高级英语试题（七） Explain the italicized words or phrases in the following sentences. (20%) Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, … The camels are the largest and finest I have ever seen, and in superb condition—muscular, massive and stately. Bargaining is the order of the day, and veiled women move at a leisurely pace from shop to shop, selecting, pricing and doing a little preliminary bargaining … Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them, and bobbed up and down repeatedly in little bows, as they exchanged the ritual formula of gratitude and respect. The very act of stepping on this soil, in breathing this air of Hiroshima, was for me a far greater adventure than any trip or any reportorial assignment I’d previously taken. The Japanese crowd did not appear to have the same preoccupations that I had. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them, and bobbed up and down repeatedly in little bows, as they exchanged the ritual formula of gratitude and respect. The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked. On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress. Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him? I see her standing off under the sweet gum tree she used to dig gum out of. The Germans had invaded Russia on an enormous front, had surprised a large portion of the Soviet Air Force grounded on the airfields, and seemed to be driving forward with great rapidity and violence. I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. The important thing was to consider all eventualities. The house detective clucked his tongue reprovingly. As the Duke of Croydon shifted uneasily, the house detective’s bulbous countenance Someday, there may well be a similar memorial to the unfulfilled prophecies of the creators of the latest breakthrough---interactivity. II. Each of the following sentences is provided with four choices. Choose the one that has the closest meaning to the underlined word. (20%) 1. The glaring of the sun makes all stars invisible. coldness darkness brightness hotness 2. His constant preoccupations with his health can’t be normal. Perplexity confusion obsession puzzle 3. She had a firm conviction that her view could hold water. a. supposition b. belief c. convulsion d. assumption 4. The recent archeological discovery attested the scientists’ speculation . appealed sued confirmed protested 5. The two countries have been in conflict for a score of years and there is unlikely ____________ between them. reconciliation cooperation desperation retaliation 6. The wild and rampant spread of AIDS forced a vigorous war against the disease. powerful lengthy prolonged pretentious 7. The US launched military attacks on Iraq for the purpose of establishing its possession of weapons of mass destruction. setting up building constructing ascertaining 8. His head is teeming with bright ideas. abounds in perishes in extinguishes with disposes of 9. The court met again after an adjournment of two weeks. continuation suspension accomplishment commencement 10. Police followed the would-be thieves and caught them red-handed. likely enraged attempted timid 11. Large amount of electricity is needed to operate air conditioners in sweltering summer. a. cool b. hot c. chilly d. mild 12. The community hospital enlisted the support of the local residents to keep it going. lacked obtained rejected yielded 13. He won the election by an overwhelming majority of votes. a. slim b. scarce c. large d. sparse 14. Eighteen as she was, she was unable to live alone due to the frailties of her personality. a. sophistication b. characteristics c. weaknesses d. experiences 15. The noise of the explosion penetrated the wall of the room. collapsed cracked bypassed pierced 16. It is a point of __________ for us to maintain territorial integrity. responsibility duty honor d. obligation 17. They spent a lot of time feuding with their neighbors. chattering quarrelling trading negotiating 18. The High Court demanded that he interpret his involvement in the bribery scandal. a. verify b. present c. account d. acknowledge 19. On many of the previous occasions the US trade negotiators would revert to the issue of China’s human rights problems. a. reconsider b. reiterate c. restated d. reverse 20. People in the area still practice the customs of their fathers. formulator advocate ancestors plagiarizer 21. Mr. Johnson is to preside over this Asian-European ministerial meeting. declare prepare host supervise 22. She always _________ a point of being punctual. set advanced made insisted 23. She was extremely nervous at the prospect of her turn to make the presentation. a. on word of b. upon hearing of c. at the request of d. at the thought of 24. His conscience impelled him to admit his part in the affair. compelled discouraged exhausted exhilarated 25. The committee is awaiting the chairman to give his assent to the proposal. a. rejection b. view c. approval d. veto 26. After a decade of military conflicts the two parties finally faced each other at the bargaining table. purchasing negotiating quarrelling performing 27. They perceived the danger ahead and terminated the operation. realized ignored