Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
Chapter 30
The Wave Nature of Light,Interference
1 Huygens’ principle
2 Refraction
3 Young’s Double-slit Experiment— interference
4 Intensity in the Double-slit Interference Pattern
5 Interference in Thin Films
6 Michelson Interferometer
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
Interference 干涉
Diffraction 衍射
Refraction 折射
Huygen’s Principle 惠更斯原理
index of refraction 折射率
Double-slit 双缝
Bright fringe 明条纹
constructive interference 干涉相长
Dark fringe 暗条纹
destructive interference 干涉相消
Intensity 密度
Thin film 薄膜
Michelson interferometer 麦克耳逊干涉仪
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
Rainbow,the incident wavelengths are bent
through different angles as they pass through
raindrops that produce the bow,(Geometrical
optics)
However,soap bubbles( 肥皂泡 ) and oil slicks
( 油膜 ) can also show striking colors,produced
not by refraction but by constructive and
destructive interference of light.
Light is wave,because interference ( 干涉 ) and
diffraction( 衍射 ) cannot be explained other
than with waves.
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
30-1 Huygens’ Principle and Diffraction p680-681
1.Diffraction 光的衍射现象 (p681)
If a wave encounters( 遇到 ) a barrier( 障碍物 )
that has an opening( 孔 ) of dimensions similar
to the wavelength,the part of the wave that
passes through the opening will spread out
(diffract) into the region beyond the barrier.
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
如果波长与障碍物相当,衍射现象最明显。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
圆孔衍射
Circular disk
单缝衍射
Single slit
PH
*S
G
*S
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
2,Huygens’ Principle 惠更斯原理 (p680-681)
惠更斯原理 ----波在媒质中传播到的各点,都可看成新的子波源。 波振面上所有点都可视为发射子波的波源,
其后任一时刻,这些子波的包迹就是新的波振面,
All points on a wavefront serve as point sources
of spherical secondary wavelets( 子波 ),After a
time t,the new position of the wavefront will be
that of a surface tangent to these secondary
wavelets.
New wavefront
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
Spherical wave
tu?
tt时刻的波阵面
t
时刻的波阵面
tt 2
时刻的波阵面
Planer wave
t
时刻的波阵面
tt时刻的波阵面
tt 2
时刻的波阵面
tu?
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
30-2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of Refraction(p682)
The law of refraction
The law of reflection:
The angle of incidence (?1)
= The angle of reflection (?1’)
21
1
2
2
1
2
1
s i n
s i n
n
n
n
v
v

1?1’
2
n2
n1
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
tur
tur
3
2
tur
3
1
A B C D
E
F
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
B
C
i
A
D
E
F
v1
v2
v2△ t
Where?1=i,?2=r
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
s i n
s i n
n
n
v
v
tv
tv
AC
v
AC
tv

The law of refraction:
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
Wavelength and index of refraction( 折射率 )
f
n
f
n
cv
n?

and c are wavelength and speed of a certain
monochromatic light ( 单色光 ) in vacuum.
v and?n=?/n are in medium with an index of
refraction n.
v=c/n,?n=?/n
(For all electromagnetic wave)
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
30-3,30-4,30-5 Interference-Young’s Double-Slit
Experiment p683-690
杨氏在 1801年首先用实验的方法研究了光的干涉现象,
为光的波动理论确定了实验基础。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
r1
r2
S1
S2
In fig,Because the
waves passing through
slits S1 and S2 are
portions of the single
light wave that
illuminates the slits.
The phase difference
remains constant,the
light from slits S1 and
S2 is said to be
completely coherent.
相干条件,
(1)频率相同,(2)相位差恒定,(3)光矢量振动方向平行
1 Coherence 相干光 P687
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
2)相干光的产生 波阵面分割法
*光源
1s
2s
振幅分割法
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
1),Schematic diagram of Young’s Double-slit experiment
p
1s
2s
s
x
oo?
B
d
1r
2r
D
r?
2,Young’s Double-slit Experiment p683-686)
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
p
1s
2s
s
x
oo?
B
d
1r
2r
dD
Dx /t a ns i n
D
xd?
D
r?
si n12 drrr
2),The path length difference 波程差
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
S1 and S2 are portions of the same incident wave,
so they are in phase,
(Bright fringe明 ); constructive interference
m=0,1,2,…
m=0,1,2,…
m?
)21( m
(Dark fringe暗 ); destructive interference
sind
3) interference pattern lines
m,order of the interference fringe.
Constructive interference will occur when thepath difference equals a whole number of
wavelengths,Destructive interference occurswhen the path difference is?,1/3 and so on.
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
干涉条纹图样
632.8nm的氦氖激光器产生的干涉条纹
589.3nm的钠黄光产生的干涉条纹
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
rdDx
=?d
Dm?
dDm )21(
m=0,1,2,… 明
m=0,1,2,… 暗
D
xdr
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
Discussion
IO
1,Bright fringe 明纹位置
d
Dmx
m

