PartⅡ 信息系统的技术基础
Session 4,Modern IT Architecture (第六章、第七章、第八章、第九章)
Session 5,Enterprise Information
Systems Application ( 第十,第十四,第十五,第十八章 )
Session 4,Modern IT Architecture
1,Desktop Systems (one computer)
PC Hardware
Software Systems
2,Managing Data Resource
Database technology
Data Warehousing,OLAP,Data Mining
3,Distributed Systems (many computer)
Computer Networks and the Internet
Distributed application and Client/Server
The World Wide Web and e-commerce
Security and Encryption
INPUT
DEVICES
SECONDARY
STORAGE
PRIMARY
STORAGE
COMPUTER COMPONENTS
CPU
OUTPUT
DEVICES COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES
BUSES
CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE
CPU PRIMARYSTORAGE
DATA BUS
ADDRESS BUS
CONTROL BUS
INPUT
DEVICES
OUTPUT
DEVICES
SECONDARY
STORAGE
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
(CPU)
RAM
PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY
CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC/LOGICUNIT
ROM CLOCK
EXAMPLE,7+10=?
Program:
LD A,7
ADD A,10
HALT
Instruction Program:
0011 1110 操作码 (LD A)
0000 0111 操作数 (7)
1100 0110 操作码 (ADD A)
0000 1010 操作数 (10)
0111 0110 操作码 (HALT)
Assembly language
Machine Language
计算机中的数据处理过程:
机器指令和机器周期机器指令:
1、取机器指令
2、指令翻译 3、把指令放到寄存器中
4、把地址放到寄存器中
5、把数据从内存中取到寄存器中
6、命令 ALU执行相应的操作7,ALU执行操作
8、把结果送到累加器中指令周期执行周期5.20
The CPU
CPU = Central Processing Unit
Instruction execution is automatic
(tick) find memory address of next instruction
(tick) retrieve instruction from memory
(tick) decode the instruction
(tick) fetch argument from memory if necessary
(tick) execute instruction
(tick) store result in memory if necessary
Internal clock ticks very fast (e,g.,100MHZ
= 100 million ticks per second)
activities are synchronized to start on a clock tick
some activities take more than one clock tick
COMPUTER TIME
Millisecond,001 second thousand 15min 40
sec
Microsecond,001 millisecond million 11.6 days
Nanosecond,001microsecond billion 31.7
years
Picosecond,001 nanosecond trillion 31,700
years
NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND
# PER COMPARED
TYPES OF MEMORY
RAM,Random Access Memory
Dynamic,Changes thru processing
Static,Remains constant (power on)
ROM,Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
PROM,Program can be changed once
EPROM,Erasable thru ultraviolet light
EEPROM,Electrically erasable
*
DISK
TAPE
OPTICAL STORAGE
*
SECONDARY STORAGE
STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)
HIGH-SPEED NETWORK
CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE
DEVICES
TAPE LIBRARIES
DISK ARRAYS
STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER,3rd party
rents storage space
*
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
POINTING DEVICES
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
OUTPUT DEVICES
*
2002 by Prentice Hall
POINTING DEVICES:
KEYBOARD
MOUSE
WIRED
INFRA-RED
TRACKBALL
TOUCH PAD
JOYSTICK
TOUCH SCREEN
*
2002 by Prentice Hall
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
Captures data in computer-readable form at
the time and place the data are created
OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR),
translate designed marks,characters,and
codes into digital form.
BAR CODE,Identifies products in stores,
warehouses,shipments
MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION
(MICR),translate characters written in
magnetic ink into digital format
Special ink identifies bank,account,amount
*? 2002 by Prentice Hall
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
PEN-BASED INPUT,Digitizes signature
DIGITAL SCANNER,Translates images &
characters into digital form
VOICE INPUT DEVICES,Converts spoken
word into digital form
SENSORS,Devices that collect data from
environment for computer input (e.g.,
thermometers,pressure gauges)
*
2002 by Prentice Hall
OUTPUT DEVICES:
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)
PRINTER
PLOTTER
VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE
*
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS
Mainframe
Midrange & Minicomputer
Server
Personal Computer (PC)
Workstation
Supercomputer
*
Computer hardware trends
Performance----
better
Price----lower
Size----more
compact
(1) The CPU
(2) Storage devices
(3) User Interfaces
(4) Type of PCs
(1) CPU,Evolution of
Microprocessors
芯片 发布时间 时钟速度
8086 78.6 5-10MHz
80286 82.2 8-12MHz
80386 85.10 16-33MHz
80486 89.4 25-50MHz
Pentium 93.3 60-166MHz
Pentium Pro 95.3 150-200MHz
Pentium II 1996 233-300MHz
P6 1997 up to 400MHz
Pentium III 99.2 450-1000MHz
Pentium IV 2000.11 1500-2G MHz
奔腾 4发布
