1993年试题与分析
Section ⅠUse of English
Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture,its development into a specialized field is really quite recent,Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be ___1___in a single large building.
The importance of interior design becomes 2 when we realize how much time we __3_ surrounded by four walls,Whenever we need to be indoors,we want our surroundings to be _ 4 attractive and comfortable as possible,We also expect 5 place to be appropriate to its use,You would be 6 if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look 7 the inside of a restaurant,And you wouldn’t feel 8 in a business office that has the appearance of a school.
It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic 9 is the function of the particular 10,For example,a theater with poor sight lines,poor sound-shaping qualities,and 11 few entries and exits will not work for 12 purpose,no matter how beautifully it might be 13,Nevertheless,for any kind of space,the designer has to make many of the same kind of 14 _,He or she must coordinate the shapes,lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor,15 _addition,the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture,according to the functions that need to be served
1,[A] consisted [B] contained [C] composed [D] comprised
2,[A] obscure [B] attractive [C] appropriate [D] evident
3,[A] spend [B] require [C] settle [D] retain
4,[A] so [B] as [C] thus [D] such
5,[A] some [B] any [C] this [D] each
6,[A] amused [B] interested [C] shocked [D] frightened
7,[A] like [B] for [C] at [D] into
8,[A] correct [B] proper [C] right [D] suitable
9,[A] care [B] concern [C] attention [D] intention
10,[A] circumstance [B] environment [C] surroundings [D] space
11,[A] too [B] quite [C] a [D] far
12,[A] their [B] its [C] those [D] that
13,[A] painted [B] covered [C] ornamented [D] decorated
14,[A] solutions [B] conclusions [C] decisions [D] determinations
15,[A] For [B] In [C] As [D] with
文章大意首先指出室内设计发展成一个专门领域的时间不长，但却已经很重要。接着分析原因：一是建筑物往往具有很多功能；二是人们大部分时间是在室内度过，因此希望其环境舒适宜人。最后介绍室内设计者关注的基本问题是室内空间的功能。
试题解析
1.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：近义动词的区别。
四个选择项都有“包含、构成”之意，但用法不同。句子中有助动词be的存在，因此，这就点明了所选的动词应能够使用被动语态。contain作及物动词时，意为“包含”，可用于主动或被动语态，为正确选项。
consist是一个不及物动词，无被动语态。consist of 表示“由……组成、构成”，等同于be composed of。例：Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.（水由氢和氧组成）。consist in 表示“以某事物为其主要的或惟一的因素或特征，在于”，如：True patriotism consists in putting the interests of one’s country above everything else,including one’s own life.(真正的爱国主义就是把国家利益置于任何其他利益之上，包括自己的生命)；Happiness consists in contentment(知足常乐)。consist with 表示“符合，与……一致”，例：Theory should consist with practice.(理论应与实践相符合)。
compose意为“（事物的部分或成分）构成”，如：the short scenes that compose the play(组成此剧的各幕)。它用于被动语态时需与of连用，be composed of 意为“（由某事物）组成或构成”。
comprise意为“包含，组成，构成”，一般指构成整体的全部成分，如：Two small boys and a dog comprised the street entertainer’s only audience.(两个小男孩和一条狗成了街头艺人仅有的观众)。当它用于被动语态时，通常也要与of连用，如：America is comprised of 55 states.(美国由55个州组成)。
2.[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：表语形容词及对文章主旨的把握。
首先，我们可以从词义的搭配上来加以区分。attractive意为“有吸引力的”，如：goods attractive in price and quality(价廉物美的货物)。appropriate意为“合适的”，如：His casual clothes were not appropriate for such a formal occasion.(他的便服不适宜在这样正式的场合穿)。这两个词都不能与作为主语的importance搭配。obscure意为“模糊不清的”。evident意为“明显的”。文章第二段一直强调室内设计的重要性，因此重要性是明显的。
3.[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词搭配。
空格所在部分是how much time+定语从句，surrounded by…是过去分词做主语we的补语，相当于when we are surrounded by…。空格填入的词必须能够与其逻辑宾语time搭配，填入的动词的含义要表示“花费、消耗”这样的词意。
四个选项中，spend表示“度过，花费，消耗”，多用于时间，金钱。spend 与time属于固定的动宾搭配。how much time we spend意为“我们花多少时间”，也就是说“我们花多少时间呆在室内”，因此，spend为正确选项。require表示“要求，需要，命令”；settle意为“安放，定居，解决”；retain意为“保持，保留”。这三个词都不常与time搭配，而且也不符合文意。
4.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：比较结构的固定短语搭配。
本句的后面出现了关键信息词as possible。as… as possible意为“尽可能”，是固定短语。
as… as意为“和……一样”，not so… as 意为“不如”。
5.[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：代词的用法。
some修饰可数名词复数时，表示“一些”，而句子中的place是单数；当它用在单数可数名词前时表示“某种”，也与题意不符。any表示“任何一个”，与文意不符。this place是特定地指某地，在文中作者是泛指，因此this不符合题意。each意为“每一个”，相当于every,each place在此处指室内的每一个地方，符合题意。
6.[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：表语形容词的用法以及对全文主旨的把握。
选项中的四个词都可用来表达人的感觉或感情色彩。上文提到，我们也期望房间的每一个地方的设计都与它的用途相适合；空格所在句子指出，如果你的卧室突然变得像饭店一样，你肯定会感到……。由于“卧室像饭店”显然是不符合房间的用途，因此空格处的形容词应带有贬义。
amused“被逗乐的,感到愉快的”和interested“有兴趣的”不符文意。而shocked表示“震惊，大吃一惊”，程度比surprised要深，更符合原文的意思。frightened表示“被惊吓的”，更强调的是“害怕”之意，不符合逻辑。
7.[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：介词的搭配。
选项的四个介词都可以与动词look相搭配，但意义差别较大。look like意为“看起来像”；look for 意为“寻找”；look at 意为“看”；look into意为“调查，窥视，观察”。根据句子的结构可知，look的逻辑主语the inside of your bedroom是静止的事物，因而只能选用表示对比意义的动词短语。look like the inside of a restaurant意为“看起来像餐馆店堂一样”。
8.[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：近义形容词区分。
这个句子要求考生回答：坐在一间装饰得像教室一样的商务办公室，人的感觉会怎样？
correct表示“正确的，端正的”，如:make correct decisions(做出正确的决定)；a very correct young man (仪态非常端庄的年轻人)。它通常是对一个事物作出的理性的评价，如“正确、错误”之类，用在这里，语义不符。另外，从词义上说，right,proper,suitable都有“合适的，恰当的”之意。proper通常表示“符合某种特定要求的正确作法，如行为是否合理，分寸是否恰当”；suitable则通与介词to或for连用，意为“适合于某种目的和场合”，两都不符合题意。
right除了表示“正确的、合适的”意义之外，还可表达出人的心理活动，not feel right表示“感觉不太舒服”，正符合题意。
9.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：近义名词的区分。
从上下文来看，第二段着重阐述的是室内的装饰应与建筑物的空间的不同用途（或功能）相一致，很显然，第三段作者应论述设计师要关注建筑物的室内空间的准确用途是否合理这一问题。
concern与care都表示“关心”。但是care一般用于带感情色彩的事情，有“照料、关切”的意思。concern着重于所关心的问题或对象，例：The managing director’s only concern was how to improve the quality of their products.(总经理心里想的全是如何提高产品质量)。
attention意为“小心、注意（力）、专心”，也有关心之意，但这个词的意义的重点在“注意”，即“集中精力做某事”。如：Your suggestion has come to our attention.（我们已经考虑了你的建议）。intention意为“意图，目的”，如：I began reading with the intention of finishing the book,but I never did,(我开始读这本书时想读完它，可是我从来就没把它读完)。
10.[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：近义名词的区分以及从上下文获取线索。
继续读下去，我们会发现在后面出现了for any kind of space(对任何空间而言)，与前面相互呼应，所以应选space“空间”。circumstance意为“环境，详情，情况”，多用复数形式，如：The circumstances forced me to accept,(环境迫使我不得不同意)。environment意为“环境”，如：adjust to a new environment(适应新的环境)。surroundings意为“环境”，如：The house is in beautiful surroundings.(这座房屋四周的环境优美)。
11.[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：程度副词的用法。
本题的语境句是一个双重否定句。with短语中的三点内容，即poor sight lines、poor sound-shaping qualities和few entries and exits中的poor和few都具有否定的意义，正好与剧院内部设计的“不合理”相对应。根据上下文，必须继续保持few的否定意义。
too用于形容词或副词前，表示“太、过于”；它也可用于表示数量的形容词前，表示“太多或太少”，如：too many people (太多人)。too few entries and exits强调太少的进出口，符合文意。quite a few 意为“很多”,表达的是肯定的意义，一般不用quite few，例：quite a few illustrations(相当多的插图)。far 作副词用时，可以表示“很，非常”，一般用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级，如：She is far better than me at writing(她写作比我好很多)。
12.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：代词的用法。
解答本题的关键在于弄清楚句子前后的指代关系。该句可简化为a theater will not work for purpose。根据上下文，此处应填入表示所属关系的物主代词，同时，所填入的代词既要与前面的主句的主语a theater(单数，指物)一致，也要与后面从句中的主语it一致。
从四个选项来看，those和that 都是指代词，显然不符合要求。their 虽然是物主代词，但它表示的是一个复数意义，与单数主语相矛盾。也应排除。因此，正确的答案只能是its。 work for its purpose意为“使用起来合乎其目的”。
13.[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：近义动词的区分。
paint意为“刷油漆”，如：He painted the wall yellow(他把墙漆成黄色)。 cover意为“覆盖”，如：She covered the table with a cloth(她用一块布把桌子罩起来)。这两个词都不符合句意。
ornament和decorate都有“装饰”之意，但具体的含义不一。ornament意为用物件“装饰点缀”、“美化”，如：ornament a hall with paintings(用画装饰大厅)。decorate除有“装饰”之意外，还有对房屋进行“装潢、粉刷”之意。室内设计的职责主要是进行室内的装修设计。因而decorated应为本题的正确选项。
14.[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：近义名词的区分和上下文的搭配关系。
solution意为“（问题，疑难的）解决办法”，常与achieve,find等动词搭配使用，它不能与make搭配。如：This is the only practicable solution imaginable(这是惟一想得出的切实可行的解决办法)。conclusion表示“结论”，常与draw,reach和come to连用，也不能与make搭配。decision和determination都表示“决定，决心”，但determination更强调的是“坚定、果断的决心”，在此也不符合，因此只有decision可选，在文中表示“作出同样的决定”。
15.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：短语的固定搭配。
In addition表示“此外”，属于固定搭配。
三、全文翻译
尽管室内设计自建筑业出现之初业已存在，但它发展成为一个专门的领域的历史却不长。室内设计师们的角色变得十分重要，部分原因在于单单一个大型建筑物就包含有诸多的功能。
当意识到我们有多少时间是在室内度过时，室内设计的重要性就凸现出来了。无论什么时候，当需要呆在屋内时，我们都希望我们的环境尽可能的宜人并且舒适。我们也期望室内的每一个地方都被恰当使用。如果你的卧室突然变得像餐馆的店堂一样，你肯定会感到惊讶。同样，坐在一间装饰得像教室一样的商务办公室里，你也不会感到舒服。
很明显，室内设计者关注的最重要的基本问题就是某一特定空间的功能。例如，具有微弱的光线、劣质的声音调整品质的剧院的内部设计以及进出口太少的剧院不会发挥其功能，不管它装潢设计得多美丽。然而，无论任一类型的空间，设计者必须作出许多相同的决定。他（她）必须协调从天花板至地板所有东西的形状、照明及装饰。此外，设计者通常必须根据需要满足的功能选择家具或设计嵌入式家具。
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Passage 1
Is language,like food,a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of FrederickⅠin the thirteenth century,it may be,Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue,he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year,But clearly there was more than lack of language here,What was missing was good mothering,Without good mothering,in the first year of life especially,the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick,Nevertheless,some children are still backward in speaking,Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant,whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly,If these sensitive periods are neglected,the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again,A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time,but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age,but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ,At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words,At three he knows about l,000 words which he can put into sentences,and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak,What is special about man’s brain,compared with that of the monkey,is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of,say,a toy-bear with the sound pattern,toy-bear”,And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him,to analyze,to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
But speech has to be induced,and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’ s babbling ( 咿呀学语),grasping and smiling,and responds to them,Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals,Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
16,The purpose of Frederick Ⅰ’s experiment was__
[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
[D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
17,The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that__
[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly
[B] they are exposed to too much language at once
[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak
[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them
18,What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that
[A] he is born with the capacity to speak
[B] he has a brain more complex than an animal’s
[C] he can produce his own sentences
[D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing
19,Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man,
[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
[C] The child’ s brain is highly selective.
[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.
20,If a child starts to speak later than others,he will
[A] have a high IQ [B] be less intelligent
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals [D] not necessarily be backward
一、文章结构总体分析
本文是一篇介绍儿童学习语言关键期的文章。文章指出，学习语言有关键期，过了这个时期学习的进程就会变得缓慢，此外，婴儿天生就具有说话的能力，但说话有赖于母亲与孩子的交流。
第一段：提出讨论的主要议题：没有语言，孩子的成长是否会受到损害。
第二段：Frederick I的实验说明语言缺乏是孩子受损的一个原因，缺少哺育是另一重要原因。
第三段：指出孩子学习语言有关键期，超过关键期，语言学习会有困难。
第四段：给出例子，说明说话晚不一定智商低。
第五段：指出儿童天生就具有说话的能力，他创造自己句子的能力尤其令人吃惊。
第六段：指出孩子说话必须经过引导，但这有赖于母亲与孩子的交流。
二、试题分析
16.