k=0时:
00?x
0
明纹零级明纹 (central fringe)
位于屏幕中央,而且,只有一条 。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
k=1时:
d
Dx
1
1级明纹有两条,对称分布在 屏 幕 中 央 两 侧 。 The
first fringe on each side
of the central fringe.
其它各级明纹都有两条,且对称分布。
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
IO 0
明纹
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
暗纹
0
0
2,dark fringe 暗纹位置
d
Dkx
k 2)12(

k=0时:
d
Dx
20

零级暗纹有两条,对称分布在屏幕中央两侧。
IO 0
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
明纹
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
k=1时:
d
D
x
2
3
1

1级暗纹有两条,对称分布在屏幕中央两侧。
其它各级暗纹都有两条,
且对称分布。
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
暗纹
0
0 I
O 0
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
明纹
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
3,spacing between neighboring points of
constructive or destructive interference 条纹间距
a.相邻明纹间距:
mm xxx 1
d
Dm
d
Dmx )1(
b.相邻暗纹间距:
mm xxx 1
d
Dm
d
Dmx
2
)12(
2
]1)1(2[
可以看出相邻明纹与相邻暗纹的间距都相同,所以条纹 明暗相间平行等距 。
d
D
d
D
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
As long as d and? are small,the fringes is
independent of m; that is,the fringes are
evenly( 均匀地 ) spaced.
Example 30-1,When? is not small value the
spacing between neighboring points of
constructive or destructive interference is not
uniform,The spacing gets larger as? gets larger.
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
一定时,若 变化,则 将怎样变化?
Dd,? x?1)
Example 30-3 p686 part a
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
2) 条纹间距 与 的关系如何?x? d一定时,D、
Example 30-3 p686 part b
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
D
xtg s in
4 Angular deviation( 各级明纹对中心的张角),
Angular separation( 角宽度),
dD
xx mm 1
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
30-5 Intensity in the Double-Slit Interference
Pattern (p687-690)
1s
2s
P
*1r
2r
1) 频率相同;
2) 振动方向平行;
3) 相位相同或相位差恒定,
波的相干条件
1,Interference( 干涉) of waves
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
Suppose two sinusoidal waves travel along a
stretched string,( 同频率、同振向、恒定的位相差 — 相干条件)
波源振动 )c o s( 111 tAy
)c o s ( 222 tAy
)π2c o s ( 1111
rtAy p
)π2c os ( 2222
rtAy p
点 P 的两个分振动
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
)c o s (21 tAyyy ppp
)
π2
co s ()
π2
co s (
)
π2
s i n ()
π2
s i n (
t an
1
22
1
11
2
22
1
11
r
A
r
A
r
A
r
A


co s2 212221 AAAAA
1s
2s
P
*1r
2r
)π2c o s ( 1111
rtAy p
)π2c os ( 2222 rtAy p
点 P 的两个分振动

12
12 π2
rr 常量
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
讨 论
1 ) 合振动的振幅(波的强度)在空间各点的分布随位置而变,但是稳定的,
,2,1,0π2 kk?
,2,1,0π)12( kk?
2121 AAAAA
其他
21 AAA 振动始终 加强
21 AAA
振动始终 减弱
2 )
co s2 212221 AAAAA
1212 π2 rr
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
波程差 12 rr若 则21
π2
21 AAA
振动始终 减弱
21 AAA 振动始终 加强
,2,1,0)21( kk
2121 AAAAA
其他
,2,1,0 kk
3 )
讨 论 co s2 21
2221 AAAAA
1212 π2 rr
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
2 intensity pattern 双缝干涉光强分布
)c o s (2 122010220210 AAAAA
)c o s (2 122121 IIIII合光强干涉项若
021 III
r π2
12其中
)( πc o s4 20
rII?krI,4 0
2)12(,0 kr

Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
)( πc o s4 20? rII
krI,4 0
2)12(,0 kr
r2?3?4?5?234? 0
04I
I
光强分布图
0
dD2?
d
D4?dD2dD4? x
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
紫光 光强分布图
04I
I
0
2
'2?
d
d
2
'4?
d
d
2
'2?
d
d?
2
'4?
d
d?
x
波长不同条纹间距不同
04I
I红光 光强分布图
0 1'2?dd 1'4?dd1'2?dd?1'4?dd? x
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
3,optical path 光程 and optical path difference 光程差真空
1)若两相干光波在真空中传播
21
S1,S2传到 P点的光振动的相位差:
)2()2( 2211


r
t
r
t
)c o s ( 111 tAa
)c o s ( 222 tAa
)(2 12
rr
r1
r2
P
S1
S2
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
介质介质
S1
S2
r1
r2
P
21
1?
2?
)c o s ( 111 tAa )c o s ( 222 tAa
n1
n2
同一束光在不同介质中传播时,频率不变而波长不同。
2)若两相干光波分别在介质,1” 和介质,2” 中传播以 表示光在真空中的波长,以 表示光在介质中的波长;以 n表示介质的折射率。
n?
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
由于
v
cn?
n
v
c
f
f
nn

所以有
fu ' fc
真空中的波长介质的折射率nn
介质中的波长
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
)2()2(
2
2
2
1
1
1
r
t
r
t
1
1
2
2 22
rr

)(2 1122
rnrn
只要将几何路程换为折射率乘几何路程即可!
)
//
(2
1
1
2
2
n
r
n
r


光程 =折射率?几何路程 =nr定义:
S1,S2传到 P点的光振动的相位差:
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
光程的物理意义,光程就是光在媒质中通过的几何路程,按波数相等折合到真空中的路程。

nrr
n
折合的好处是可以统一地用光在真空中的波长 来计算光的相位的变化。
或者说 光程为一折合量,它是在传播时间相同的条件下,把光在媒质中传播的路程折合成在真空中传播的路程 。
=n2r2-n1r1 is called the optical path difference
( 光程差)
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
例,在双缝干涉实验中,用波长为 632.8 nm 的激光照射一双缝,将一折射率为 n=1.4 的透明的介质薄片插入一条光路,发现屏幕上中央明纹移动了
3.5个条纹,求介质薄片的厚度 d 。
o’
D
S1
S2
S d
r1
r2 I
oo
d
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
解,由于中央明纹移动了 3.5 个条纹,则插入的介质薄片所增加的光程差为 3.5 个波长,对应原屏幕中央 o 点两条光线的光程差也为 3.5? 。
D
S1
S2
a
r1
r2 o
d
在原屏幕中央 o点两光线的光程差为:
5.3?
5.3)1( dn
dnd
1
5.3
nd
m105,5 6- 14.1
108.6 3 25.3 9

Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
4,phase shift of?半波损失 p691-692
21 nn?
反射光存在半波损失
21 nn?
反射光无半波损失而 折射光都无半波损失
1n
2n
i
r
A beam of light reflected by a material whose
index of refraction is greater than the of the
material in which it is traveling,changes phase
by 180。 or 1/2 cycle,If the refractive index is less
than that of the material in which the light is
traveling,no phase change occurs,光从光疏媒质向光密媒质入射时,反射光有半波损失
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
30-6 interference in thin films( 薄膜干涉 ) P691-694
Transparent film( 透明薄膜 )
S1
The colors we see when sunlight illuminates( 照明 )
a soap bubble or an oil slick are caused by the
interference of light waves reflected from the
front and back surfaces of a thin transparent film.
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
薄膜的干涉现象:
水膜在白光下 白光下的肥皂膜
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
1,A thin transparent film of uniform thickness
( 厚度均匀的薄膜),
For near-normal
incidence( 垂直入射) 1n
1n
2n
dn 22
未考虑半波损失时
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
考虑半波损失:
321 nnn
321 nnn
321 nnn
321 nnn
光程差不附加 2
光程差附加 2
1n
3n
2n
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
由干涉的加强减弱条件

