Lecture 28,Substitution and Ellipsis
? 1 Substitution
? 1.1 Definition
? Substitution is a grammatical device for avoiding
repetition and achieving textual cohesion,There are
three kinds of substitution,nominal substitution,
verbal substitution,and clausal substitution,and
therefore there are three kinds of substitutes,
nominal substitutes,verbal substitutes,and clausal
substitutes,In addition,there are adverbial
substitution and adverbial substitutes,
? 1.2 名词性替代
? 用名词性替代词 one (s),the same,the kind,the sort等所
表示的替代现象叫做名词性替代。
? 1.2.1 名词性替代词
? 例 1,The child doesn’t like this book,Show him a more
interesting one,(one = book)
? 例 2,His novel is a bad one for children,(one = novel)
? 1.2.2 某些不定代词
? 在名词性替代中还可以用一些不定代词来替代。如 all,
both,some,any,enough,several,none,many,much,more,
(the ) most,(a) few,another,the other,others,either等。
例如,
? I don't want any more food,I’ve had enough,
? 1.2.3 one 和 ones是最常见的替代词
? one的复数形式是 ones.one 和 ones作为替代词只能用以
替代可数名词,不可用来替代不可数名词。例如,
? 1) The gray horse is stronger than the black one,
? 2) The new design is much better than the old ones,
? 1.2.4 名词性物主代词 mine,yours
? 名词性物主代词 mine,yours等可用来代替 my +名词,
your +名词等,例如,
?, Whose is that coat?”,It’s mine.”
? 1.3 动词性替代
? 用动词替代词 do,do so等所表示的替代现象叫做动词性替代。
? 1.3.1 谓语的替代形式
? do是谓语的替代形式,有时态和人称的变化。例如,
? 1) Some people like a shower after they have played tennis,Peter
does,for example,
? 2) John speaks German as fluently as Mary does,
? 1.3.2 由 do,so等组成的复合替代形式
? ( 1),so +助动词 +主语” 。例如,
?, Mary will enter the university in September.”,So will Joan.”
? ( 2),so +主语 +助动词” 。例如,
?, I’ve been to Beijing.”,So you have.”
? 注:这种结构中第二句的主语与第一句的主语是同一个人,否
则应像,so +助动词 +主语”的结构一样,主谓要倒装。
? ( 3)“主语 +(助动词 +) do + so”。 例如,
?, Have you sent your plan to the committee?”
?,I did so yesterday.”
? ( 4),主语 +(助动词 +) do + that”。 例如,
?, Do you know who broke the television set?”
?,I heard John did that.”
? ( 5),主语 +(助动词 +) do + it”。 例如,
?, My brother said he was going to send a letter of protest to the
President.”,I did it last week.”
? 注:如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示相同的看法时,
则用,neither / nor +do +主语”。此时,do 不是动词替代词,
而是助动词。 例如,
? Mary didn’t like English,neither did her brother,
? 1.3.3 to代替整个动词不定式
? 当某个动词不定式词组在句子中再次出现时,我们可以只用 to这个词,而不
必重复整个动词不定式词组。 例如,
? 1) I went there because I wanted to,(=…because I wanted to go there.)
? 2) Perhaps I’ll go to Brazil this summer; I’d very much like to,
? 3),Are you and Gillian getting married?”,We hope to.”
? 4) I think he should get a job,but you can’t force him to if he’s not ready (to),
? 5) I don’t dance much now,but I used to a lot,
? 6) We’ll never leave home; he hasn’t got the courage (to),
? 注 1:有时 to可省略(尤其是在形容词和名词之后,见例 4,6)。在某些动
词(如 try) 之后也可省略 to。 例如,
?, Can you start the car?”,Ok,I’ll try.”
? 注 2:在 want和 would like之后,通常不能省略 to。 然而,当 want或 like 用于
从句时(例如,在 when,if,what,as之后),to常常省略。 例如,
? 1) Come when you want,
? 2) I’ve decided to do what I like,
? 3) Come and stay as long as you like,
? 1.4 分句性替代
? 用分句替代词 so或 not替代整个分句的现象叫做分句性替代。 例
如,
? Many people believe that there will be another world war before the
end of the century,My father think so,but I believe not,
? 1.4.1 分句替代词 so或 not可替代 that从句
? so可用来替代肯定的 that从句,not替代否定的 that从句,它们常
与 I’m afraid,believe,expect,fear,guess,hope,suppose,think等词
语搭配。例如,
? 1),Have we got enough money?”,I think so.”