The purpose of FrederickⅠ’s experiment was__
Frederick Ⅰ实验的目的是______。
[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
[A] 证明孩子生来就具有说话的能力
[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
[B] 发现孩子在没有听见人类语言的情况下会说哪种语言
[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
[C] 研究细心护理在教孩子说话中起什么作用
[D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
[D] 证明在没有学习语言的情况下，孩子会受到伤害
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节中的目的。
文章在第一段论述了Frederick I 的实验，并在该段最后一句话的前半句用分词形式引导的目的状语，直接说明该实验的目的：Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue,he…。由此可见他要求保育员保持沉默，其目的就是为了发现婴儿在听不到母语的情况下会讲什么语言。[B]选项是原文的合理改写，为正确答案。
[A]选项与本段内容不符，况且文章第五段第一句Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak说明[A]选项的内容是现代人的发现，并非十三世纪的这个实验的目的。
[C]选项与实验毫不相干，尽管文中第二段提到此实验中孩子的死亡并不仅仅是因为缺乏语言，还因为缺少细心护理，但这不是Frederick I 实验的目的，而是实验后人们的分析。
[D]选项只是实验的结果，是人们在实验后得到的结论，并不是Frederick I 做这个实验的最初目的。
17.
The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that__
一些孩子在说话上迟钝的主要原因是____。
[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly
[A]他们不能迅速学会语言
[B] they are exposed to too much language at once
[B]他们同时置身于太多的语言之中
[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak
[C]母亲对孩子要说话的欲望回应不足
[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them
[D]他们的妈妈智力不够，帮不了他们
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：细节中的原因。
第三段第二句提到“一些孩子在说话上迟钝”，随后指出原因：Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant…。[C]选项是原文的改写。respond inadequately与Insensitive相应，their attempts to speak与the signals of the infant一致。因此[C]选项为正确答案。
[A]选项与第三段第三句whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly含义相反。 [B]、[D]这两个选项都是文中没有涉及的内容。注意at once在这里为“同时”之意。
18.
What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that
儿童最不可思议的方面是__________。
[A] he is born with the capacity to speak
[A]他生来就具有说话的能力
[B] he has a brain more complex than an animal’s
[B]与动物相比，他的大脑更复杂
[C] he can produce his own sentences
[C]他能创造自己的句子
[D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing
[D]他的说话能力归功于好的照顾
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：细节归纳。
作者在第五段第一句和第二句都分别提到[A]选项和[B]选项。这两个选项都是儿童的普通能力特征，[B]选项更是所有人，包括成人的共有特征，因此都应排除。
第五段是后一句话中的even more incredible 表明后述内容比前述内容重要，即：the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language…,to analyze,to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways为儿童最不可思议的方面。而[C]选项为原文的确切改写，为正确答案。
[D]选项与文章内容不符，文章第六段指出说话能力的引导有赖于母亲对孩子的交流，与“照顾”的概念不同。此外作者也没说它是最难以置信的能力。owe…to意思是“归功于，得感谢。”
19.
Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
哪个选项不能从短文中推论出来？
[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man,
[A]人生来具有说话能力
[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
[B]鼓励在孩子学语言的过程中根本不起什么作用
[C] The child’ s brain is highly selective.
[C]儿童的大脑具有高度选择性
[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.
[D]绝大多数孩子在确定的阶段学习语言
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申的是非判断。
本题可对选项直接进行排除。
[A]选项与第五段第一句话… an infant is born with the capacity to speak 相一致。faculty意为“能力”。
[B]选项与最后一段提出的“母亲应对孩子的信号给予回应、进行鼓励”不符。因此[B]为答案。Anything but 意思是“根本不”。
[C]选项中“儿童大脑的高度选择性”在第五段第三句the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him得以说明。
第三段最后一句话以鸟为例说明儿童学习语言有关键期，此外，第四段首句… speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age也说明了这一点，与[D]选项一致。
20.
If a child starts to speak later than others,he will
如果一个孩子开始说话比其他孩子晚，他将来会_______。
[A] have a high IQ
[A] 具有高智商
[B] be less intelligent
[B] 智商低
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals
[C] 对语言信号不敏感
[D] not necessarily be backward
[D] 不一定低智商
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申。
文章第四段第一句话举出例子：speech started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ，这说明说话晚的孩子后来也可能具有高智商，也就是说，说话晚并不一定低智商。因此[B]选项不正确，而[D]选项正确。但这并不能说明凡是说话晚的孩子将来智商都高。因此[A]选项也不正确。文章并未涉及[C]选项的内容。
三、文章长难句解析和佳句赏析长难句
①But clearly there was more than lack of language here.
注意句中more than 的用法，more than意为“超出……的”。注意more… than 和more than 的意思不同。前者的意思是“与其说……倒不如说”。如：The child was more frightened than hurt,(这孩子的伤倒不算什么，只是受惊不小)。原句中lack意为“缺乏”。另外，考生还应知道for lack of 的含义：“因缺乏”。如：For lack of evidence,the prisoner was released(由于证据不足，犯人获释)。
译文：但是，显然这不仅仅是缺少语言的问题。
②Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age,but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.
本句由两个并列分句构成。前半句suggest 后是that引导的宾语从句。后半句中cases后接有定语从句where speech has started late in a child，其中where=in which，即in those cases。a child后是由who 引导的定语从句对其进行修饰，句中turn out意为“最后是，最后成为，成长为”，如：The boy will turn out to be a marvelous man（这个男孩将会成长为一个了不起的人）。
译文：专家指出人按照固定的顺序并在一定的年龄进入说话阶段，但也有开始说话晚，最后成为高智商者的例子。
③Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant,whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.
此句主语是the reason for this，is后是表语从句that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant，接着是修饰infant的非限定性定语从句。句中program的动词形式原意是“编制程序”，引申义为“计划或安排某事物”。insensitive的意思是“不敏感”，是sensitive(敏感的；易受伤害的)的反义词。
译文：通常是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感，而婴儿的大脑已经对快速学习语言做好安排。
四、词汇注释
(1) starve（v.）使挨饿，使饿死；使因缺乏某物而困苦，如：She’s lonely,and starving for companionship,她很孤独，渴望友谊。
(2) capacity（n.）容量，生产量；智能，才能，能力，接受力；地位，身份，资格
(3) backward（a./ad.）向后地(的)，相反地(的)；落后的，迟钝的，如：This part of the country is still ~.这个国家的这个地区仍很落后。
(4) in a fixed sequence 以固定的顺序；sequence（n.）次序,顺序,按时间顺序排列的事物，（数学中的）序列
(5) constant（a.）恒定的，不变的；连续发生的，持续不断的，at a ~ age在一特定的年龄
(6) turn out to be 最后结果时是，最终成为，如：Things turned out to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.事情正如教授所预料的那样。
(7) enable （v.）使能够，如A rabbit’s large ears ~ it to hear the slightest sound.兔子的大耳朵使它能听到极微小的声音。 en-前缀意思是：使、使成为，使处于……状态，如：enlarge（v.）扩大，endanger（v.）使处于危险中
(8) induce（vt.）劝诱,诱导，促使,导致,引起感应；inducement（n.）引诱物
(9) dull （a.）感觉或理解迟钝的,无趣的,呆滞的,阴暗的；（v.）使迟钝,使阴暗,缓和
五、全文翻译
语言是否如同食物这种人们的基本需求一样，没有了它，在关键期的儿童会饿死和受到损害？从十三世纪弗雷德里克一世的极端实验来看，语言可能会是这样。弗雷德里克一世期望发现如果没有母语，儿童将说什么语言，他叫护士保持沉默。
所有的婴儿在第一年就夭折了。但是，显然这不仅仅是缺少语言的问题。（长难句①）真正缺乏的是良好的哺育。没有良好的哺育，尤其是在生命的第一年，人的生存能力会受到严重的影响。
当今不会再存在如同弗雷德里克那样欠缺的安排了。然而，一些儿童仍然在说话方面滞后。通常是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感，而婴儿的大脑已经对快速学习语言做好了安排。（长难句③）如果这些敏感的阶段被忽略的话，那么学习技能的最佳时间将被错过，同时人可能再也不会那么容易地学习这些技能了。小鸟在合适的时候能够很快地学会唱歌和飞翔，但一旦关键期错过了，那么学起来就会既慢又难。
专家指出人按照固定的顺序并在一定的年龄进入说话阶段，但也有开始说话晚，最后成为高智商者的例子。（长难句②）十二周的时候，婴儿会笑并且发出类似元音的声音；在十二个月的时候，他会说简单的单词并且听懂简单的指令；在十八个月的时候他有三到五十个词汇量。在三岁的时候，他知道大约一千个能够用来造句的单词，到了四岁的时候，他的语言在风格而不是语法方面与他父母的语言迥异。
最近的研究结果表明，婴儿生来就有说话的能力。与猴子大脑相比，婴儿大脑之所以特殊在于其复杂的系统能使儿童把对玩具熊这样具体事物的视觉及感觉与“玩具熊”这个词语的声音模式连接起来。更让人难以置信的是这个小脑袋从周围混杂的声音里挑选出语言的顺序，对其对进行分析，再以新的方式对语言的各部分进行组合、再组合的能力。
但是说话需要引导，这依赖于儿童与母亲的交流，在此过程中，母亲识别儿童咿呀学语，抓东西和微笑等的信号并对这些信号做出反应。母亲对这些信号的不敏感性会削弱交流，因为儿童受挫，同时他们仅仅会发出明显的信号。对儿童非语言信号的敏感对语言的产生和发展是必要的。
Passage 2
In general,our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic ( 官僚主义的)management in which man becomes a small,well-oiled cog in the machinery,The oiling is done with higher wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music,and by psychologists and,human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless,that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it,In fact,the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious,not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life,They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious,Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates,They are even more insecure in some respects,They are in a highly competitive race,To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect,When they apply for their first job,they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence,From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists,for whom testing is a big business,and by their superiors,who judge their behavior,sociability,capacity to get along,etc,This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century,free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not,Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown,I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements,Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from ruling man.
21,By,a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is
[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible
[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society,though functioning smoothly
[D] a humble component of the society,especially when working smoothly
22,The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that
[A] they are likely to lose their jobs
[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence
23,From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those
[A] who are at the bottom of the society
[B] who are higher up in their social status
[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors
[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world
24,To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should
[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors
[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees
[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities
[D] take the fundamental realities for granted
25,The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of __
[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction [C] suspicion [D] tolerance
一、文章结构总体分析本文是一篇社会生活类型的文章，主要介绍了官僚资本主义给人们带来的焦虑感，使他们失去了独立性。文章末尾作者给出了建议。
第一段：指出人在官僚主义经营下的产业社会中只是上了油的小齿轮，变得无能为力，只能随着自动化机器和官僚化管理的节拍跳动。
第二、三段：分别指出普通工人和领导阶层的雇员都有焦虑感，使他们享受不到生活的幸福，失去了独立性。
第四段：作者又对这样的事实提出建议，即：不是要回到工业化前的生活模式中，而是要建立人本主义的产业社会，充分发挥人的潜力。
二、试题分析
21.
By,a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is
作者使用a well-oiled cog in the machinery要表达的意思是_____。
[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible
[A] 人虽然作用小，却是社会不可缺少的一部分
[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
[B] 人与社会其他部分处于完全和谐的状况下
[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society,though functioning smoothly
[C] 人虽然正常运转，但与社会其他部相比是不重要的一部分
[D] a humble component of the society,especially when working smoothly
[D] 人是社会低下的组成部分，尤其当他正常工作时
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义句意首段第一句中giant enterprises与small,well-oiled cog形成强对比，映补出人的微小。接着作者又对oiling进行了解释，即通过高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等手段使人顺利工作，然后用yet引导的句子指出这些“润滑油”无法改变的事实：man has become powerless。此外，该段最后一句话workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines也强调了人的“无力”。由此可见，人已经变成微不足道的小小齿轮，无能为力，受人摆布。[C]选项与此意相符，为正确答案。
[A]选项是对人的作用的肯定，不符合原文powerless,puppets的否定含义。[B]选项是通过第一段第二句……higher wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music,and by psychologists and,human-relations”experts…得出的结论，却忽略了yet 对它的否定和对后述内容的强调：man has become powerless。[D]选项错在后面的条件。原文中说人是微不足道，并未有附加条件。
22.
The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that
工人和雇员焦虑的真正原因是_______。
[A] they are likely to lose their jobs
[A] 他们可能会失业
[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
[B] 他们对生活没有真正的满足和兴趣
[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
[C] 他们面临着人类生存的基本现实
[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence
[D] 他们被剥夺了个性和独立性
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：细节的原因文章第二段第一句话引出工人和雇员焦虑的原因：… not only because they might find themselves out of a job; … also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life。 [A]、[B]选项分别指出了其中的一个原因。这两个原因无轻重之分，因此，[A]选项若正确，[B]选项也应为正确选项。通过这样的分析，可将[A]、[B]选项同时排除，因为不可能有两个正确答案。
[C]选项与文章第二段第二句they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence…不相符。因此也排除。
通过they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence…以及第三段第五句When they apply for their first job,they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissive and independence，可以推断出，为了更好的使顺从性和独立性融合，他们会放弃一些独立性。[D]选项确切表达了这一思想。
23.
