] clear up
28,Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a g r e a t ______,
[A] explosion [B] sensation [C] exaggeration [D] stimulation
29,According to what you have just said,am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all?
[A] shoulders [B] possesses [C] carries [D] shares
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30,Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on
the subject being studied,
[A] comment [B] reaction [C] impression [D] comprehension
31,Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law forbids them,
[A] restrain [B] hinder [C] restrict [D] prohibit
32,Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the
whole country,
[A] practically [B] preferably [C] precisely [D] presumably
33,Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion,______ the $160 billion the President is struggling to
get through the Congress,
[A] in proportion to [B] in reply to [C] in relation to [D] in contrast to
34,He is planning another tour abroad,yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month,
[A] expire [B] exceed [C] terminate [D] cease
35,All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families,
[A] sentimental [B] affectionate [C] ultimate [D] sensitive
36,Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______,or at least weaken,the trends that
emerged in the 1980s,
[A] revolt [B] revolve [C] reverse [D] revive
37,I was unaware of the critical points involved,so my choice was quite ______,
[A] arbitrary [B] rational [C] mechanical [C] unpredictable
38.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the
weather,
[A] altered [B] converted [C] fluctuated [D] modified
39,The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion,
[A] spur [B] further [C] induce [D] reinforce
40,In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution,a council announced that emergency funding would
keep alive two aging satellites,
[A] applies [B] accounts [C] attaches [D] amounts
1999年词汇真题
21,An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research
and further thinking about a particular topic,
[A] stimulate [B] renovate [C] arouse [D] advocate
22,Although architecture has artistic qualities,it must also satisfy a number of important Sometimes the student may be asked to
write about his to a certain book or practical ______,
[A] obligations [B] regulations [C] observations [D] considerations
23,Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ______ the bread winner's death,
[A] at the cost of [B] on the verge of [C] as a result of [D] for the sake of
24,In education there should be a good______ among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise
judgment,
[A] distribution [B] balance [C] combination [D] assignment
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25,The American dream is most______ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism,
[A] plausible [B] patriotic [C] primitive [D] partial
26,Poverty is not ______in most cities although,perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas,it is more
visible there,
[A] rare [B] temporary [C] prevalent [D] segmental
27,People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in ______ populated areas,
[A] densely [B] intensely [C] abundantly [D] highly
28,As a way of _____the mails while they were away,the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the
senders to write again later,
[A] picking up [B] coping with [C] passing out [D] getting across
29,Tom's mother tried hard to persuade him to ______ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market,
[A] pull out [B] give up [C] draw in [D] back down
30,_____ An increasing proportion of our population,unable to live without advanced medical ______,will become progressively
more reliant on expensive technology,
[A] interference [B] interruption [C] intervention [D] interaction
31,These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the ______ of higher education from the mid-1860's to
the mid-1880's,
[A] branch [B] category [C] domain [D] scope
32,Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ______in the financial system will drag down the economy,
[A] shallowness [B] shakiness [C] scantiness [D] stiffness
33,Crisis would be the right term to describe the ______in many animal species,
[A] minimization [B] restriction [C] descent [D] decline
34,The city is an important railroad_____ and industrial and convention center,
[A] conjunction [B] network [C] junction [D] link
35,Prof,White,my respected tutor,frequently reminds me to_______myself of every chance to improve my English,
[A] assure [B] inform [C] avail [D] notify
36,Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that ______disease resistance in neighboring
plants,
[A] contracts [B] activates [C] maintains [D] prescribe
37,Corporations and labor unions have ______ great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general
public,
[A] conferred [B] granted [C] flung [D] submitted
38,The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month,which was ______ from one
new moon to the next,
[A] measured [B] reckoned [C] judged [D] assessed
39,The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was _ to the issue at hand,
[A] irrational [B] unreasonable [C] invalid [D] irrelevant
40,Fuel scarcities and price increases ______ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop
completely new lines of small cars and trucks,
[A] persuaded [B] prompted [C] imposed [D] enlightened
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2000 年词汇真题
21,He spoke so ___ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments,
[A] bluntly [B] convincingly [C] emphatically [D] determinedly
22,France ' s ____ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and
mass demonstrations,
[A] assumption [B] consumption [C] presumption [D] resumption
23,The 215-page manuscript,circulated to publishers last October,____an outburst of interest,
[A] flared [B] glittered [C] sparked [D] flashed
24,His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two parties ______,
[A] came off [B] came on [C] came round [D] came down
25,The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually ___ it in a profitable direction,
[A] adapt [B] control [C] install [D] steer
26,The capital intended to broaden the export base and __ efficiency gains from international
trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution,
[A] secure [B] extend [C] defend [D] possess
27,It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be _ at the manager' s office,
[A] declared [B] obtained [C] reclaimed [D] recognized
28,When I __ my senses,I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room,with Grandma bending over me,
[A] woke up [B] took to [C] picked up [D] came to
29,The American society is_____ an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources,which is connected with the
possibility of a worsening environment,
[A] established on [B] affiliated to
[C] originated from [D] incorporated with
30,I am not ____with my roommate but I have to share the room with her,because I have nowhere else to live,
[A] concerned [B] compatible [C] considerate [D] complied
31,At first,the____ of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible,but,with painstaking efforts and at great expense,it
became a reality,
[A] transaction [B] transmission [C] transformation [D] transition
32,When the committee ____ to details,the proposed plan seemed impractical,
[A] got down [B] set about [C] went off [D] came up
33,____ to some parts of South America is still difficult,because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests,
[A] Orientation [B] Access [C] Procession [D] Voyage
34,Mr,Smith had an unusual ____,he was first an office clerk,then a sailor,and ended up as a school teacher,
[A] profession [B] occupation [C] position [D] career
35,The mayor is a woman with great_____ and therefore deserves our political and financial support,
[A] intention [B] instinct [C] integrity [D] intensity
