Lecture 20,Clauses
? 分句（ Clause） 是建立在词组基础上的语法单位。
所谓分句就是“主语（ Subject） +谓语
（ Predicate）,的语法构造。这就是说，并不是
任何一串词组都可以成为分句，只有当这些词
组结合成为“主语 +谓语”的结构时，这才算是
分句。比如下面这一连串词组 the tale,three legs，
in the room并不能说明什么，因为它们没有结成
主谓关系，因而不是分句。如果说
? The table in the room has only three legs.室内的那
张桌子只有三条腿。
? 那就是分句，因为它能说明一个情况，因而在
本质上不同于词组。分句，按其不同的结构形
式和语法功能，可作如下分类,
? 1）独立分句和附属分句
? 独立分句（ Independent Clause） 指能够独立存在的分句，
一个分句能够不依附于其他结构而单独存在，这就构
成一个独立句子。反之，如果一个分句不能独立存在，
只能充当另一分句或其他结构的组成部分，这就是附
属分句（ Dependent Clause）,又叫“从句”。例如,
? I don’t feel well.我感到不适。
As I don’t fell well.由于我感到不适。
? He saw me yesterday,
When he saw me yesterday,
? 在上述两组分勾结构中，每组第一句是独立分句，也
就是一个简单句；每组第二句是附属分句，它们不能
单独存在。
? 2）简单分句和复杂分句
? 只有一个, 主语 +谓语, 的分句结构叫做简单分句（ Simple
Clause）,上述两组分句结构都是简单分句，每组第一句为独立
简单分句；每组第二句为附属简单分句。反之，如果一个分句
还带有其他分句作为自己的附属分句，那就是复杂分句
（ Complex Clause）。 一个独立的复杂分句就是我们通常所讲的
复杂句。比较,
? You can do it.你能做这件事。
? You can do it if you will.只要愿意，你能行。
? I think you can do it.我认为你能行。
? I think you can do it if you will.我认为只要愿意，你能行。
? 上述第一例是独立简单分句，也就是一个简单句；第二例是独
立复杂分句，也就是一个复杂句；第三例的斜体部分是附属简
单分句；第四例的斜体部分是附属复杂分句。
? 3）主句和从句
? 主句（ Main Clause） 和从句（ Subordinate Clause）
是就复杂分句而言：在复杂分句中，附属分句
对于其所依附的分句而言是从句，带有从句的
分句是主句。主从句的概念也是相对的，一个
分句在一个复杂分句中是主句，而在另一复杂
分句中却又可能是从句。比较,
? 4）限定分句和非限定分句
? 以限定动词词组（ Finite Verb Phrase） 作谓语动词的分句叫做限
定分句（ Finite Clause）,前面所举的例句都属于这一类。以非
限定动词词组作谓语动词的分句叫做非限定分句（ Non-finite
Clause）,包括不定式分句（ Infinitive Clause）,-ing分词分句
（ -ing Participle Clause） 以及 -ed分词分句（ -ed Participle
Clause）。 例如,
? Mr,Cole is pleasant to work with.和科尔先生一道工作令人高兴。
? That shirt is clean enough for you to wear,
? I have become accustomed to speaking English,
? Working all through the night,everybody was extremely tired,
由于通宵工作，每个人都极度疲倦。
? He will come if asked.如果受到邀请他会来的。
? I should like this matter settled immediately,
? 由上述诸例可以看出，所有的非限定分句都是附属分句。
? 5）无动词分句
? 还有一种附属分句本身不带任何形式的谓语动
词，这种分句叫做无动词分句（ Verbless
Clause）。 例如,
? Ripe,these apples are sweet,
当成熟时，这些苹果是甜的。
? A hard-working man,Robert was welcomed
everywhere he went.由于是个实干家，罗伯特到
处受欢迎。
名词性分句 (Nominal Clauses)
? 名词性从句是由 if,whether,that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导
的从句，其功同名词一样。
? 一,主语从句 (Subjective Clause)
? 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动
词之前或由形式主语 it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
? 1,It 作形式主语和 it引导强调句的比较
? It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从
句的连接词没有变化。而 it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进
行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词 that。 被强调部分
指人是也可用 who/whom。 例如,
? It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film,
? It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not,
? It is in the morning that the murder took place,
? It is John that broke the window,
? 2,用 it 作形式主语的结构
? (1) It is ＋ 名词＋从句
? It is a fact that … 事实是 …
? It is an honor that … 非常荣幸
? It is common knowledge that … 是常识
? (2) it is ＋ 形容词＋从句
? It is natural that… 很自然 …
? It is strange that… 奇怪的是 …
? (3) it is ＋ 不及物动词＋从句
? It seems that… 似乎 …
? It happened that… 碰巧 …
? (4) it ＋ 过去分词＋从句
? It is reported that… 据报道 …
? It has been proved that… 已证实 …
? 3,主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
? (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
? (2) It is said,(reported) … 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如,
? It is said that President Hu will visit our school next week,(right)
? That President Hu will visit our school next week is said,(wrong)
? (3) It happens…,It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如,
? It occurred to him that he failed in the examination,(right)
? That he failed in the examination occurred to him,(wrong)
? (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether … 结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如,
? It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not,(right)
? Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter,(wrong)
? (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如,
? Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)
? Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)
? 4,What 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别
? What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子
成分，如主语,宾语,表语，而 that 则不然。例如,
? 1) What you said yesterday is right,
? 2) That she is still alive is a consolation,
? 二,宾语从句 (Objective Clause)
? 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常
放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
? 1,作动词的宾语
? (1) 由 that引导的宾语从句（ that 通常可以省略）,例如,
? I heard that he joined the army,
? (2) 由 what,whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如,
? She did not know what had happened,
? I wonder whether you can change this note for me,
? (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如,
? She told me that she would accept my invitation,
? 2,作介词的宾语
? 例如,Our success depends upon how well we can
cooperate with one another,
? 3,作形容词的宾语
? 例如,I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake,
? That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语,
? anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,
determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,
thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,
hurt,satisfied,content 等。也可以将此类词后的
that 从句的看作 原因状语从句 。
? 4,It 可以作为形式宾语
? It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正
的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句
子中。 例如,
? We heard it that she would get married next month,
? 5,后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词
? 这类动词有 allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,
condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这
类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用 that
引导的宾语从句。例如,
? I admire their winning the match,(right)
? I admire that they won the match,(wrong)
? 6,不可用 that从句作直接宾语的动词
? 有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋ that从句“结构
中，常见的有 envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,
blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如,
? He impressed the manager as an honest man,(right)
? He impressed the manager that he was an honest man,
(wrong)
? 7,否定的转移
? 若主句谓语动词为 think,consider,suppose,believe,
expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有
否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句
谓语用肯定式。例如,
? I don’t think this dress fits you well.（ 我认为这件衣服不
适合你穿。）
? 三,表语从句 (Predicative Clause)
? 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动
词之后，一般结构是,主语＋联系动词＋表语从句,。
可以接表语从句的联系动词有 be,look,remain,seem等。
引导表语从句的 that常可省略。另外，常用的还有 the
reason is that… 和 It is because 等结构。例如,
? 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation
in such a short time,
? 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people
? 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes,
? 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the
early bus,
? 四,同位语从句 (Appositive Clause)
? 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
? 1,同位语从句的功能
? 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般
由 that引导，例如,
? 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised
all the people,
? 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the
general,
? 2,同位语在句子中的位置
? 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别
的词隔开。例如,
? He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off,
? 3,同位语从句与定语从句的区别
? (1) 定语从句中的 that既代替先行词，同时也在从句中
作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的 that是
连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何
成分。
? (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对
先行词加以限定，描述其性质或特征；同位语从句是
名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如,
? 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad
next year.（ 他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）
（第一个 that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作
宾语）
? 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（ 汤
姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句,that在句
中不作任何成分）
副词形分句 —— 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause)