---- 2000年 11月 21日,英特尔公司正式推出了主频已达 1.5GHz的最新一代奔腾 4处理器。奔腾 4除了拥有令人眩目的主频,还增加了 144条新指令以增强在视频、音频和 3D方面的应用;
NetBurst技术和 400MHz的系统总线将确保英特尔的市场领先地位。
---- 01-9-5,英特尔公司在沪宣布推出2 GHz奔腾4处理器。
方正同步推出采用 Intel最新
2.2GHz P4的电脑
02-1-10,在 Intel P4 2.2G Hz CPU最新发布之际,方正电脑同步推出了采用
Intel P4 2.2GHz CPU 的方正卓越 A家用电脑和商祺 8000商用电脑。
Regatta服务器
01-8-22,据 IBM称,运行 Unix的 Regatta
服务器将提供与大型主机类似的性能。
Regatta将配置 IBM的 Power4微处理器,它最多可以配置多达 32个 Power4处理器。
每个 Power4处理器中包含二个运行速度在 1GHz或更快的处理器内核。
“白色 ASCI”的超级计算机
01-8-17,计算机世界网消息,名叫,白色 ASCI”
的超级计算机,造价 1.1亿美元。它占地 2个篮球场,重量相当于 17头成年大象。,白色,由
IBM公司制造,主要用途是进行模拟核武器试验。 它的计算速度为每秒 12.3万亿次,是普通计算机 1000万年才能完成的工作量。 ASCI全称高级战略计算计划,是为美国能源部核武器库管理而制订的,目的是用超级计算机来实现对核武器的检查和测试。
到 2005年能生产出比真正的核爆炸速度还快的计算机,并能够模拟出核爆炸的实际情况。届时,
计算机速度将达到每秒 100万亿次。
“摩尔定律,
该定律由英特尔创始人之一的戈登,摩尔
( Golden Moore)在 1965年提出主要是界定半导体发展的速度,摩尔定律指出,
半导体所能容纳的晶体管数量,是以每 18个月为一个周期,逐期倍增。
对微处理器来说,其功能每 18个月大约翻一番,
价格大约降一半;
这个,定律,十几年来一直有效地反映着微处理器的发展状况;
导致今天出现数字化信息技术革命个人电脑硬盘容量
20年前,XT个人电脑刚问世时,电脑硬盘容量最大只有 10MB;
而最近个人电脑硬盘最大容量已达到
137GB,而美国电脑硬盘大厂麦斯特公司等即将开发出的新硬盘的容量可达
144GB。
东芝微型 20G高密度硬盘 2月上市 ---- 02-1-17
近日,东芝开发出 1.8英寸硬盘可以存储 20G的内容,将广泛用在 MP3播放器、各种手持设备等上,20G硬盘将在二月份上市。
已有 10G和 20G两个系列。
硬盘直径只有 1.8英寸,大约一枚一美元银币的大小,双面存储介质。
Creative,RCA,和 SonicBlue 推出的新音乐播放器都使用东芝 10G微型硬盘。
英特尔助阵三星淘汰软驱
20亿市场,人间蒸发,
02-1-21,英特尔公司将在今年下半年联合几大 PC厂商将软驱从计算机的标准配置中,抹去,,以推动 USB接口存储设备的推广。
到 2000年全球可擦写光盘的需求量已经首次超过软盘市场,USB移动硬盘和 ZIP
驱动器的需求也以每年 100%的速度在增长。
朗科推出移动存储设备
——启动型优盘 ( 01-10-18)
体积小、重量轻最大容量 2GB
在 WinMe/2000/XP、
Mac OS 9.x/Mac OS X
以及 Linux 2.4.x等操作系统上直接使用
Trends of User Interfaces
Voice Recognition
01-7-31,AT&T公司发布新的语音软件
01-8-13,我国推出会说汉语的语音芯片
Machine Vision Technology
01-8-28,康柏电脑日前宣布采购星创科技开发的
FaceOn PC Suite脸部辨识软件,搭配康柏 Presario
桌上型电脑随机销售,宣告以生物科技辨识科技提升个人电脑安全及隐私的时代正式来临。
Virtual Reality
盖茨重提平板电脑概念
01-12-26,微软投资了数百万美元用于使平板电脑成功的四个主要领域,一是设计特别的视窗操作系统;二是研究先进的手写识别与声音识别技术;三是发布了特别的软件开发工具,
使得软件人员可以编写能够应用于平板电脑的应用程序;四是与 Acer,Compaq和其它电脑厂商一道开发平板电脑,使得其最终能够普及。
比尔 -盖茨预言该产品将逐步取代笔记本电脑,
如果平板电脑能够与第三代移动通信技术 (3G)
相结合,使其成为集计算、通讯、传真、上网等功能在内的一体机,盖茨表示,他认为平板电脑将代表未来的移动 PC。
富士通开发出语音新设备
01-12-19,富士通研究所开发出可以自动读取事先登记的新闻网页以及行政宣传网页等各种主页,并自动播放声音/
动态画像文件的,主页播放器,。
Type of PCs
Desktop PC
Laptop Computer
Notebook
Palmtop Computer
PDA(Personal Digital Assistant)
Smart Cards
日立推出可穿戴 PC
2002年 2月 21日,日立公司说,日立可穿戴 PC
将在本季度结束前开始在美国和日本销售。
这种可穿戴 PC包括一部使用户可以观看高分辨率图像的头戴式显示器,设备的其他部件可以装在兜里。
日立与美国一家一直在发展类似产品的
Xybernaut公司合作开发了这款可穿戴 PC。日本的消费者将从日立公司购买到这款叫做 WIA-
100NB的设备;定位于美国消费者的 Xybernaut
公司将该产品取名为 Poma,并已开始在其 Web
站点上接受订单。 Poma的售价为 1499美元。
日立推出可穿戴 PC(续)
这款可穿戴 PC采用 Microsoft Windows CE操作系统,
配置日立 128MHz RISC处理器和 32MB RAM。设备还提供 CompactFlash卡插槽和 USB端口。头戴显示器将使用户看到相当于 13英寸彩色屏幕的图像。设备利用手持光鼠标进行操作。 (IDG电讯 )
纳米科技
01-12-21,世界科学领域今年进步最为明显的领域是纳米科技(超微细技术)。这是美国的科技杂志,Science,在其 12月 20日号上刊载的,进步最快的十个科学领域,文章中发表的。
对高居榜首的纳米科技,该杂志认为,,它将分子大小的晶体管、电线和开关等连接起来,
实现了纳米(十亿分之一米)水平的运算电路,,这一技术将开启,研制能够即时翻译或解开气候变动之谜的超微小计算机的道路。在今后几十年的时间内将领导科学实现新飞跃,。
炭纳米管逻辑电路
01-8-29,IBM公司表示,他们成功的开发出一个逻辑电路,该电路建立在一个只及人的头发丝的 10万分之一细的圆柱型的结构之上。
一个炭纳米管是个单分子,大约是 10个原子的宽度,是当今多数计算机系统使用的硅的宽度的 1/500.
它是自然界中强度最大的纤维 ―― 比刚的强度高上 10倍。
包括 IBM研究员在内的一些科学家正在研究基于原子的量子计算机的可能性。
HP纳米芯片获专利
2002年 2月 21日,HP公司和美国加州大学科学家近日获得一项工艺的专利。这些科学家说这种工艺最终将生产出比针头还小的计算机。
HP说它在设计复杂的纳米芯片和零件上处于领先地位,可以在今后十来年中制造比细菌还小、
可以编织到衬衣中的纳米计算机。本次宣布的专利是建设生产纳米芯片厂、实现纳米芯片商品化的关键。新专利包括把芯片分为进行独立计算的不同区域,将多种功能集成到一个纳米芯片中的工艺。
HP公司科学家说,这不仅仅是速度问题,而是可以将多少功能装在一起的问题。
纳米计算机传统计算机,软硬分明,,而纳米计算机的软、
硬件的界限将逐渐变得模糊。利用纳米技术和一种称做,纳米盒,的装置,软件将可以由物质构成。因为利用化学方法,由纳米材料制成的硬件可以切成一小块一小块。人们不仅可以在 Internet上下载软件,还能下载硬件。甚至,
某些肉眼看不见的机器人可以将某些物质拆成原子,再将这些原子组装成纳米计算机。
----李正孝 秘桂荣,,垂手可得 ——漫谈纳米技术最先可能取得突破的领域,,计算机世界网,01-4-20
Group Assignment
Textbook pp.187,Question 2:
A firm would like to introduce computers
into its order entry process but feels that it
should wait for a new generation of
machines to be developed,After all,any
machine bought now will be quickly out of
data and less expensive a few years from
now,Do you agree? Why or why not?
Session 4,Modern IT
Architecture
1,Desktop Systems (one computer)
PC Hardware
Software Systems
2,Managing Data Resource
Database technology
Data Warehousing,OLAP,Data Mining
3,Distributed Systems (many computer)
Computer Networks and the Internet
Distributed application and Client/Server
The World Wide Web and e-commerce
Security and Encryption
Textbook pp194-
Software,Detailed instructions to control computer
operation of a computer systems,Without software,
the computer hardware could not perform any
tasks.The functions of software are to
(1) manage the computer resources of the organization,
(2) provide tools for human beings to take advantage of the
these resources
(3) act as intermediary between organizations and stored
information.