36,The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest and _____ to everyone,
[A] speculation [B] attribution [C] utilization [D] proposition
37,The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs _____ it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the
young birds,
[A] renders [B] reckons [C] regards ________________ [D] relates
63
38,To impress a future employer,one should dress neatly,be_____,and display interest in the job,
[A] swift [B] instant [C] timely [D] punctual
39,You don't have to install this radio in your new car; it' s an _____ extra,
[A] excessive [B] optional [C] additional [D] arbitrary
40,We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn' t _____ to the traffic jam of the busy city,
[A] aid [B] amount [C] add [D] attribute
2001 年词汇真题
11,He is too young to be able to ______ between right and wrong,
[A] discard [B] discern [C] disperse [D] disregard
12,It was no ______ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery,
[A] coincidence [B] convention [C] certainty [D] complication
13,One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors,
[A] cautiously [B] dutifully [C] faithfully [D] skillfully
14,The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be ______ the welfare of his
animals,
[A] critical about [B] indignant at [C] indifferent to [D] subject to
15,The chairman of the board ______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford
to employ,
[A] compelled [B] posed [C] pressed [D] tempted
16,It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with ______,
[A] for long [B] in and out [C] once for all [D] by nature
17,Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in ____ and lack of unity in style,
[A] conflict [B] confrontation [C] disturbance [D] disharmony
18,The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list,and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once _____,
[A] thrived [B] swelled [C] prospered [D] flourished
19,However,growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to _ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry,
[A] overturn [B] overtake [C] offset [D] oppress
20,Because of its intimacy,radio is usually more than just a medium; it is_____,
[A] firm [B] company [C] corporation [D] enterprise
21,When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person,the body immediately recogn izes it as _____,
[A] novel [B] remote [C] distant [D] foreign
22,My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I ______ at a garage sale,
[A] trifled with [B] scraped through [C] stumbled upon [D] thirsted for
23,Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second
language could _____,
[A] descend [B] decline [C] deteriorate [D] depress
24,Equipment not _____ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop,
[A] conforming to [B] consistent with [C] predominant over [D] providing for
25,As an industry,biotechnology stands to ______electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by
64
2020,
[A] contend [B] contest [C] rival [D] strive
26,The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving
for the states and liberty for individuals,
[A] autonomy [B] dignity [C] monopoly [D] stability
27,For three-quarters of its span on Earth,life evolved almost _____ as microorganisms,
[A] precisely [B] instantly [C] initially [D] exclusively
28,The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow ______,particularly in Western Europe,
[A] obscure [B] obsolete [C] optional [D] overlapping
29,Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe,it is just ______ and needs proving,
[A] spontaneous [B] hypothetical [C] intuitive [D] empirical
30,The future of this company is _____,many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses,
[A] at odds [B] in trouble [C] in vain [D] at stake
附录二 词汇全真模拟试题
Test 1
21,I expected the customer to ______ on the lateness of the delivery but he said nothing,
[A] remark [B] notice [C] talk [D]tell
22,The law makes attendance at school ___ for children of certain ages,
[A] prerequisite [B] compulsory [C] gratuitous [D] superfluous
23,Although he did not state his opinion,the ___ was that he doubted my words,
[A] interruption [B] imposition [C] improvisation [D] implication
24,My younger brother slipped out of the room and headed for the pond without my mother's ___,
[A] counsel [B] conviction [C] consent [D] consult
25,A man who runs three-mile race will cease to find pleasure in this occupation when he passes the age at which he can
beat his own ________ record,
[A] primitive [B] preliminary [C] previous [D] predominant
26,Most of us will be at a ____to think of anything adequately pleasant to be worth doing when we are left endless free
time,
[A] mess [B] fuss [C] loss [D] ease
27,National Health Service in Britain is a government-enforced scheme whereby everyone pays in a small per-centage
of their earnings each week or month,and is then _____ to free medical treatment when they are ill,
[A] attached [B] entitled [C] granted [D] intended
28,The_____ to the typist' s must be forbidden,because the examination papers are being done there,
[A] avenue [B] access [C] bypass [D] approach
29,The key to success is remembering that every hurdle crossed is one less hurdle in _____ of your personal ambition,
[A] propulsion [B] proportion [C] pursuit [D] promotion
30,The newly adopted regulation takes ____ from the beginning of next month,
[A] possession [B] place [C] effect [D] after
65
31,We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support adequately and should turn to _____ birth
control,
[A] cooperative [B] compulsory [C] vigorous [D] efficient
32,For the first time in human history,the problem of human' s survival has to do with his control of manmade _______,
[A] danger [B] hazards [C] hardship [D] difficulties
33,You can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and ___ an understanding of what you have read,
[A] come up to [B] come across [C] come around [D] come up with
34,Parents should well know the fact that all children are ___ at times,
[A] unruly [B] intelligent [C] morons [D] idiots
35,Today women are _____ occupy positions previously closed to them,
[A] striving to [B] attempting to [C] aspiring to [D] attesting to
36,The representatives of the company seemed very ____ to the conditions of the workers,
[A] audacious [B] dubious [C] insensitive [D] hesitant
37,My work with leaders from all walks of life has____me that they were not born leaders-they are made,
[A] advocated [B] implied [C] convinced [D] illustrated
38,The Puritans left England for the New World because they were ___ religious freedom,
[A] denied [B] derived [C] neglected [D] deprived
39,The engineers are _____convinced that it is the home-made design that fits best,
[A] profoundly [B] superficially [C] perfectly [D] highly
40,When Tom was fourteen,he ____ pilfering and going in and out of supermarkets every day,
[A] took off [B] took for [C] took on [D] took to
Test 2
21,We must that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible,
[A] assure [B] secure [C] ensure [D] issue
22,_____the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night,
[A] In spite of [B] But for [C] Because of [D] As for
23,Alone in a deserted house,he was so busy with his research work that he felt lonely,
[A] nothing but [B] anything but [C] all but [D] everything but
24,The English language contains a (n) ____of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation,
[A] altitude [B] latitude [C] multitude [D] attitude
26,Birds play a large part in plant reproduction by ___ seeds across large areas,
[A] dispersing [B] disseminating [C] dispatching [D] dispensing
27.The inscription on the tombstone had been by the weather and could scarcely be read,
[A] worn out [B] worn down [C] worn off [D] worn away
28,By the end of the day,the flood water which had covered most of the town had,
[A] receded [B] retired [C] replaced [D] retreated
29.I need to move to a larger apartment,Do you know of any ______ ones in this neighborhood?