? 2),We’re not going to be in time.”,No,I suppose not.”
? 1.4.2 so与 not可用来代替 if 后面的从句
? 例 1,Are you free this evening? If so,come and have a drink with us,
? 例 2,Are you busy this afternoon? If not,I wish you would stay
with me for a while,
? 1.4.3 用 it,this,that,such作为替代词
? 例 1,If you don’t work hard,you’ll regret it,(regret it = regret not
working hard)
? 例 2,He was very tired,This explains why he went to bed early,
? 例 3,You’re trying to cut with the back of the knife; that’s a silly
thing to do,
? 例 4,I may hurt your feelings,but such (= that) was certainly not my
intention,
? 1.5 状语的替代
? 1.5.1 时间状语的替代形式主要用副词 then
? 例如,We saw John at eight on Monday evening,We told him then
that we could be coming to the party,
? 1.5.2 地点状语的替代形式主要用副词 here和 there
? 例如,Mary is in London and John is there too,
? It和 that有时也可以用作地点状语的替代形式,这种场合的 it和
that在句中作主语,并可同 there交换使用,谓语动词是联系动词。
? 例如,They sat right in front of the stage,That / it / There was where
the noise was greatest,
? 1.5.3 方式状语的替代形式用 in that way和 like that
? 例如:,She plays the piano with great concentration and with great
energy.”,I’m afraid she doesn’t study like that.”
? 2 Ellipsis
? 2.1 Ellipsis
? Ellipsis is also a grammatical device for avoiding repetition
and achieving textual cohesion,If substitution is the
replacement of an identical item by a substitute,ellipsis
means omission of the item or replacement of the item by a
zero substitute,As ellipsis and substitution perform the
same function,they are,in many cases,interchangeable,
? 2.2并列句中的省略
? 在并列句中,第二分句(或第三、第四分句)往往可
以省略与前句相同的成分。如,
? Some books are to be tasted,others (are) to be swallowed
and some few (are) to be chewed and digested,
? 2.3简单句中的省略
? 2.3.1省略主语
? 1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如,
? (You) Be seated,please,
? 2) 其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如,
? (I)Thank you for your help,( 谢谢你的帮助。)
(It)Doesn’t matter,( 没关系。)
? 2.3.2省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 。如,
? (There is) No smoking,( 禁止吸烟。)
? (Is there) Anything else?( 还有其他事吗?)
? (You come) This way,please,( 请这边走)。
? (Will you)Have a smoke?( 吸支烟?)
? What (do you) think about a cup of tea?( 来一杯怎么样?)
? Why( do you) not say hello to him?( 为什么不和他说声再见
呢?)
? 2.3.3省略宾语 。 如,
? —Do you know Miss Gao?( 你认识高小姐吗? )
? —I don’t know( her), ( 我不认识 。 )
? —Which of them is the better choice?( 他们中谁是更合适的人
选? )
? —Well,it’s hard to tell( it), ( 哟, 这很难说 。 )
? 2.3.4省略表语 。 如,
? —Are you thirsty?( 你渴吗? )
? —Yes,I am( thirsty), ( 是的, 我渴 。 )
? 2.3.5同时省略几个成分 。 如,
? —Are you feeling better now?( 你觉得好些吗? )
? —( I am feeling) Much better( now), ( 好多了 。 )
? —Have you finished your work?( 你完成工作了吗? )
? —( I have) Not( finished my work) yet,( 还没有 。 )
? ( I wish) Good luck( to you) ! ( 祝你顺利 ! )
? 2.3.6其他一些省略结构
? 1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文
已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。 如,
? We spent the weekend at the Blacks’,
? 2) what和 how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语 it和 be动词。 如,
? What a wonderful victory( it is) for Wilma!
? How wonderful( it was) to be treated like a normal child,even
when I was bad,
? 3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号 to。
? ① 代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在 be afraid,expect,
forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,
try,wand,wish等后边。如,
? I asked him to see the film,but he didn’t want to,
? ② 在 have,need,ought,be going,used等后 。如,
? I didn’t want to go there,but I had to,
? ④否定形式的省略用 not to。 如,
? —Shall I go instead of him?
? —I prefer not to,
? ⑤ 如果不定式中含有 be,have,have been,通常保留
be,have和 have been。 如,
? —Are you a sailor?