PROGRAM,Set of instructions to the computer
STORED,Program must be in primary storage
SOFTWARE
,软件是计算机的灵魂”
Programs written for a specific application to perform functions
specified by end users.
-Programming Language
APPLICATION SOFTWARE Generalized programs that
manage the resources of
the computer,including
-Operating System:
Scheduled computer event
Allocates computer
resources
Monitors events
-Language translators:
Interpreters
Compilers
-Utility Programs:
Routine operations
Manage
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
Operating system
Allocates and assigns:
– memory
e,g.,file system,virtual memory
– processor time
e,g.,multitasking,multiprocessing
– input- output devices
e,g.,printer,keyboard,etc.
May also provide other capabilities useful to
many users or programs
– Graphical User Interface (GUI) capabilities
– Fonts,network protocols,...
Operating system as magician(魔术师)
The four illusions
Many separate computers,one for each
process –,Multitasking”
Large memory –,Virtual memory”
Disks and other secondary storage are
organized as collections of files –,File
systems”
Windows and menus –,Graphical User
Interface (GUI)”
Operating Systems Capabilities:
Multiprogramming,Multitasking
OPER
AT
IN
G
SYST
EM
UNUSED MEMORY
PROGRAM 1
TRADITIONAL SINGLE-
PROGRAM SYSTEM
OPER
AT
IN
G
SYS
TEM
UNUSED MEMORY
PROGRAM 1
PROGRAM 2
PROGRAM 3
MULTIPROGRAMMING
ENVIRONMENT
Operating Systems
Capabilities,Virtual Storage
Virtual Storage is the method of
handling several programs in primary
storage,
Program divided into
Fixed length portions(pages) OR
Variable length (segments)
Current portions reside in primary storage,
portions swapped out when done.
Operating Systems
Capabilities,time sharing
MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:
Time in CPU divided into slices (e.g.,2
microseconds)
Each user has access to CPU during
slice.
Single CPU is fast,can do much during
time slice
User’s job swapped out at end of slice
Operating Systems
Capabilities,Multiprocessing
Links together two or more CPUs to
work in parallel in a single computer
systems to execute two or more
instructions.
Program can be divided to be processed by
multiple CPUs.
Can process large programs more rapidly
*
Operating Systems
Capabilities,File Systems
Reality:
– Disks are sets of tracks
– Tracks are sets of sectors
– Sectors can store fixed- sized byte blocks
Illusion:
– Disks are sets of directories
– Directories contain other directories or files
– Files are variable- size byte sequences
– Directories and files have names
Windows and Menus
Reality,Screen is an array of pixels(象素数组)
Illusion 1,Menus
– Depending on where you click,different action
happens
– Technique,OS looks up location where mouse was
clicked,executes appropriate action
Illusion 2,Overlapping windows
– A window may cover part or all of another
– When a window is uncovered,its contents are
redisplayed
– Technique,OS saves bitmap(位图) of covered
windows
Application does not need to know how to redraw the
contents of its window
MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
32-bit operating system,GUI,multitasking,
networking
32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips,
Multitasking,multiprocessing,networking
32-bit,Developed for IBM PS/2,Multitasking,
networking
Paired-down for handheld computers,wireless
communication devices
Windows
98 & 95
Windows NT
Me & 2000
Windows CE
OS/2
OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES
OPERATING SYSTEM
Mac OS For Macintosh computers,Multitasking,
Powerful graphics,multimedia
Unix For powerful microcomputers,workstations,
minicomputers,Multitasking,multi-user
processing,networking,Portable to various
computer platforms
DOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS),
Program memory,640K
Linux Free,reliable alternative to Unix,Windows,
Runs on many Platforms,Open-source
FEATURES
MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
Popular Operating Systems
Operating
System
MS-
DOS
OS/2
Warp 4
Windows
95
Macintosh
System 7.6
Windows
NT
UNIX
Developer Microsof
t
IBM Microsoft Apple Microsoft AT&T,SUN,IBM,…
Market PCs PCs
Servers
PCs Macintoshes Servers,PC
s
Servers &
WS
CPU Intel Intel Power
PC
Intel Motorola
Power PC
Intel Many
GUI Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Single User Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Multitasking Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Virtual
Memory
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Networking Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Multiuser Yes Yes Yes
Network
Management
Yes Yes Yes
Windows XP中文版
Windows XP中文版包括专业版和家庭版,是
Windows操作系统家族的最新版本,Windows
XP继承了 Windows 2000的内核,这也是
Windows XP具有高度稳定性的重要因素。
Windows XP增强了安全性,使用独立账户保护数据,而且在多媒体处理上有长足的进步,
界面也比以前的版本简洁精致。
Linux
是 1991年由芬兰大学生编写的一套 Unix相容却又免费的 Unix 克隆,后经 Internet的传播,获得众多电脑玩家响应和 GNU基金会的支持,可以说是一套无国界的操作系统。其最大特点是免费的软件,可以自由安装,任意修改软件的原代码。
自中国政府在 1999年明确表示大力支持 Linux
的开发和应用至今,在短短的不到两年的时间,
Linux在中国已经取得了突飞猛进的发展,诸如冲浪平台 Xteam Linux,Turbo Linux、红旗
Linux、蓝点 Linux等一批中文 Linux供应商如春后竹笋般破土而出。
北京市政府软件采购
2001年 12月 28日,北京市政府通报了软件采购招标结果,6家国内软件厂商产品全部中标,
微软榜上无名。此次采购包括操作系统、办公软件以及杀毒软件,其中操作系统 2801套,产品由中软和中科红旗提供;办公软件选择了金山的 WPS和中文 2000的 Red Office,共计
11143套;杀毒软件中标的是瑞星、金山、江民的产品,共计 13619套。惟独没有微软。
操作系统和办公软件是微软的强项,巨人微软遭遇,出局,,业界为之震动。
微软受挫原因产品报价高就在北京市政府采购拍板的前几天,微软发布了紧急声明,XP产品在通用即插即用部件的缓存管理方面存在安全问题,可导致,系统受损,,紧急要求所有的 XP用户立即打上相关补丁,采取防范措施。另外,对于微软产品不可以移除的远端控制功能、激活功能等等,也无法证明是否存在安全隐患。出于此种考虑,德国和法国等国家开始逐渐放弃微软操作系统,
改用 Linux等产品。
问题中软 Linux捆绑的 OpenOffice、红旗 Linux
附带的 StarOffice都还是原汁原味的英文版,完全没有经过中文本地化,政府采购了 2801套 Linux桌面操作系统软件,而基于 Linux平台的办公软件到现在为止还没有正式版产品,中软、红旗的最新版都还在报送测试的进程中,正在测试的
Red Office for Linux最早也得在 2002年 1
月下旬出正式版产品。
掌上电脑操作系统在 2001年 9月 6日的加州 Demomobile大会上,
微软公司将为其即将到来的便携式 PC 2002操作系统推出一个低端版本和一个高端版本。新版操作系统的代号为 Merlin,与即将发布的
Windows XP桌面操作系统类似,附加了
802.11b无线网络功能,而且更加安全可靠。
微软公司发布的这两种新版掌上电脑操作系统,
将给 Palm公司以沉重的打击。 Palm的操作系统目前用于 Palm,Handspring和 Sony的掌上电脑。微软公司的操作系统则在康柏、惠普和
Casio的掌上电脑中运行。
Operating System Selection
Is our existing software compatible with the OS?