[A] vacant [B] bare [C] blank [D] empty
30,He was_____ from the competition because he had not complied with the rules,
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[A] banished [B] excused [C] disqualified [D] forbidden
31,Mr,Smith and Mrs,Smith will ____in looking after their baby,
[A] alternate [B] alter [C] change [D] differ
32,Every manager needs a secretary that he can ___to take care of something that may occur in his absence,
[A] count on [B] count off [C] count for [D] count out
33,If banks on the city failed in one day,there would be a _ among businessmen,
[A] fear [B] terror [C] dread [D] panic
34,Sometimes manufacturers can not sell a product because it does not____ the expectations of potential customers,
[A] confine to [B] conform to [C] confer with [D] confide to
35,It is commonly held that language problems are very often ____ by cultural misunderstanding
[A] decreased [B] solved [C] compounded [D] overlooked
36,We will transfer you to another department when an opportunity___,
[A] rises [B] raises [C] arouses [D] arises
37,Mr,Simpson ____ paying so much for such bad food,
[A] grudged [B] complained [C] groused [D] grumbled
38.I decided to leave that company because I was fed up with that __ boss,
[A] wishy-washy [B] resolute [C] easy-going [D] promising
39,It is generally accepted that each citizen is ___ to vote in a democracy,
[A] supposed [B] indebted [C] meant [D] exposed
40,It is very necessary that the employers support such___as personal motivation and self-dignity of their employees,
[A] advantages [B] interests [C] shortcomings [D] traits
Test 3
21,From the top of the hill,a beautiful_____ of the city will be revealed to our eyes,
[A] viewpoint [B] outline [C] perceptive [D] perspective
22,Everyone knows that hospitals are ___ where the sick are treated; but how many realize that they were once homes for
the indigent and the friendless?
[A] facilities [B] hostages [C] institutions [D] necessities
23,_________If there is social or political change in a region where a standard language is spoken,local of the language
may develop,
[A] variations [B] varieties [C] changes [D] alterations
24,Employees are not slaves who must bear being ordered around,They would not put their _______ in
their pocket,
[A] overconfidence [B] conceit [C] pride [D] prime
25,Although the pay is not good,people usually find social work ___ in other ways,
[A] payable [B] respectful [C] grateful [D] rewarding
26,What I am telling you is strictly_____,Don't let anyone know of it,
[A] secretive [B] special [C] individual [D] confidential
27,My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very ___ about the food he eats,
[A] special [B] peculiar [C] particular [D] unusual
28,It is not uncommon for advertisers to make____claims about the effectiveness of their products,
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[A] exaggerated [B] numerous [C] undirected [D] scientific
29,Indiana University ____ an eight-campus network,
[A] is composed of [B] makes up [C] constitutes [D] consists
30,In the advanced course students must take objective tests at monthly ___,
[A] length [B] distance [C] intervals [D] gaps
31,A man who doesn' t like to talk about himself or to make his feelings known to others is called a man,
[A] reserved [B] tolerant [C] conservative [D] preserved
32,He reads so ____ that he knows almost everything about various fields of learning,
[A] extensively [B] intensively [C] closely [D] exclusively
33,When a fire broke out in the gallery,at least twenty ___ paintings were destroyed,including two by Picasso,
[A] worthless [B] priceless [C] valueless [D] inexpensive
34,It_____ me that there might be some fault on my part,
[A] struck [B] flashed [C] occurred [D] happened
35.I never see this picture without____ my early days in the countryside,
[A] reminding of [C] reminding to
[B] being reminded of [D] having been reminded
36,The_____cats that are still found in some remote places are distantly related to our friendly domestic companions,
[A] savage [B] wild [C] cruel [D] untamed
37,There are two_____ mistakes in this sentence,Can you point them out?