From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those
从文中可以推知，生活中真正的幸福属于________。
[A] who are at the bottom of the society
[A] 社会最底层的人
[B] who are higher up in their social status
[B] 社会地位较高的人
[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors
[C] 那些证明自己比同事更优秀的人
[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world
[D] 能够远离这个竞争性社会的人
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落推论文章第三段最后一句话：this constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness sand illness说明造成不快乐的原因就是竞争，反过来说，只有远离竞争，才会体验生活的真正幸福。因此[D]选项为正确答案。
[A]选项与第二段内容不符。二段首句就直接指出the workers and employees are anxious。因此他们得不到真正的幸福。[B]选项又与三段“领导阶层的雇员也有焦虑感”不符。[C]选项与三段最后一句话this constant need to prove that one is… better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness and illness相悖。
24.
To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should
作者建议，为了解决目前的社会问题，我们应该 _______。
[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors
[A] 采取祖先所使用的生产方式
[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees
[B] 为工人和雇员提供高工资
[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities
[C] 使人充分发挥其潜力
[D] take the fundamental realities for granted
[D] 对现实听之任之
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：细节理解在文章最后一段，作者提出了解决现存社会问题的建议。第二、三句对首句所问问题的否定回答Certainly not,Problems are never solved…表明我们不能采取过去的生产方式来解决问题。因此，[A]选项与此文章内容不符，予以排除。[C]选项与该段第四句a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities… are the aims of all social arrangements一致，为正确答案。
[B]选项文中未提到。况且，第一段作者就指出增加工资这种“润滑油”无法改变事实。[D]选项与最后一段作者建议（transforming our social system）相悖。
25.
The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of __
作者对工业主义的态度是_______。
[A] approval
[A] 赞许
[B] dissatisfaction
[B] 不满意
[C] suspicion
[C] 怀疑
[D] tolerance
[D] 宽容
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度文章二、三段指出目前官僚经营的工业主义给下至普遍工人，上至领导阶层都带来了焦虑，最后一段作者又提出改造工业制度，使其更适合人性发展的建议。由此可见，作者对工业主义是不满意的。故[B]选项为正确答案。
[A]选项明显与作者态度相悖；作者已经指出了现代社会弊端，并提出对其改造，显然作者已不仅仅是怀疑了，[C]选项错误；若宽容，则只会听之任之，不会提建议，[D]选项错。
三、文章长难句解析和佳句赏析长难句
①Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.
注意句中的those指代的是lives。其中no less… than… 意思是“不少于”，如：Our solders fought with no less daring than skills(我们的士兵作战的英勇不亚于他们的战技)。
译文：他们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。
②When they apply for their first job,they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence.
句中as well as 连接两个for引导的介词短语，表示后述内容the right mixture of submissiveness and independence与前面的intelligence为并列关系，意思是二者同样都受到测试。submissiveness意思是“服从”。
译文：当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试。
佳句
①They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
注意They live and die without doing…(他们平淡得活着、死去，没有做……)的运用。如：They live and die without knowing what is important to them (他们平淡地活着、死去，不知道什么对自己最重要)。as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings 中as是介词，该部分做状语修饰confronted，意思是“作为情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人”。
译文：他们平淡的活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。
②To the promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect.
该句子是不定式作主语，句子结构是…is not… but…(……不是……而是……)。如,To be a teacher is not a matte of being respected,but even more a matter of responsibilities(老师不仅仅意味着受人尊敬，更意味着责任)。
译文：升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。
③Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from ruling man.
注意… should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from… 的用法。如：Technology should serve only as means to benefit human beings,and should be prevented from being a tool to destroy man(技术只是造福于人类的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具)。句中means意思是“方法手段”（经常用做单数）；end意为“目的”。如：Does the end always justify the means (目的正当就可以不择手段吗)？
译文：生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。
四、词汇注释
(1)well-ventilated （a.）通风良好的；ventilate（v.）使通风，发表（意见或看法），表达（感情）；ventilation（n.）
(2)piped music背景音乐，指商店、餐馆等地连续播放的轻音乐；pipe（n.）管子，笛子，管乐器 （v.）用管道输送，吹奏音乐
(3) dance to sb’s tune（完全）听从某人指挥，服从某人差遣；tune（n.）调子，曲调；和谐，融洽，如：in ~ with the times顺应时势（v.）调音，使和谐
(4) confront （vt.）使面临,面对，对抗；confrontation（n.）对抗，冲突，~with/between，如：military ~军事冲突
(5) social ladder（n.）社会阶梯
(6) no less正是，正如（表示强调），如：He was ~the President.他原来就是总统。 其他less 构成的短语,1）no less than不少于，多达，如：The audience was no less than five thousand,听众有五千人之多。 2）much/still less更不用说，更谈不上，如：She cannot buy daily necessities,much less luxuries.她连生活必需品都不能买，更不用说奢侈品。 3）in less than no time很快地，迅速地
(7) subordinate （a.）次要的,从属的,下级的，~to sth.；（n.）下属，下级，从属物；（v.）把……列入下级，使……位于较低级别，使服从
(8) submissiveness （n.）服从，顺从；submissive（a.）服从的，顺从的；submit（v.）使服从，顺从，降服，提出，提交~ sth,to，如：I ~ted my papers to the examiner.我把试卷交给主考老师。
(9) fellow （n.）人,家伙,伙伴,学会,朋友,同事；fellow countryman同胞，同乡，fellow traveler同情某一政治运动或政党的人,同路人
(10) outgrow （v.）长得比…快（或大、高），长得太大而使…不再适用；out-前缀意思是：在外、向外；超过、胜过、高于，如：outdoor（a./ad.）（在）户外，outrun跑的比……快或远，超过
(11) a means to this end达到目的的手段；means（n.）手段，方法
五、全文翻译
总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚资本主义经营指导的巨大企业，其中，人们已经变成机器里微不足道的、上好油的齿轮。心理学家和人类关系专家认为，高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等是使人正常运转的“润滑油”。然而这些“润滑油”并没有改变人们变得无能为力的事实，人们不能全身心地投入到他们的工作当中，并且开始厌烦工作。事实上，蓝领和白领们已经变成了经济的木偶，随着自动化机器和官僚主义管理的节拍而跳动。
工人和雇工都很焦虑，不仅因为他们感觉到自己可能会失业，而且因为他们不能得到真正的满足或者对生活的兴趣。他们平淡地活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。（佳句①）
那些上层阶级也同样感到焦虑。他们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。（长难句①）在某些方面他们甚至更加不安全。他们处于竞争非常激烈的一类。升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。（佳句②）当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力，以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试。（长难句②）从那以后，他们就被以测试为重任的心理学家们以及评价他们的行为、社交能力、为人能力，等等的上司不断地测试。这种需要不断证明一个人和他们的竞争对手同样优秀或更加出色的局面造成持久的焦虑和紧张，而这正是不幸与疾病的根源。
我是在建议回到我们工业化前的生产模式或十九世纪自由企业资本主义吗？当然不是。回到一个已经过时的阶段永远解决不了问题。我的建议是把以最大化生产和消费为目的的官僚资本主义管理的工业制度转变成一个人本主义的工业制度，在这里人及其潜力——爱和理性——的充分开发是所有社会安排的目的。生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。（佳句③）
Passage 3
When an invention is made,the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him,he can give the invention to the world by publishing it,keep the idea secret,or patent it,
A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state,by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.
Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.
The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated,the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and,if older than half a century,sometimes even re-patent,Indeed,patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent,Likewise,because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea,it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print,Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.
Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most,new ideas” are,in fact,as old as the hills,It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity or dedication,or through the availability of new technology,that makes news and money,The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886,Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century,Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.
26,The passage is mainly about
[A] an approach to patents [B] the application for patents
[C] the use of patents [D] the access to patents
27,Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
[A] When a patent becomes out of effect,it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.
[B] It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention publc.
[C] A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.
[D] One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office.
28,George Valensi’s patent lasted until 1971 because
[A] nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time
[B] his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time
[C] there were not enough TV stations to provide color programmes
[D] the color TV receiver was not available until that time
29,The word,plagiarize”(line 8,Para,5) most probably means,_”.
[A] steal and use [B] give reward to
[C] make public [D] take and change
30,From the passage we learn that
[A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice
[B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago
[C] it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one
[D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents
一、文章结构总体分析本文主要介绍了专利权的期限，是一篇法律范畴内的文章。
第一段：介绍了三种处理发明的方法，以此引出讨论点：专利。
第二、三段：介绍了专利的一些特点，指出专利权有一定的时间限制，到期后发明的所有细节必须公开，只有在极特殊情况下可延期。
第四段：举例说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长。
第五、六段：用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造，并进而取得专利权。同时指出现代的一些发明也是来自以前的专利。
二、试题分析
26.
The passage is mainly about
文章谈论的重点是_____。
[A] an approach to patents
[A]申请专利的方法
[B] the application for patents
[B]申请专利
[C] the use of patents
[C]专利的使用
[D] the access to patents
[D]对专利的利用
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨文章先在第二、三段介绍了专利的一些特点，又在第四段说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长，然后用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造，并进而取得专利或专利权，也就是谈论如何接近并有效利用专利。[D]选项是对文章主旨的概括，是正确答案。
[A]、[B]选项不是文章主要论述的话题。[C]选项中use不如access to 精确。access to 意为“接近（进入，取得）……的机会或权利”，use只有“使用”之意。
27,
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
根据文章判断哪个选项正确？
[A] When a patent becomes out of effect,it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.
[A]当专利期限结束时，如果有必要，它可以被重新申请专利或延期
[B] It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public.
[B]发明者将其发明公布于世前，有必要先申请专利
[C] A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.
[C]当专利的法律期限到期后，专利持有者必须公布他的发明细节
[D] One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office.
[D]人们可以从附属于专利机构的图书馆中获取已申请专利的发明的所有细节
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：细节是非判断。
对于是非题，可采取排除法。
[A]选项中if necessary与第五段第一句话指出的重新申请专利的条件if older than half a century不符。
[B]选项与首段所指的当发明问世时，发明者可以有三种选择相悖。
[C]选项与第二段中the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes all the details of his invention to the public after that period terminates内容一致，为正确答案。
[D]选项错在patented invention，第五段第一句话中a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated强调只有专利权失效后才会公之于众。
28.
George Valensi’s patent lasted until 1971 because
乔治?瓦伦西的专利延长至1971年的原因是__________。
[A] nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time
[A] 1971年以前，没人愿意买他的专利
[B] his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time
[B]他的专利在极其长的一段时间内不能被使用
[C] there were not enough TV stations to provide color programmes
[C]没有足够的电视台提供彩色节目
[D] the color TV receiver was not available until that time
[D]直到1971年，彩电接收器才出现
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章细节文章第三段指出在特殊情况下可延长专利期限。然后在第四段作者以乔治?瓦伦西为例，对“极其特殊”这个条件进行解释。他的专利获得延期的原因是：because for most of the patents’ normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention，也就是说在他的发明专利的大部分有效期内，该专利没有得到应用。[B]选项与原文相符，为正确答案。
[A]选项虽然出现了原文中的词语reward，但原文指的是“不能获利”，而该项指的是“别人购买他的专利”。
[C]选项将原文中的“根本没有彩色电视节目”偷换成“很少有电视台提供彩色节目”。
[D]选项时间错误，乔治?瓦伦西在1939年就获得了彩电接收器的专利权。
29,
The word,plagiarize”(line 8,Para,5) most probably means,_”.
第五段第八行中的plagiarize的含义是 _____。
[A] steal and use
[A]偷并使用
[B] give reward to
[B]付给报酬
[C] make public
[C]使公开
[D] take and change
[D]拿走并改变
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词语释义
第五段第二句指出与使用有效专利（live patent）相比，失效的专利（dead patent）可以节省高额费用，还不会带来侵权的麻烦。[A]选项为正确答案。plagiarize是“剽窃，抄袭”的意思，与选项中的steal是近义词。其他选项都没有体现plagiarize的含义。
30,
From the passage we learn that
通过阅读文章能得出的结论是_____。
[A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice
[A]发明只有被用于商业实践时，才能使发明者受益
[B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago
[B]产品实际上是很久以前的发明创造
[C] it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one
[C]买旧专利比买新专利省钱
[D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents
[D]专利专家经常通过对过期专利进行搜寻而向他人推荐专利
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申本题可通过排除法解题。
[A]选项与第六段第二句It is their reduction to commercial practice… that makes news and money内容一致，是正确选项。
[B]选项中的“产品”与“发明”之间的关系文中没有涉及。
[C]选项中对不同专利购买费用的比较在文章中没有涉及。
[D]选项与文章第五段第二句…patent experts often advise anyone …不符，从该句可知，对过期专利进行研究的人是听取专家意见的人，而不是专家本人，[D]选项搞错了动作的施动者，故不正确。
三、文章长难句解析和佳句赏析
长难句
①The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’ s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
分号前是一个简单句；分号后的句子中含有because 引导的原因状语从句，其主干结构是there was…and (there was) thus no hope…，thus表明了句中的因果关系，for…是时间状语。
译文：迄令为止批准的最长的延期授给了乔治?瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。
②Indeed,patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.
这一句可简化为patent experts advise anyone … that…也就是“专利专家建议人们……”。现在分词结构wishing…live patents作anyone的后置定语；that后的从句是advise的直接宾语。
译文：专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。
③It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity or dedication,or through the availability of new technology,that makes news and money.
此句为强调句型it is… that。 reduction在这里的意思是“变形”，其动词形式是reduce也有这个含义，如：reduce an equation/argument/statement to its simple form(把一方程式/论据/陈述转化成最简单形式)。either through… or through…连接并列的名词做状语。
译文：正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。
佳句
①Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most,new” ideas are,in fact,as old as the hills.
