Lecture 16,Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
? 一、介词的分类
? 介词是用于名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构之前,
表示词语之间意义关系的词类 。 英语常用的介词大致
可分为四类,
? 1,简单介词
? 顾名思义, 简单介词是指由一个单词构成的介词, 也
是使用最频繁的一类介词 。 简单介词也可能由形容词,
副词, 分词, 名词, 连词等转变而来 。 常用的简单介
词有,at,about,above,across,after,among,
against,before,behind,below,beside,between,
beyond,but,despite,during,except,for,in,of,
on,over,near,past,round,since,through,till,
until,with,up等 。
? 2,合成介词
? 指由介词+其它介词或副词构成的介词 。 常用的合成介词有:
inside,into,onto,outside,throughout,towards,within,
without等 。
? 3,二重介词
? 指由两个单一的介词并列在一起, 作为一个介词使用并表达一
个完整意思的介词 。 常见的二重介词有,from among,from
behind,from under,until / till after等 。
? 4,短语介词
? 指由介词+介词, 介词+名词, 介词+分词, 介词+动词, 介
词+形容词, 介词+副词等构成的短语, 常用的有,according
to,along with,in front of,by means of,in spite of,together
with,with regard to等 。 短语介词与介词短语不同 。 介词短语是
由介词加宾语构成, 本身可作句子成分, 如定语或状语等, 可
单独使用;而短语介词是用作介词的短语, 不可独立使用, 本
身不能作句子成分, 后面要跟名词, 动名词或代词等 。
? 二、介词的用法及应注意的问题
? 1,介词的搭配与介词的选择
? 介词不能在句子中独立充当一个成分, 而需要与其后面的宾语
相结合, 成为介词短语, 在句中充当一个成分 。 所以选用什么
介词要根据其后面所接的宾语而定 。 但是, 有时介词也受其前
面用词的限制, 因此, 许多情况下也应根据介词前面的词选用
相应的介词 。
? 2,介词的宾语
? 介词的宾语可以是名词, 代词或其他词类或句子等 。 例如,
? 名词,The car ran into a wall,and two men were killed,
? 代词,Wherever he went,he carried the photo with him,
? 形容词,Your plan is far from perfect,
? 副词,I can't see the tower clearly from here,She came from
afar,
? 动名词,He entered the room without taking off his hat,
? 不定式,He did nothing but cry,
介词短语,She often studies till after midnight,
? 数词,In nine out often he won't come,
? 疑问词+不定式,The problem of how to get enough money is
difficult to settle,
? 疑问词引导从句,He does not care about who will be promoted,
? that引导的从句,Man differs from other animals in that man can
laugh and speak,
? 3,介词的语法功能
? 介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分, 构
成介词短语 。 介词短语可以作定语 ( 须后置 ), 状语, 表语,
宾语补足语, 另一个介词的宾语, 间或作主语等 。 例如,
? The skyscraper in the distance is a five-star hotel,( 定语 )
? Her eyes were tired from long reading,( 状语 )
? The decision is of great importance to me,( 表语 )
? They found the machine in a bad state,( 宾语补足语 )
? A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain,( 介词宾语 )
? On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.( 主语)
? 三、介词的固定搭配
? 在英语中固定搭配的介词词组和短语介词很多, 平时需要加强
记忆 。 此处讲解几个常见的动词与介词的固定搭配, 并且就较
容易混淆的介词搭配进行比较, 分辨 。
? 1,act as 担任 act for 代理
? 2,apply to 应用于, 适合于, 向 … 申请 apply for 申请, 要求
? 3,belong to 属于 belong in住在, 应该 … belong with 应归于 ( 类别, 范畴
等 )
? 4,call on 号召, 请求, 拜访 call at 探访 ( at后接地方 ) call in 请医生,
召集, 收集 call to 高声唤 ( 某人 )
? 5,compare with 跟 … 相比较 compare to 把 … 比作, 与 … 相比
? 6,correspond with 与 … 通信;适合 correspond to 相当于
? 7,deal in 做生意, 经营 ( = engage in) ; deal with 对付, 论及, 与 … 交往
( = cope with)
? 8,play with 玩 ( 某物 ) play at玩 ( 某种游戏 ) play on 玩 ( 某种乐器 )
? 9,suffer from 患 ( 病 ), 受 … 祸患,
? 10,wait on 伺候 wait for等待
? 考试中常出现的介词短语
? 1,WITH
? (1)v+with
? (a) v+with
? begin,mix,agree,deal,fight,meet,play,quarrel,do,fool(fool with玩弄 ),reason(reason