[A] arranged [B] planned [C] deliberate [D] calculated
38,The large crowds lingering in the streets were quickly____ by the heavy rain,
[A] dispersed [B] removed [C] disposed [D] disappeared
39,John says that his present job does not provide him with enough _____ for his organizing ability,
[A] range [B] space [C] capacity [D] scope
40,Although I tried to concentrate on the lecture I was ___ by the noise from the next door,
[A] disturbed [B] interrupted [C] distracted [D] interfered
Test 4
21,Because he hates dishonesty,he is on his children when they tell lies,
[A] hard [B] fierce [C] strict,[D] serious
22,This ____ was conducted to find out how many people prefer TV series to films,
[A] examination [B] inspection [C] analysis [D] survey
23,He has impressed his employers considerably and ____he is soon to be promoted,
[A] yet [B] accordingly [C] finally [D] eventually
24,The truck driver was badly____ when his truck crashed into a wall,
[A] hit [B] damaged [C] hurt [D] harmed
25,An energetic manager can be a great ____to his firm,
[A] asset [B] influence [C] profit [D] prosperity
26,If you see a doctor leaving a house,you may ____that someone in the house is ill,
[A] conduct [B] deduce [C] induce [D] conduce
27,Certain _____ were found in the report,making it seem that someone had taken money for himself,
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[A] inappreciation [B] disputation [C] imputation [D] irregularities
28,Although he was slight in ____,he was strong and respected by others,
[A] status [B] statue [C] statute [D] stature
29.I didn't bring an umbrella because the weatherman ____a sunny day today,
[A] prophesied [B] foreboded [C] predicted [D] indicted
30,The_____ also brought to England the influence of their French language and innovations in architecture and
methods of warfare,
[A] conquerors [B] victors [C] possessors [D] proprietors
31,The baseball match attracted thousands of____from all over the country,
[A] audience [B] viewers [C] lookers-on [D] spectators
32,The world's population is not ____ evenly throughout the regions of the world,
[A] scattered [B] spread [C] expanded [D] extended
33,He cried out in ____ when they tried to move him from the scene of the accident,
[A] anguish [B] disorder [C] ailment [D] infirmity
34,Don't be misled by the ____ reasoning of the advertising generalizations,
[A] fabulous [B] persuasive [C] fallacious [D] imperative
35,That emperor tried every means to prolong his life,ignoring the fact that all men are
[A] mortal [B] deadly [C] fatal [D] dead
36,What causes emotional problems for children of divorce is generally the events that _____ the break up,
[A] prevailed [B] presided [C] proceeded [D] preceded
37,Found in all parts of the country,pines are the most __ trees in this country,
[A] ordinary [B] average [C] usual [D] common
38,Swarms of ants are always invading my kitchen,They are a thorough __,
[A] nuisance [B] disturbance [C] trouble [D] annoyance
39,The head office of the company has been____from HongKong to New York for the sake of business expansion,
[A] transported [B] transplanted [C] transferred [D] transmitted
40,You should make certain that everyone understands what is required and how to ______ the procedures,
[A] impose [B] implement [C] reinforce [D] rectify
Test 5
21,You can do it if you want to,but in my opinion it's not worth the ______ it involves,
[A] effort [B] attempt [C] force [D] strength
22,Many businesses have turned to automation in order to produce goods more___,
[A] perfectly [B] speedily [C] reasonably [D] simply
23,She had a strong ____ to give a talk about her experiences,because she didn't like the limelight,
[A] disinclination [B] backwardness [C] slowness [D] dissension
24,Everyone approved of the scheme but when we asked for volunteers they all __,
[A] hung on [B] hung about [C] hung back [D] hung up
25,Scientists speculate that_____population growth and dwindling resources may force humans to look to the sea for
food,
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[A] unavoidable [C] unchecked
[B] unexpected [D] unnecessary
26,Her letter was in such a casual scrawl,and in such pale ink,that it was ___,
[A]unintelligible [C] obscure
[B]vague [D] illegible
27,A legend is a popular story ___ history,but which has been elaborated beyond the point of verification,
[A]rooted in [C] cherished by
[B]confined to [D] lost in
28 Thomas Edison considered genius to be_____one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration,
[A] composed of [C] consisted of
[B]constituted in [D] comprised in
29,Labor unions in some western countries are____a 35-hour week in order to create more jobs,
[A] advocating [C] opposing
[B]attacking [D] praising
30,It's been decided as a rule that our faculty gives travelling ___ to those who travel in the
course of their work,
[A]allowances [C] appliances
[B]alliances [D] allotments
31,In big industrial cities,people seldom see a star-filled sky; the bright glow of the cities_____ heavens,
[A] conquers [C] neglects
[B]dominates [D] obscures
32,The football club has decided to take in members from foreign countries,and some of the local members have to be
_______,
[A] laid out [C] laid away
[B] laid off [D] laid up
33,It seems to me that if the Negro represents something in and about the nature of American culture,this should be
__________ by his characteristic music,
[A] exposed [C] revealed
[B] released [D] disclosed
34,It was necessary to____ the movie into three parts in order to show it on television,
[A] abate [C] transact
[B] assert [D] segment
35,They can't possibly reach an agreement on the terms of the contract because they are too____,
[A] inflexible [B] indispensable [C] indefensible [D] incompatible
36,It was a bitter ____ to the Americans that the Russians were the first to orbit the earth,as well as being the first to
launch a man into space,
[A] tragedy [B] disaster [C] disappointment [D] disadvantage
37,The patient has been ____of the safety of the operation in that big city hospital,
[A] entrusted [B] assured [C] confirmed [D] guaranteed
38,It is a very easy thing to devise good laws; the difficulty is how to make them ______,
[A] disused [B] effective [C] powerful [D] comprehensive
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39,As the sky darkened it soon became obvious that a violent thunderstom was _____,
[A] immediate [B] eminent [C] imminent [D] instantaneous
40,The new technological revolution in American newspapers has brought increased ______,a wider range of
publications and an expansion of newspaper jobs,
[A] circulation [B] reproduction [C] manipulation [D] penetration
Test 6
21,One of his eyes was injured in an accident,but after a operation,he quickly recovered his sight,
[A] precise [B] considerate [C] delicate [D] sensitive
22,Why should anyone want to read ___ of books by great authors when the real pleasure comes from reading the
originals?