句子中过去分词involved…置于主语anyone之后，作它的定语；句子的谓语是learn后面跟的是宾语从句。as old as the hills意思是“像山一样古老”。如：Mrs,Smith is very reserved,and many of her ways to deal with problems are as old as the hills.（史密斯太太非常保守，她的许多处理问题的方法都很陈旧）。
译文：任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人，都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上很陈旧。
四、词汇注释
(1) patent (n.) 专利，专利证书，专利品，专利权，如：take out a ~ on sth.获得某物的专利 （vt.）取得...的专利权,请准专利
(2) granted（a.）准许的，获准的，承认了的；grant（v.）同意,准予,承认(某事为真)，赠予，提供，如：to ~ sb,permission to do sth.准许某人做某事，to ~the truth of what sb,says承认某人所说的是真的；（n.）补助金，助学金，赠款，津贴，给予，授予物
(3) struck strike的过去式和过去分词；strike（vt.）打，击，突然想到，猛然悟到，找到，发现（地方或材料），罢工，达成（协议）；（n.）罢工，on ~；攻击
(4) in the most exceptional circumstances在极端特殊的情况下；exceptional（a.）例外的，异常的，杰出的，非凡的；exception（n.）除外,例外,反对,异议；except （prep.）除了...之外,若不是,除非
(5) circuitry （n.）电路,线路
(6) plagiarize（v.）剽窃，抄袭（亦作plagiarise）
(7) likewise（ad.）同样地,照样地,又,也；-wise后缀意思是：1）在特定的方式、方向或位置上，如：clockwise（a./ad.）顺时针方向，lengthwise（ad./a.）纵向地，纵长的：2）与……有关，关于：price-wise价格方面，time-wise从时间上来看
(8) invalidate（v.）使无效；使作废；in-否定前缀，表示“不，非”，如：indirect（a.）间接的，inability（n）无能，无力
(9) anticipate（v.）预期,期望,占先，抢先，预支；提前使用
(10) rear engine后置发动机；rear（n.）后面,背后；（a.）后面的，背面的，后方的；（v.）养育，饲养，举起，抬高，直立
五、全文翻译
当发明家创造了一件发明，他可能做三件事情：他可能将这件发明公诸于世，也可能保守秘密，或者也可能为这件发明申请专利权。
批准了的专利是发明家和国家讨价还价的结果，发明家享受一段时间的垄断权，在这段时间之后，他必须公布其发明的所有细节。
只有在极特殊的情况下专利的期限才可能被延长以改变事件的正常过程。
迄令为止批准的最长的延期授予了乔治?瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。（长难句①）
由于一项专利在其有效期终止后将永远公之于众，因此附属于专利机构的图书馆的书架上收藏有至少上百万种发明想法供任何人免费使用，如果它们已经存在半个多世纪，有时候甚至被人们用于重新申请专利。事实上，专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。同样，由于已经以任何其他形式发表的想法不能再用于申请专利，因此保守的做法是从其他公开的相关领域获得灵感。许多现代技术的突破就是基于这样的法律保障前提。
任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上都很陈旧。（佳句①）正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。（长难句②）磁记录理论的基本专利要追溯到1886年。许多关于电视机的最初想法都来自于19世纪末20世纪初。甚至1904年一项马在后面的马车专利就预示了大众后置发动机汽车的诞生。
Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation
(31) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation,There is no more difference,but there is just the same kind of difference,between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person,as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales,and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights,(32) It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other,differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
You will understand this better,perhaps,if I give you some familiar examples,(33) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction,that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories,(34) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training,To hear all these large words,you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms,you will discover that you are quite wrong,and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.
There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere’s plays,where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life,In the same way,I trust that you will take comfort,and be delighted with yourselves,on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period,(35)Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning,of the very same kind,though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
一、文章结构总体分析文章探讨了科学家的思维活动与常人的思维活动是否存在差异的问题。科学研究方法实际上不过是普遍人了解世界时所用的方法。许多人以为归纳法和演绎法是经过特别训练的科学家所独有的，但其实人们每天都在使用这些思维方法，只是程度不同而已。
二、试题分析
31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：含否定词的肯定表示方法，被动句译成主动句这是一个由分号连接的并列句。主干是The method is nothing but…; it is simply the mode…这个句子从两个方面对the method of scientific investigation(科学研究的方法)进行了论述。分号后面的it即是指第一句的主语The method of scientific investigation。两个分句的主干都是主系表结构。
后半句的mode后有一个介词前置的定语从句by which…修饰，可译作“用以……的方法”，定语从句中包含有两个被动语态：are reasoned… and given…,在这里，我们可以用“对……进行，对……给予”的句型翻译这两个被动语态。nothing but和simply所表达的口气相似，都意为“只不过、就是，只是”。
注意nothing but不表示否定。类似的词组短语还有,but that+从句意为“若不是”；anything but意为“根本不”；all but 意为“几乎，差一点”；but for 意为“要不是”等等。
词汇方法：working意为“活动”而不是“工作”。expression在这里意为“表达”。reason作动词时意为“推理”，“思索”。
译文：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。
32.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文理解这是一个主从复合句。这句话与前文的联系紧密，因为这句话中的scale和balance都在前文中出现，一种是a baker or a butcher所用，一种是a chemist所用。从常识可以知道面包师或卖肉者所用的一定是磅秤，而化学家所用的是更为精确的天平。
本句中的in the one case,in the other(case)就是指被面包师或卖肉者和被化学家所用两种情况，翻译的时候可以适当作增补，以使意义清楚明了。所以It is not that the that scales in the one case,and the balance in the other可以译成：这不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平。
but后面的句子是一个两者相比较的句子。the former,the latter分别是指前文提到的磅秤和天平。
词汇方面：differ in 是动词词组，可译成“在……方面存在差别，在……方面有所不同”。
译文：这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平的构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确。
33．[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：猜测词义，词语搭配。
这是一个主从复合句。句子的主干是：You（主）+have all heard（谓）+ it（形式宾语）+repeated（宾补）+that…（真正宾语）。真正宾语由三个that引导的从句充当。That从句的表达顺序和中文相近，可以顺着原文的顺序翻译。第二个和第三个that从句当中的they都指scientists。
要注意名词和动词在汉语中的搭配，如extract… laws,build up… theories在中文中应该搭配成：“找出规律”，“建立……理论”。operations实际上就指前面的induction,deduction,因此它的字面意思“操作，运转”不符合句子意思，可以翻译成“方法”，因为induction,deduction本身就是两种方法。
词汇方面：repeated意为“多次”。从induction已给出的中文可以猜出deduction(演绎)的意思，因为它显然是和induction相对的。
In a sort of sense意为“在某种意义上说”；out of these指的是out of these laws，字面意思是“来自这些规律”，这里可译为“从这些规律出发”或“根据这些规律”。
译文：你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。
34．[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：固定句型的译法，代词指代这是一个复合句。句子的主干是it is imagined… that…,and that…。it是形式主语，that引导的是真正的主语。事实上，it is imagined by many that…这样的句型还有许多类似的例子，它们都有约定俗成的译法。本句应当翻译成“许多人认为”。再如：it is reported…(据报道……)；it is said that…(据说……)；it is argued that…(有人争论……)。many在这指many people,operations当然指其思维的活动。
by no means也是否定的一种形式，can by no means be compared with的意思是“不能与……相比较”，隐含的意思是“不如……”。通过上下文可以知道these processes指的是第33题中所描述的科学家们的思维过程。
最后一个分句中的they 指的是前面一分句的复数名processes。被动语态可用“进行……”或“经过……”翻译成主动语态。That从句中common mind是指普通人的思维。
词汇方面：imagined与believed,maintained等的意思基本一致，意为“认为”。
译文：许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能管理。
35.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：长句的翻译，双重否定，常见词的生僻意思这个句子有两个not，是一个双重否定句，意思是肯定的；of the same kind,though different in degree,as that…都是说明reasoning的，作reasoning的后置定语。
as 是承接same来的，as后的that代表前面的kind(of reasoning)。这个句子太长，在翻译的时候可以适当断开，用“这些”或重复一个名词的方法另起一句，这样符合汉语短句多的习惯，如在这里可以把“思维活动”重复一遍。
词汇方法：in the course of the day是“在全天中”；have occasion to 意为“有机会做……”；set in motion意为“使……运动，发起，进行”；train这个常见词的意思尤其要搞清楚，在这里意为“一系列，一连串”。
译文：在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。
四、全文翻译
(31)科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。他们之间没有其他差别，不过是科学家的思维操作模式与正常人的思维操作模式之间的一样，这种差别有如面包师或卖肉者用普通磅秤称他们物品的重量的操作方法与化学家用天平以及精确度量的重量单位进行一个困难且复杂的分析之间的不同。(32)这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平的构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确。
如果我给你一些熟悉的例子，或许，你可以更好地理解这点差异。(33)你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。(34)许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能获得。听了那些夸大的言语，你可能会认为科学家的头脑一定和其他人的大脑构造不同；但是假如你没有被这些言词所吓倒，你会发现，你完全错了；你还会发现，所有这些可怕的仪器你自己每天每时也在使用。
在莫里哀的一个剧本中有这样一个著名的插曲：作者让主人公得知他整个一生中一直在说散文后，表现出无限的喜悦。同样，我认为，当你一旦发现你一生中一直在按归纳法和演绎法的哲理办事时，你也会感到安慰和欣喜的。(35)在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。
Part Ⅳ Writing (15 points)
DIRECTIONS:
A,Title,ADVERTISEMENT ON TV
B,Time limit,40 minutes
C,Word limit,120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D,Your composition should be based at the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:,Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen.”
E,Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET,
OUTLINE:
l,Present state
2,Reasons
3,My comments
一、审题本文围绕电视广告展开，因本题已经给出起始句，通过分析可看出首段应突出广告的普遍性，其他各段可根据这一特点进行分析。因此，本文应围绕电视广告日益增多来分析原因、发表看法。
二、谋篇按提纲所示，本文可分为三段展开：第一段介绍电视广告的现状，第二段分析构成此现状的原因。第三段，发表自己对电视广告的看法。
三、写作误区
1．跑题本题虽以广告为关键词，但起始句的“多”字也不可省。有的同学没有以“多”字为主旨写，而只是批判或赞扬广告，也不能算做切题。有些考生虽洋洋洒洒写了一满篇，但没有抓住“电视”一词，结果跑题。所以审题时题目、提纲、起始句一个也不要错过。
2．布局不当有些考生谋篇上过去繁琐。从广告的利弊两方面展开描写分析，虽然写作的初衷是好的，但由于考试时间有限，往往是虎头蛇尾，而且易于跑题。考试毕竟是检查英语写作的整体水平，因此过于繁锁的结构在考试不宜被采纳。
四、范文点评评分标准12分~15分内容切题，包括提纳的全部要点；表达清楚，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确，字数符合要求。
Sample 1( 14分)
ADVERTISEMENT ON TV
Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen,It is difficult to find a program without insertion of ads on TV,Food,clothes,books and so on are presented on television,From time to time,we can also see some public welfare ads,appealing to people to protect the environment,No matter you like it or not,TV advertisement has become an efficient means of information dissemination in our market economy.
There are several reasons contributing to this increasingly prosperous advertisement industry,Because of the rapid development of economy,many manufacturers have realized the important role of advertisements in that they can stimulate production and win the market,In our competitive society consumers usually have the choice of several brands of the same product,Moreover,some advertisements are so attractive that they can not only provide lots of first-hand information about new products,but also channel the viewer to the pleasure of watching TV.
As we know every coin has two sides,so does the advertisement to TV,For one thing,high quality TV advertisements bring the viewers not only vast information but also sensuous enjoyment,For another thing,too many advertisements in low quality may spoil both the TV program and viewers’ mood,However,the viewer has the rights to switch the channel if he does not like the program,(224 words)
例文分析
1.提纲
①电视广告很多。
②构成此现状的三原因：厂家，电台，消费者的需要。
③电视广告利弊兼有。
2．论点与谋篇中心突出、条理清楚是本文的一大特点。本文的优点在于分析部分，作者采用了列举的方法；评论部分以俗语开头，开门见山地点明观点的两个方面，并且从正反两方面进行论证，论据既充分又生动。
3．连贯性与过渡本文过渡自然，彩用了多个连词。特别是like it or not.既点出人们看待广告多这一现象的心态，又过渡下文；而As we know every coin has two sides，清楚地为下面的展开做好铺垫。
4.句式、用词句式有变化。
评分标准9分~12分内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达比较清楚，文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，字数符合要求。
Sample 2(10分)
ADVERTISEMENT ON TV
Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen,When we turn on the TV,we have to spend more and more time watching TVC commercials than before,Every kind of commodities can be advertised,Food,clothes,domestic appliances,cares—everything you can think—can be seen on TV.
Why are there so many advertisements? There are several reasons,Our economy is developing very fast,The consumers usually have the choice of several different brands of the same product and manufacturers have the problem to how to keep sales high,The consumers wish to get the information related to the product from TV ads,It can make them choose the one that they like best.
On my opinion,not all the advertisements are bad,We can receive information on the goods,and we can be interested in them,I think we should reduce the advertisement on TV.(149 words)
例文分析
1.提纲
①电视广告很多。
②构成此现状原因：厂家与消费者的需要。
③电视广告利弊兼有，观众可随心所欲地换台。
2.论点与谋篇中心突出、条理清楚也是本文的一大特点。本文的优点在于分析部分，作者采用了列举的方法从多个方面进行论证，较充分、生动。
3．连贯性与过渡本文过渡自然，采用多个连词。
4．句式与用词句式有变化，语言较简洁、生动。
典型错误：动词词组缺少介词：everything you can think 应为everything you can think of。
Section ⅠUse of English
Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture,its development into a specialized field is really quite recent,Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be ___1___in a single large building.
