Lecture 9,Verb Tenses
? 1 一般现在时的用法
? 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状
语连用。
? I leave home for school at 7 every morning,
? 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
? The earth moves around the sun,
? 注意,此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过
去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
? 例,Columbus proved that the earth is round,
? 3) 表示格言或警句中。
? Pride goes before a fall,骄者必败。
? 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
? I don't want so much,
? 比较,Now I put the sugar in the cup,
I am doing my homework now,
? 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说
明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:
Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand
back,第二句中的 now是进行时的标志,表示正
在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现
在时。
? 2 一般过去时的用法
? 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
? Where did you go just now?
? 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
? When I was a child,I often played football in the street,
? 3)句型,
? It is (high) time sb,did sth.,时间已迟了,, 早该 ……
了,
It is (high) time you went to work,
? It is time for you to go to bed,你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed,你早该睡觉了。
? would (had) rather sb,did sth,表示 ‘ 宁愿某人做某事 ’
I?d rather you came tomorrow,
? 4) wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、
建议等。
? I thought you might want some,我以为你想要一些。
? 比较,
? 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
? Christine was an invalid(病人,残废者 )all her life,(含义:她已不在
人间。 )
? Christine has been an invalid all her life,(含义:她现在还活着 )
? Mrs,Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years,(含义:达比太太已
不再住在肯塔基州。 )
? Mrs,Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years,( 含义:现在还
住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去 )
? 注意,用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
? 1)动词 want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。
? I wondered if you could help me,
? 2)情态动词 could,would,
? Could you lend me your bike?
? 3 一般将来时
? 1) shall用于第一人称,常被 will 所代替。
? will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二
人称。
? Which paragraph shall I read first,
? Will you be at home at seven this evening?
? 2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
? a,主语的意图,即将做某事。
? What are you going to do tomorrow?
? b,计划,安排要发生的事。
? The play is going to be produced next month。
? c,有迹象要发生的事
? Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm,
? 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
? We are to discuss the report next Saturday,
? 4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。
? He is about to leave for Beijing,
? 注意,be about to 不能与 tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时
的时间状语连用。
? 一般现在时表将来
? 1)下列动词,come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现
在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
? The train leaves at six tomorrow morning,
? When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes,
? 2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如,
? Here comes the bus,= The bus is coming,
? There goes the bell,= The bell is ringing,
? 3)在时间或条件句中。
? When Bill comes (不是 will come),ask him to wait for me,
? I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there,
? 4)在动词 hope,take care that,make sure that等后。
? I hope they have a nice time next week,
? Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the
room,
? 现在进行时表示将来
? 意为:, 意图,,, 打算,,, 安排,,常用于人。
常用词为 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。
? I'm leaving tomorrow,
? Are you staying here till next week?
? 4 现在完成时
? 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态,其结
果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现
在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成,
have (has) +过去分词。
? 比较过去时与现在完成时
? 1) 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强
调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的
影响,强调的是影响。
? 2) 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊
的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
? 一般过去时的时间状语, yesterday,last week,…ago,in1980,in
October,just now,具体的时间状语
? 现在完成时的时间状语, for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till
/ until,up to now,in past years,always,不确定的时间状语
? 共同的时间状语, this morning,tonight,this April,now,once,
before,already,recently,lately
? 3) 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,此时动词一般
是延续性的,如 live,teach,learn,work,study,know,
? 注意,句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday,last,week,in
1960) 时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
? ( 错) Tom has written a letter to his parents last night,
( 对) Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night,
? 用于现在完成时的句型
? 1) It is the first / second time…,that… 结构中的从句部分,用现
在完成时。
? It is the first time that I have visited the city,
? It was the third time that the boy had been late,
? 2) This is the… that… 结构,that 从句要用现在完成时,
? This is the best film that I've (ever) seen,
? This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing,这是我第一次听他
唱歌。
? 延续动词与瞬间动词
? 1) 用于完成时的区别
? 延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果,不能与
表示段的时间状语连用。
? He has completed the work,他已完成了那项工作 。 (表结果 )
? I?ve known him since then,我从那时起就认识他了。 (表经历 )
? 注意,非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连
用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
? (错) I have received his letter for a month,
? ( 对) I haven't received his letter for almost a month,
? 2) 用于 till / until从句的差异
? 延续动词用于肯定句,表示, 做 …… 直到 ……, ; 瞬间动词用
于否定句,表示, 到 ……,才 ……,
? He didn't come back until ten o'clock,
? He slept until ten o'clock,
? 5 过去完成时
? 1) 概念:表示过去的过去
? --------------|--------------|--------------|----------->
那时以前 那时 现在
? 其构成是,had +过去分词
? 2) 用法
? a,在 told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。
? She said (that) she had never been to Paris,
? b,状语从句, 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,
用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
? When the police arrived,the thieves had run away,
? c,表示意向的动词,如 hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,
suppose等,用过去完成时表示, 原本 …,未能 …,
? We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't,
? 3) 过去完成时的时间状语 before,by,until,when,after,once,as
soon as。
? He said that he had learned some English before,
? By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by
himself,
? Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he
arrived at the party,
? 典型例题
? The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she
___ in the office,
A,had written,left B.were writing,has left
C,had written,had left D,were writing,had left
? 答案 D.,把书忘在办公室, 发生在, 去取书, 这一过去的动作之
前,因此, 忘了书, 这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成
时。句中 when表示的是时间的一点,表示在, 同学们正忙
于 ……, 这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应
用过去进行时。
? 用一般过去时代替完成时
? 1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用 then,
and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。
? When she saw the mouse,she screamed,
? My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it,
? 2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动
作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。
? When I heard the news,I was very excited,
? After I had finished my homework,I went shopping,
? 3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过
去时。
? Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in
1492,
? 6 将来完成时
? 1) 构成,will / be going to have done sth,
? 2) 概念
? a,状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止
一直有的状态。
? They will have been married for 20 years by then,
? b,动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的
动作之前,已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。
? You will have reached Shanghai by this time
tomorrow,
? 7 现在进行时
? 现在进行时的基本用法,
? a,表示现在 ( 指说话人说话时 ) 正在发生的事情。
? We are waiting for you,
? b,习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正
在进行。
? Mr,Green is writing another novel,(说话时并未在写, 只处于写作
的状态 。 )
? c,表示渐变的动词有,get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等 。
? The leaves are turning red,
? It's getting warmer and warmer,
? d,与 always,constantly,forever 等词连用, 表示反复发生的动作
或持续存在的状态, 往往带有说话人的主观色彩 。
? You are always changing your mind,
? 典型例题
? My dictionary ___,I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it,
A,has lost,don't find
B,is missing,don't find
C,has lost,haven't found
D,is missing,haven't found,
? 答案 D,前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找
到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可
用于完成时。
? 现在进行时代替将来时
? 1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动 。
? Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗?
