高级英语试题（九） Explain the italicized words or phrases in the following sentences. (20%) All languages are dynamic rather than static, and hence a “rule” in any language can only be a statement of contemporary practice. Was I gypped by the landlord when he called the folding contraption that shuts off my kitchen a door? To some (of whom I am one) the omission of the label “colloquial” will seem meritorious… … and the buyers, overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit. … there is the spice-market, with its pungent and exotic smells; … Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, … The camels are the largest and finest I have ever seen, and in superb condition—muscular, massive and stately. Ancient girders creak and groan, ropes tighten and then a trickle of oil oozes down a stone runnel into a used petrol can This “noctilucent cloud” occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening darkness; shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural. After we watched the car dust settle I asked Maggie to bring me a dip of snuff. The house detective clucked his tongue reprovingly. As the Duke of Croydon shifted uneasily, the house detective’s bulbous countenance reddened. The TV set blinks on with the day’s first newscast: a selective rundown (ordered up the night before) of all the latest worldwide events affecting the economy---legislative, political, monetary. The latter-day Aladdin, still snugly abed, then presses a button on a bedside box and issues a string of business and personal memos, which appear instantly on the genie screen. The TV set blinks on with the day’s first newscast: a selective rundown (ordered up the night before) of all the latest worldwide events affecting the economy---legislative, political, monetary. Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles, but he had to leave the city for a while because of some scathing columns he wrote. Casually he debunked revered artists and art treasures, and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land. A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement. When the court adjourned, we found Dayton’s streets swarming with strangers. Choose the best word or phrase to complete the sentence (10%). 1. Those who got to know him better ________ his openness and honesty. A. teemed with B. swarmed with C. warmed to D. warm-hearted to He has made a declaration to the ________ that all fighting must cease at once. A. following B. fact C. point D. effect ________ of each other, the two men flashed past on their separate missions. A. Obvious B. Obscure C. Oblivious D. Obstinate He loves such gatherings, at which he has chances to rub ________ with young people and exchange opinions with them on various subjects. A. hands B. arms C. soles D. shoulders The comments came in ________ to specific questions often asked by the local newspaper. A. reference B. prospect C. response D. supply They have made ________ of getting as many contacts as possible with ordinary people. A. an answer B. an issue C. a point D. a comment If a person writes poetry, it naturally ________ that he must understand poetry. A. is B. comes C. is true D. follows I was experiencing a twinge of nervousness at the ________ of performing on the stage. A. sight B. perspective C. prospective D. prospect He resigned ________ the accusation that he had stolen from the company. A. on the part of B. at the sight of C. in the wake of D. in answer to The Labor Party ________ the development of economy as complete victory. A. claimed B. shouted C. high-tailed D. hailed 11.The employees were not clear about the real fact; there was a veil of secrecy over the management’s operation. A. sign B. indication C. mist D. cover 12. The spectacle is the symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. A. everlasting B. eminent C. continuous D. intermittent 13. The American presidential election arrests the world attention every four years. A. drags B. occupies C. empowers D. grabs 14. His statement at yesterday’s meeting was really obsolete. That assumption should be discarded now. A. disposed B. dealt with C. discomposed D. thrown away 15. One of the underlying causes for the poverty in this region is the surge in population. A. sharp increase B. gradual increase C. speeding up D. acceleration 16. The strategic problem will never be totally resolved unless it is put in a global context. A. co-text B. background C. environment D. surroundings 17.The increase in heat threatens the global climate equilibrium. A. equivalence B. equality C. balance D. equidistance 18.Carefully tended rice paddies, pastures, wheat-fields, and other croplands can be commonly seen here and there in the countryside. A. attended B. taken care of C. cultivated D. planted 19. Weapons of mass destruction must be strictly forbidden. Otherwise, if a nuclear war started, it would be the cataclysm for all humankind. A. termination B. calamity C. devastation D. destruction 20.This fur coat is indistinguishable from that one, except the size. A. indifferent to B. undifferent to C. undistinct to D. identical to III Cloze (10%) passage 1 From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his ___1___ to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade., but for making money, his pen would prove ___2___ than his pickax. In the spring of 1864, less than two years after joining the Territorial Enterprise, he boarded