? 状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语 。 一般可分为九大类,
分别表示 时间, 地点, 原因, 目的, 结果, 条件, 让步, 比较
和 方式 。 尽管种类较多, 但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相
似, 所以理解和掌握它并不难 。 状语从句的关键是要掌握引导
不同状语从句的 常用连接词 和 特殊的连接词 。 现分别列举如下,
? 1,时间状语从句
? 常用引导词,when,as,while,as soon as,while,before,after,since,
till,until
? 特殊引导词,the minute,the moment,the second,every time,the
day,the instant,immediately,directly,no sooner … than,
hardly … when,scarcely … when
? I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult,
? While John was watching TV,his wife was cooking,
? The children ran away from the orchard(果园 ) the moment they saw
the guard,
? No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain,
? Every time I listen to your advice,I get into trouble,
? 2,地点状语从句
? 常用引导词,where
? 特殊引导词,wherever,anywhere,everywhere
? Generally,air will be heavily polluted where there are factories,
? Wherever you go,you should work hard,
? 3,原因状语从句
? 常用引导词,because,since,as,since
? 特殊引导词,seeing that,now that,in that,considering that,given
that,considering that,inasmuch as,insomuch as
? My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful,
? Now that everybody has come,let’s begin our conference,
? The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people
from trying to earn more,
? Considering that he is no more than 12 years old,his height of 1.80
m is quite remarkable,
? 4,目的状语从句
? 常用引导词,so that,in order that
? 特殊引导词,lest,in case,for fear that,in the hope that,for the
purpose that,to the end that
? The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he
could sign them,
? The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back
could hear more clearly,
? 5,结果状语从句
? 常用引导词,so … that,so… that,such … that,
? 特殊引导词,such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such
a degree that,
? He got up so early that he caught the first bus,
? It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it,
? To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night,
? 6,条件状语从句
? 常用引导词,if,unless,
? 特殊引导词,as/so long as,only if,providing/provided that,
suppose that,in case that,on condition that
? We’ll start our project if the president agrees,
? You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying,
? Provided that there is no opposition,we shall hold the meeting here,
? 7,让步状语从句
? 常用引导词,though,although,even if,even though
? 特殊引导词,as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装 ),while ( 一般
用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that,while,whatever,
whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever
? Much as I respect him,I can’t agree to his proposal,
? The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is
rough,
? No matter how hard he tried,she could not change her mind,
? 8,比较状语从句
? 常用引导词,as(同级比较 ),than(不同程度的比较 )
? 特殊引导词,the more … the more … ; just as …, so… ; A is to B
what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
? She is as bad-tempered as her mother,
? The house is three times as big as ours,
? The more you exercise,the healthier you will be,
? Food is to men what oil is to machine,食物之于人，犹如油之于机
器。
? 9,方式状语从句
? 常用引导词,as,as if,how
? 特殊引导词,the way
? When in Rome,do as the Roman do,
? She behaved as if she were the boss,
? Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us,
形容词性分句 — 定语从句 (Attributive Clause)
? 定语从句是主要用来修饰它前面的先行词 （ 名
词或代词 ） 的从句, 所以又称形容词从句 。 根
据与先行词的关系, 定语从句可分为限制性定
语从句和非限制性定语从句 。 关于定语从句将
另开章节进行讲述 。
Homework
? Exercise 30A on Pages 508-509
? Exercise 30B on Pages 510-511
? Exercise 30C on Pages 514-515
? Exercise 31A on Pages 520-521
? Exercise 31B on Pages 525-526
? Exercise 31C on Pages 526-527
? Exercise 31D on Pages 538-539
? Exercise 31E on Pages 539-540
? Exercise 32A on Pages 546-547
? Exercise 32B on Pages 547-548
? Exercise 32C on Pages 548-549
? Exercise 32D on Pages 553-554
? Exercise 32E on Pages 556-557
? Exercise 32F on Page 558
? Exercise 32G on Pages 558-561
? Exercise 32H on Pages 563-564
? Exercise 32I on Pages 567-569