The importance of interior design becomes 2 when we realize how much time we __3_ surrounded by four walls,Whenever we need to be indoors,we want our surroundings to be _ 4 attractive and comfortable as possible,We also expect 5 place to be appropriate to its use,You would be 6 if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look 7 the inside of a restaurant,And you wouldn’t feel 8 in a business office that has the appearance of a school.
It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic 9 is the function of the particular 10,For example,a theater with poor sight lines,poor sound-shaping qualities,and 11 few entries and exits will not work for 12 purpose,no matter how beautifully it might be 13,Nevertheless,for any kind of space,the designer has to make many of the same kind of 14 _,He or she must coordinate the shapes,lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor,15 _addition,the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture,according to the functions that need to be served
1,[A] consisted [B] contained [C] composed [D] comprised
2,[A] obscure [B] attractive [C] appropriate [D] evident
3,[A] spend [B] require [C] settle [D] retain
4,[A] so [B] as [C] thus [D] such
5,[A] some [B] any [C] this [D] each
6,[A] amused [B] interested [C] shocked [D] frightened
7,[A] like [B] for [C] at [D] into
8,[A] correct [B] proper [C] right [D] suitable
9,[A] care [B] concern [C] attention [D] intention
10,[A] circumstance [B] environment [C] surroundings [D] space
11,[A] too [B] quite [C] a [D] far
12,[A] their [B] its [C] those [D] that
13,[A] painted [B] covered [C] ornamented [D] decorated
14,[A] solutions [B] conclusions [C] decisions [D] determinations
15,[A] For [B] In [C] As [D] with
文章大意首先指出室内设计发展成一个专门领域的时间不长，但却已经很重要。接着分析原因：一是建筑物往往具有很多功能；二是人们大部分时间是在室内度过，因此希望其环境舒适宜人。最后介绍室内设计者关注的基本问题是室内空间的功能。
试题解析
1.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：近义动词的区别。
四个选择项都有“包含、构成”之意，但用法不同。句子中有助动词be的存在，因此，这就点明了所选的动词应能够使用被动语态。contain作及物动词时，意为“包含”，可用于主动或被动语态，为正确选项。
consist是一个不及物动词，无被动语态。consist of 表示“由……组成、构成”，等同于be composed of。例：Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.（水由氢和氧组成）。consist in 表示“以某事物为其主要的或惟一的因素或特征，在于”，如：True patriotism consists in putting the interests of one’s country above everything else,including one’s own life.(真正的爱国主义就是把国家利益置于任何其他利益之上，包括自己的生命)；Happiness consists in contentment(知足常乐)。consist with 表示“符合，与……一致”，例：Theory should consist with practice.(理论应与实践相符合)。
compose意为“（事物的部分或成分）构成”，如：the short scenes that compose the play(组成此剧的各幕)。它用于被动语态时需与of连用，be composed of 意为“（由某事物）组成或构成”。
comprise意为“包含，组成，构成”，一般指构成整体的全部成分，如：Two small boys and a dog comprised the street entertainer’s only audience.(两个小男孩和一条狗成了街头艺人仅有的观众)。当它用于被动语态时，通常也要与of连用，如：America is comprised of 55 states.(美国由55个州组成)。
2.[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：表语形容词及对文章主旨的把握。
首先，我们可以从词义的搭配上来加以区分。attractive意为“有吸引力的”，如：goods attractive in price and quality(价廉物美的货物)。appropriate意为“合适的”，如：His casual clothes were not appropriate for such a formal occasion.(他的便服不适宜在这样正式的场合穿)。这两个词都不能与作为主语的importance搭配。obscure意为“模糊不清的”。evident意为“明显的”。文章第二段一直强调室内设计的重要性，因此重要性是明显的。
3.[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词搭配。
空格所在部分是how much time+定语从句，surrounded by…是过去分词做主语we的补语，相当于when we are surrounded by…。空格填入的词必须能够与其逻辑宾语time搭配，填入的动词的含义要表示“花费、消耗”这样的词意。
四个选项中，spend表示“度过，花费，消耗”，多用于时间，金钱。spend 与time属于固定的动宾搭配。how much time we spend意为“我们花多少时间”，也就是说“我们花多少时间呆在室内”，因此，spend为正确选项。require表示“要求，需要，命令”；settle意为“安放，定居，解决”；retain意为“保持，保留”。这三个词都不常与time搭配，而且也不符合文意。
4.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：比较结构的固定短语搭配。
本句的后面出现了关键信息词as possible。as… as possible意为“尽可能”，是固定短语。
as… as意为“和……一样”，not so… as 意为“不如”。
5.[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：代词的用法。
some修饰可数名词复数时，表示“一些”，而句子中的place是单数；当它用在单数可数名词前时表示“某种”，也与题意不符。any表示“任何一个”，与文意不符。this place是特定地指某地，在文中作者是泛指，因此this不符合题意。each意为“每一个”，相当于every,each place在此处指室内的每一个地方，符合题意。
6.[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：表语形容词的用法以及对全文主旨的把握。
选项中的四个词都可用来表达人的感觉或感情色彩。上文提到，我们也期望房间的每一个地方的设计都与它的用途相适合；空格所在句子指出，如果你的卧室突然变得像饭店一样，你肯定会感到……。由于“卧室像饭店”显然是不符合房间的用途，因此空格处的形容词应带有贬义。
amused“被逗乐的,感到愉快的”和interested“有兴趣的”不符文意。而shocked表示“震惊，大吃一惊”，程度比surprised要深，更符合原文的意思。frightened表示“被惊吓的”，更强调的是“害怕”之意，不符合逻辑。
7.[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：介词的搭配。
选项的四个介词都可以与动词look相搭配，但意义差别较大。look like意为“看起来像”；look for 意为“寻找”；look at 意为“看”；look into意为“调查，窥视，观察”。根据句子的结构可知，look的逻辑主语the inside of your bedroom是静止的事物，因而只能选用表示对比意义的动词短语。look like the inside of a restaurant意为“看起来像餐馆店堂一样”。
8.[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：近义形容词区分。
这个句子要求考生回答：坐在一间装饰得像教室一样的商务办公室，人的感觉会怎样？
correct表示“正确的，端正的”，如:make correct decisions(做出正确的决定)；a very correct young man (仪态非常端庄的年轻人)。它通常是对一个事物作出的理性的评价，如“正确、错误”之类，用在这里，语义不符。另外，从词义上说，right,proper,suitable都有“合适的，恰当的”之意。proper通常表示“符合某种特定要求的正确作法，如行为是否合理，分寸是否恰当”；suitable则通与介词to或for连用，意为“适合于某种目的和场合”，两都不符合题意。
right除了表示“正确的、合适的”意义之外，还可表达出人的心理活动，not feel right表示“感觉不太舒服”，正符合题意。
9.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：近义名词的区分。
从上下文来看，第二段着重阐述的是室内的装饰应与建筑物的空间的不同用途（或功能）相一致，很显然，第三段作者应论述设计师要关注建筑物的室内空间的准确用途是否合理这一问题。
concern与care都表示“关心”。但是care一般用于带感情色彩的事情，有“照料、关切”的意思。concern着重于所关心的问题或对象，例：The managing director’s only concern was how to improve the quality of their products.(总经理心里想的全是如何提高产品质量)。
attention意为“小心、注意（力）、专心”，也有关心之意，但这个词的意义的重点在“注意”，即“集中精力做某事”。如：Your suggestion has come to our attention.（我们已经考虑了你的建议）。intention意为“意图，目的”，如：I began reading with the intention of finishing the book,but I never did,(我开始读这本书时想读完它，可是我从来就没把它读完)。
10.[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：近义名词的区分以及从上下文获取线索。
继续读下去，我们会发现在后面出现了for any kind of space(对任何空间而言)，与前面相互呼应，所以应选space“空间”。circumstance意为“环境，详情，情况”，多用复数形式，如：The circumstances forced me to accept,(环境迫使我不得不同意)。environment意为“环境”，如：adjust to a new environment(适应新的环境)。surroundings意为“环境”，如：The house is in beautiful surroundings.(这座房屋四周的环境优美)。
11.[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：程度副词的用法。
本题的语境句是一个双重否定句。with短语中的三点内容，即poor sight lines、poor sound-shaping qualities和few entries and exits中的poor和few都具有否定的意义，正好与剧院内部设计的“不合理”相对应。根据上下文，必须继续保持few的否定意义。
too用于形容词或副词前，表示“太、过于”；它也可用于表示数量的形容词前，表示“太多或太少”，如：too many people (太多人)。too few entries and exits强调太少的进出口，符合文意。quite a few 意为“很多”,表达的是肯定的意义，一般不用quite few，例：quite a few illustrations(相当多的插图)。far 作副词用时，可以表示“很，非常”，一般用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级，如：She is far better than me at writing(她写作比我好很多)。
12.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：代词的用法。
解答本题的关键在于弄清楚句子前后的指代关系。该句可简化为a theater will not work for purpose。根据上下文，此处应填入表示所属关系的物主代词，同时，所填入的代词既要与前面的主句的主语a theater(单数，指物)一致，也要与后面从句中的主语it一致。
从四个选项来看，those和that 都是指代词，显然不符合要求。their 虽然是物主代词，但它表示的是一个复数意义，与单数主语相矛盾。也应排除。因此，正确的答案只能是its。 work for its purpose意为“使用起来合乎其目的”。
13.[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：近义动词的区分。
paint意为“刷油漆”，如：He painted the wall yellow(他把墙漆成黄色)。 cover意为“覆盖”，如：She covered the table with a cloth(她用一块布把桌子罩起来)。这两个词都不符合句意。
ornament和decorate都有“装饰”之意，但具体的含义不一。ornament意为用物件“装饰点缀”、“美化”，如：ornament a hall with paintings(用画装饰大厅)。decorate除有“装饰”之意外，还有对房屋进行“装潢、粉刷”之意。室内设计的职责主要是进行室内的装修设计。因而decorated应为本题的正确选项。
14.[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：近义名词的区分和上下文的搭配关系。
solution意为“（问题，疑难的）解决办法”，常与achieve,find等动词搭配使用，它不能与make搭配。如：This is the only practicable solution imaginable(这是惟一想得出的切实可行的解决办法)。conclusion表示“结论”，常与draw,reach和come to连用，也不能与make搭配。decision和determination都表示“决定，决心”，但determination更强调的是“坚定、果断的决心”，在此也不符合，因此只有decision可选，在文中表示“作出同样的决定”。
15.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点：短语的固定搭配。
In addition表示“此外”，属于固定搭配。
三、全文翻译
尽管室内设计自建筑业出现之初业已存在，但它发展成为一个专门的领域的历史却不长。室内设计师们的角色变得十分重要，部分原因在于单单一个大型建筑物就包含有诸多的功能。
当意识到我们有多少时间是在室内度过时，室内设计的重要性就凸现出来了。无论什么时候，当需要呆在屋内时，我们都希望我们的环境尽可能的宜人并且舒适。我们也期望室内的每一个地方都被恰当使用。如果你的卧室突然变得像餐馆的店堂一样，你肯定会感到惊讶。同样，坐在一间装饰得像教室一样的商务办公室里，你也不会感到舒服。
很明显，室内设计者关注的最重要的基本问题就是某一特定空间的功能。例如，具有微弱的光线、劣质的声音调整品质的剧院的内部设计以及进出口太少的剧院不会发挥其功能，不管它装潢设计得多美丽。然而，无论任一类型的空间，设计者必须作出许多相同的决定。他（她）必须协调从天花板至地板所有东西的形状、照明及装饰。此外，设计者通常必须根据需要满足的功能选择家具或设计嵌入式家具。
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Passage 1
Is language,like food,a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of FrederickⅠin the thirteenth century,it may be,Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue,he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year,But clearly there was more than lack of language here,What was missing was good mothering,Without good mothering,in the first year of life especially,the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick,Nevertheless,some children are still backward in speaking,Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant,whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly,If these sensitive periods are neglected,the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again,A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time,but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age,but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ,At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words,At three he knows about l,000 words which he can put into sentences,and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak,What is special about man’s brain,compared with that of the monkey,is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of,say,a toy-bear with the sound pattern,toy-bear”,And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him,to analyze,to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
But speech has to be induced,and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’ s babbling ( 咿呀学语),grasping and smiling,and responds to them,Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals,Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
16,The purpose of Frederick Ⅰ’s experiment was__
[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
[D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
17,The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that__
[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly
[B] they are exposed to too much language at once
[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak
[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them
18,What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that
[A] he is born with the capacity to speak
[B] he has a brain more complex than an animal’s
[C] he can produce his own sentences
[D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing
19,Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man,
[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
[C] The child’ s brain is highly selective.
[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.
20,If a child starts to speak later than others,he will
[A] have a high IQ [B] be less intelligent
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals [D] not necessarily be backward
一、文章结构总体分析
本文是一篇介绍儿童学习语言关键期的文章。文章指出，学习语言有关键期，过了这个时期学习的进程就会变得缓慢，此外，婴儿天生就具有说话的能力，但说话有赖于母亲与孩子的交流。
第一段：提出讨论的主要议题：没有语言，孩子的成长是否会受到损害。
第二段：Frederick I的实验说明语言缺乏是孩子受损的一个原因，缺少哺育是另一重要原因。
第三段：指出孩子学习语言有关键期，超过关键期，语言学习会有困难。
第四段：给出例子，说明说话晚不一定智商低。
第五段：指出儿童天生就具有说话的能力，他创造自己句子的能力尤其令人吃惊。
第六段：指出孩子说话必须经过引导，但这有赖于母亲与孩子的交流。
二、试题分析
16.