overlooked anticipated 28. No one knew what the army was doing; there was a veil of secrecy over their activities. a. cover b. sign c. indication d. bit 29. The remarks by leaders of the Taiwan authority met with scathing criticism from all sides bitter static dynamic gentle 30. There were incessant demands for the resignation of the Georgian president from the office for his inefficient running of state affairs. occasional temporary continuous intermittent 31. It is just conceivable that he’ll win, but it’s very unlikely really. \ expected imaginable supposed presumed 32. The stalled Middle Eastern situation has arrested world attention. caught seized occupied empowered 33. Artificial diamond is indistinguishable from genuine one, but much cheaper. differential in indifferent to differentiable from identical to 34. Some government officials ______ public funds and expend them in an extravagant way. flip over flit about flunk out flirt with 35. The rule is only applicable to nationals of the country, as distinct from foreign visitors. prominent distinguished distinguishable different 36. Violence erupted due to the loss of the home team. a. occurred b. exploded c. blasted d. burst 37. The Republican domination of congress meant President Clinton, a Democrat, was in a disadvantageous position in his policy making. manipulation monopoly legislation mediocrity 38. The film star has an incredible car in addition to a large house. a. terrible b. incongruous c. incredulous d. unbelievable 39. This book gives a panorama of life in England 400 years ago. generalization propaganda publicity documentation 40. The news was such a shock that it still hasn’t really sunk in yet. a. collapsed b. been comprehended c. been soaked d. been leaked III. Paraphrase (20%) Young Mark Twain entered that world in 1857 as a cub pilot on a steamboat. Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but its flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well. A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement. He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination. All languages are dynamic rather than static, and hence a “rule” in any language can only be a statement of contemporary practice. Was I gypped by the landlord when he called the folding contraption that shuts off my kitchen a door? Pretty neat set-up you folks got. We’ll show them a few tricks. Let’s take this thing to court and test the legality of it. IV. Reading comprehension (20%) Passage one From the time we are born, most of the simple decisions are taken away from us. We are constantly told what to do and what not to do. In childhood, how often have we not at some stage heard, “Eat your dinner now, because it’s dinner time. If you don’t eat it now, don’t ask for food later when you’re hungry.” These experiences mould the child into the ways of society rather than allowing it to grow up relatively free from social constraints. The mealtime example serves to underline the conditions under which children are born and bred to conform to the ways of society and the group. By its very nature society is inherently hostile to individuality. It has an inbuilt resistance to allowing the individual to flower in his or her own way. All social institutions, whether medical, religious, social or economic, demand a high degree of mental conformity as the price of membership. By the age of around seven most children are already indoctrinated (灌输) into a conformist (墨守成规者) mode. Whilst there are certainly advantages to social conformity, there is also a price that is not immediately apparent. In internalizing and adopting society’s conceptual models and structures, the individual is induced into acting in violation of his own nature. Society conditions (制约) us to such an extent that we tend to conform not only in the way that we think, but also in the way that we live, especially with regard to eating habits. Instead of discovering our uniqueness and living according to our own inner dictates (指示，命令), most of us follow instead the dictates of parents, politicians, clergy, the media and peer groups. In obeying these external voices— which may even be the original cause of some of our worst illnesses — we deny our essential nature. 1. Why are most of the simple decisions taken away from us since we are born? We have to obey parents in order to get food. Social constrains prevent us from developing individuality. We have to obey nature so as to grow up healthily. The ways of society and the group encourage us to behave like our parents. 2. Which of the following does not belong to the “external voices” described by the author? friends Internet loud speaker priests 3. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? If we don’t follow our basic nature, we may even get sick. Social institutions allow us to flower in our own way. We pay high price to have a better life in modern society. At mealtime, we eat as much as possible in case we get hungry later. 4. Which of the following statement is NOT true? We learn to adopt social concepts from early age. To some extent social conformity is necessary. We need to fight against our own nature to get used to society. If we don’t listen to our parents, we may get worst illnesses. 