? 分句（ Clause） 是建立在词组基础上的语法单位。
所谓分句就是“主语（ Subject） +谓语
（ Predicate）,的语法构造。这就是说，并不是
任何一串词组都可以成为分句，只有当这些词
组结合成为“主语 +谓语”的结构时，这才算是
分句。比如下面这一连串词组 the tale,three legs，
in the room并不能说明什么，因为它们没有结成
主谓关系，因而不是分句。如果说
? The table in the room has only three legs.室内的那
张桌子只有三条腿。
? 那就是分句，因为它能说明一个情况，因而在
本质上不同于词组。分句，按其不同的结构形
式和语法功能，可作如下分类,
? 1）独立分句和附属分句
? 独立分句（ Independent Clause） 指能够独立存在的分句，
一个分句能够不依附于其他结构而单独存在，这就构
成一个独立句子。反之，如果一个分句不能独立存在，
只能充当另一分句或其他结构的组成部分，这就是附
属分句（ Dependent Clause）,又叫“从句”。例如,
? I don’t feel well.我感到不适。
As I don’t fell well.由于我感到不适。
? He saw me yesterday,
When he saw me yesterday,
? 在上述两组分勾结构中，每组第一句是独立分句，也
就是一个简单句；每组第二句是附属分句，它们不能
单独存在。
? 2）简单分句和复杂分句
? 只有一个, 主语 +谓语, 的分句结构叫做简单分句（ Simple
Clause）,上述两组分句结构都是简单分句，每组第一句为独立
简单分句；每组第二句为附属简单分句。反之，如果一个分句
还带有其他分句作为自己的附属分句，那就是复杂分句
（ Complex Clause）。 一个独立的复杂分句就是我们通常所讲的
复杂句。比较,
? You can do it.你能做这件事。
? You can do it if you will.只要愿意，你能行。
? I think you can do it.我认为你能行。
? I think you can do it if you will.我认为只要愿意，你能行。
? 上述第一例是独立简单分句，也就是一个简单句；第二例是独
立复杂分句，也就是一个复杂句；第三例的斜体部分是附属简
单分句；第四例的斜体部分是附属复杂分句。
? 3）主句和从句
? 主句（ Main Clause） 和从句（ Subordinate Clause）
是就复杂分句而言：在复杂分句中，附属分句
对于其所依附的分句而言是从句，带有从句的
分句是主句。主从句的概念也是相对的，一个
分句在一个复杂分句中是主句，而在另一复杂
分句中却又可能是从句。比较,
? 4）限定分句和非限定分句
? 以限定动词词组（ Finite Verb Phrase） 作谓语动词的分句叫做限
定分句（ Finite Clause）,前面所举的例句都属于这一类。以非
限定动词词组作谓语动词的分句叫做非限定分句（ Non-finite
Clause）,包括不定式分句（ Infinitive Clause）,-ing分词分句
（ -ing Participle Clause） 以及 -ed分词分句（ -ed Participle
Clause）。 例如,
? Mr,Cole is pleasant to work with.和科尔先生一道工作令人高兴。
? That shirt is clean enough for you to wear,
? I have become accustomed to speaking English,
? Working all through the night,everybody was extremely tired,
由于通宵工作，每个人都极度疲倦。
? He will come if asked.如果受到邀请他会来的。
? I should like this matter settled immediately,
? 由上述诸例可以看出，所有的非限定分句都是附属分句。
? 5）无动词分句
? 还有一种附属分句本身不带任何形式的谓语动
词，这种分句叫做无动词分句（ Verbless
Clause）。 例如,
? Ripe,these apples are sweet,
当成熟时，这些苹果是甜的。
? A hard-working man,Robert was welcomed
everywhere he went.由于是个实干家，罗伯特到
处受欢迎。
名词性分句 (Nominal Clauses)
? 名词性从句是由 if,whether,that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导
的从句，其功同名词一样。
? 一,主语从句 (Subjective Clause)
? 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动
词之前或由形式主语 it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
? 1,It 作形式主语和 it引导强调句的比较
? It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从
句的连接词没有变化。而 it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进
行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词 that。 被强调部分
指人是也可用 who/whom。 例如,
? It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film,
? It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not,
? It is in the morning that the murder took place,
? It is John that broke the window,
? 2,用 it 作形式主语的结构
? (1) It is ＋ 名词＋从句
? It is a fact that … 事实是 …
? It is an honor that … 非常荣幸
? It is common knowledge that … 是常识
? (2) it is ＋ 形容词＋从句
? It is natural that… 很自然 …
? It is strange that… 奇怪的是 …
? (3) it is ＋ 不及物动词＋从句
? It seems that… 似乎 …
? It happened that… 碰巧 …
? (4) it ＋ 过去分词＋从句
? It is reported that… 据报道 …
? It has been proved that… 已证实 …
? 3,主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
? (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
? (2) It is said,(reported) … 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如,
? It is said that President Hu will visit our school next week,(right)
? That President Hu will visit our school next week is said,(wrong)
? (3) It happens…,It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如,
? It occurred to him that he failed in the examination,(right)
? That he failed in the examination occurred to him,(wrong)
? (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether … 结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如,
? It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not,(right)
? Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter,(wrong)
? (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如,
? Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)
? Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)
? 4,What 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别
? What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子
成分，如主语,宾语,表语，而 that 则不然。例如,
? 1) What you said yesterday is right,
? 2) That she is still alive is a consolation,
? 二,宾语从句 (Objective Clause)
? 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常
放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
? 1,作动词的宾语
? (1) 由 that引导的宾语从句（ that 通常可以省略）,例如,
? I heard that he joined the army,
? (2) 由 what,whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如,
? She did not know what had happened,
? I wonder whether you can change this note for me,
? (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如,
? She told me that she would accept my invitation,
? 2,作介词的宾语
? 例如,Our success depends upon how well we can
cooperate with one another,
? 3,作形容词的宾语
? 例如,I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake,
? That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语,
? anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,
determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,
thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,
hurt,satisfied,content 等。也可以将此类词后的
that 从句的看作 原因状语从句 。
? 4,It 可以作为形式宾语
? It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正
的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句
子中。 例如,
? We heard it that she would get married next month,
? 5,后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词
? 这类动词有 allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,
condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这
类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用 that
引导的宾语从句。例如,
? I admire their winning the match,(right)
? I admire that they won the match,(wrong)
? 6,不可用 that从句作直接宾语的动词
? 有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋ that从句“结构
中，常见的有 envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,
blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如,
? He impressed the manager as an honest man,(right)
? He impressed the manager that he was an honest man,
(wrong)
? 7,否定的转移
? 若主句谓语动词为 think,consider,suppose,believe,
expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有
否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句
谓语用肯定式。例如,
? I don’t think this dress fits you well.（ 我认为这件衣服不
适合你穿。）
? 三,表语从句 (Predicative Clause)
? 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动
词之后，一般结构是,主语＋联系动词＋表语从句,。
可以接表语从句的联系动词有 be,look,remain,seem等。
引导表语从句的 that常可省略。另外，常用的还有 the
reason is that… 和 It is because 等结构。例如,
? 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation
in such a short time,
? 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people
? 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes,
? 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the
early bus,
? 四,同位语从句 (Appositive Clause)
? 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
? 1,同位语从句的功能
? 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般
由 that引导，例如,
? 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised
all the people,
? 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the
general,
? 2,同位语在句子中的位置
? 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别
的词隔开。例如,
? He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off,
? 3,同位语从句与定语从句的区别
? (1) 定语从句中的 that既代替先行词，同时也在从句中
作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的 that是
连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何
成分。
? (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对
先行词加以限定，描述其性质或特征；同位语从句是
名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如,
? 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad
next year.（ 他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）
（第一个 that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作
宾语）
? 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（ 汤
姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句,that在句
中不作任何成分）
副词形分句 —— 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause)