the stagecoach ___3___ San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writes. Mark Twain ___4___ and experimented with his new writing ___5___ , but had to leave the city for a while because of some scathing columns he wrote. Attacks of the city government, concerning such issues as mistreatment of Chinese, ___6___ angered officials that he fled to the gold-fields in the Sacramento Valley. His descriptions of the rough-country settlers there ring familiarly in modern world ___7___ trend setting on the West Coast. “It was a splendid population---for all the slow, sleepy, ___8___ sloths stayed at home ... It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing them through ___9___ a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences, which she ___10___ onto this day---and when she projected a new surprise, the grave world smiles as usual, and says ,“Well, that is California all over.” 1. a. channel b. route c. hole d. way 2. a. powerful b. mighty c. mightier d. forceful 3. a. to b. for c. from d. at 4. a. tried b. hoed c. hoped d. honed 5. a. muscles b. articles c. practice d. strength 6. a. that b. which c. so d. such 7. a. succumbed to b. accustomed to c. scattered over d. flirting with 8. a. slowly-brain b. sluggish-brain c. slowly-brained d. sluggish-brained 9. a. for b. through c. by d. with 10.a. holds b. owns c. bears d. possesses Passage 2 By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1500 people had ___11___ a circus atmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festooned ___12___ banners. The streets around the three-storey red brick law court ___13___ with rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby. People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan ___14___ the “infidel outsiders”. Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his election had never been ___15___ his native county. The ___16___ judge was John Raulston, a florid-faced man who announced: “I’m just a regular mountaineer judge.” Bryan, aging and paunchy, ___17___ in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee’s brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow, my ___18___ included the handsome and magnetic Dudley Field Malone, 43, and Arthur Garfield Hays, quiet, scholarly and steeped ___19___ the law. In a trial in which religion played a key role, Darrow was an agnostic, Malone a Catholic and Hays a Jew. My father had come from Kentucky to be with me for the trial. The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer and the trial got ___20___. Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn’t read. As my father growled, “That is one hell a jury!” 11. a. appeared b. got on c. taken on d. looked like 12. a. with b. by c. in d. throughout 13. a. shot up b. sprouted c. lined d. covered 14. a. for b. against c. by d. with 15. a. to b. out c. out of d. away 16. a. precise b. presiding c. presided d. president 17. a. being assisted b. was assistant c. with the help d. was assisted 18. a. counsel b. advisers c. group d. team 19. a. at b. deep into c. with d. in 20. a. on the way b. under discussion c. under way d. into consideration IV. Error Correction (10%) In the following passage there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. Read the passage and correct the mistakes. If you change a word, cross it out and write the substitute in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put the insertion mark (^) in the right place and write the word you want to add in the corresponding blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash (/) in the blank. Make your answers clear on the Answer Sheet. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn’s idyllic cruiser through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer’s 1.________________ endless summer of freedom and adventure. Indeed, this nation’s best- loved author was a bit as adventurous , patriotic, romantic, and humorous 2. ______________ _ as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well---one who growth cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life 3. ______________ _ dealt him., a man who became obsessed in the frailties of the human 4. _______________ race, who saw clearly in ahead a black wall of night. 5. _______________ Tramp printer, river pilot, Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry- eyed cynic: The man who became Mark Twain born Sammuel Langhorne 6.________________ Clemens and he arranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, 7. _______________ digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms of water --- a navigable deep. 8. _______________ His popularity is tested by the fact that more than a score of his books 9. ______________ _ remain out of print, and translations are still read around the world. 10. ______________ Part V Paraphrase (20%) little donkeys thread their way among the throngs of people. The few Americans and Germans seemed just as inhibited as I was. I thought somehow I had been spared. the prospect of a good catch looked bleak which means we are silencing thousands of songs we have never even heard To come to the question another way Let redouble our exertions, and strike with united strength while life and power remain. Mark Twain digested the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. The case erupted round my head. 10. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be related. Part VI Reading Comprehension (20%) Directions: There are five passages in this section. Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question. Passage 1 During the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution gained momentum. While there were mass dislocations of people, and laborers were not treated kindly, the net effect over time was to increase the demand for labor. The aged were not given special attention, except through the Poor Laws and the poorhouses and asylums developed under those laws. This same pattern carried over to America. Respectable American opinion in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries held that there was work for all who would work, and personal or family charity for those who could not, including the displaced aged. The fact that, periodically at least, there were conditions when labor power was in surplus, when there were more adults than the economy required, was ignored. Work to the end of one’s days was an economic and socially imposed standard. By 1900, Simon Patten, professor of economics at the Wharton School, developed the thesis that America was entering a period when all people’s needs could be met with less and less manpower. He anticipated a time when there would be an excess of labor, when working time could be drastically reduced, and when adults would have large amounts of leisure time at their disposal. His concern with this coming situation was focused on how to prepare people psychologically for a constructive social use of the new leisure. In many ways he was a prophet of the view that our 20th century economy would be one with many “surplus ” people, at least in relation to the production of goods. During most of these centuries, the aged as a group did not play a central role in the evolution of ideas beyond those of the original biblical injunctions: work and family obligations. However, with the twentieth century the capacity of the American economy to produce more goods with less labor was matched by a major change in the demographic nature of its population. Life expectancy grew rapidly as infant mortality declined. Other improvements in health care meant that the elderly became not only more numerous but more healthy, vigorous, and able-bodied. The first policy approach to this evolution was the enactment by many states of old age pension laws and, during the Depression of the 1930s, the national Social Security Act with its provision for almost universal retirement income. Public policy provided an income base to help the no-longer-needed older worker leave the labor force. 1. By saying that “the Industrial Revolution gained momentum”, the author means that the Industrial Revolution _______. A. began to slow down its pace B. began to produce undesirable results. C. demanded more labor D. underwent rapid development 2. Which of the following ideas was held by the Americans in the 19th and early 20th centuries? A. That the poor old people should be taken care of by their families, not the society. B. That working opportunities should be provided for those who were able to work. C. That laws should be made to guard against mass unemployment. D. That working long hours was a necessity dictated by economic and social standard. 3. Simon Patten predicted that____. A. the twentieth century would see a leap in industrial production. B. the society would hardly produce enough to meet people’s needs C. there would be surplus labor and increased leisure for people D. unemployed people would suffer great psychological stress 4. Unlike the aged in the past centuries, the old people of the 20th century_____. A. no longer attached importance to work and family obligations B. felt greater threat from young people in seeking employment C. had a sense of loss when they were no longer needed by the society D. had to deal with much leisure afforded by retirement 5. What is the best title for the passage? A. The Beginning of Surplus Labor and Leisure B. The Ending of the Industrial Revolution C. The Influence of the Industrial Revolution on the Society D Surplus Labor and Unemployment in an Advanced Country Passage 2 Our bodies are wonderfully skillful at maintaining balance. When the temperature jumps, we sweat to cool down. When our blood pressure falls, our hearts pound to compensate. As it turns out, though, our natural state is not a steady one. Researchers are finding that everything from blood pressure to brain function varies rhythmically with the cycles of the sun, the moon and seasons. And their insights are yielding new strategies for keeping away such common killers as heart disease and cancer. Only one doctor in 20 has a good knowledge of the growing field of “chronotherapeutics”, the strategic use of time(chronos) in medicine. But according to a new American Medical Association poll, three out of four are eager to change that. “The field is exploding,” says Michael Smolensky. Doctors used to look at us like, “What spaceship did you guys get off?” Now they’re thirsty to know more. In medical school, most doctors learn that people with chronic conditions should take their medicine at steady rates. “It’s a terrible way to treat disease,” says Dr. Richard Martin. For example, asthmatics are most likely to suffer during the night. Yet most patients strive to keep a constant level of medicine in their blood day and night, whether by breathing in on an inhaler four times a day or