[A] digests [B] insights [C] themes [D] leaflets
23,Parents have a legal ____ to ensure that their children are provided with efficient
education suitable to their age,
[A] impulse [B] obligation [C] influence [D] sympathy
24,Most nurses are women,but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a ____,
[A] scarcity [B] shortage [C] minimum [D] minority
25,The Home Secretary has been asked to __________because the Union leaders and their employers cannot agree on a
course of action,
[A] meditate [B] intervene [C] negotiate [D] reconcile
26,Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television,
[A] modifying [B] stimulating [C] accelerating [D] duplicating
27,Reading ____ the mind only with materials of knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read ours,
[A] rectifies [B] prolongs [C] furnishes [D] minimises
28,To write a summary effectively,you will need to ___ words for phrases,phrases for sentences,and general entrances for
lists of details,
[A] convert [B] complement [C] substitute [D] constitute
29,Professor Light asked his secretary to _____ a hundred copies of this article on the duplicating machine,
[A] run over [B] run down [C] run into [D] run off
30,During the famine of 1943,millions of Chinese peasants _____ to the cities because they could not survive in the rural areas,
[A] migrated [B] emigrated [C] mobilized [D] immigrated
31,Every weekend when I came back from school,Mother prepared meals_______ enough for a Sahara-bound camel and
made me eat them up,
[A] adequate [B] delicious [C] proficient [D] substantial
32,A third function of intuition is to _____ isolated bits of data and practice into an interesting picture,often in an "Aha!"
experience,
[A] synthesize [B] acknowledge [C] separate [D] illustrate
33,If profit and money are your first _____,and commitment to people your least concern,you have failed education,
[A] potentiality [B] priority [C] superiority [D] responsibility
34,The TV announcer apologized for the breakdown and said that normal service would be___ as soon as possible.,
[A] reserved [B] recited [C] resumed [D] reclaimed
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35,The ship Titanic had been given the extra name of "unsinkable" because __ was the best there was,
[A] manufacture [B] production [C] erection [D] construction
36,Japan has_____ its steps toward putting into effect an international treaty banning chemical weapons,
[A] hurried [B] bustled [C] accelerated [D] rushed
37,Developing countries should adopt labour-intensive technologies to ______ their comparative advantage of abundant
labour,
[A] use [B] exploit [C] employ [D] explore
38,The tests show the earlier in life a person hears a sound the longer it is ______,
[A] retained [B] preserved [C] remained [D] reserved
39,The researchers test college students______ to foreign speech before their second birthday but not since,
[A] disclosed [B] exposed [C] exhibited [D] revealed
40,The government has provided the capital library with heavy _____ to keep it one of the largest in the world,
[A] subscriptions [B] tips [C] subsidies [D] bonuses
Test 7
21,At the age of 40,he had already a great fortune through successful financial dealings,
[A] piled [B] assembled [C] amassed [D] congregated
22,This can______the worry between a couple that they don' t understand each other,
[A] release [B] relent [C] relieve [D] relay
23,The most advanced communication ______can pass information to any member state in no more than five seconds,
[A] furniture [B] facilities [C] equipment [D] ornaments
24,After he returned to Britain,he was _____ with a free trip to the United States,
[A] awarded [B] rewarded [C] warded [D] safeguarded
25,This date marks a turning point for the country in its rapid______ from poverty to prosperity,
[A] transportation [B] transference [C] transformation [D] transmission
26,The lack of manners and common politeness is not ______to business deals,It's a social blank,
[A] exclusive [B] inclusive [C] elusive [D] impassive
27,In the Christian religion,the unlucky number 13 ______back to the Last Supper,
[A] tracks [B] traces [C] dates [D] tails
28,If you are not______ enough in your home language,you can' t handle abstract thought,
[A] literary [B] literate [C] illiterate [D] intelligent
29,A professional novelist _____ the hopes of amateur rivals when he won the Second World One-Day Novel Cup,
[A] abashed [B] dashed [C] gashed [D] crashed
30,The girl was so _____ that they could fool her easily,
[A] incredible [B] credible [C] credulous [D] creditable
31,It' s a matter of _____ true values in the youngest segment of the population,
[A] navigating [B] inculcating [C] dedicating [D] irrigating
32,Japan' s auto market _____ for two-thirds of Tokyo's massive $60 billion trade surplus with Washington,
[A] encounters [B] counters [C] discounts [D] accounts