The purpose of FrederickⅠ’s experiment was__
Frederick Ⅰ实验的目的是______。
[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
[A] 证明孩子生来就具有说话的能力
[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
[B] 发现孩子在没有听见人类语言的情况下会说哪种语言
[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
[C] 研究细心护理在教孩子说话中起什么作用
[D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
[D] 证明在没有学习语言的情况下，孩子会受到伤害
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节中的目的。
文章在第一段论述了Frederick I 的实验，并在该段最后一句话的前半句用分词形式引导的目的状语，直接说明该实验的目的：Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue,he…。由此可见他要求保育员保持沉默，其目的就是为了发现婴儿在听不到母语的情况下会讲什么语言。[B]选项是原文的合理改写，为正确答案。
[A]选项与本段内容不符，况且文章第五段第一句Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak说明[A]选项的内容是现代人的发现，并非十三世纪的这个实验的目的。
[C]选项与实验毫不相干，尽管文中第二段提到此实验中孩子的死亡并不仅仅是因为缺乏语言，还因为缺少细心护理，但这不是Frederick I 实验的目的，而是实验后人们的分析。
[D]选项只是实验的结果，是人们在实验后得到的结论，并不是Frederick I 做这个实验的最初目的。
17.
The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that__
一些孩子在说话上迟钝的主要原因是____。
[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly
[A]他们不能迅速学会语言
[B] they are exposed to too much language at once
[B]他们同时置身于太多的语言之中
[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak
[C]母亲对孩子要说话的欲望回应不足
[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them
[D]他们的妈妈智力不够，帮不了他们
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：细节中的原因。
第三段第二句提到“一些孩子在说话上迟钝”，随后指出原因：Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant…。[C]选项是原文的改写。respond inadequately与Insensitive相应，their attempts to speak与the signals of the infant一致。因此[C]选项为正确答案。
[A]选项与第三段第三句whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly含义相反。 [B]、[D]这两个选项都是文中没有涉及的内容。注意at once在这里为“同时”之意。
18.
What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that
儿童最不可思议的方面是__________。
[A] he is born with the capacity to speak
[A]他生来就具有说话的能力
[B] he has a brain more complex than an animal’s
[B]与动物相比，他的大脑更复杂
[C] he can produce his own sentences
[C]他能创造自己的句子
[D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing
[D]他的说话能力归功于好的照顾
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：细节归纳。
作者在第五段第一句和第二句都分别提到[A]选项和[B]选项。这两个选项都是儿童的普通能力特征，[B]选项更是所有人，包括成人的共有特征，因此都应排除。
第五段是后一句话中的even more incredible 表明后述内容比前述内容重要，即：the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language…,to analyze,to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways为儿童最不可思议的方面。而[C]选项为原文的确切改写，为正确答案。
[D]选项与文章内容不符，文章第六段指出说话能力的引导有赖于母亲对孩子的交流，与“照顾”的概念不同。此外作者也没说它是最难以置信的能力。owe…to意思是“归功于，得感谢。”
19.
Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
哪个选项不能从短文中推论出来？
[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man,
[A]人生来具有说话能力
[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
[B]鼓励在孩子学语言的过程中根本不起什么作用
[C] The child’ s brain is highly selective.
[C]儿童的大脑具有高度选择性
[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.
[D]绝大多数孩子在确定的阶段学习语言
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申的是非判断。
本题可对选项直接进行排除。
[A]选项与第五段第一句话… an infant is born with the capacity to speak 相一致。faculty意为“能力”。
[B]选项与最后一段提出的“母亲应对孩子的信号给予回应、进行鼓励”不符。因此[B]为答案。Anything but 意思是“根本不”。
[C]选项中“儿童大脑的高度选择性”在第五段第三句the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him得以说明。
第三段最后一句话以鸟为例说明儿童学习语言有关键期，此外，第四段首句… speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age也说明了这一点，与[D]选项一致。
20.
If a child starts to speak later than others,he will
如果一个孩子开始说话比其他孩子晚，他将来会_______。
[A] have a high IQ
[A] 具有高智商
[B] be less intelligent
[B] 智商低
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals
[C] 对语言信号不敏感
[D] not necessarily be backward
[D] 不一定低智商
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申。
文章第四段第一句话举出例子：speech started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ，这说明说话晚的孩子后来也可能具有高智商，也就是说，说话晚并不一定低智商。因此[B]选项不正确，而[D]选项正确。但这并不能说明凡是说话晚的孩子将来智商都高。因此[A]选项也不正确。文章并未涉及[C]选项的内容。
三、文章长难句解析和佳句赏析长难句
①But clearly there was more than lack of language here.
注意句中more than 的用法，more than意为“超出……的”。注意more… than 和more than 的意思不同。前者的意思是“与其说……倒不如说”。如：The child was more frightened than hurt,(这孩子的伤倒不算什么，只是受惊不小)。原句中lack意为“缺乏”。另外，考生还应知道for lack of 的含义：“因缺乏”。如：For lack of evidence,the prisoner was released(由于证据不足，犯人获释)。
译文：但是，显然这不仅仅是缺少语言的问题。
②Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age,but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.
本句由两个并列分句构成。前半句suggest 后是that引导的宾语从句。后半句中cases后接有定语从句where speech has started late in a child，其中where=in which，即in those cases。a child后是由who 引导的定语从句对其进行修饰，句中turn out意为“最后是，最后成为，成长为”，如：The boy will turn out to be a marvelous man（这个男孩将会成长为一个了不起的人）。
译文：专家指出人按照固定的顺序并在一定的年龄进入说话阶段，但也有开始说话晚，最后成为高智商者的例子。
③Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant,whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.
此句主语是the reason for this，is后是表语从句that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant，接着是修饰infant的非限定性定语从句。句中program的动词形式原意是“编制程序”，引申义为“计划或安排某事物”。insensitive的意思是“不敏感”，是sensitive(敏感的；易受伤害的)的反义词。
译文：通常是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感，而婴儿的大脑已经对快速学习语言做好安排。
四、词汇注释
(1) starve（v.）使挨饿，使饿死；使因缺乏某物而困苦，如：She’s lonely,and starving for companionship,她很孤独，渴望友谊。
(2) capacity（n.）容量，生产量；智能，才能，能力，接受力；地位，身份，资格
(3) backward（a./ad.）向后地(的)，相反地(的)；落后的，迟钝的，如：This part of the country is still ~.这个国家的这个地区仍很落后。
(4) in a fixed sequence 以固定的顺序；sequence（n.）次序,顺序,按时间顺序排列的事物，（数学中的）序列
(5) constant（a.）恒定的，不变的；连续发生的，持续不断的，at a ~ age在一特定的年龄
(6) turn out to be 最后结果时是，最终成为，如：Things turned out to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.事情正如教授所预料的那样。
(7) enable （v.）使能够，如A rabbit’s large ears ~ it to hear the slightest sound.兔子的大耳朵使它能听到极微小的声音。 en-前缀意思是：使、使成为，使处于……状态，如：enlarge（v.）扩大，endanger（v.）使处于危险中
(8) induce（vt.）劝诱,诱导，促使,导致,引起感应；inducement（n.）引诱物
(9) dull （a.）感觉或理解迟钝的,无趣的,呆滞的,阴暗的；（v.）使迟钝,使阴暗,缓和
五、全文翻译
语言是否如同食物这种人们的基本需求一样，没有了它，在关键期的儿童会饿死和受到损害？从十三世纪弗雷德里克一世的极端实验来看，语言可能会是这样。弗雷德里克一世期望发现如果没有母语，儿童将说什么语言，他叫护士保持沉默。
所有的婴儿在第一年就夭折了。但是，显然这不仅仅是缺少语言的问题。（长难句①）真正缺乏的是良好的哺育。没有良好的哺育，尤其是在生命的第一年，人的生存能力会受到严重的影响。
当今不会再存在如同弗雷德里克那样欠缺的安排了。然而，一些儿童仍然在说话方面滞后。通常是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感，而婴儿的大脑已经对快速学习语言做好了安排。（长难句③）如果这些敏感的阶段被忽略的话，那么学习技能的最佳时间将被错过，同时人可能再也不会那么容易地学习这些技能了。小鸟在合适的时候能够很快地学会唱歌和飞翔，但一旦关键期错过了，那么学起来就会既慢又难。
专家指出人按照固定的顺序并在一定的年龄进入说话阶段，但也有开始说话晚，最后成为高智商者的例子。（长难句②）十二周的时候，婴儿会笑并且发出类似元音的声音；在十二个月的时候，他会说简单的单词并且听懂简单的指令；在十八个月的时候他有三到五十个词汇量。在三岁的时候，他知道大约一千个能够用来造句的单词，到了四岁的时候，他的语言在风格而不是语法方面与他父母的语言迥异。
最近的研究结果表明，婴儿生来就有说话的能力。与猴子大脑相比，婴儿大脑之所以特殊在于其复杂的系统能使儿童把对玩具熊这样具体事物的视觉及感觉与“玩具熊”这个词语的声音模式连接起来。更让人难以置信的是这个小脑袋从周围混杂的声音里挑选出语言的顺序，对其对进行分析，再以新的方式对语言的各部分进行组合、再组合的能力。
但是说话需要引导，这依赖于儿童与母亲的交流，在此过程中，母亲识别儿童咿呀学语，抓东西和微笑等的信号并对这些信号做出反应。母亲对这些信号的不敏感性会削弱交流，因为儿童受挫，同时他们仅仅会发出明显的信号。对儿童非语言信号的敏感对语言的产生和发展是必要的。
Passage 2
In general,our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic ( 官僚主义的)management in which man becomes a small,well-oiled cog in the machinery,The oiling is done with higher wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music,and by psychologists and,human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless,that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it,In fact,the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious,not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life,They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious,Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates,They are even more insecure in some respects,They are in a highly competitive race,To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect,When they apply for their first job,they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence,From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists,for whom testing is a big business,and by their superiors,who judge their behavior,sociability,capacity to get along,etc,This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century,free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not,Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown,I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements,Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from ruling man.
21,By,a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is
[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible
[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society,though functioning smoothly
[D] a humble component of the society,especially when working smoothly
22,The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that
[A] they are likely to lose their jobs
[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence
23,From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those
[A] who are at the bottom of the society
[B] who are higher up in their social status
[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors
[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world
24,To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should
[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors
[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees
[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities
[D] take the fundamental realities for granted
25,The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of __
[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction [C] suspicion [D] tolerance
一、文章结构总体分析本文是一篇社会生活类型的文章，主要介绍了官僚资本主义给人们带来的焦虑感，使他们失去了独立性。文章末尾作者给出了建议。
第一段：指出人在官僚主义经营下的产业社会中只是上了油的小齿轮，变得无能为力，只能随着自动化机器和官僚化管理的节拍跳动。
第二、三段：分别指出普通工人和领导阶层的雇员都有焦虑感，使他们享受不到生活的幸福，失去了独立性。
第四段：作者又对这样的事实提出建议，即：不是要回到工业化前的生活模式中，而是要建立人本主义的产业社会，充分发挥人的潜力。
二、试题分析
21.
By,a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is
作者使用a well-oiled cog in the machinery要表达的意思是_____。
[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible
[A] 人虽然作用小，却是社会不可缺少的一部分
[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
[B] 人与社会其他部分处于完全和谐的状况下
[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society,though functioning smoothly
[C] 人虽然正常运转，但与社会其他部相比是不重要的一部分
[D] a humble component of the society,especially when working smoothly
[D] 人是社会低下的组成部分，尤其当他正常工作时
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义句意首段第一句中giant enterprises与small,well-oiled cog形成强对比，映补出人的微小。接着作者又对oiling进行了解释，即通过高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等手段使人顺利工作，然后用yet引导的句子指出这些“润滑油”无法改变的事实：man has become powerless。此外，该段最后一句话workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines也强调了人的“无力”。由此可见，人已经变成微不足道的小小齿轮，无能为力，受人摆布。[C]选项与此意相符，为正确答案。
[A]选项是对人的作用的肯定，不符合原文powerless,puppets的否定含义。[B]选项是通过第一段第二句……higher wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music,and by psychologists and,human-relations”experts…得出的结论，却忽略了yet 对它的否定和对后述内容的强调：man has become powerless。[D]选项错在后面的条件。原文中说人是微不足道，并未有附加条件。
22.
The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that
工人和雇员焦虑的真正原因是_______。
[A] they are likely to lose their jobs
[A] 他们可能会失业
[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
[B] 他们对生活没有真正的满足和兴趣
[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
[C] 他们面临着人类生存的基本现实
[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence
[D] 他们被剥夺了个性和独立性
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：细节的原因文章第二段第一句话引出工人和雇员焦虑的原因：… not only because they might find themselves out of a job; … also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life。 [A]、[B]选项分别指出了其中的一个原因。这两个原因无轻重之分，因此，[A]选项若正确，[B]选项也应为正确选项。通过这样的分析，可将[A]、[B]选项同时排除，因为不可能有两个正确答案。
[C]选项与文章第二段第二句they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence…不相符。因此也排除。
通过they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence…以及第三段第五句When they apply for their first job,they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissive and independence，可以推断出，为了更好的使顺从性和独立性融合，他们会放弃一些独立性。[D]选项确切表达了这一思想。
23.