5. What does the word “uniqueness” in the last paragraph mean? commonness difference similarity singleness Passage Two Videodisc holds great promise of helping to meet the needs of American schoolchildren who have problems seeing, hearing, speaking, or socializing. Almost eleven percent of the students aged 3—21 in this country have an impairment that affects their ability to benefit from a regular education program. Handicapped students require special education because they are often markedly different from most children in one or more of the following ways: mentally retarded, learning-disabled, emotionally disturbed, deaf, visually handicapped, physically handicapped, or other health impairments. The education of these handicapped children is rewarding but challenging. A special education student usually needs a longer period of time to acquire information, repetitive teaching techniques are often beneficial, and an indefatigable consistency (持之以恒) on the part of the teacher is frequently necessary. Interactive videodisc courseware has characteristics that can be capitalized upon to meet the challenges that special education poses. A videodisc program is infinitely patient, repetition of any videodisc lesson can continue endlessly, and designers can assure absolute consistency within a program. Most important, according to special educator William Healey of the University of Arizona, is that videodisc “adds an extra dimension of realism for children who need graphic representations”. Healey explained that deaf and mentally retarded children especially have difficulty grasping figurative language and higher order language concepts. He believes that for special education, the power of videodisc lies in the ability of the technology to visually represent language concepts normally taken for granted by non-handicapped persons. Complex figurative language forms such as idioms and metaphors come most readily to mind as being difficult for handicapped learners, but basic concepts such as “before and after” are also difficult for children not experienced with the nuances of language. 6. The special education mentioned in the text mainly focuses on _____. genius students from daycare center to college students who are fond of computer video games teachers of language in the University of Arizona students who are either mentally or physically disabled 7. A videodisc courseware is beneficial to those who have study difficulties because _____. its fancy design is very attractive it allows the user to go back to where he wants to restudy the content of it is healthy and promising it is developed by university professors 8. According to Professor Healey we may infer that mentally retarded children perhaps ____. need graphic representations in order to understand higher order language concepts are good at study English idioms but often fail to grasp higher order language concepts are not very patient with videodisc which helps them to understand the world concepts tend to be deaf as well and have difficult to learn simple concept “before and after” 9 The best title for the text is ____. A. Handicapped Students and Their problems B. Videodisc and Special Education Computer Assisted Teaching Program Normal Children And Handicapped Kids 10. The word “impairment” in the first paragraph probably means ____. habit disability misconception belief Passage Three For centuries man dreamed of achieving vertical flight. In 400 AD Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as the spinning stopped. Leonardo da Vinci thought of the first mechanical device, called a “Helix”, which could carry a man straight up, but this was only a design and was never tested. The ancient dream was finally realized in 1940 when a Russian, an aeronautical engineer, piloted a strange-looking device of steel with a spinning fan on top. It rose awkwardly and vertically into the air from a standing start, hovered a few feet above the ground, went sideways and backwards, and then settled back to earth. That vehicle was called a helicopter. Imaginations were fired. Men dreamed of going to work in their own personal helicopter. Every man would have one in his backyard. People wished that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers, as do the airliners of today. Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled. The helicopter has now become an extremely versatile machine. It excels in military missions, carrying troops, guns and strategic instruments where other airplanes cannot go. Companies use them as airborne offices, many large cities use them in police work, construction companies employ them in various advantageous ways, engineers use them for site selection and surveying, and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remote work stations accessible to crews and supplies. Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is a likely task for a helicopter. Among their many other uses, they deliver people across town, fly to and from airports, assist in rescue work, and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons. 11. What is a helicopter according to the passage? A. An aircraft that can go faster than the ordinary airplane. B. An aircraft that can fit into the smallest possible place. C. An aircraft that can fly vertically. D. An aircraft that is used only for commercial service. 