Does the OS have a large base of compatible
software?
How reliable is the OS? Does it crash frequently?
Is the OS available for a wide variety of hardware?
How quickly does it run?
How easy it is to learn and use?
How easy is it to install and configure?
How much does it cost?
Computer System Operating Process
7+10=17?
How to operate
in computer?
EXAMPLE,7+10=?
Program:
LD A,7
ADD A,10
HALT
Instruction Program:
0011 1110 操作码 (LD A)
0000 0111 操作数 (7)
1100 0110 操作码 (ADD A)
0000 1010 操作数 (10)
0111 0110 操作码 (HALT)
Assembly language
Machine Language
INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE
Ad dr ess Pro gra m
0000 0000 00 1 1 1 1 10 LD A
00 00 00 01 00 00 01 1 1 7
00 00 00 10 1 10 0 0 1 10 ADD A
00 00 00 1 1 00 00 10 10 10
00 00 01 00 01 1 1 01 10 HAL T
TR
ANS
LA
TION
PR
OC
ES
S
SOURCE CODE
PROGRAM
COMPILER
OBJECT CODE
LINKAGE
EDITOR
LOAD MODULE
OTHER OBJECT
CODE MODULES
UTILITY PROGRAMS
High-level language instructions
Translates high-level code into machine language
Ready for computer
GENERATIONS OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1st,Since 1940s,MACHINE LANGUAGE,
binary code
2nd,Since early?50s,ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE,
mnemonics for numeric code
3rd,Since mid?50s,HIGH-LEVEL
LANGUAGES
4th,Since late?70s,MODERN APPLICATION
PACKAGES
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator):
Scientific,Engineering applications
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented
Language),Predominant for transaction
processing
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code),General purpose
PC language
*
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
PASCAL,Used to teach structured
programming practices,Weak in file handling,
input / output
C and C++,Powerful PC Language for
developing applications,Efficient execution;
cross platform,C++ is object oriented
*
FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
4GL consists of a variety of software
tools that enable end users to develop
software applications with minimal or
no technical assistance or that enhance
the productivity of professional
programmers,
SIX CATEGORIES
*
FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
(4GL)
Query
language/
Report
generators
SQL
RPG-IIIeg.
Graphic
language
SAS Graph
Systat
Application
generators
Power Builder
Microsoft FrontPage
Very high-level
Programming
language
GPSS
APL
Nomad2
Application
software
package
SAP R/3
PC tools
Lotus 1-2-3
Internet Explore
Access
MIDDLEWARE
SOFTWARE ALLOWS DIFFERENT
APPLICATIONS TO EXCHANGE DATA
*
APPLICATION
A
APPLICATION
B
MIDDLE
WARE
DATA
OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
OBJECT,combines data and procedures
into a single OBJECT
Object-Oriented program sends
message to object to perform
embedded procedure.
Creates reusable code
Reduces time and cost of writing software
*
OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
JAVA,Sun Microsystems Object-oriented programming
language
HTML,Hypertext markup language,current favorite for
Web pages
XML,eXtensible Markup Language,further development
of HTML describes data more fully
XHTML,Hybrid may replace HTML as standard for Web
ActiveX,Controls for Windows software environment to
enable OBJECTS,e.g.,charts,tables animations,to
be embedded in a web page
*
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
OPERATING SYSTEM USES:
GRAPHIC ICONS,Icons,buttons,bars,
boxes
POINTER,Mouse,pen,touch screen
TO ISSUE COMMANDS
MAKE SELECTIONS
*
Application Software
(1) Software packages tailored for a specific
purpose,e.g.,inventory control,payroll,
accounting,finance,MRP,MRPII,ERP,Supply
chain management,E-business,etc.
Software packages have been developed by a
vendor and is available for purchase.
(2) Specific application software developed
using programming languages or software
development tools,when a package is not
available for a certain situation.
Application Software
(3) General-purpose application programs,
Word processing,WPS,Word,Wordperfect,Amipro,
PageMaker,……
Spreadsheet,Excel,Lotus1-2-3,……
Network communication,Terminal,Mail,CC-mail,……
Presentation,Powerpoint,Freelance,ShowPartner,……
Statistical software,SAS,SPSS,BMDP,……
Groupware,Lotus Notes,GDSS,……
Graphics,VISIO professional,AUTOCAD,……
Others,e.g.,Chinese software,Chinese Star2.0+,
RicnWIN4.2,……
Trends of Software
硬件和软件的发展是不对称的。
硬件是以等比的速度增长
(每 1.5年增长一倍),
而软件是等差级数增长
(每年增长 4-7%),
软件危机
“软件危机,在六十年代已经存在
一些过来人把软件人员形容为,陷入泥潭中的一群野兽,
七十年代后期愈演愈烈,
根据美国政府统计局 1979年公布的统计数字表明,
几个联邦软件计划共投资 6.8百万美元,47% ($
3.2M)交付但从来未使用,29% ($ 2.0M)投资了但未交付,19% ($ 1.3M)被费弃或返工,3% (0.2M)
经过某种改变后被使用,仅 2% (0.1M)交付后被使用。
软件危机
90年代,软件危机尚未过去
(如 Widows 2000的发行 )
根据微软一份备忘录显示:微软共发现 63000个
,潜在问题,,可能影响 Windows 2000的运行
逾 21000“延迟性,设计缺陷,其中相当多部分被微软公司认定为,真正的问题,,
逾 27000条,Bug”,在微软看来,这代表,尚未完成的工作,或,久被遗忘的问题,。
实力最强大的软件公司尚如此,何况其他软件产品呢?
