Lecture 29,Postponement,Fronting and Inversion
? 后置 (Postponement)
? 后置是一种表示强调的语法手段，也就是把一个非句尾成分移
至句尾。
? 旧信息 (Old Information)和新信息 (New Information),句尾焦
点 (End Focus)和句尾重心 (End Weight),
? 一个句子所传递的信息通常由两部分构成,旧信息 /已知信息
(Given/Known Information)+新信息 。
? 前者是指说话人认为或者假定对方已经了解的信息，这是信息
传递的出发点，通常由句子的主语表示。
? 后者是信息传递的重点，通常由句子的谓语表示，而新信息中
最关键的部分又通常出现在句尾，即信息焦点 (Information
Focus),又叫句尾焦点。
? 主语作为句子信息传递的出发点，在结构上通常比较简短，而
谓语作为信息传递的着重点，通常较长，较复杂，这种句构特
征叫做“句尾重心”。
? 根据“句尾重心” 原则，在造句时要注意句子结构匀称，避免
头重脚轻的现象。
? That the president will visit ROK has been reported by CCTV,
? It has been reported that the president will visit ROK,
? 关键词语的后置
? 由于“句尾焦点”和“句尾重心”的关系，在组词成句时往往
将说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾，使其处于突出的地位，
这种语法手段叫做“后置”。例如,
? He give me a book,
? He give a book to me,
? 前者的侧重点在 a book,适合于回答 What did he give you?后者侧
重在 me,适合于回答 Who did he give the book to?
? 更多例句参看教材第 673-674页。
? 前置 (Fronting)与倒装 (Inversion)
? 定义
? 把在正常词序中通常较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之
处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调，这种语法手段
叫做前置。使用前置手段表示强调，有时不必改变词
序，有时则引起倒装。
? 谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从
倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装 (full inversion)和部
分倒装 (partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于
主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或 be 动词
等功能置于主语这前。
? 引起倒装的情况多种多样，倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种,
? 1,在疑问句中
? How are you getting along with your work?
? Is this report written in detail?
? 注：如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。 如,
? Who should be responsible for the increasingly serious
environmental pollution?
? Whose book is this?
? What is your name?
? Which room belongs to you?
? 2,在 there be 及其类似结构中
? There are forty students in our class,
? There seem to be still some elements undiscovered yet,
? There stands a bridge across the river,
? 3,在表示祝愿的句子中
? Long live the People’s Republic of China!
? May you succeed!
? 4,在省略 if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中
? 这类句子中有 were,had,should等词时, 把 were,had或 should置于
句首 。
? Were there no air or water,there would be no life in the world,
? Had you been more careful,such spelling mistakes might have been
avoided,
? 5,在 so,nor,neither或 no more开头的句子中
? 此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况, 也适用
于另一句中的主语 。 例如,
? This problem is not difficult and neither is that one,
? Coal is under the ground in some places,and so is oil,
? 6,在以具有否定意义的副词, 连词及词组开头的句子中
? 这些词和词组通常有：
rarely,never,scarcely,no sooner,little,few,hardly,seldom,at no ti
me,in no way,on no account,nowhere,nobody,not only等。例
如,
? Visit our stores,Nowhere else will you find such magnificent
bargains,
? Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang,
? Not only did he complain about the food,he also refused to pay for it,
? Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his
audience,
? 7,在强调表语时
? Worst of all were the humiliations,
? Such is the case,
? 8．在强调宾语时
? Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist
construction,
? Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid,
? 9．在强调状语时
? (1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为 go,come等表示
位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。 例如,
? Up went the plane,
? In came the chairman and the meeting began,
? 注：如果主语是代词则不发生全倒装。 例如,
? Out they rushed!
? Lower and lower he bent,
? (2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。 例如,
? Round the corner walked a large policeman,
? Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man,
? (3)当句首状语由,only +副词”，,only +介词词组”，
,only +状语从句”构成时，句子须倒装。 例如,
? Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing,
? Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some ti
ckets,
? (4)当句首状语为 here,there,now,then等时，句子须倒装，主语
是代词时，句子不用倒装。 例如,
? Here is a ticket for you,
? Now comes your turn,
? Here he comes,
? (5)以关联词 so (…that) 开头的句子中，句子须倒装。 例如,
? So small was the mark that I could hardly see it,
? So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t fall
asleep at night,
? 注：在该结构中,,so +形容词, 是表语的前置；, so +副词,
是状语的前置。
? 10．在直接引语之后
? 在叙事性书面语中，直接引语后常跟 asked Mary,answered John,
said the old lady,grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中，动词
常在主语之前，主语是代词时，不用倒装。例如,
?, What do you mean?” asked Henry,
?,What do you mean?” he asked,
? 11,often,many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
? Often did they think of going there,but they never had a chance,
? 12．在 as,though引导的让步状语从句中
? 在 as,though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名
词等置于句首。例如,
? Small as the atom is,we can smash it,
? Big as the work-piece is,it is turned out to be finished,
Exercise for Inversion
Homework
? Exercise 39A on Pages 675-676
? Exercise 39B on Pages 680-683
? Exercise 39C on Page 683
? 预习 第 40讲 （ 684-720页）
? 后置 (Postponement)
? 后置是一种表示强调的语法手段，也就是把一个非句尾成分移
至句尾。
? 旧信息 (Old Information)和新信息 (New Information),句尾焦
点 (End Focus)和句尾重心 (End Weight),
? 一个句子所传递的信息通常由两部分构成,旧信息 /已知信息
(Given/Known Information)+新信息 。
? 前者是指说话人认为或者假定对方已经了解的信息，这是信息
传递的出发点，通常由句子的主语表示。
? 后者是信息传递的重点，通常由句子的谓语表示，而新信息中
最关键的部分又通常出现在句尾，即信息焦点 (Information
Focus),又叫句尾焦点。
? 主语作为句子信息传递的出发点，在结构上通常比较简短，而
谓语作为信息传递的着重点，通常较长，较复杂，这种句构特
征叫做“句尾重心”。
? 根据“句尾重心” 原则，在造句时要注意句子结构匀称，避免
头重脚轻的现象。
? That the president will visit ROK has been reported by CCTV,
? It has been reported that the president will visit ROK,
? 关键词语的后置
? 由于“句尾焦点”和“句尾重心”的关系，在组词成句时往往
将说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾，使其处于突出的地位，
这种语法手段叫做“后置”。例如,
? He give me a book,
? He give a book to me,
? 前者的侧重点在 a book,适合于回答 What did he give you?后者侧
重在 me,适合于回答 Who did he give the book to?