taking a pill each morning and evening. In recent studies, researchers have found that a large mid-afternoon dose of a bronchodilator can be as sage as several small doses, and better for preventing nighttime attacks. If the night belongs to asthma, the dawn belongs to high blood pressure and heart disease. Heart attacks are twice as common at 9 a.m. as at 11 p.m. Part of the reason is that our blood pressure falls predictably at night, then peaks as we start to work for the day. “Doctors know that,” says Dr. Henry Black of Chicago’s medical center, “but until now, we haven’t been able to do anything about it.” Most blood-pressure drugs provide 18 to 20 hours of relief. But because they’re taken in the morning, they’re least effective when most needed. “You take your pill at 7 and it’s working by 9,” says Dr. William White of the University of Connecticut Health Center. “But by that time you’re gone through the worst four hours of the day with no protection.” Bedtime dosing would prevent that lapse, but it would also push blood pressure to dangerously low levels during the night. 6. According to the author, it is best for asthmatics to take their medicines_____. A. at steady rates B. each morning and evening C. when the disease occurs D. at mid-afternoon 7. Researchers are finding that___________. A. heart disease and cancer are the most common killers of human beings B. blood pressure and brain function are decided by cycles of the sun, the moon and seasons C. the functions of human bodies have much to do with nature D. any change in human bodies goes systematically with changes in the environment 8. According to the passage, how do human bodies maintain balance? A. They adjust themselves timely in line with their physical conditions. B. People increase or lower the body temperature by sweating. C. People’s hearts pound to compensate when the blood pressure goes up. D. Both B and C. 9. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Doctors know more about chronotherapeutics than before. B. Doctors in the US used to be thirsty to know more about the new medical field. C. The researchers’ insights are providing new strategies to prevent common killers. D. The strategic use of time in medicine attracts more attention in the medical circle in the US. 10. The suggested title for this passage might be_____. A. Medicine Is Everything B. Treatment Is Everything C. Prevention Is Everything D. Timing Is Everything Passage 3 Cooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travelers scratching their heads over what’s going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travelers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion, there’s no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each of the two mega-groupings, Oneworld and Star Alliance, promoting itself as the best choice for all travelers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans. By the end of the year, Oneworld and Star Alliance will between them control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits predict that figure will be more like 75% in 10 years. But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Let’s just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the region-wide economic downturn that began two years ago----just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground (rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew) and code-sharing----the practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircraft. So alliances are terrific for airlines-----but are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP ( frequent flyer program) benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there’s the promise of “seamless” travel: the ability to, say, travel from Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janiero, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacific’s director of sales and marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. “It’s fair to say that these links are only in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We’re working on this.” Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for consumers: “Global travelers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries.” Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards. Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programs. Jeff Blyskal, associate editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. “ I don’t see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far as seamless travel goes, I’ll believe it when I see it. Most airlines can’t even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline.” Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for ticket. The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveler you are. Those who’ve already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to benefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if you’re a Marco Polo Club “gold ”member of Cathay Pacific’s Asia Miles FFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of Oneworld, of which Cathy Pacific is a member----even if you’ve never flown with them before. For those who haven’t made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer mile. For example, I belong to United Airline’s Mileage Plus and generally fly less than 25,000 miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance member----All Nippon Airways and Thai Airways. If you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway. The only real benefit infrequent flyers can draw from an alliance is an inexpensive round-the-world fare. The bottom line: for all the marketing hype, alliances aren’t all things to all people----but everybody can get some benefit out of them. 11. Which is the best word to describe air travelers’ reaction to airline alliances? A. Delight B. Indifference C. Objection D. Puzzlement 12. According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit_____. A. North American airlines and their domestic travelers. B. North American airlines and their foreign counterparts. C. Asian airlines and their foreign travelers. D. Asian airlines and their domestic travelers. 