with(以理 )说服,规劝 ),correspond(correspond with与,..一致, 符合与,.,通信 ),
comply(comply with同意, 答应; 遵守, 服从 ),settle(settle with与,..清算,和,..和解 ),
? (b) v + sth (sb) + with + sth (sb)
? compare,provide,supply,feed,replace,combine,equip,furnish,
? (2)adj+with
? angry,strict,pleased,busy,covered,satisfied,filled,wrong,wild,crowded,connected,
popular,covered,patient,annoyed,acquainted,delighted,confronted,content,friendly,
identical,frank,concerned,bored,afflicted,associated,blended,burdened,comparable,
consistent,disappointed,displeased,endowed,enraged,exhausted(be exhausted with因,..而
疲劳 ),familiar,gifted,impatient,infested (be infested with受 … 侵扰, 寄生 ),intimate,
irritated(be irritated with因 … 而发怒 ),level,moved,occupied,overcome,popular,satisfied,
vexed(be vexed with sb for sth为某事对某人发怒 )
? (3) n+with
? acquaintance (have no acquaintance with不熟悉,不了解 ),alliance,trouble (be in troubles
with和,..闹纠纷 ),talk,chat,connection,consultation,conversation,sympathy (in sympathy
with同情 ; 赞成 ; 和,..一致 )
? 2,AT
? (1)v+at
? aim,point,snatch(snatch at抓取 ),wonder,strike(strike at企图打破,
袭击,打击,攻击 ),work(work at从事,致力于,钻研 ),look,glance,
laugh,run(run at冲过去袭击 ),catch(catch at想抓住,渴望获得 ),
shoot,stare,glare,thrust,smile,call(call at打给某人,访问,停靠 ),
fire,tear(tear at撕扯 ),knock(knock at敲打 ),arrive,come(come at袭
击,达到,得到,到达,攻击 ),gasp(对,..大吃一惊 ),pull用力拉,大口
喝,猛吸
? (2)adj+at
? amused(以,..为乐 ; 对,..觉得有趣 ),delighted对 … 感到高兴,angry因
某事而生气,good,surprised,astonished,pleased,terrified,clever,
alarmed被,..吓一跳,clumsy,disgusted,impatient不能忍受,quick敏
锐,startled
? (3)n+at
? knock,pull,look,glance,smile,astonishment,surprise,alarm,
? 3,IN
? (1)v+in
? get进入,到达,收获,陷入,lie睡懒觉,待产,turn拐入,上床睡觉,上缴,出卖,把,..
向内折,告发,作出,取得,draw收,引诱,接近黄昏,紧缩开支,believe,share分
享,分担,take接受,接待,吸收,理解,包括,轻信,注意到,欺骗,drop顺便走访,
give,call召集,召来,来访,hand交上,succeed,bring生产,挣得,介绍引进,result,
trade抵价购物,involve,check登记,报到,count把,..计算在内,cut插嘴,indulge
沉湎于,pour(使 )川流不息地涌入 /出,participate,intervene插手,干预,调,fill填
充,填写,join,confide信任,trust托付,信任,相信,persist坚持,固执于,consist存
在于,spend
? (2)adj+in
? rich,interested,active,disappointed对某人 /某事失望,engaged,busy,weak,
expert,successful,absorbed,skilled,concerned和某事有牵连,experienced,
confident,employed从事于,时间花在,..,accurate,clothed 覆盖, 使蒙受,
diligent勤勉的,negligent疏忽的,粗心的,proficient熟练的,精通的,prompt按时
的, 准时的,versed精通的,
? (3)n+in
? interest,progress,satisfaction,faith,belief,confidence,response(in response to),
pride,perseverance坚定不移,difficulty,pleasure,delight,
? 4,FROM
? (1)V+from
? (a) V + from
? learn,die,come,suffer,hear,fall,rise,hang,escape,date,depart,
result由,..产生,descend从,..下来,refrain忍住,制止,戒除,克制,
abstain戒,避免,弃权,differ不同,distinguish区别,识别,derive,
expel驱逐出,开除,排出,conceal对 ( 某人 ) 隐瞒
? (b) V + sth ( sb) +from + sth ( sb or a place)
? borrow,protect,receive,separate,keep,stop,prevent,deter阻拦,妨
碍,choose挑选,remove,save,dissuade劝止某人做,excuse借故推
托,婉言拒绝,免除某人 (做某事 ),restrain阻止,..去,.,
? (2)adj+from
? different,far,made,separate,absent,distinct,hidden
? (3)n+from