From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those
从文中可以推知，生活中真正的幸福属于________。
[A] who are at the bottom of the society
[A] 社会最底层的人
[B] who are higher up in their social status
[B] 社会地位较高的人
[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors
[C] 那些证明自己比同事更优秀的人
[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world
[D] 能够远离这个竞争性社会的人
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落推论文章第三段最后一句话：this constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness sand illness说明造成不快乐的原因就是竞争，反过来说，只有远离竞争，才会体验生活的真正幸福。因此[D]选项为正确答案。
[A]选项与第二段内容不符。二段首句就直接指出the workers and employees are anxious。因此他们得不到真正的幸福。[B]选项又与三段“领导阶层的雇员也有焦虑感”不符。[C]选项与三段最后一句话this constant need to prove that one is… better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness and illness相悖。
24.
To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should
作者建议，为了解决目前的社会问题，我们应该 _______。
[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors
[A] 采取祖先所使用的生产方式
[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees
[B] 为工人和雇员提供高工资
[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities
[C] 使人充分发挥其潜力
[D] take the fundamental realities for granted
[D] 对现实听之任之
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：细节理解在文章最后一段，作者提出了解决现存社会问题的建议。第二、三句对首句所问问题的否定回答Certainly not,Problems are never solved…表明我们不能采取过去的生产方式来解决问题。因此，[A]选项与此文章内容不符，予以排除。[C]选项与该段第四句a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities… are the aims of all social arrangements一致，为正确答案。
[B]选项文中未提到。况且，第一段作者就指出增加工资这种“润滑油”无法改变事实。[D]选项与最后一段作者建议（transforming our social system）相悖。
25.
The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of __
作者对工业主义的态度是_______。
[A] approval
[A] 赞许
[B] dissatisfaction
[B] 不满意
[C] suspicion
[C] 怀疑
[D] tolerance
[D] 宽容
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度文章二、三段指出目前官僚经营的工业主义给下至普遍工人，上至领导阶层都带来了焦虑，最后一段作者又提出改造工业制度，使其更适合人性发展的建议。由此可见，作者对工业主义是不满意的。故[B]选项为正确答案。
[A]选项明显与作者态度相悖；作者已经指出了现代社会弊端，并提出对其改造，显然作者已不仅仅是怀疑了，[C]选项错误；若宽容，则只会听之任之，不会提建议，[D]选项错。
三、文章长难句解析和佳句赏析长难句
①Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.
注意句中的those指代的是lives。其中no less… than… 意思是“不少于”，如：Our solders fought with no less daring than skills(我们的士兵作战的英勇不亚于他们的战技)。
译文：他们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。
②When they apply for their first job,they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence.
句中as well as 连接两个for引导的介词短语，表示后述内容the right mixture of submissiveness and independence与前面的intelligence为并列关系，意思是二者同样都受到测试。submissiveness意思是“服从”。
译文：当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试。
佳句
①They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
注意They live and die without doing…(他们平淡得活着、死去，没有做……)的运用。如：They live and die without knowing what is important to them (他们平淡地活着、死去，不知道什么对自己最重要)。as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings 中as是介词，该部分做状语修饰confronted，意思是“作为情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人”。
译文：他们平淡的活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。
②To the promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect.
该句子是不定式作主语，句子结构是…is not… but…(……不是……而是……)。如,To be a teacher is not a matte of being respected,but even more a matter of responsibilities(老师不仅仅意味着受人尊敬，更意味着责任)。
译文：升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。
③Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from ruling man.
注意… should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from… 的用法。如：Technology should serve only as means to benefit human beings,and should be prevented from being a tool to destroy man(技术只是造福于人类的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具)。句中means意思是“方法手段”（经常用做单数）；end意为“目的”。如：Does the end always justify the means (目的正当就可以不择手段吗)？
译文：生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。
四、词汇注释
(1)well-ventilated （a.）通风良好的；ventilate（v.）使通风，发表（意见或看法），表达（感情）；ventilation（n.）
(2)piped music背景音乐，指商店、餐馆等地连续播放的轻音乐；pipe（n.）管子，笛子，管乐器 （v.）用管道输送，吹奏音乐
(3) dance to sb’s tune（完全）听从某人指挥，服从某人差遣；tune（n.）调子，曲调；和谐，融洽，如：in ~ with the times顺应时势（v.）调音，使和谐
(4) confront （vt.）使面临,面对，对抗；confrontation（n.）对抗，冲突，~with/between，如：military ~军事冲突
(5) social ladder（n.）社会阶梯
(6) no less正是，正如（表示强调），如：He was ~the President.他原来就是总统。 其他less 构成的短语,1）no less than不少于，多达，如：The audience was no less than five thousand,听众有五千人之多。 2）much/still less更不用说，更谈不上，如：She cannot buy daily necessities,much less luxuries.她连生活必需品都不能买，更不用说奢侈品。 3）in less than no time很快地，迅速地
(7) subordinate （a.）次要的,从属的,下级的，~to sth.；（n.）下属，下级，从属物；（v.）把……列入下级，使……位于较低级别，使服从
(8) submissiveness （n.）服从，顺从；submissive（a.）服从的，顺从的；submit（v.）使服从，顺从，降服，提出，提交~ sth,to，如：I ~ted my papers to the examiner.我把试卷交给主考老师。
(9) fellow （n.）人,家伙,伙伴,学会,朋友,同事；fellow countryman同胞，同乡，fellow traveler同情某一政治运动或政党的人,同路人
(10) outgrow （v.）长得比…快（或大、高），长得太大而使…不再适用；out-前缀意思是：在外、向外；超过、胜过、高于，如：outdoor（a./ad.）（在）户外，outrun跑的比……快或远，超过
(11) a means to this end达到目的的手段；means（n.）手段，方法
五、全文翻译
总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚资本主义经营指导的巨大企业，其中，人们已经变成机器里微不足道的、上好油的齿轮。心理学家和人类关系专家认为，高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等是使人正常运转的“润滑油”。然而这些“润滑油”并没有改变人们变得无能为力的事实，人们不能全身心地投入到他们的工作当中，并且开始厌烦工作。事实上，蓝领和白领们已经变成了经济的木偶，随着自动化机器和官僚主义管理的节拍而跳动。
工人和雇工都很焦虑，不仅因为他们感觉到自己可能会失业，而且因为他们不能得到真正的满足或者对生活的兴趣。他们平淡地活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。（佳句①）
那些上层阶级也同样感到焦虑。他们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。（长难句①）在某些方面他们甚至更加不安全。他们处于竞争非常激烈的一类。升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。（佳句②）当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力，以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试。（长难句②）从那以后，他们就被以测试为重任的心理学家们以及评价他们的行为、社交能力、为人能力，等等的上司不断地测试。这种需要不断证明一个人和他们的竞争对手同样优秀或更加出色的局面造成持久的焦虑和紧张，而这正是不幸与疾病的根源。
我是在建议回到我们工业化前的生产模式或十九世纪自由企业资本主义吗？当然不是。回到一个已经过时的阶段永远解决不了问题。我的建议是把以最大化生产和消费为目的的官僚资本主义管理的工业制度转变成一个人本主义的工业制度，在这里人及其潜力——爱和理性——的充分开发是所有社会安排的目的。生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。（佳句③）
Passage 3
When an invention is made,the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him,he can give the invention to the world by publishing it,keep the idea secret,or patent it,
A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state,by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.
Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.
The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated,the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and,if older than half a century,sometimes even re-patent,Indeed,patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent,Likewise,because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea,it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print,Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.
Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most,new ideas” are,in fact,as old as the hills,It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity or dedication,or through the availability of new technology,that makes news and money,The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886,Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century,Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.
26,The passage is mainly about
[A] an approach to patents [B] the application for patents
[C] the use of patents [D] the access to patents
27,Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
[A] When a patent becomes out of effect,it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.
[B] It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention publc.
[C] A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.
[D] One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office.
28,George Valensi’s patent lasted until 1971 because
[A] nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time
[B] his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time
[C] there were not enough TV stations to provide color programmes
[D] the color TV receiver was not available until that time
29,The word,plagiarize”(line 8,Para,5) most probably means,_”.
[A] steal and use [B] give reward to
[C] make public [D] take and change
30,From the passage we learn that
[A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice
[B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago
[C] it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one
[D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents
一、文章结构总体分析本文主要介绍了专利权的期限，是一篇法律范畴内的文章。
第一段：介绍了三种处理发明的方法，以此引出讨论点：专利。
第二、三段：介绍了专利的一些特点，指出专利权有一定的时间限制，到期后发明的所有细节必须公开，只有在极特殊情况下可延期。
第四段：举例说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长。
第五、六段：用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造，并进而取得专利权。同时指出现代的一些发明也是来自以前的专利。
二、试题分析
26.
The passage is mainly about
文章谈论的重点是_____。
[A] an approach to patents
[A]申请专利的方法
[B] the application for patents
[B]申请专利
[C] the use of patents
[C]专利的使用
[D] the access to patents
[D]对专利的利用
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨文章先在第二、三段介绍了专利的一些特点，又在第四段说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长，然后用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造，并进而取得专利或专利权，也就是谈论如何接近并有效利用专利。[D]选项是对文章主旨的概括，是正确答案。
[A]、[B]选项不是文章主要论述的话题。[C]选项中use不如access to 精确。access to 意为“接近（进入，取得）……的机会或权利”，use只有“使用”之意。
27,
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
根据文章判断哪个选项正确？
[A] When a patent becomes out of effect,it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.
[A]当专利期限结束时，如果有必要，它可以被重新申请专利或延期
[B] It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public.
[B]发明者将其发明公布于世前，有必要先申请专利
[C] A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.
[C]当专利的法律期限到期后，专利持有者必须公布他的发明细节
[D] One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office.
[D]人们可以从附属于专利机构的图书馆中获取已申请专利的发明的所有细节
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：细节是非判断。
对于是非题，可采取排除法。
[A]选项中if necessary与第五段第一句话指出的重新申请专利的条件if older than half a century不符。
[B]选项与首段所指的当发明问世时，发明者可以有三种选择相悖。
[C]选项与第二段中the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes all the details of his invention to the public after that period terminates内容一致，为正确答案。
[D]选项错在patented invention，第五段第一句话中a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated强调只有专利权失效后才会公之于众。
28.
George Valensi’s patent lasted until 1971 because
乔治?瓦伦西的专利延长至1971年的原因是__________。
[A] nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time
[A] 1971年以前，没人愿意买他的专利
[B] his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time
[B]他的专利在极其长的一段时间内不能被使用
[C] there were not enough TV stations to provide color programmes
[C]没有足够的电视台提供彩色节目
[D] the color TV receiver was not available until that time
[D]直到1971年，彩电接收器才出现
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章细节文章第三段指出在特殊情况下可延长专利期限。然后在第四段作者以乔治?瓦伦西为例，对“极其特殊”这个条件进行解释。他的专利获得延期的原因是：because for most of the patents’ normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention，也就是说在他的发明专利的大部分有效期内，该专利没有得到应用。[B]选项与原文相符，为正确答案。
[A]选项虽然出现了原文中的词语reward，但原文指的是“不能获利”，而该项指的是“别人购买他的专利”。
[C]选项将原文中的“根本没有彩色电视节目”偷换成“很少有电视台提供彩色节目”。
[D]选项时间错误，乔治?瓦伦西在1939年就获得了彩电接收器的专利权。
29,
The word,plagiarize”(line 8,Para,5) most probably means,_”.
第五段第八行中的plagiarize的含义是 _____。
[A] steal and use
[A]偷并使用
[B] give reward to
[B]付给报酬
[C] make public
[C]使公开
[D] take and change
[D]拿走并改变
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词语释义
第五段第二句指出与使用有效专利（live patent）相比，失效的专利（dead patent）可以节省高额费用，还不会带来侵权的麻烦。[A]选项为正确答案。plagiarize是“剽窃，抄袭”的意思，与选项中的steal是近义词。其他选项都没有体现plagiarize的含义。
30,
From the passage we learn that
通过阅读文章能得出的结论是_____。
[A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice
[A]发明只有被用于商业实践时，才能使发明者受益
[B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago
[B]产品实际上是很久以前的发明创造
[C] it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one
[C]买旧专利比买新专利省钱
[D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents
[D]专利专家经常通过对过期专利进行搜寻而向他人推荐专利
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申本题可通过排除法解题。
[A]选项与第六段第二句It is their reduction to commercial practice… that makes news and money内容一致，是正确选项。
[B]选项中的“产品”与“发明”之间的关系文中没有涉及。
[C]选项中对不同专利购买费用的比较在文章中没有涉及。
[D]选项与文章第五段第二句…patent experts often advise anyone …不符，从该句可知，对过期专利进行研究的人是听取专家意见的人，而不是专家本人，[D]选项搞错了动作的施动者，故不正确。
三、文章长难句解析和佳句赏析
长难句
①The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’ s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
分号前是一个简单句；分号后的句子中含有because 引导的原因状语从句，其主干结构是there was…and (there was) thus no hope…，thus表明了句中的因果关系，for…是时间状语。
译文：迄令为止批准的最长的延期授给了乔治?瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。
②Indeed,patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.
这一句可简化为patent experts advise anyone … that…也就是“专利专家建议人们……”。现在分词结构wishing…live patents作anyone的后置定语；that后的从句是advise的直接宾语。
译文：专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。
③It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity or dedication,or through the availability of new technology,that makes news and money.
此句为强调句型it is… that。 reduction在这里的意思是“变形”，其动词形式是reduce也有这个含义，如：reduce an equation/argument/statement to its simple form(把一方程式/论据/陈述转化成最简单形式)。either through… or through…连接并列的名词做状语。
译文：正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。
佳句
①Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most,new” ideas are,in fact,as old as the hills.