Software Trends
Fore example,微软提出的下一代互联网构想
Microsoft,NET,在这一构想中,计算将超越网络浏览,进入一个更为先进的互联网平台和极为丰富的软件服务新世界。 Visual
Studio,NET 和,NET Framework是微软用于在,NET 平台上方便地创建、构建和部署 XML
Web服务的强大的应用程序工具和平台。 XML
Web 服务为企业提供了一种将互联网作为开发平台进行部署的全新方式,使企业能够跨独立系统和平台无缝地进行交互操作。这些产品支持 20多种编程语言,它们使开发人员可以现有技巧进行扩展以容纳新的 XML Web服务。
Session 4,Modern IT Architecture (第六章、第七章、第八章、第九章)
Session 5,Enterprise Information
Systems Application ( 第十,第十四,第十五,第十八章 )
Session 4,Modern IT Architecture
1,Desktop Systems (one computer)
PC Hardware
Software Systems
2,Managing Data Resource
Database technology
Data Warehousing,OLAP,Data Mining
3,Distributed Systems (many computer)
Computer Networks and the Internet
Distributed application and Client/Server
The World Wide Web and e-commerce
Security and Encryption
INPUT
DEVICES
SECONDARY
STORAGE
PRIMARY
STORAGE
COMPUTER COMPONENTS
CPU
OUTPUT
DEVICES COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES
BUSES
CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE
CPU PRIMARYSTORAGE
DATA BUS
ADDRESS BUS
CONTROL BUS
INPUT
DEVICES
OUTPUT
DEVICES
SECONDARY
STORAGE
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
(CPU)
RAM
PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY
CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC/LOGICUNIT
ROM CLOCK
EXAMPLE,7+10=?
Program:
LD A,7
ADD A,10
HALT
Instruction Program:
0011 1110 操作码 (LD A)
0000 0111 操作数 (7)
1100 0110 操作码 (ADD A)
0000 1010 操作数 (10)
0111 0110 操作码 (HALT)
Assembly language
Machine Language
计算机中的数据处理过程:
机器指令和机器周期机器指令:
1、取机器指令
2、指令翻译 3、把指令放到寄存器中
4、把地址放到寄存器中
5、把数据从内存中取到寄存器中
6、命令 ALU执行相应的操作7,ALU执行操作
8、把结果送到累加器中指令周期执行周期5.20
The CPU
CPU = Central Processing Unit
Instruction execution is automatic
(tick) find memory address of next instruction
(tick) retrieve instruction from memory
(tick) decode the instruction
(tick) fetch argument from memory if necessary
(tick) execute instruction
(tick) store result in memory if necessary
Internal clock ticks very fast (e,g.,100MHZ
= 100 million ticks per second)
activities are synchronized to start on a clock tick
some activities take more than one clock tick
COMPUTER TIME
Millisecond,001 second thousand 15min 40
sec
Microsecond,001 millisecond million 11.6 days
Nanosecond,001microsecond billion 31.7
years
Picosecond,001 nanosecond trillion 31,700
years
NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND
# PER COMPARED
TYPES OF MEMORY
RAM,Random Access Memory
Dynamic,Changes thru processing
Static,Remains constant (power on)
ROM,Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
PROM,Program can be changed once
EPROM,Erasable thru ultraviolet light
EEPROM,Electrically erasable
*
DISK
TAPE
OPTICAL STORAGE
*
SECONDARY STORAGE
STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)
HIGH-SPEED NETWORK
CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE
DEVICES
TAPE LIBRARIES
DISK ARRAYS
STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER,3rd party
rents storage space
*
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
POINTING DEVICES
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
OUTPUT DEVICES
*
2002 by Prentice Hall
POINTING DEVICES:
KEYBOARD
MOUSE
WIRED
INFRA-RED
TRACKBALL
TOUCH PAD
JOYSTICK
TOUCH SCREEN
*
2002 by Prentice Hall
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
Captures data in computer-readable form at
the time and place the data are created
OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR),
translate designed marks,characters,and
codes into digital form.
BAR CODE,Identifies products in stores,
warehouses,shipments
MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION
(MICR),translate characters written in
magnetic ink into digital format
Special ink identifies bank,account,amount
*? 2002 by Prentice Hall
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
PEN-BASED INPUT,Digitizes signature
DIGITAL SCANNER,Translates images &
characters into digital form
VOICE INPUT DEVICES,Converts spoken
word into digital form
SENSORS,Devices that collect data from
environment for computer input (e.g.,
thermometers,pressure gauges)
*
2002 by Prentice Hall
OUTPUT DEVICES:
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)
PRINTER
PLOTTER
VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE
*
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS
Mainframe
Midrange & Minicomputer
Server
Personal Computer (PC)
Workstation
Supercomputer
*
Computer hardware trends
Performance----
better
Price----lower
Size----more
compact
(1) The CPU
(2) Storage devices
(3) User Interfaces
(4) Type of PCs
(1) CPU,Evolution of
Microprocessors
芯片 发布时间 时钟速度
8086 78.6 5-10MHz
80286 82.2 8-12MHz
80386 85.10 16-33MHz
80486 89.4 25-50MHz
Pentium 93.3 60-166MHz