? 更多例句参看教材第 673-674页。
? 前置 (Fronting)与倒装 (Inversion)
? 定义
? 把在正常词序中通常较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之
处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调，这种语法手段
叫做前置。使用前置手段表示强调，有时不必改变词
序，有时则引起倒装。
? 谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从
倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装 (full inversion)和部
分倒装 (partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于
主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或 be 动词
等功能置于主语这前。
? 引起倒装的情况多种多样，倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种,
? 1,在疑问句中
? How are you getting along with your work?
? Is this report written in detail?
? 注：如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。 如,
? Who should be responsible for the increasingly serious
environmental pollution?
? Whose book is this?
? What is your name?
? Which room belongs to you?
? 2,在 there be 及其类似结构中
? There are forty students in our class,
? There seem to be still some elements undiscovered yet,
? There stands a bridge across the river,
? 3,在表示祝愿的句子中
? Long live the People’s Republic of China!
? May you succeed!
? 4,在省略 if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中
? 这类句子中有 were,had,should等词时, 把 were,had或 should置于
句首 。
? Were there no air or water,there would be no life in the world,
? Had you been more careful,such spelling mistakes might have been
avoided,
? 5,在 so,nor,neither或 no more开头的句子中
? 此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况, 也适用
于另一句中的主语 。 例如,
? This problem is not difficult and neither is that one,
? Coal is under the ground in some places,and so is oil,
? 6,在以具有否定意义的副词, 连词及词组开头的句子中
? 这些词和词组通常有：
rarely,never,scarcely,no sooner,little,few,hardly,seldom,at no ti
me,in no way,on no account,nowhere,nobody,not only等。例
如,
? Visit our stores,Nowhere else will you find such magnificent
bargains,
? Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang,
? Not only did he complain about the food,he also refused to pay for it,
? Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his
audience,
? 7,在强调表语时
? Worst of all were the humiliations,
? Such is the case,
? 8．在强调宾语时
? Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist
construction,
? Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid,
? 9．在强调状语时
? (1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为 go,come等表示
位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。 例如,
? Up went the plane,
? In came the chairman and the meeting began,
? 注：如果主语是代词则不发生全倒装。 例如,
? Out they rushed!
? Lower and lower he bent,
? (2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。 例如,
? Round the corner walked a large policeman,
? Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man,
? (3)当句首状语由,only +副词”，,only +介词词组”，
,only +状语从句”构成时，句子须倒装。 例如,
? Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing,
? Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some ti
ckets,
? (4)当句首状语为 here,there,now,then等时，句子须倒装，主语
是代词时，句子不用倒装。 例如,
? Here is a ticket for you,
? Now comes your turn,
? Here he comes,
? (5)以关联词 so (…that) 开头的句子中，句子须倒装。 例如,
? So small was the mark that I could hardly see it,
? So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t fall
asleep at night,
? 注：在该结构中,,so +形容词, 是表语的前置；, so +副词,
是状语的前置。
? 10．在直接引语之后
? 在叙事性书面语中，直接引语后常跟 asked Mary,answered John,
said the old lady,grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中，动词
常在主语之前，主语是代词时，不用倒装。例如,
?, What do you mean?” asked Henry,
?,What do you mean?” he asked,
? 11,often,many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
? Often did they think of going there,but they never had a chance,
? 12．在 as,though引导的让步状语从句中
? 在 as,though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名
词等置于句首。例如,
? Small as the atom is,we can smash it,
? Big as the work-piece is,it is turned out to be finished,
Exercise for Inversion
Homework
? Exercise 39A on Pages 675-676
? Exercise 39B on Pages 680-683
? Exercise 39C on Page 683
? 预习 第 40讲 （ 684-720页）