? 状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语 。 一般可分为九大类,
分别表示 时间, 地点, 原因, 目的, 结果, 条件, 让步, 比较
和 方式 。 尽管种类较多, 但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相
似, 所以理解和掌握它并不难 。 状语从句的关键是要掌握引导
不同状语从句的 常用连接词 和 特殊的连接词 。 现分别列举如下,
? 1,时间状语从句
? 常用引导词,when,as,while,as soon as,while,before,after,since,
till,until
? 特殊引导词,the minute,the moment,the second,every time,the
day,the instant,immediately,directly,no sooner … than,
hardly … when,scarcely … when
? I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult,
? While John was watching TV,his wife was cooking,
? The children ran away from the orchard(果园 ) the moment they saw
the guard,
? No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain,
? Every time I listen to your advice,I get into trouble,
? 2,地点状语从句
? 常用引导词,where
? 特殊引导词,wherever,anywhere,everywhere
? Generally,air will be heavily polluted where there are factories,
? Wherever you go,you should work hard,
? 3,原因状语从句
? 常用引导词,because,since,as,since
? 特殊引导词,seeing that,now that,in that,considering that,given
that,considering that,inasmuch as,insomuch as
? My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful,
? Now that everybody has come,let’s begin our conference,
? The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people
from trying to earn more,
? Considering that he is no more than 12 years old,his height of 1.80
m is quite remarkable,
? 4,目的状语从句
? 常用引导词,so that,in order that
? 特殊引导词,lest,in case,for fear that,in the hope that,for the
purpose that,to the end that
? The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he
could sign them,
? The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back
could hear more clearly,
? 5,结果状语从句
? 常用引导词,so … that,so… that,such … that,
? 特殊引导词,such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such
a degree that,
? He got up so early that he caught the first bus,
? It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it,
? To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night,
? 6,条件状语从句
? 常用引导词,if,unless,
? 特殊引导词,as/so long as,only if,providing/provided that,
suppose that,in case that,on condition that
? We’ll start our project if the president agrees,
? You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying,
? Provided that there is no opposition,we shall hold the meeting here,
? 7,让步状语从句
? 常用引导词,though,although,even if,even though
? 特殊引导词,as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装 ),while ( 一般
用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that,while,whatever,
whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever
? Much as I respect him,I can’t agree to his proposal,
? The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is
rough,
? No matter how hard he tried,she could not change her mind,
? 8,比较状语从句
? 常用引导词,as(同级比较 ),than(不同程度的比较 )
? 特殊引导词,the more … the more … ; just as …, so… ; A is to B
what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
? She is as bad-tempered as her mother,
? The house is three times as big as ours,
? The more you exercise,the healthier you will be,
? Food is to men what oil is to machine,食物之于人，犹如油之于机
器。
? 9,方式状语从句
? 常用引导词,as,as if,how
? 特殊引导词,the way
? When in Rome,do as the Roman do,
? She behaved as if she were the boss,
? Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us,
形容词性分句 — 定语从句 (Attributive Clause)
? 定语从句是主要用来修饰它前面的先行词 （ 名
词或代词 ） 的从句, 所以又称形容词从句 。 根
据与先行词的关系, 定语从句可分为限制性定
语从句和非限制性定语从句 。 关于定语从句将
另开章节进行讲述 。
Homework
? Exercise 30A on Pages 508-509
? Exercise 30B on Pages 510-511
? Exercise 30C on Pages 514-515
? Exercise 31A on Pages 520-521
? Exercise 31B on Pages 525-526
? Exercise 31C on Pages 526-527
? Exercise 31D on Pages 538-539
? Exercise 31E on Pages 539-540
? Exercise 32A on Pages 546-547
? Exercise 32B on Pages 547-548
? Exercise 32C on Pages 548-549
? Exercise 32D on Pages 553-554
? Exercise 32E on Pages 556-557
? Exercise 32F on Page 558
? Exercise 32G on Pages 558-561
? Exercise 32H on Pages 563-564
? Exercise 32I on Pages 567-569