33,For this end,some people_____ their brains to devise forms that would allow for every possible alternative,
[A] racked [B] creaked [C] packed [D] stacked
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34.The language centre_____ in teaching English as a second language,
[A] specializes [B] focuses [C] majors [D] particularizes
35,Japanese human resource practices include establishing a sense of ______ to a company,
[A] confidence [B] belief [C] loyalty [D] faith
36,He notes that as he gets to know people better,they may become more _____ of him,
[A] fussy [B] fastidious [C] critical [D] captious
37,It is better to assume that those who use slang display sharp _____ for convention and pretense,
[A] slight [B] slander [C] insult [D] disdain
38,The rising demand for _____ goods has helped stimulate the continuous growth in production,
[A] durable [B] liable [C] tolerable [D] blamable
39,The present employment situation is morally unacceptable and economically
[A] irrational [B] reasonable [C] conspicuous [D] meritorious
40,The country has to have a (n) _____ social security system to cushion the pain of unemployment,
[A] adept [B] adequate [C] frustrate [D] fragile
Test 8
21,I want to help you overcome the barriers of_____ and to discover the fascinations of the city,
[A] strangeness [B] curiosity [C] novelty [D] oddness
22,Authorities are mounting a campaign to combat an alarming rise in juvenile ______ and drug taking,
[A] delinquency [B] mistake [C] evil [D] crime
23,The Federal Reserve and other central banks spend a(n)_____ $1 billion to $3 billion buying the US currency,
[A] estimated [B] exact [C] evaluated [D] calculated
24,One may call this a crisis situation because the dollar has _____ quite steadily,
[A] depreciated [B] converted [C] circulated [D] alleviated
25,They attribute the developing______disaster to the systematic destruction of the tropical rain forests,
[A] ecological [B] sociological [C] geographical [D] psychological
26,Australians launched into a shopping spree to ______ the country's economic excesses,
[A] oppress [B] curb [C] disturb [D] lay down
27,To deal with endless tests,I have to ______no pains in burying myself in books,
[A] spare [B] take [C] spend,[D] try
28,The country has been ______ tremendous changes in the economic and social spheres,
[A] underselling [B] undergoing [C] undertaking [D] underbidding
29,Man' s body language can give you important ____ to people's thoughts and feelings,
[A] clues [B] meanings [C] sense [D] ideas
30,Earnings have held up well______some very negative developments,including a big drop in the dollar's value,
[A] instead of [B] in the face of [C] in excess of [D] in consequence of
31,They work long hours but do not earn enough to ensure a_______ living for themselves and their families,
[A] reticent [B] decent [C] innocent [D] descent
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32,There are few areas of our lives in which tools do not play an ______ part,
[A] indispensable [C] indistinguishable
[B] independent [D] indiscriminate
33,Britain' s Channel Four television sent him to New York to do a______ interview for its " The Word" programme,
[A] lively [B] live [C] living [D] alive
34,In one of the most high-tech countries in the world,the process applied by an animator is surprisingly,
[A] physical [B] manual [C] mental [D] sensual
35,It might be_____ noting that while words last a long time,sensitivities do change,
[A] deserved [B] worthwhile [C] worth [D] worthy
36,Sales of personal computers are ______ on both sides of the Atlantic,They have become one of the hottest-selling
consumer electronics items,
[A] plumping [B] buoyant [C] sluggish [D] feeble
37,Worldwide demand for more ______ technology continues to grow,
[A] subtle [B] experienced [C] sophisticated [D] refined
38,The mailman should be here _____; in fact,he should be here in about five minutes,
[A] presently [B] now [C] currently [D] for a while
39,The consumer felt ______ in asking for $10,000 compensation for two months without a reliable television,
[A] hypocritic [B] meticulous [C] justified [D] satisfied
40,It is not a job for someone who wants to make his fortune______,
[A] overnight [B] weekly [C] bimonthly [D] yearly
附录三 答案
第一部分 英译汉全真试题材（1994 年—2004 年）答案
Passage 1
71．他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为变通的东西。
72．新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：,简言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，
这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。,
73．工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
74．伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在 1609 年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准太空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，
而不是围绕地球（旋转） 。
75．政府究竟是以减少对技术和经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
Passage 2
71．把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到其弊病来自测试使用者对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