2)12(
m
m )2,1(m
)2,1,0(m
加强减弱
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
1n
1n
2n
Example 30-7 p693
22 2
dnΔ
12 nn?
当 时
2)12(
m
m )2,1(m
)2,1,0(m
加强减弱 22 2?dnΔ
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
22
12
n
d
Minimum thickness 1?m
24 n
d
2)12(
m
m )2,1(m
)2,1,0(m
加强减弱 22 2?dnΔ
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
因此,在给定厚度处,反射光和入射光的波长有关,因此油膜厚度决决定了反射光的颜色。水面上油膜厚度一般不会很均匀,太阳光中又包含了各种波长的光,所以在各处反射的光就会由于波长不同而显示彩色了。
对于肥皂膜,在太阳光下显示彩色的现象可以做相同分析,只是由于此时肥皂泡内外都是空气,
其折射率都小于肥皂液体的折射率,因此,在计算从泡膜内外表面反射的两束光的相位差时,就需要在考虑路程差的基础上再加上半波损失。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
解?kdnΔ
1r 2?,2,1,
2 1 k
k
dn?
nm11042,1 1 dnk?
nm552,2 1 dnk?
nm368
3
2,3
1 dnk?
例 一油轮漏出的油 (折射率 =1.20)污染了某海域,在海水 ( =1.30)表面形成一层薄薄的油污,
如果太阳正位于海域上空,一直升飞机的驾驶员从机上向下观察,他所正对的油层厚度为 460nm,则他将观察到油层呈什么颜色?
1n
2n
绿色
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
( 1 ) For a given film thickness L,two below
equations tell us the wavelengths of light for
which the film appears bright and dark,
respectively,one wavelength for each value of m.
intermediate wavelengths give intermediate
brightnesses,厚度一定时,某些波长的光可以产生明条纹,某些产生暗纹 。
(2)For a given wavelength?,the thicknesses of
the films that appear bright and dark in that
light,respectively,one thickness for each value of
m,intermediate thicknesses give intermediate
brightnesses.波长一定时,每一级明条纹 ( 或暗条纹 )
对应相同的厚度 。
Notes:
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
2
)21(2 nmd m=0,1,2,… (maxima -bright)
2
2 nmd m=0,1,2,… (minima -dark)
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
2,coated lens 镀膜技术 P694
在光学器件中,由于表面上的反射与透射,在器件表面要镀膜,来改变反射与透射光的比例。可有增透膜,增反膜。
例如:较高级的照相机的镜头由 6个透镜组成,
good quality cameras may contain six to ten thin
lenses,如不采取有效措施,反射造成的光能损失可达
45%~90%。 为增强透光,要镀增透膜,或增反膜。复杂的光学镜头采用增透膜可使光通量增加 10倍。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
增透膜 (nonreflective coating)
光学镜头为减少反射光
nonreflecting,通常要镀增透膜。
A very thin coating on the lens surfaces can
reduce reflections considerably,the thickness
of the film is chosen so that light reflecting
from the front and rear surfaces of the film
destrutively interferes.
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
增透膜是使膜上下两表面的反射光满足减弱条件。
2)12(
m
)2,1,0(k 减弱
22 2?dn
Destructive interference can occur for one
particular wavelength depending on the
thickness of the coating,So a single coating
cannot eliminate reflections for all wavelengths.
Often the coating is designed to eliminate the
center of the reflected spectrum (around 550nm).
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
例:为增强照相机镜头的透射光,往 往 在 镜 头
( n3=1.52) 上镀一层 MgF2 薄膜 ( n2=1.38),使对人眼和感光底片最敏感的黄绿光? = 555 nm 反射最小,
假设光垂直照射镜头,求,MgF2 薄膜的最小厚度 。
解:
2)12(
k
)2,1,0(k 减弱
dn 22?
1c o s?r
321 nnn
氟化镁为增透膜
23
玻璃
23 nn?
d
1n
2n
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
24
)12(
n
kd
k=0,膜最薄
24 n
d m101 7
38.14
10555 9