Pentium Pro 95.3 150-200MHz
Pentium II 1996 233-300MHz
P6 1997 up to 400MHz
Pentium III 99.2 450-1000MHz
Pentium IV 2000.11 1500-2G MHz
奔腾 4发布
---- 2000年 11月 21日,英特尔公司正式推出了主频已达 1.5GHz的最新一代奔腾 4处理器。奔腾 4除了拥有令人眩目的主频,还增加了 144条新指令以增强在视频、音频和 3D方面的应用;
NetBurst技术和 400MHz的系统总线将确保英特尔的市场领先地位。
---- 01-9-5,英特尔公司在沪宣布推出2 GHz奔腾4处理器。
方正同步推出采用 Intel最新
2.2GHz P4的电脑
02-1-10,在 Intel P4 2.2G Hz CPU最新发布之际,方正电脑同步推出了采用
Intel P4 2.2GHz CPU 的方正卓越 A家用电脑和商祺 8000商用电脑。
Regatta服务器
01-8-22,据 IBM称,运行 Unix的 Regatta
服务器将提供与大型主机类似的性能。
Regatta将配置 IBM的 Power4微处理器,它最多可以配置多达 32个 Power4处理器。
每个 Power4处理器中包含二个运行速度在 1GHz或更快的处理器内核。
“白色 ASCI”的超级计算机
01-8-17,计算机世界网消息,名叫,白色 ASCI”
的超级计算机,造价 1.1亿美元。它占地 2个篮球场,重量相当于 17头成年大象。,白色,由
IBM公司制造,主要用途是进行模拟核武器试验。 它的计算速度为每秒 12.3万亿次,是普通计算机 1000万年才能完成的工作量。 ASCI全称高级战略计算计划,是为美国能源部核武器库管理而制订的,目的是用超级计算机来实现对核武器的检查和测试。
到 2005年能生产出比真正的核爆炸速度还快的计算机,并能够模拟出核爆炸的实际情况。届时,
计算机速度将达到每秒 100万亿次。
“摩尔定律,
该定律由英特尔创始人之一的戈登,摩尔
( Golden Moore)在 1965年提出主要是界定半导体发展的速度,摩尔定律指出,
半导体所能容纳的晶体管数量,是以每 18个月为一个周期,逐期倍增。
对微处理器来说,其功能每 18个月大约翻一番,
价格大约降一半;
这个,定律,十几年来一直有效地反映着微处理器的发展状况;
导致今天出现数字化信息技术革命个人电脑硬盘容量
20年前,XT个人电脑刚问世时,电脑硬盘容量最大只有 10MB;
而最近个人电脑硬盘最大容量已达到
137GB,而美国电脑硬盘大厂麦斯特公司等即将开发出的新硬盘的容量可达
144GB。
东芝微型 20G高密度硬盘 2月上市 ---- 02-1-17
近日,东芝开发出 1.8英寸硬盘可以存储 20G的内容,将广泛用在 MP3播放器、各种手持设备等上,20G硬盘将在二月份上市。
已有 10G和 20G两个系列。
硬盘直径只有 1.8英寸,大约一枚一美元银币的大小,双面存储介质。
Creative,RCA,和 SonicBlue 推出的新音乐播放器都使用东芝 10G微型硬盘。
英特尔助阵三星淘汰软驱
20亿市场,人间蒸发,
02-1-21,英特尔公司将在今年下半年联合几大 PC厂商将软驱从计算机的标准配置中,抹去,,以推动 USB接口存储设备的推广。
到 2000年全球可擦写光盘的需求量已经首次超过软盘市场,USB移动硬盘和 ZIP
驱动器的需求也以每年 100%的速度在增长。
朗科推出移动存储设备
——启动型优盘 ( 01-10-18)
体积小、重量轻最大容量 2GB
在 WinMe/2000/XP、
Mac OS 9.x/Mac OS X
以及 Linux 2.4.x等操作系统上直接使用
Trends of User Interfaces
Voice Recognition
01-7-31,AT&T公司发布新的语音软件
01-8-13,我国推出会说汉语的语音芯片
Machine Vision Technology
01-8-28,康柏电脑日前宣布采购星创科技开发的
FaceOn PC Suite脸部辨识软件,搭配康柏 Presario
桌上型电脑随机销售,宣告以生物科技辨识科技提升个人电脑安全及隐私的时代正式来临。
Virtual Reality
盖茨重提平板电脑概念
01-12-26,微软投资了数百万美元用于使平板电脑成功的四个主要领域,一是设计特别的视窗操作系统;二是研究先进的手写识别与声音识别技术;三是发布了特别的软件开发工具,
使得软件人员可以编写能够应用于平板电脑的应用程序;四是与 Acer,Compaq和其它电脑厂商一道开发平板电脑,使得其最终能够普及。
比尔 -盖茨预言该产品将逐步取代笔记本电脑,
如果平板电脑能够与第三代移动通信技术 (3G)
相结合,使其成为集计算、通讯、传真、上网等功能在内的一体机,盖茨表示,他认为平板电脑将代表未来的移动 PC。
富士通开发出语音新设备
01-12-19,富士通研究所开发出可以自动读取事先登记的新闻网页以及行政宣传网页等各种主页,并自动播放声音/
动态画像文件的,主页播放器,。
Type of PCs
Desktop PC
Laptop Computer
Notebook
Palmtop Computer
PDA(Personal Digital Assistant)
Smart Cards
日立推出可穿戴 PC
2002年 2月 21日,日立公司说,日立可穿戴 PC
将在本季度结束前开始在美国和日本销售。
这种可穿戴 PC包括一部使用户可以观看高分辨率图像的头戴式显示器,设备的其他部件可以装在兜里。
日立与美国一家一直在发展类似产品的
Xybernaut公司合作开发了这款可穿戴 PC。日本的消费者将从日立公司购买到这款叫做 WIA-
100NB的设备;定位于美国消费者的 Xybernaut
公司将该产品取名为 Poma,并已开始在其 Web
站点上接受订单。 Poma的售价为 1499美元。
日立推出可穿戴 PC(续)
这款可穿戴 PC采用 Microsoft Windows CE操作系统,
配置日立 128MHz RISC处理器和 32MB RAM。设备还提供 CompactFlash卡插槽和 USB端口。头戴显示器将使用户看到相当于 13英寸彩色屏幕的图像。设备利用手持光鼠标进行操作。 (IDG电讯 )
纳米科技
01-12-21,世界科学领域今年进步最为明显的领域是纳米科技(超微细技术)。这是美国的科技杂志,Science,在其 12月 20日号上刊载的,进步最快的十个科学领域,文章中发表的。
对高居榜首的纳米科技,该杂志认为,,它将分子大小的晶体管、电线和开关等连接起来,
实现了纳米(十亿分之一米)水平的运算电路,,这一技术将开启,研制能够即时翻译或解开气候变动之谜的超微小计算机的道路。在今后几十年的时间内将领导科学实现新飞跃,。
炭纳米管逻辑电路
01-8-29,IBM公司表示,他们成功的开发出一个逻辑电路,该电路建立在一个只及人的头发丝的 10万分之一细的圆柱型的结构之上。
一个炭纳米管是个单分子,大约是 10个原子的宽度,是当今多数计算机系统使用的硅的宽度的 1/500.
它是自然界中强度最大的纤维 ―― 比刚的强度高上 10倍。
包括 IBM研究员在内的一些科学家正在研究基于原子的量子计算机的可能性。
HP纳米芯片获专利
2002年 2月 21日,HP公司和美国加州大学科学家近日获得一项工艺的专利。这些科学家说这种工艺最终将生产出比针头还小的计算机。
HP说它在设计复杂的纳米芯片和零件上处于领先地位,可以在今后十来年中制造比细菌还小、
可以编织到衬衣中的纳米计算机。本次宣布的专利是建设生产纳米芯片厂、实现纳米芯片商品化的关键。新专利包括把芯片分为进行独立计算的不同区域,将多种功能集成到一个纳米芯片中的工艺。
HP公司科学家说,这不仅仅是速度问题,而是可以将多少功能装在一起的问题。
纳米计算机传统计算机,软硬分明,,而纳米计算机的软、
硬件的界限将逐渐变得模糊。利用纳米技术和一种称做,纳米盒,的装置,软件将可以由物质构成。因为利用化学方法,由纳米材料制成的硬件可以切成一小块一小块。人们不仅可以在 Internet上下载软件,还能下载硬件。甚至,
某些肉眼看不见的机器人可以将某些物质拆成原子,再将这些原子组装成纳米计算机。
----李正孝 秘桂荣,,垂手可得 ——漫谈纳米技术最先可能取得突破的领域,,计算机世界网,01-4-20
Group Assignment
Textbook pp.187,Question 2:
A firm would like to introduce computers
into its order entry process but feels that it
should wait for a new generation of
machines to be developed,After all,any
machine bought now will be quickly out of
data and less expensive a few years from
now,Do you agree? Why or why not?
Session 4,Modern IT
Architecture
1,Desktop Systems (one computer)
PC Hardware
Software Systems
2,Managing Data Resource
Database technology
Data Warehousing,OLAP,Data Mining
3,Distributed Systems (many computer)
Computer Networks and the Internet
Distributed application and Client/Server
The World Wide Web and e-commerce
Security and Encryption
Textbook pp194-
Software,Detailed instructions to control computer
operation of a computer systems,Without software,
the computer hardware could not perform any
tasks.The functions of software are to
(1) manage the computer resources of the organization,
(2) provide tools for human beings to take advantage of the
these resources
(3) act as intermediary between organizations and stored
information.