? —No,but I used to be,
? —He hasn’t finished yet,
? —Well,he ought to have,
? 2.4复合句中的省略
? 2.4.1定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 that,which,whom常可以
省略;当先行词是 time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词
when,why,where也可以省去 。如,
? This is the first time( when) he had trouble with the boss,
? 2.4.2当 wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可
以把重复的内容省去,而保留 wh-疑问词 。如,
? Tom was sad,but I don’t know why( he was sad),
? 2.4.3状语从句中的省略现象
? 一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中,
? 由 when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的 时
间状语从句 ;由 if,unless,whether等引导的 条件状语从句 ;由
though,although,even if,whatever等引导的 让步状语从句,由
as,than引导的 比较状语从句 ;由 as,as if,as though 方式状语
从句 。
? 上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则,
? 1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系
动词 be,这时从句中可出现如下结构,
? ①连词 (as,as if,once) + 名词
? Once( he was) a teacher,he now works in a government office,
? ② 连词 (though,whether,when) + 形容词
? Work hard when( you are) young,or you’ll regret,
? ③ 连词 (whether,as if,while) + 介词短语
? He looked everywhere as if( he was) in search of something,
? ④ 连词 (when,while,though) + 现在分词
? While( I was) walking along the street,I heard my name called,
? ⑤ 连词( when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as) + 过去分词
? The exhibition is more interesting than( it was) expected,
? ⑥ 连词( as if,as though) + 不定式
? He opened his lips as if( he were) to speak,
? 注意:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略,
? Her father told her to be careful when( she was) crossing the street,
? 2) 当从句中的主语是 it,谓语动词中又含有系统动词 be时,可
以把 it和系动词 be一起省略。此时构成连词 (if,unless,when,
whenever) + 形容词的结构 。如,
? Unless( it is) necessary,you’d better not refer to the dictionary,
? 另外,我们还可以用 so或 not代替上文内容,此时可有 if + so/not
省略句式 。
? Get up early tomorrow,If not( you don’t get up early),you will
miss the first bus,
? He may not be at home then,if so( he is not at home),leave him
a note,
Homework
? Exercise 37A on Pages648-649
? Exercise 37B on Page653
? Exercise 37C on Pages653-655
? Exercise 37D on Pages657-658
? Exercise 38A on Pages663-665
? Exercise 38B on Pages669-670
? Exercise 38C on Pages670-671
? 预习 第 39讲 ( 672-683页)
? 1 Substitution
? 1.1 Definition
? Substitution is a grammatical device for avoiding
repetition and achieving textual cohesion,There are
three kinds of substitution,nominal substitution,
verbal substitution,and clausal substitution,and
therefore there are three kinds of substitutes,
nominal substitutes,verbal substitutes,and clausal
substitutes,In addition,there are adverbial
substitution and adverbial substitutes,
? 1.2 名词性替代
? 用名词性替代词 one (s),the same,the kind,the sort等所
表示的替代现象叫做名词性替代。
? 1.2.1 名词性替代词
? 例 1,The child doesn’t like this book,Show him a more
interesting one,(one = book)
? 例 2,His novel is a bad one for children,(one = novel)
? 1.2.2 某些不定代词
? 在名词性替代中还可以用一些不定代词来替代。如 all,
both,some,any,enough,several,none,many,much,more,
(the ) most,(a) few,another,the other,others,either等。
例如,
? I don't want any more food,I’ve had enough,
? 1.2.3 one 和 ones是最常见的替代词
? one的复数形式是 ones.one 和 ones作为替代词只能用以
替代可数名词,不可用来替代不可数名词。例如,
? 1) The gray horse is stronger than the black one,
? 2) The new design is much better than the old ones,
? 1.2.4 名词性物主代词 mine,yours
? 名词性物主代词 mine,yours等可用来代替 my +名词,
your +名词等,例如,
?, Whose is that coat?”,It’s mine.”
? 1.3 动词性替代
? 用动词替代词 do,do so等所表示的替代现象叫做动词性替代。
? 1.3.1 谓语的替代形式
? do是谓语的替代形式,有时态和人称的变化。例如,
? 1) Some people like a shower after they have played tennis,Peter
does,for example,
? 2) John speaks German as fluently as Mary does,
? 1.3.2 由 do,so等组成的复合替代形式
? ( 1),so +助动词 +主语” 。例如,
?, Mary will enter the university in September.”,So will Joan.”
? ( 2),so +主语 +助动词” 。例如,
?, I’ve been to Beijing.”,So you have.”