通常 k 取 1,
24
3
n
d
38.14
105 5 53 9

m103 7
在该厚度下蓝紫光反射加强,所以我们看到镜头表面为蓝紫色。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
3,Wedge-shape( 劈尖) with a thickness that
varies uniformly (example 30-6,p692)
n
用单色平行光垂直照射玻璃劈尖,由于在同条纹下的薄膜厚度相同,形成干涉条纹为平行于劈棱的一系列等厚干涉条纹。
很小?
等厚干涉,在同一干涉条纹下薄膜厚度相同。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
n
① ②
nn?1
Perpendicularly incident
2)12(
m
m )2,1(m
)2,1,0(m
加强 bright
band
减弱 dark
band
22 knd
1n
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
m
)
2
1(?m
)2,1(m
)2,1,0(m
加强 bright band
减弱 dark band
knd2
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
L
n
1n
D
劈尖干涉
nn?1
d n
m 2)21(
nm 2?
(明纹 bright
bands)
(暗纹 dark
bands)
b
b
2/n?
讨论
1)劈尖 (the point
of contact)
2
Δ
0?d
为暗纹,
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
劈尖干涉的应用
1.测量微小物体的厚度
d
L
将微小物体夹在两薄玻璃片间,形成劈尖,
用单色平行光照射。
Ld?
由 nl2

nl
Ld
2


Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
e?
2 检验光学元件表面的平整度
b
'b
由于同一条纹下的空气薄膜厚度相同,当待测平面上出现沟槽时条纹弯曲。
待测平面
The bright and dark
bands will be straight
only if the glass
plates are extremely
flat,If they are not,
the pattern is uneven.
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
3 Newton’s rings( 牛顿环 ) (p691)
将一块半径很大的平凸镜与一块平板玻璃叠放在一起,用单色平行光垂直照射,由平凸镜下表面和平板玻璃上表面两束反射光干涉,产生牛顿环干涉条纹。
o
R①

Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
牛顿环实验装置牛顿环干涉图样显微镜
S
L
R
r d
M半透半反镜
T
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference o
R①

由于 321 nnn
①,②两束反射光的 光程差附加
1n2n
3n
2/? 项。
2)12(
m
m )2,1(m
)2,1,0(m
加强
bright
减弱 dark
22 knd
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
The fringes are not evenly( 不均匀地) spaced.
d= 0 dark fringe
白光入射将出现由紫到红的彩色条纹。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
1,kr 与 kd 间的关系
222 )( kk dRRr
Rd k
22 2 kkk dRdr
kk Rdr 22?
R
rd k
k 2
2
o
R①

1n2n
3n
kr
kd
Discussion
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
2)12(
k
k )2,1(k
)2,1,0(k
加强减弱
22

knd 222
2?