句子中过去分词involved…置于主语anyone之后，作它的定语；句子的谓语是learn后面跟的是宾语从句。as old as the hills意思是“像山一样古老”。如：Mrs,Smith is very reserved,and many of her ways to deal with problems are as old as the hills.（史密斯太太非常保守，她的许多处理问题的方法都很陈旧）。
译文：任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人，都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上很陈旧。
四、词汇注释
(1) patent (n.) 专利，专利证书，专利品，专利权，如：take out a ~ on sth.获得某物的专利 （vt.）取得...的专利权,请准专利
(2) granted（a.）准许的，获准的，承认了的；grant（v.）同意,准予,承认(某事为真)，赠予，提供，如：to ~ sb,permission to do sth.准许某人做某事，to ~the truth of what sb,says承认某人所说的是真的；（n.）补助金，助学金，赠款，津贴，给予，授予物
(3) struck strike的过去式和过去分词；strike（vt.）打，击，突然想到，猛然悟到，找到，发现（地方或材料），罢工，达成（协议）；（n.）罢工，on ~；攻击
(4) in the most exceptional circumstances在极端特殊的情况下；exceptional（a.）例外的，异常的，杰出的，非凡的；exception（n.）除外,例外,反对,异议；except （prep.）除了...之外,若不是,除非
(5) circuitry （n.）电路,线路
(6) plagiarize（v.）剽窃，抄袭（亦作plagiarise）
(7) likewise（ad.）同样地,照样地,又,也；-wise后缀意思是：1）在特定的方式、方向或位置上，如：clockwise（a./ad.）顺时针方向，lengthwise（ad./a.）纵向地，纵长的：2）与……有关，关于：price-wise价格方面，time-wise从时间上来看
(8) invalidate（v.）使无效；使作废；in-否定前缀，表示“不，非”，如：indirect（a.）间接的，inability（n）无能，无力
(9) anticipate（v.）预期,期望,占先，抢先，预支；提前使用
(10) rear engine后置发动机；rear（n.）后面,背后；（a.）后面的，背面的，后方的；（v.）养育，饲养，举起，抬高，直立
五、全文翻译
当发明家创造了一件发明，他可能做三件事情：他可能将这件发明公诸于世，也可能保守秘密，或者也可能为这件发明申请专利权。
批准了的专利是发明家和国家讨价还价的结果，发明家享受一段时间的垄断权，在这段时间之后，他必须公布其发明的所有细节。
只有在极特殊的情况下专利的期限才可能被延长以改变事件的正常过程。
迄令为止批准的最长的延期授予了乔治?瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。（长难句①）
由于一项专利在其有效期终止后将永远公之于众，因此附属于专利机构的图书馆的书架上收藏有至少上百万种发明想法供任何人免费使用，如果它们已经存在半个多世纪，有时候甚至被人们用于重新申请专利。事实上，专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。同样，由于已经以任何其他形式发表的想法不能再用于申请专利，因此保守的做法是从其他公开的相关领域获得灵感。许多现代技术的突破就是基于这样的法律保障前提。
任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上都很陈旧。（佳句①）正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。（长难句②）磁记录理论的基本专利要追溯到1886年。许多关于电视机的最初想法都来自于19世纪末20世纪初。甚至1904年一项马在后面的马车专利就预示了大众后置发动机汽车的诞生。
Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation
(31) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation,There is no more difference,but there is just the same kind of difference,between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person,as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales,and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights,(32) It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other,differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
You will understand this better,perhaps,if I give you some familiar examples,(33) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction,that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories,(34) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training,To hear all these large words,you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms,you will discover that you are quite wrong,and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.
There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere’s plays,where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life,In the same way,I trust that you will take comfort,and be delighted with yourselves,on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period,(35)Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning,of the very same kind,though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
一、文章结构总体分析文章探讨了科学家的思维活动与常人的思维活动是否存在差异的问题。科学研究方法实际上不过是普遍人了解世界时所用的方法。许多人以为归纳法和演绎法是经过特别训练的科学家所独有的，但其实人们每天都在使用这些思维方法，只是程度不同而已。
二、试题分析
31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：含否定词的肯定表示方法，被动句译成主动句这是一个由分号连接的并列句。主干是The method is nothing but…; it is simply the mode…这个句子从两个方面对the method of scientific investigation(科学研究的方法)进行了论述。分号后面的it即是指第一句的主语The method of scientific investigation。两个分句的主干都是主系表结构。
后半句的mode后有一个介词前置的定语从句by which…修饰，可译作“用以……的方法”，定语从句中包含有两个被动语态：are reasoned… and given…,在这里，我们可以用“对……进行，对……给予”的句型翻译这两个被动语态。nothing but和simply所表达的口气相似，都意为“只不过、就是，只是”。
注意nothing but不表示否定。类似的词组短语还有,but that+从句意为“若不是”；anything but意为“根本不”；all but 意为“几乎，差一点”；but for 意为“要不是”等等。
词汇方法：working意为“活动”而不是“工作”。expression在这里意为“表达”。reason作动词时意为“推理”，“思索”。
译文：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。
32.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文理解这是一个主从复合句。这句话与前文的联系紧密，因为这句话中的scale和balance都在前文中出现，一种是a baker or a butcher所用，一种是a chemist所用。从常识可以知道面包师或卖肉者所用的一定是磅秤，而化学家所用的是更为精确的天平。
本句中的in the one case,in the other(case)就是指被面包师或卖肉者和被化学家所用两种情况，翻译的时候可以适当作增补，以使意义清楚明了。所以It is not that the that scales in the one case,and the balance in the other可以译成：这不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平。
but后面的句子是一个两者相比较的句子。the former,the latter分别是指前文提到的磅秤和天平。
词汇方面：differ in 是动词词组，可译成“在……方面存在差别，在……方面有所不同”。
译文：这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平的构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确。
33．[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：猜测词义，词语搭配。
这是一个主从复合句。句子的主干是：You（主）+have all heard（谓）+ it（形式宾语）+repeated（宾补）+that…（真正宾语）。真正宾语由三个that引导的从句充当。That从句的表达顺序和中文相近，可以顺着原文的顺序翻译。第二个和第三个that从句当中的they都指scientists。
要注意名词和动词在汉语中的搭配，如extract… laws,build up… theories在中文中应该搭配成：“找出规律”，“建立……理论”。operations实际上就指前面的induction,deduction,因此它的字面意思“操作，运转”不符合句子意思，可以翻译成“方法”，因为induction,deduction本身就是两种方法。
词汇方面：repeated意为“多次”。从induction已给出的中文可以猜出deduction(演绎)的意思，因为它显然是和induction相对的。
In a sort of sense意为“在某种意义上说”；out of these指的是out of these laws，字面意思是“来自这些规律”，这里可译为“从这些规律出发”或“根据这些规律”。
译文：你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。
34．[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：固定句型的译法，代词指代这是一个复合句。句子的主干是it is imagined… that…,and that…。it是形式主语，that引导的是真正的主语。事实上，it is imagined by many that…这样的句型还有许多类似的例子，它们都有约定俗成的译法。本句应当翻译成“许多人认为”。再如：it is reported…(据报道……)；it is said that…(据说……)；it is argued that…(有人争论……)。many在这指many people,operations当然指其思维的活动。
by no means也是否定的一种形式，can by no means be compared with的意思是“不能与……相比较”，隐含的意思是“不如……”。通过上下文可以知道these processes指的是第33题中所描述的科学家们的思维过程。
最后一个分句中的they 指的是前面一分句的复数名processes。被动语态可用“进行……”或“经过……”翻译成主动语态。That从句中common mind是指普通人的思维。
词汇方面：imagined与believed,maintained等的意思基本一致，意为“认为”。
译文：许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能管理。
35.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：长句的翻译，双重否定，常见词的生僻意思这个句子有两个not，是一个双重否定句，意思是肯定的；of the same kind,though different in degree,as that…都是说明reasoning的，作reasoning的后置定语。
as 是承接same来的，as后的that代表前面的kind(of reasoning)。这个句子太长，在翻译的时候可以适当断开，用“这些”或重复一个名词的方法另起一句，这样符合汉语短句多的习惯，如在这里可以把“思维活动”重复一遍。
词汇方法：in the course of the day是“在全天中”；have occasion to 意为“有机会做……”；set in motion意为“使……运动，发起，进行”；train这个常见词的意思尤其要搞清楚，在这里意为“一系列，一连串”。
译文：在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。
四、全文翻译
(31)科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。他们之间没有其他差别，不过是科学家的思维操作模式与正常人的思维操作模式之间的一样，这种差别有如面包师或卖肉者用普通磅秤称他们物品的重量的操作方法与化学家用天平以及精确度量的重量单位进行一个困难且复杂的分析之间的不同。(32)这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平的构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确。
如果我给你一些熟悉的例子，或许，你可以更好地理解这点差异。(33)你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。(34)许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能获得。听了那些夸大的言语，你可能会认为科学家的头脑一定和其他人的大脑构造不同；但是假如你没有被这些言词所吓倒，你会发现，你完全错了；你还会发现，所有这些可怕的仪器你自己每天每时也在使用。
在莫里哀的一个剧本中有这样一个著名的插曲：作者让主人公得知他整个一生中一直在说散文后，表现出无限的喜悦。同样，我认为，当你一旦发现你一生中一直在按归纳法和演绎法的哲理办事时，你也会感到安慰和欣喜的。(35)在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。
Part Ⅳ Writing (15 points)
DIRECTIONS:
A,Title,ADVERTISEMENT ON TV
B,Time limit,40 minutes
C,Word limit,120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D,Your composition should be based at the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:,Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen.”
E,Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET,
OUTLINE:
l,Present state
2,Reasons
3,My comments
一、审题本文围绕电视广告展开，因本题已经给出起始句，通过分析可看出首段应突出广告的普遍性，其他各段可根据这一特点进行分析。因此，本文应围绕电视广告日益增多来分析原因、发表看法。
二、谋篇按提纲所示，本文可分为三段展开：第一段介绍电视广告的现状，第二段分析构成此现状的原因。第三段，发表自己对电视广告的看法。
三、写作误区
1．跑题本题虽以广告为关键词，但起始句的“多”字也不可省。有的同学没有以“多”字为主旨写，而只是批判或赞扬广告，也不能算做切题。有些考生虽洋洋洒洒写了一满篇，但没有抓住“电视”一词，结果跑题。所以审题时题目、提纲、起始句一个也不要错过。
2．布局不当有些考生谋篇上过去繁琐。从广告的利弊两方面展开描写分析，虽然写作的初衷是好的，但由于考试时间有限，往往是虎头蛇尾，而且易于跑题。考试毕竟是检查英语写作的整体水平，因此过于繁锁的结构在考试不宜被采纳。
四、范文点评评分标准12分~15分内容切题，包括提纳的全部要点；表达清楚，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确，字数符合要求。
Sample 1( 14分)
ADVERTISEMENT ON TV
Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen,It is difficult to find a program without insertion of ads on TV,Food,clothes,books and so on are presented on television,From time to time,we can also see some public welfare ads,appealing to people to protect the environment,No matter you like it or not,TV advertisement has become an efficient means of information dissemination in our market economy.
There are several reasons contributing to this increasingly prosperous advertisement industry,Because of the rapid development of economy,many manufacturers have realized the important role of advertisements in that they can stimulate production and win the market,In our competitive society consumers usually have the choice of several brands of the same product,Moreover,some advertisements are so attractive that they can not only provide lots of first-hand information about new products,but also channel the viewer to the pleasure of watching TV.
As we know every coin has two sides,so does the advertisement to TV,For one thing,high quality TV advertisements bring the viewers not only vast information but also sensuous enjoyment,For another thing,too many advertisements in low quality may spoil both the TV program and viewers’ mood,However,the viewer has the rights to switch the channel if he does not like the program,(224 words)
例文分析
1.提纲
①电视广告很多。
②构成此现状的三原因：厂家，电台，消费者的需要。
③电视广告利弊兼有。
2．论点与谋篇中心突出、条理清楚是本文的一大特点。本文的优点在于分析部分，作者采用了列举的方法；评论部分以俗语开头，开门见山地点明观点的两个方面，并且从正反两方面进行论证，论据既充分又生动。
3．连贯性与过渡本文过渡自然，彩用了多个连词。特别是like it or not.既点出人们看待广告多这一现象的心态，又过渡下文；而As we know every coin has two sides，清楚地为下面的展开做好铺垫。
4.句式、用词句式有变化。
评分标准9分~12分内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达比较清楚，文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，字数符合要求。
Sample 2(10分)
ADVERTISEMENT ON TV
Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen,When we turn on the TV,we have to spend more and more time watching TVC commercials than before,Every kind of commodities can be advertised,Food,clothes,domestic appliances,cares—everything you can think—can be seen on TV.
Why are there so many advertisements? There are several reasons,Our economy is developing very fast,The consumers usually have the choice of several different brands of the same product and manufacturers have the problem to how to keep sales high,The consumers wish to get the information related to the product from TV ads,It can make them choose the one that they like best.
On my opinion,not all the advertisements are bad,We can receive information on the goods,and we can be interested in them,I think we should reduce the advertisement on TV.(149 words)
例文分析
1.提纲
①电视广告很多。
②构成此现状原因：厂家与消费者的需要。
③电视广告利弊兼有，观众可随心所欲地换台。
2.论点与谋篇中心突出、条理清楚也是本文的一大特点。本文的优点在于分析部分，作者采用了列举的方法从多个方面进行论证，较充分、生动。
3．连贯性与过渡本文过渡自然，采用多个连词。
4．句式与用词句式有变化，语言较简洁、生动。
典型错误：动词词组缺少介词：everything you can think 应为everything you can think of。