72．这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
73．因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有关来源等因素。
74．一般来说，当所要测定地特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定
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时，测试的效果最差。
75．例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公，因此不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长的话，会有多大才干。
Passage 3
71.在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求。另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
72．这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
73．给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
74．然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
75．同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
Passage 4
71．事实并非如此，因为提出这样的问题是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
72．有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益相交换的一部分。
73．这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
74．这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
75．这种反应不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应得到嘲弄。
Passage 5
71．但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象。因为他们看到的是 150 亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
72．巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使 20 年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源的主导地位所不可缺少的。
73．天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
74．假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，
亦称宇宙膨胀说。
75．宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中的一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体学家七、八年来一直公认这一论说是正确的。
Passage 6
71．几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认 为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
72．人们之所以关注历史研究方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73．在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
74．所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史探究中各个领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75 这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派； 前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士以各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
Passage 7
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71,在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。
72．再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
73．大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。
74．在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。
75．由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
Passage 8
71．届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及将有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规）,
监控器就会使其停驶。
72．儿童将与将有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，我们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。
73．皮尔林汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术干千年历，它列出了人们有望看到的数百项重大突破的发现的最迟日期。
74．皮尔林指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：,它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出安全电子化的仿真人。,
75．家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁。
Passage 9
61．难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依靠从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
62．行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
63．自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持久体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
64．自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
65,（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解释问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
Passage 10
61．而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
62．社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
63．强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常很重要的社会科学。
64．泰勒：,……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。
65．因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
Passage 11
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61.希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
62．我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱）,是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。
63．这些新近被描述的语言得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责伯阿斯和萨丕尔编造了材料。
64．沃夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。
65.沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
第二部分 英译汉全真模拟试题（ Passage 1――10）答案
Passage 1
71．在一所医学院任教十二年来，我获得的主要印象是：当今美国头号健康问题，甚至比爱滋病或癌症更为严重的问题，就是美国人不知道如何去认识健康与疾病。
72．我们不知道，人本只是用疼痛这种方式通知大脑，是我们的行为出了差错，而并非一定是健康有问题。
73．我们不去探查其缘由，却大服其药，把疼痛压下去，从而招致它以更大的威力再次发作。
74．我们在少年时代就形成了一种奇怪的观念：一种肉眼看不见的叫做细菌的妖怪不断的向我们进攻，我们必须常备不懈地保护自己不受伤害。
75．这篇文章是主旨是：受到疾病攻击时，我们无需感到无助，而应对下述事实抱有充分的信心――人体的健康机制十分精巧，足以应付大部分疾病。
Passage 2
71．拙劣的设计会使经理的和雇员们感以灰心丧气，并且降低他们的工作表现水平，这就是为什么战后以来人们对有效的办分室设计作了大量研究的原因。
72．其中（这些方案中）的最佳方案不仅考虑到建筑物的自然结构，而且考虑到在实施一项设计方案之前就必需要了解的个人与整体之间复杂的关系。
73．此外，公司需要很好的交流、顺畅地交换意见和文书业务往来以及灵活的机动性，这就需要有一种不同的设计形式。
74．美化环境的目的是为全体人员提供一个惬意的工作环境，同时既能经济地使用空间，又能提高管理部门改变办分室布局以适应工作方法之改变的能力。