? 注:这种结构中第二句的主语与第一句的主语是同一个人,否
则应像,so +助动词 +主语”的结构一样,主谓要倒装。
? ( 3)“主语 +(助动词 +) do + so”。 例如,
?, Have you sent your plan to the committee?”
?,I did so yesterday.”
? ( 4),主语 +(助动词 +) do + that”。 例如,
?, Do you know who broke the television set?”
?,I heard John did that.”
? ( 5),主语 +(助动词 +) do + it”。 例如,
?, My brother said he was going to send a letter of protest to the
President.”,I did it last week.”
? 注:如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示相同的看法时,
则用,neither / nor +do +主语”。此时,do 不是动词替代词,
而是助动词。 例如,
? Mary didn’t like English,neither did her brother,
? 1.3.3 to代替整个动词不定式
? 当某个动词不定式词组在句子中再次出现时,我们可以只用 to这个词,而不
必重复整个动词不定式词组。 例如,
? 1) I went there because I wanted to,(=…because I wanted to go there.)
? 2) Perhaps I’ll go to Brazil this summer; I’d very much like to,
? 3),Are you and Gillian getting married?”,We hope to.”
? 4) I think he should get a job,but you can’t force him to if he’s not ready (to),
? 5) I don’t dance much now,but I used to a lot,
? 6) We’ll never leave home; he hasn’t got the courage (to),
? 注 1:有时 to可省略(尤其是在形容词和名词之后,见例 4,6)。在某些动
词(如 try) 之后也可省略 to。 例如,
?, Can you start the car?”,Ok,I’ll try.”
? 注 2:在 want和 would like之后,通常不能省略 to。 然而,当 want或 like 用于
从句时(例如,在 when,if,what,as之后),to常常省略。 例如,
? 1) Come when you want,
? 2) I’ve decided to do what I like,
? 3) Come and stay as long as you like,
? 1.4 分句性替代
? 用分句替代词 so或 not替代整个分句的现象叫做分句性替代。 例
如,
? Many people believe that there will be another world war before the
end of the century,My father think so,but I believe not,
? 1.4.1 分句替代词 so或 not可替代 that从句
? so可用来替代肯定的 that从句,not替代否定的 that从句,它们常
与 I’m afraid,believe,expect,fear,guess,hope,suppose,think等词
语搭配。例如,
? 1),Have we got enough money?”,I think so.”
? 2),We’re not going to be in time.”,No,I suppose not.”
? 1.4.2 so与 not可用来代替 if 后面的从句
? 例 1,Are you free this evening? If so,come and have a drink with us,
? 例 2,Are you busy this afternoon? If not,I wish you would stay
with me for a while,
? 1.4.3 用 it,this,that,such作为替代词
? 例 1,If you don’t work hard,you’ll regret it,(regret it = regret not
working hard)
? 例 2,He was very tired,This explains why he went to bed early,
? 例 3,You’re trying to cut with the back of the knife; that’s a silly
thing to do,
? 例 4,I may hurt your feelings,but such (= that) was certainly not my
intention,
? 1.5 状语的替代
? 1.5.1 时间状语的替代形式主要用副词 then
? 例如,We saw John at eight on Monday evening,We told him then
that we could be coming to the party,
? 1.5.2 地点状语的替代形式主要用副词 here和 there
? 例如,Mary is in London and John is there too,
? It和 that有时也可以用作地点状语的替代形式,这种场合的 it和
that在句中作主语,并可同 there交换使用,谓语动词是联系动词。
? 例如,They sat right in front of the stage,That / it / There was where
the noise was greatest,
? 1.5.3 方式状语的替代形式用 in that way和 like that
? 例如:,She plays the piano with great concentration and with great
energy.”,I’m afraid she doesn’t study like that.”
? 2 Ellipsis
? 2.1 Ellipsis
? Ellipsis is also a grammatical device for avoiding repetition
and achieving textual cohesion,If substitution is the
replacement of an identical item by a substitute,ellipsis
means omission of the item or replacement of the item by a
zero substitute,As ellipsis and substitution perform the
same function,they are,in many cases,interchangeable,
? 2.2并列句中的省略
? 在并列句中,第二分句(或第三、第四分句)往往可
以省略与前句相同的成分。如,
? Some books are to be tasted,others (are) to be swallowed
and some few (are) to be chewed and digested,
? 2.3简单句中的省略
? 2.3.1省略主语
? 1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如,
? (You) Be seated,please,
? 2) 其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如,
? (I)Thank you for your help,( 谢谢你的帮助。)
(It)Doesn’t matter,( 没关系。)
? 2.3.2省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 。如,
? (There is) No smoking,( 禁止吸烟。)
? (Is there) Anything else?( 还有其他事吗?)