13. Which of the following is NOT a perceived advantage of alliances? A. Baggage allowance B. Passenger Comfort C. Convenience D. Quality 14.One disadvantage of alliances foreseen by the critics is that air travel may be more expensive as a result of____. A. less convenience B. higher operation costs C. less competition D. more joint marketing 15 According to the passage, which of the following categories of travelers will gain most from airline alliances? A. Travelers who fly frequently economy class. B. Travelers who fly frequently business class. C. Travelers who fly occasionally during holidays. D. Travelers who fly economy class once in a while. Passage 4 Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, it is not surprising that such students often have little good to say about their school experience. In one study of 400 adults who had achieved distinction in all areas of life, researchers found that three-fifths of these individuals either did badly in school or were unhappy in school. Few MacArthur Prize fellows, winners of the MacArthur Award for creative accomplishment, had good things to say about their precollegiate schooling if they had not been placed in advanced programs. Anecdotal reports support this. Pablo Picasso, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Oliver Goldsmith, and William Butler Yeats all disliked school. So did Winston Churchill, who almost failed out of Harrow, an elite British school. About Oliver Goldsmith, one of his teachers remarked, "Never was so dull a boy." Often these children realize that they know more than their teachers, and their teachers often feel that these children are arrogant, inattentive, or unmotivated. Some of these gifted people may have done poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic. Maybe we can account for Picasso in this way. But most fared poorly in school not because they lacked ability but because they found school unchallenging and consequently lost interest. Yeats described the lack of fit between his mind and school: "Because I had found it difficult to attend to anything less interesting than my own thoughts, I was difficult to teach." As noted earlier, gifted children of all kinds tend to be strong-willed nonconformists. Nonconformity and stubbornness (and Yeats' level of arrogance and self-absorption) are likely to lead to Conflicts with teachers. When highly gifted students in any domain talk about what was important to the development of their abilities, they are far more likely to mention their families than their schools or teachers. A writing prodigy studied by David Feldman and Lynn Goldsmith was taught far more about writing by his journalist father than his English teacher. High-IQ children, in Australia studied by Miraca Gross had much more positive feelings about their families than their schools. About half of the mathematicians studied by Benjamin Bloom had little good to say about school. They all did well in school and took honors classes when available, and some skipped grades. 16. The main point the author is making about schools is that______ . A. they should enroll as many gifted students as possible B. they should organize their classes according to the students' ability C. they are often incapable of catering to the needs of talented students D. they should satisfy the needs of students from different family backgrounds 17. The author quotes the remarks of one of Oliver Goldsmith's teachers ________. A) to show how poor Oliver's performance was at school B) to illustrate the strong will of some gifted children C) to explain how dull students can also be successful D) to provide support for his argument 18. Pablo Picasso is listed among the many gifted children who_____ . A) could not cope with their studies at school successfully B) paid no attention to their teachers in class C) contradicted their teachers much too often D) behaved arrogantly and stubbornly in the presence of their teachers 19. Many gifted people attributed their success______ . A) less to their systematic education than to their talent B) mainly to parental help and their education at home C) both to school instruction and to their parents' coaching D) more to their parents' encouragement than to school training 20. The root cause of many gifted students having bad memories of their school years is that_____ . A) they were seldom praised by their teachers B) school courses failed to inspire or motivate them C) their nonconformity brought them a lot of trouble D) teachers were usually far stricter than their parents VII . Translation (10%) 1．为实现四个现代化，我们认为有必要学习外国的先进科学技术。 2．一看见纪念碑就想起了在战斗中死去的好友。 3．很清楚，德国法西斯企图使那个地区的人民屈服于他们的统治。 4．新上演的那出话剧充分表现了中国人民大无畏的革命精神。 5．他认为这两个观点是可以一致起来的。