75．通过严格的音响控制可以使用权噪音保持在可以接受的一般水平地上，从而提供幽静的听觉环境并抵挡外来噪音的侵扰。
Passage 3
71．许多作者学得书面语的种种常规阻碍了他们,为了生动地表达他们的感情、思想和想象，他们几乎不注意公认的语法和句子结构而自由地使用词汇。
72．任何一位伟大的实验艺术家都有极其熟悉他意欲打破的常规：他有能力用公认的方式写作，但是感到那些方式不足以表达他的思想。
73．在任何情况下，应试者都必须彻底了解惯用法，因测试者认为惯用法是公认形式中应该掌握的知识。
74．这种不借助母语直接用外语思维并且用外语表达思想的能力在学习外语的各个阶段都是十分重要的。
75．他会掌握这样一门艺术：合乎逻辑地解释事物、正确无误地书写、用正式语言演讲、自然地与人交谈以及形象生动地描绘事物。
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Passage 4
71,人们似乎对婴儿的死亡一直并不在意，尽管公开杀死婴儿遭到反对，但人们对忽略儿童致死的行为有时是纵容至少是容忍的。
72．尽管这类做法是出于什么原因尚不清楚：是出于经济困难这一典型原因，还是由于抚养非婚子的窘迫，亦或是对婴儿缺乏感情,但许多富有的婚后女性宁愿冒婴儿死亡率高的危险而不负责任地将其婴儿交给乳母这一事实说明了以上做法并非源于经济困难或者是惧怕来自社会的羞辱。
73．的确，在十六世纪，英美两国当局对杀婴案的处理较之其它形式的谋杀案要严厉得多，到十八世纪末，将婴儿送与乳母喂养的做法在英国已不再流行。
74．由于父母与孩子之间的关系被视为是神圣的，不容政府干涉，直到十九世纪末，英国的改革者们才得以说服立法者通过立法保护儿童免受父母虐待。
75．具有讽刺意义的是，保护儿童权益的立法努力竟比保护动物的努力晚了近半个世纪。
Passage 5
71．他必须从消费者的财力及倾向于鼓励或阻碍人们花钱的动机这两方面获取数据。
72．另一种传统的假设是：如果有钱人估计物价会上涨，他们就赶快购买；如果他们估计物价下跌，他们就暂缓购买。
73．此外，已经上涨的物价可能会引起不满或买主的抵制。
74．然而，同时在英国进行的调查结果表明（消费行为）更加符合关于节俭和消费模式的传统假设。
75．如果物价稳定，而且人们也习惯地认为这样的价格“可以接受”并希望其保持稳定，他们就很有可能会购买。
Passage 6
71．这或许是由于生物体逐渐丧失功能，因而抵抗传染病的能力减退，或许往往是由于某一重要器官的衰退导致所有其他器官的死亡。
72．我们不清楚是什么原因导致死亡，但原因也许就是那些导致物种中年轻成员死亡的因素：疾病和被捕食。
73．不管怎样，它们稳定生长的能力，即使生长得很缓慢，的确像是保护着他们免受衰老的有害影响。
74．人虽然到 30 岁就有可能发现与衰老有关的退化现象，但功能的致命性丧失也许在很久以后才会发现。
75．肌力减退、肺活量降低、心泵血量减少、肾脏形成尿的能力下降以及代谢经率减缓，这些仅仅是伴随衰老而发生的许多身体变化中的几项。
Passage 7
71．他们必须竭尽全力把他们看到的同他们希望看到的区分开来——因为人类具有很大的自欺能力。
72．某种观点一旦接受，人们往往会特别注意那些似乎是证实这一观点的事例，而那些似乎与此观点相悖的事例则被歪曲、贬低或忽视。
73．然而，有能力的科学家必须善于改变看法，这是因为科学所追求的并不是捍卫我们已有的信念，而是改进它们，只有那些不迷恋于流行理论的人才能创造出更好的理论来。
74．例如，如果某人声称某一程序具有某种结果，那么通过某一程序来证实或推断这一断言的原则上是可行的。
75．错误（和谎言）迟早会被发现，痴心妄想注定要被揭穿。因此，对科学进步极为重要的诚实就成了与科学家自身利益息息相关的事情。
Passage 8
71．于是，我们面临着一种选择：要么运用技术提供和满足那些迄今尚被认为不必要的需求，要么运用技术缩短人们为维持一定生活水平而必须付出的工作时间。
72．可是，广大的家庭主妇却希望从日常家务中完全解放出来，例如：擦地板、澡盆、炊具、洗衣服、餐具、掸尘土、扫地和铺床。
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73．它将是一部和汽车一样没有情感的机器，但它有一个指令储存器，并且有一定程度接受指令或固有的适应能力，即根据它发现各类物体所处的位置作相应的调整。
74．要生产这样的家用机器存在着各种问题，但目前我们已经有可能解决这些问题。
75．毫无疑问，有些家庭喜欢在晚上睡觉后让机器人做楼下所有的家务活儿，而另一些家庭则宁愿让这些活儿在早上做，但这完全是个选择问题。
Passage 9
71．人类作为一个物种其惊人的成功在于人类大脑进化发展的结果，这种结果引发了许多事情，其中包括工具的使用和制造，通过逻辑推理、细心合作、运用语言解决问题的能力。
72．现代黑猩猩的大脑大概同数百万年前指挥最早猿人举止的大脑没有多大的区别。
73．黑猩猩的确不能把它的工具造成“常规或固定的形状”,但是史前人类在石器发展以前毫无疑问也是用棍子、
稻草摸索着发展，在那个阶段他似乎也不可能将工具制成固定形状。
74,正是由于在大多数为头脑中工具与人类的密切联系,人类才特别关注可以把物体当工具使用的任何一种动物，
但值得注意的是，这种能力就其自身而言并不表明这种动物有什么特别智慧。
75．当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的范围，并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的崭新问题，工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的阶段。
Passage 10
71．炉灶可以根据冰箱和碗柜中现有的烹调原材料，拟好几套菜谱，既让所有的朋友满意，又能避免主人不喜欢的原料。
72．我们如今正处在另一个重要变化过程中，但这次变化是增加腰围而不是增加身高，因为我们是以看电视等久坐不动的方式打发闲暇时间。
73．节省劳动力的装置将带来的社会变化还有可能损坏人际关系，造成一部分人失业，甚至引发人们对技术的强烈抑制。
74,我们有可能成为一个没有人情味,专注于技术的社会,但是技术根本不能使许多事低收人职业的人得到解放。
75．如果你担心活动锻炼的时间太少，有人会乐于制造一种供你开展体育锻炼的机器，使你在关注于工作的同时消耗体内的热量。
第三部分 2003 年和 2001 年英译汉评分标准（略）
第四部分 完形填空全真试题（ 1994 年— 2004 年）答案
Passage 1.ACBDC ABCDD
Passage 2.BCCBD CADAB
Passage 3.CDABC ADBCA
Passage 4,ACDAB DCBAD
Passage 5,ABDAD DABCD
Passage 6,DABAB CDCAD
Passage 7,CABAC DBDCD
Passage 8,DADBA CDBBA BCBAC ADCDC
Passage 9,ADCBB ADDCB DAACB DACBC
Passage 10,ABCDC BDCAD ADBDC DBACA
Passage 11,CDADA BCDAB ACDBA BBDAC
第五部分 完形填空全真模似试题（ Passage 1— 14）答案
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大纲样题
CBADA BBDCC ADABA BDCCD
全真模似试题
Passage 1,BADAD BDBAD CAADA DBDAD
Passage 2,BBDAA ADBAB ABCAD AADAD
Passage 3,BDBCD DADBA AADBA BDABA
Passage 4,BDAAD CADAC DAABD ACBDA
Passage 5,DBBCA DCBAA DCCBA DCDAB
Passage 6,CABCB DACCB ADABB BCACD
Passage 7,CAAAC ACAAD CBADB CAADC
Passage 8,ABBBA DCCCD DBABA DCAAD
Passage 9,CDACB ADBBA BCBAD DACDB
Passage 10,BACDB CDBAB CABDA DCBAA
Passage 11,AADAB DCABA CAADC CCCCA
Passage 12,DABCB ACDDA CBABC DDACB
Passage 13,DCACB DACBB DDAAA BDADB
Passage 14,CDBCA BAACA ABCAA BABCD
第六部分 填空式阅读答案
大纲样题
41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 45.C
全真模拟试题
Passage 1,41.D 42.G 43.A 44.E 45.B
Passage 2,41.B 42.G 43.D 44.A 45.C
Passage 3,41.C 42.B 43.F 44.E 45.A
Passage 4,41.E 42.D 43.B 44.F 45.A
Passage 5,41.B 42.F 43.A 44.C 45.D
Passage 6,41.C 42.E 43.F 44.A 45.D
Passage 7,41.D 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.C
Passage 8,41.C 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.E
Passage 9,41.C 42.B 43.E 44.A 45.D
Passage 10,41.C 42.F 43.A 44.B 45.D
附录一 词汇全真试题材（ 1994 年— 2001 年）答案
1994 年词汇真题答案,CADBD CABBB CABDC CDAAB
1995 年词汇真题答案,BDCCA BDCAA DBACB ADDAB
1996 年词汇真题答案,DBDCA BDBAC DACDC BDBAD
1997 年词汇真题答案,ABDAC BAACD ACACD BDBCD
1998 年词汇真题答案,CBDDD ACBCB AADAB CACBD
1999 年词汇真题答案,ADCBA CABDC CBDCC BABDB
2000 年词汇真题答案,BDCAD ACDAB BABDC AADBC
2001 年词汇真题答案,BABCC CDACB DCBAC ADBBD
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附录二 词汇全真模拟试题答案
Test 1,ABDCC CBBCC CBDAA CCAAD
Test 2,CBBC DBBAC AADBC DAAAD
Test 3,DCBCD DCACC AABAB BCADC
Test 4,ADBCA BDDCA DBACA DDACB
Test 5,ACACC DAAAA DBCDD CBBCA
Test 6,CABDB DCCDA DABCD CBABC
Test 7,CCBBC ACBBC DBAAC CDAAB
Test 8,AAAAA BABAB BABBC BCACA