PROGRAM,Set of instructions to the computer
STORED,Program must be in primary storage
SOFTWARE
,软件是计算机的灵魂”
Programs written for a specific application to perform functions
specified by end users.
-Programming Language
APPLICATION SOFTWARE Generalized programs that
manage the resources of
the computer,including
-Operating System:
Scheduled computer event
Allocates computer
resources
Monitors events
-Language translators:
Interpreters
Compilers
-Utility Programs:
Routine operations
Manage
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
Operating system
Allocates and assigns:
– memory
e,g.,file system,virtual memory
– processor time
e,g.,multitasking,multiprocessing
– input- output devices
e,g.,printer,keyboard,etc.
May also provide other capabilities useful to
many users or programs
– Graphical User Interface (GUI) capabilities
– Fonts,network protocols,...
Operating system as magician(魔术师)
The four illusions
Many separate computers,one for each
process –,Multitasking”
Large memory –,Virtual memory”
Disks and other secondary storage are
organized as collections of files –,File
systems”
Windows and menus –,Graphical User
Interface (GUI)”
Operating Systems Capabilities:
Multiprogramming,Multitasking
OPER
AT
IN
G
SYST
EM
UNUSED MEMORY
PROGRAM 1
TRADITIONAL SINGLE-
PROGRAM SYSTEM
OPER
AT
IN
G
SYS
TEM
UNUSED MEMORY
PROGRAM 1
PROGRAM 2
PROGRAM 3
MULTIPROGRAMMING
ENVIRONMENT
Operating Systems
Capabilities,Virtual Storage
Virtual Storage is the method of
handling several programs in primary
storage,
Program divided into
Fixed length portions(pages) OR
Variable length (segments)
Current portions reside in primary storage,
portions swapped out when done.
Operating Systems
Capabilities,time sharing
MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:
Time in CPU divided into slices (e.g.,2
microseconds)
Each user has access to CPU during
slice.
Single CPU is fast,can do much during
time slice
User’s job swapped out at end of slice
Operating Systems
Capabilities,Multiprocessing
Links together two or more CPUs to
work in parallel in a single computer
systems to execute two or more
instructions.
Program can be divided to be processed by
multiple CPUs.
Can process large programs more rapidly
*
Operating Systems
Capabilities,File Systems
Reality:
– Disks are sets of tracks
– Tracks are sets of sectors
– Sectors can store fixed- sized byte blocks
Illusion:
– Disks are sets of directories
– Directories contain other directories or files
– Files are variable- size byte sequences
– Directories and files have names
Windows and Menus
Reality,Screen is an array of pixels(象素数组)
Illusion 1,Menus
– Depending on where you click,different action
happens
– Technique,OS looks up location where mouse was
clicked,executes appropriate action
Illusion 2,Overlapping windows
– A window may cover part or all of another
– When a window is uncovered,its contents are
redisplayed
– Technique,OS saves bitmap(位图) of covered
windows
Application does not need to know how to redraw the
contents of its window
MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
32-bit operating system,GUI,multitasking,
networking
32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips,
Multitasking,multiprocessing,networking
32-bit,Developed for IBM PS/2,Multitasking,
networking
Paired-down for handheld computers,wireless
communication devices
Windows
98 & 95
Windows NT
Me & 2000
Windows CE
OS/2
OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES
OPERATING SYSTEM
Mac OS For Macintosh computers,Multitasking,
Powerful graphics,multimedia
Unix For powerful microcomputers,workstations,
minicomputers,Multitasking,multi-user
processing,networking,Portable to various
computer platforms
DOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS),
Program memory,640K
Linux Free,reliable alternative to Unix,Windows,
Runs on many Platforms,Open-source
FEATURES
MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
Popular Operating Systems
Operating
System
MS-
DOS
OS/2
Warp 4
Windows
95
Macintosh
System 7.6
Windows
NT
UNIX
Developer Microsof
t
IBM Microsoft Apple Microsoft AT&T,SUN,IBM,…
Market PCs PCs
Servers
PCs Macintoshes Servers,PC
s
Servers &
WS
CPU Intel Intel Power
PC
Intel Motorola
Power PC
Intel Many
GUI Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Single User Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Multitasking Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Virtual
Memory
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Networking Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Multiuser Yes Yes Yes
Network
Management
Yes Yes Yes
Windows XP中文版
Windows XP中文版包括专业版和家庭版,是
Windows操作系统家族的最新版本,Windows
XP继承了 Windows 2000的内核,这也是
Windows XP具有高度稳定性的重要因素。
Windows XP增强了安全性,使用独立账户保护数据,而且在多媒体处理上有长足的进步,
界面也比以前的版本简洁精致。
Linux
是 1991年由芬兰大学生编写的一套 Unix相容却又免费的 Unix 克隆,后经 Internet的传播,获得众多电脑玩家响应和 GNU基金会的支持,可以说是一套无国界的操作系统。其最大特点是免费的软件,可以自由安装,任意修改软件的原代码。
自中国政府在 1999年明确表示大力支持 Linux
的开发和应用至今,在短短的不到两年的时间,
Linux在中国已经取得了突飞猛进的发展,诸如冲浪平台 Xteam Linux,Turbo Linux、红旗
Linux、蓝点 Linux等一批中文 Linux供应商如春后竹笋般破土而出。
北京市政府软件采购
2001年 12月 28日,北京市政府通报了软件采购招标结果,6家国内软件厂商产品全部中标,
微软榜上无名。此次采购包括操作系统、办公软件以及杀毒软件,其中操作系统 2801套,产品由中软和中科红旗提供;办公软件选择了金山的 WPS和中文 2000的 Red Office,共计
11143套;杀毒软件中标的是瑞星、金山、江民的产品,共计 13619套。惟独没有微软。
操作系统和办公软件是微软的强项,巨人微软遭遇,出局,,业界为之震动。
微软受挫原因产品报价高就在北京市政府采购拍板的前几天,微软发布了紧急声明,XP产品在通用即插即用部件的缓存管理方面存在安全问题,可导致,系统受损,,紧急要求所有的 XP用户立即打上相关补丁,采取防范措施。另外,对于微软产品不可以移除的远端控制功能、激活功能等等,也无法证明是否存在安全隐患。出于此种考虑,德国和法国等国家开始逐渐放弃微软操作系统,
改用 Linux等产品。
问题中软 Linux捆绑的 OpenOffice、红旗 Linux
附带的 StarOffice都还是原汁原味的英文版,完全没有经过中文本地化,政府采购了 2801套 Linux桌面操作系统软件,而基于 Linux平台的办公软件到现在为止还没有正式版产品,中软、红旗的最新版都还在报送测试的进程中,正在测试的
Red Office for Linux最早也得在 2002年 1
月下旬出正式版产品。
掌上电脑操作系统在 2001年 9月 6日的加州 Demomobile大会上,
微软公司将为其即将到来的便携式 PC 2002操作系统推出一个低端版本和一个高端版本。新版操作系统的代号为 Merlin,与即将发布的
Windows XP桌面操作系统类似,附加了
802.11b无线网络功能,而且更加安全可靠。
微软公司发布的这两种新版掌上电脑操作系统,
将给 Palm公司以沉重的打击。 Palm的操作系统目前用于 Palm,Handspring和 Sony的掌上电脑。微软公司的操作系统则在康柏、惠普和
Casio的掌上电脑中运行。
Operating System Selection
Is our existing software compatible with the OS?