12. What is said about the development of the helicopter? A. Some people thought they would become widely used by the average individual. B. Helicopters have only been worked on by man since 1940. C. An Englishman was the first to achieve flight in a helicopter. D. Helicopters were considered more dangerous than the early airplanes. 13. Under what conditions are helicopters found to be almost indispensable? A. For overseas passenger transportation. B. For extremely high flight. C. For high-speed transportation. D. For urgent missions to inaccessible places. 14. How has the use of helicopters developed? A. Each year they have become larger to accommodate greater loads. B. They are often used for rescue work. C. They are taking the place of high-flying jets. D. They are now used for commercial projects only. 15. On what principle do helicopters work? A. A spinning propeller topside. B. A combination of propellers in front and on top. C. One propeller in the center of the aircraft and others at each end. D. A propeller underneath for lifting power. Passage Four Human relations have commanded people’s attention from early times. Although the dull significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. “Intuitive”（直觉）knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. Without knowledge of scientific physics, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even be unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems. On the other hand, if we remove all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We still “know” how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “whys” of much of the self’s behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though only vaguely conceived（想象）, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler accounts for this by saying that “people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.” One may ask why, with all this natural, intuitive capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the conceited and pleasing illusions people have about themselves. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less stimulation for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory and carry out systematic observations about the obvious? 16. The author implies that common knowledge of human relations is ________.   A Equally well developed among all adults within a given society   B Considerably more accurate in some societies than in others   C Usually sufficiently accurate for easy interactions with others   D Typically unrelated to an individual’s interactions with other people.  17. It can be inferred that the author would most likely agree with which of the following statements regarding people who lived before the arrival of scientific psychology?   A Their understanding of human relations was quite limited.   B They misunderstood others more frequently than people do today.   C They were more likely to hold pleasing illusions about themselves than people are today.   D Their intuitions about human relations were reasonably sophisticated.  18. According to the passage, an understanding of the self can be _________.   A More reliable than knowledge about other people   B Profound even when vaguely conceived   C Irrelevant for understanding human relations   D Improved by specialized training  19. Which of the following supports the author’s statement that “psychology holds a unique position among the sciences” (para. 1) in the passage?   A Intuitive knowledge in the physical sciences is relatively advanced.   B Subjective prejudice is difficult to control in psychological research.   C Commonsense understanding of human relations can be sharp and direct.   D Psychological facts are too imprecise to lead to great discoveries.  20 According to the passage, it has been suggested that the science of human relations was slow to develop because ___________.   A Scientific studies of human relations appear to investigate the obvious   B The scientific method is difficult to apply to the study of human relations.   C Intuitive knowledge of human relations is derived from philosophy.   D Early scientists were more interested in the physical world.   V. Translate the following passage into English. （20%） 原文: 艾滋病一天夺命8000 2003年11月25日，联合国发布了一份全球艾滋病情况调查报告，公布了一些触目惊心的数字。报告指出，在即将过去的2003年里，全球有300万人死于艾滋病，另有500万人新感染上艾滋病，达到了历年来的最高峰。报告还说，在世界某些地区，艾滋病的传播仍然呈上升趋势。 一年来，全世界又新增500万艾滋病病例(cases)，全球艾滋病感染者目前已经上升到了约4200万人。2003年，全世界平均每天有1.6万人感染艾滋病病毒(infected with HIV)，8000人死于艾滋病。 报告公布了一些详细的调查结果，其中，非洲是艾滋病蔓延(rampant)最严重的地方，目前共有近2660万艾滋病病毒感染者，320万艾滋病患者，2003年死亡230万人，约占全球死亡人数的77％。南部非洲病情更为严重，成年人中每5个人中就有1个艾滋病患者。 据联合国儿童基金会（United Nations Children’s Fund）提供的资料显示，2002年非洲大约有200万成年人死于艾滋病。到2002年底，非洲有2900万艾鬃滩「腥菊吆桶滩』颊撸渲薪?000万人为15至24岁的青少年，近300万人是不足15岁的儿童。 亚洲是艾滋病泛滥(rampant，widespread)的第二大陆，艾滋病病毒感染者人数已经达到740万，死亡50万人。印度的状况相对严重，新增病例达30万，病毒感染者有300多万。东欧和中亚的状况也不乐观，俄罗斯的病毒感染者达200多万。 报告还说，2003年，主要发达国家的艾滋病病毒感染者人数达160万，其中新增病例8万，由于发达国家采取有效治疗，艾滋病患者死亡人数呈下降趋