? We are leaving soon,我们马上就走 。
? 2) 渐变动词, 如,get,run,grow,become,begin及 die。
? He is dying,
? 不用进行时的动词
? 1) 事实状态的动词, have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,
contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue
? I have two brothers,
? This house belongs to my sister,
? 2) 心理状态的动词, know,realize,think see,believe,suppose,
imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,
mean,understand,love,hate
? I need your help,
? He loves her very much,
? 3 ) 瞬间动词, accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,
refuse,
? I accept your advice,
? 4) 系动词, seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,
become,turn
? You seem a little tired,
? 8 过去进行时
? 1) 概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
? 2) 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动
作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。
? 3) 常用的时间状语, this morning,the whole morning,all day
yesterday,from nine to ten last evening,when,while
? My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself,
? It was raining when they left the station,
? When I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining,
? 典型例题
? As she ___ the newspaper,Granny ___ asleep,
A,read; was falling B,was reading; fell
C,was reading; was falling D,read; fell
? 答案 B.句中的 as = when,while,意为 "当 …… 之时 "。描述一件事
发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个
短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。 "句中的 fell
(fall的过去时 ),是系动词,后跟形容词,如,fall sick。
? 9 将来进行时
? 1) 概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或
按预测将来会发生的事情。
? I'll be meeting him sometime in the future,
? 注意:将来进行时不用于表示 "意志 ",不能说
I'll be wanting to have a talk with her,
? 2)常用的时间状语, soon,tomorrow,this evening,
on Sunday,by this time,tomorrow,in two days,
tomorrow evening
? By this time tomorrow,I'll be lying on the beach,
? 10 一般现在时的特殊用法
? 一般现在时代替将来时
? (1) 时间, 条件和让步状语从句, 从句用一般现在时代
替将来时 。 引导词有,when,while,before,after,till,
once,as soon as,so long as,by the time,if,in case (that),
unless,even if,whether,the moment,the minute,the day,
the year,immediately
? He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing,
他一到北京, 就去看他姨妈 。
? 典型例题
? He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing
the experiment,
A,had not given; had not succeeded
B,would not give; succeed
C,will not give; succeed D,would not give; will succeed
? 答案 B,在时间,条件或让步状语从句中一般不用将来
时。本题
有 He said,故为过去式。主句用将来时,故选 B,此处
用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
? (2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项, 行程等活动 。
? The museum opens at ten tomorrow,博物馆明天 10点开
门 。 (实际上每天如此 。 )
? 一般现在时代替过去时
? 1 )"书上说 ","报纸上说 "等 。
? The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.报
纸上说明天会很冷的 。
? 2) 叙述往事, 使其生动 。
? Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins,
? 一般现在时代替完成时
? 1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,hear,tell,learn,
write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember,
? I hear (= have heard) he will go to London,
? I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is,
? 2) 句型, It is … since…,代替, It has been … since … "
? It is (= has been) five years since we last met,
? 一般现在时代替进行时
? 句型,Here comes… ; There goes…
? Look,here comes Mr,Li,
Homework
? Exercise 11A on Pages 186-187
? Exercise 11B on Pages 189-190
? Exercise 11C on Pages 190-191
? Exercise 11D on Pages 194-195
? Exercise 11E on Pages 199-201
? Exercise 11F on Pages 201-202
? Exercise 11G on Pages 202-203
? Exercise 12A on Pages 206-207
? Exercise 12B on Pages 209-210
? Exercise 12C on Pages 210-211
? Exercise 12D on Pages 211-213
? Exercise 12E on Pages 213-214
? Exercise 12F on Pages 216-217
? Exercise 12G on Pages 217-218
? Exercise 12H on Pages 218-220
? Exercise 13A on Pages 226-231
? Exercise 13B on Pages 234-235
? Exercise 13C on Pages 235-236
? 预习 第 14讲 ( 237—250页)
? 预习 第 15讲 ( 251—260页)