Does the OS have a large base of compatible
software?
How reliable is the OS? Does it crash frequently?
Is the OS available for a wide variety of hardware?
How quickly does it run?
How easy it is to learn and use?
How easy is it to install and configure?
How much does it cost?
Computer System Operating Process
7+10=17?
How to operate
in computer?
EXAMPLE,7+10=?
Program:
LD A,7
ADD A,10
HALT
Instruction Program:
0011 1110 操作码 (LD A)
0000 0111 操作数 (7)
1100 0110 操作码 (ADD A)
0000 1010 操作数 (10)
0111 0110 操作码 (HALT)
Assembly language
Machine Language
INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE
Ad dr ess Pro gra m
0000 0000 00 1 1 1 1 10 LD A
00 00 00 01 00 00 01 1 1 7
00 00 00 10 1 10 0 0 1 10 ADD A
00 00 00 1 1 00 00 10 10 10
00 00 01 00 01 1 1 01 10 HAL T
TR
ANS
LA
TION
PR
OC
ES
S
SOURCE CODE
PROGRAM
COMPILER
OBJECT CODE
LINKAGE
EDITOR
LOAD MODULE
OTHER OBJECT
CODE MODULES
UTILITY PROGRAMS
High-level language instructions
Translates high-level code into machine language
Ready for computer
GENERATIONS OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1st,Since 1940s,MACHINE LANGUAGE,
binary code
2nd,Since early?50s,ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE,
mnemonics for numeric code
3rd,Since mid?50s,HIGH-LEVEL
LANGUAGES
4th,Since late?70s,MODERN APPLICATION
PACKAGES
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator):
Scientific,Engineering applications
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented
Language),Predominant for transaction
processing
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code),General purpose
PC language
*
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
PASCAL,Used to teach structured
programming practices,Weak in file handling,
input / output
C and C++,Powerful PC Language for
developing applications,Efficient execution;
cross platform,C++ is object oriented
*
FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
4GL consists of a variety of software
tools that enable end users to develop
software applications with minimal or
no technical assistance or that enhance
the productivity of professional
programmers,
SIX CATEGORIES
*
FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
(4GL)
Query
language/
Report
generators
SQL
RPG-IIIeg.
Graphic
language
SAS Graph
Systat
Application
generators
Power Builder
Microsoft FrontPage
Very high-level
Programming
language
GPSS
APL
Nomad2
Application
software
package
SAP R/3
PC tools
Lotus 1-2-3
Internet Explore
Access
MIDDLEWARE
SOFTWARE ALLOWS DIFFERENT
APPLICATIONS TO EXCHANGE DATA
*
APPLICATION
A
APPLICATION
B
MIDDLE
WARE
DATA
OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
OBJECT,combines data and procedures
into a single OBJECT
Object-Oriented program sends
message to object to perform
embedded procedure.
Creates reusable code
Reduces time and cost of writing software
*
OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
JAVA,Sun Microsystems Object-oriented programming
language
HTML,Hypertext markup language,current favorite for
Web pages
XML,eXtensible Markup Language,further development
of HTML describes data more fully
XHTML,Hybrid may replace HTML as standard for Web
ActiveX,Controls for Windows software environment to
enable OBJECTS,e.g.,charts,tables animations,to
be embedded in a web page
*
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
OPERATING SYSTEM USES:
GRAPHIC ICONS,Icons,buttons,bars,
boxes
POINTER,Mouse,pen,touch screen
TO ISSUE COMMANDS
MAKE SELECTIONS
*
Application Software
(1) Software packages tailored for a specific
purpose,e.g.,inventory control,payroll,
accounting,finance,MRP,MRPII,ERP,Supply
chain management,E-business,etc.
Software packages have been developed by a
vendor and is available for purchase.
(2) Specific application software developed
using programming languages or software
development tools,when a package is not
available for a certain situation.
Application Software
(3) General-purpose application programs,
Word processing,WPS,Word,Wordperfect,Amipro,
PageMaker,……
Spreadsheet,Excel,Lotus1-2-3,……
Network communication,Terminal,Mail,CC-mail,……
Presentation,Powerpoint,Freelance,ShowPartner,……
Statistical software,SAS,SPSS,BMDP,……
Groupware,Lotus Notes,GDSS,……
Graphics,VISIO professional,AUTOCAD,……
Others,e.g.,Chinese software,Chinese Star2.0+,
RicnWIN4.2,……
Trends of Software
硬件和软件的发展是不对称的。
硬件是以等比的速度增长
(每 1.5年增长一倍),
而软件是等差级数增长
(每年增长 4-7%),
软件危机
“软件危机,在六十年代已经存在
一些过来人把软件人员形容为,陷入泥潭中的一群野兽,
七十年代后期愈演愈烈,
根据美国政府统计局 1979年公布的统计数字表明,
几个联邦软件计划共投资 6.8百万美元,47% ($
3.2M)交付但从来未使用,29% ($ 2.0M)投资了但未交付,19% ($ 1.3M)被费弃或返工,3% (0.2M)
经过某种改变后被使用,仅 2% (0.1M)交付后被使用。
软件危机
90年代,软件危机尚未过去
(如 Widows 2000的发行 )
根据微软一份备忘录显示:微软共发现 63000个
,潜在问题,,可能影响 Windows 2000的运行
逾 21000“延迟性,设计缺陷,其中相当多部分被微软公司认定为,真正的问题,,
逾 27000条,Bug”,在微软看来,这代表,尚未完成的工作,或,久被遗忘的问题,。
实力最强大的软件公司尚如此,何况其他软件产品呢?
Software Trends
Fore example,微软提出的下一代互联网构想
Microsoft,NET,在这一构想中,计算将超越网络浏览,进入一个更为先进的互联网平台和极为丰富的软件服务新世界。 Visual
Studio,NET 和,NET Framework是微软用于在,NET 平台上方便地创建、构建和部署 XML
Web服务的强大的应用程序工具和平台。 XML
Web 服务为企业提供了一种将互联网作为开发平台进行部署的全新方式,使企业能够跨独立系统和平台无缝地进行交互操作。这些产品支持 20多种编程语言,它们使开发人员可以现有技巧进行扩展以容纳新的 XML Web服务。