? (You come) This way,please,( 请这边走)。
? (Will you)Have a smoke?( 吸支烟?)
? What (do you) think about a cup of tea?( 来一杯怎么样?)
? Why( do you) not say hello to him?( 为什么不和他说声再见
呢?)
? 2.3.3省略宾语 。 如,
? —Do you know Miss Gao?( 你认识高小姐吗? )
? —I don’t know( her), ( 我不认识 。 )
? —Which of them is the better choice?( 他们中谁是更合适的人
选? )
? —Well,it’s hard to tell( it), ( 哟, 这很难说 。 )
? 2.3.4省略表语 。 如,
? —Are you thirsty?( 你渴吗? )
? —Yes,I am( thirsty), ( 是的, 我渴 。 )
? 2.3.5同时省略几个成分 。 如,
? —Are you feeling better now?( 你觉得好些吗? )
? —( I am feeling) Much better( now), ( 好多了 。 )
? —Have you finished your work?( 你完成工作了吗? )
? —( I have) Not( finished my work) yet,( 还没有 。 )
? ( I wish) Good luck( to you) ! ( 祝你顺利 ! )
? 2.3.6其他一些省略结构
? 1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文
已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。 如,
? We spent the weekend at the Blacks’,
? 2) what和 how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语 it和 be动词。 如,
? What a wonderful victory( it is) for Wilma!
? How wonderful( it was) to be treated like a normal child,even
when I was bad,
? 3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号 to。
? ① 代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在 be afraid,expect,
forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,
try,wand,wish等后边。如,
? I asked him to see the film,but he didn’t want to,
? ② 在 have,need,ought,be going,used等后 。如,
? I didn’t want to go there,but I had to,
? ④否定形式的省略用 not to。 如,
? —Shall I go instead of him?
? —I prefer not to,
? ⑤ 如果不定式中含有 be,have,have been,通常保留
be,have和 have been。 如,
? —Are you a sailor?
? —No,but I used to be,
? —He hasn’t finished yet,
? —Well,he ought to have,
? 2.4复合句中的省略
? 2.4.1定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 that,which,whom常可以
省略;当先行词是 time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词
when,why,where也可以省去 。如,
? This is the first time( when) he had trouble with the boss,
? 2.4.2当 wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可
以把重复的内容省去,而保留 wh-疑问词 。如,
? Tom was sad,but I don’t know why( he was sad),
? 2.4.3状语从句中的省略现象
? 一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中,
? 由 when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的 时
间状语从句 ;由 if,unless,whether等引导的 条件状语从句 ;由
though,although,even if,whatever等引导的 让步状语从句,由
as,than引导的 比较状语从句 ;由 as,as if,as though 方式状语
从句 。
? 上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则,
? 1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系
动词 be,这时从句中可出现如下结构,
? ①连词 (as,as if,once) + 名词
? Once( he was) a teacher,he now works in a government office,
? ② 连词 (though,whether,when) + 形容词
? Work hard when( you are) young,or you’ll regret,
? ③ 连词 (whether,as if,while) + 介词短语
? He looked everywhere as if( he was) in search of something,
? ④ 连词 (when,while,though) + 现在分词
? While( I was) walking along the street,I heard my name called,
? ⑤ 连词( when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as) + 过去分词
? The exhibition is more interesting than( it was) expected,
? ⑥ 连词( as if,as though) + 不定式
? He opened his lips as if( he were) to speak,
? 注意:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略,
? Her father told her to be careful when( she was) crossing the street,
? 2) 当从句中的主语是 it,谓语动词中又含有系统动词 be时,可
以把 it和系动词 be一起省略。此时构成连词 (if,unless,when,
whenever) + 形容词的结构 。如,
? Unless( it is) necessary,you’d better not refer to the dictionary,
? 另外,我们还可以用 so或 not代替上文内容,此时可有 if + so/not
省略句式 。
? Get up early tomorrow,If not( you don’t get up early),you will
miss the first bus,
? He may not be at home then,if so( he is not at home),leave him
a note,
Homework
? Exercise 37A on Pages648-649
? Exercise 37B on Page653
? Exercise 37C on Pages653-655
? Exercise 37D on Pages657-658
? Exercise 38A on Pages663-665
? Exercise 38B on Pages669-670
? Exercise 38C on Pages670-671
? 预习 第 39讲 ( 672-683页)