R
rn k

2
2?
R
nr k
2.牛顿环半径明环由?
k
R
nr k
2
2
nRkr k /)2/1( )2,1(k
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
暗环由
2
)12(
2
2
k
R
nr k
nkRr k / )2,1,0(k
nRkr k /)2/1(
nkRr k /
明环半径暗环半径
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
1) r=0的地方,是零级暗纹;
2)任两环间的距离(以暗环为例)
kRRkrr kk )1(1
Rkk ))1((
干涉级高的环间的间距小,即随着 k的增加条纹变密,
即,条纹不是等距分布。( P69,8)
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
30-7 Michelson Interferometer (p695)
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
美国物理学家 。 1852 年 12月 19日出生于普鲁士斯特雷诺 ( 现属波兰 ),后随父母移居美国,毕业于美国海军学院,曾任芝加哥大学教授,美国科学促进协会主席,美国科学院院长;还被选为法国科学院院士和伦敦皇家学会会员,1931年 5月 9日在帕萨迪纳逝世 。
迈克耳孙主要从事光学和光谱学方面的研究,他以毕生精力从事光速的精密测量,在他的有生之年,
一直是光速测定的国际中心人物 。 他发明了一种用以测定微小长度,折射率和光波波长的干涉仪 ( 迈克耳孙干涉仪 ),在研究光谱线方面起着重要的作用 。
1887年他与美国物理学家 E.W.莫雷合作,进行了著名的迈克耳孙 -莫雷实验,这是一个最重大的否定性实验,
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
它动摇了经典物理学的基础。
他研制出高分辨率的光谱学仪器,经改进的衍射光栅和测距仪。迈克耳孙首倡用光波波长作为长度基准,提出在天文学中利用干涉效应的可能性,并且用自己设计的星体干涉仪测量了恒星参宿四的直径。由于创制了精密的光学仪器和利用这些仪器所完成的光谱学和基本度量学研究,迈克耳孙于
1907年获诺贝尔物理学奖金。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
迈克耳孙干涉仪 是1883年美国物理学家迈克耳孙和莫雷合作,为研究" 以太 "漂移实验而设计制造出来的精密光学仪器。实验结果否定了以太的存在,
解决了当时关于" 以太 "的争论,并为爱因斯坦发现相对论提供了实验依据。以后,迈克耳孙又用它作了两个重要实验,首次系统地研究了光谱线的精细结构,
以及直接将光谱线的波长与标准米尺进行比较,实现了长度单位的标准化。
今天,迈克耳孙干涉仪 已被更完善的现代干涉仪取代,例如米尺的标定及干涉分光工作已改用法布里
-帕罗干涉仪。但迈克耳孙干涉仪的基本结构仍然是许多干涉仪的基础。目前根据迈克耳孙的基本原理研制的各种精密仪器广泛用于生产和科研领域。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
单色光源
21 MM?
反射镜
2M
反射镜
1M
1 迈克耳孙干涉仪简图
21 M,M
与 成 角045
21 / / GG
2G
补偿板分光板
1G
移动导轨1M
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
分光板 G1,其后表面镀有一层半透明半反射的薄银膜。把入射光束分成振幅近于相等的反射光束 1和透射光束 2。
Half-silvered mirror G1,this beam splitter mirror
has a thin layer of sliver that reflects only half the
light that hits it,so that half of the beam passes
through to a fixed mirror M2,where it is reflected
back,The other half is reflected by G1 up to
mirror M1 that is movable,where it is also
reflected back.
补偿板 G2,使得光束 2也三次通过玻璃板,这样光束 1和光束 2的光程差就和在玻璃板中的光程无关了。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
反射镜
2M
21 MM?
反射镜 1M
单色光源
1G 2G
光程差 dΔ 2?
的像 2M'2M
d
A
分光板 G1后表面镀半反射薄银膜,在 A出看,使 M2在 M1
附近形成一虚像 M2’。 光线 22好象从 M2’反射的一样。
22
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
1G 2G
d2
M'
2M
1M
干涉条纹移动数目迈克尔孙干涉仪的主要特性两相干光束在空间完全分开,并可用 移动反射镜或 在光路中加入介质片 的方法改变两光束的光程差,
移动距离
1M
d?
2
kd
移动反射镜
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
2d=
The path length difference for the two waves
when they recombine at the telescope is( 两路光的相位差 ),
加强减弱
,2,1
2
2 kn?
,2,10212,)( kn?
If M2 is moved by a distance?/2,the path length
difference changed by?,and the fringe pattern
is shifted by one fringe,当移动时,光程差改变,则条纹移动 。
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
By counting the number of fringes through
which the pattern shifts,we can get the change
of path difference.
Where d is the distance of M2 moved;?k is the
number of fringes through which the pattern
shifts.
A shift in the fringe pattern can also be caused
by the insertion of a thin transparent material
into the optical path of one of the mirrors.( 在其中一臂插入透明薄膜也可以产生条纹移动 )
2
kd
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
If the material has thickness d and index of
refraction n,then the number of wavelengths
along the light’s to-and-fro path through the
material is:

dndN
n
m
22
dN
a
2?
The number of wavelengths in the same
thickness 2d of air before the insertion of the
material is:
)1(222 ndddnNNN am

Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
例,迈克尔逊干涉仪两臂中分别加入 20cm长的玻璃管,一个抽成真空,一个充以一个大气压的氩气,今以汞光线 (?=5460A)
入射干涉仪,如将氩气抽出,发现干涉仪中条纹移动了 205条,
求氩气的折射率 。
20.02
1046.52 0 5 7

解:
31028.0 0 0 0 2 8.1?n
Nln )1(2
lNn 2/1
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
Summary for Chapter thirty
See Page 696-697
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
Homework,
P698:9,12
P700:45
Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference
P698:8