? letter,visitor,absence,difference,protection,relief(find relief from
从,.,中摆脱出来 ),rescue
? 5,OF
? (1)V+of
? (a) V+of
? consist由,..组成,dream,hear,tell,think,know知道有,..,die,speak谈及,说到
? (b) V+sb+of+sth
? rob,warn,inform,remind,accuse,cheat(cheat sth of sb骗人的东西 ),convince使,..相信,
relieve(relieve sb of sth解除某人的 (负担等 ); 减轻某人的 (痛苦等 ),偷去 (某物 ),解除某人
(职务 )),deprive,
? (c) V+sth+of+sb
? ask要求,期望,beg向某人恳求,demand向,..要求 ; 向,..索取,require对某人有,..的要求,
expect (expect sth of sb对,..的 … 期望 )
? (2)adj+of
? aware,careful,free无,..的,在,..外面,摆脱,..的,short,sure,certain,worthy,afraid,hopeful,
proud,full,tired,made,capable,impatient不能忍受,considerate,characteristic 有,..的特色,
guilty犯了罪,composed由,..组成,jealous,ashamed,envious,ignorant,apprehensive意识
到,..的,bare空的,cautious,clear脱离, 离开, 避掉,conscious,descriptive描写,..的,记
述,..的,说明,..的,exclusive除,..外,forgetful不经心的;疏忽的,fond,hard艰难的,
incapable,informed,innocent,mindful留神的;警觉的,neglectful,observant遵从的,
possessed占有,拥有,productive有出现,..的倾向,可能产生,..的结果,regardless,rid摆脱 ;
除掉,拨除,sensible觉察的,明白的 ; 知道的,sick倦怠的;疲劳的,susceptible能,..的 ; 容
许的,weary厌烦,疲倦
? (3) n+of
? quality,number,sample,choice,impression,neglect,attack,care,consideration,pleasure,
doubt,way,equivalence,possibility,example,
? 6,ON
? (1)v+on
? (a) v+on
? act对,..起作用,按,..行动,作用于,lean,live,work继续工作,设法说服,影响,
depend,look观看,面向,旁观,看待,wait服侍,招待,拜访,焦急地等待,turn,
switch,pull穿,戴,have穿着,戴着,在手头,使上钩,keep继续,穿着,..不脱,call
号召,呼吁,邀请,访问,指派,要 (学生 )回答问题,put穿上,把,..放在上,装出,假
装,增加,欺骗,添上,使靠,..维持生命,push推动,推进,speak继续讲,就,..演讲,
insist,collaborate(collaborate on sth with sb和某人合作 … ),count依靠,指望,
frown表示不赞成,reckon指望,依赖,speculate考虑,推测,figure把,..估计在内,
指望,计划,打算,carry
? (b) V+sb(sth)+ON+sb(sth)
? congratulate,spend,base,fix决定 ; 注视,专心致志于
? (2)adj+on
? hard对,..刻薄,keen热切渴望的,dependent,based,impressed使 铭记,使 得深刻
印象
? (3)n+on
? Book(be on the books列入名册 ; 做会员 ; 是某商店的顾客 ),discussion,lecture,
advice,opinion,impression,attack,dependence,judgment,pity,mercy,authority
? 7,TO
? (1)v+to
? (a) v+to
? listen,stick,refer,turn,point,reply,occur想起,想到,attend专心,注
意,照顾,see负责,注意,lead,happen发生在,..人身上,come达到,
继承,复苏,停止,想起,共计,get到达,接触到,开始,对,..有影响,
write,hold坚持,紧握,agree同意,允诺,belong,adapt适合,attribute
归因于,object反对,subscribe预订,同意,订阅,adjust适应,调节,
accede同意,加入,就任,yield屈服,让步,resort诉诸于,采取,relate
涉及,respond,testify证明,证实,succumb屈服于
? (b) v+to+sb
? announce,describe,explain,express,mention,report,say,shout,
suggest,whisper,speak,talk,nod,
? (c) v+sth(sb)+to+sth(sb)
? devote,compare,add,introduce,invite邀请,leave,join加入 ; 归附,
reduce使处于,迫使,使变为,使变弱为,归纳为,sentence,carry,
take开始,喜欢,沉溺于,走向,照料,求助于,适应
? (2)adj+to
? equal,opposed,true安分守己,坚持自已的原则,familiar,close,near接近,赶得上,
kind,harmful,polite,rude,similar,useful,married,known,used,good,dedicated,
fair,essential,parallel,related,sensible,relevant,possible,indifferent,devoted,
comparable,necessary,contrary,suitable,strange,close,alike,opposite,familiar,
inferior,superior,proportionate,accessory,accustomed,adapted,addicted,
adequate,adjacent,afflicted,akin,alive,amenable,applicable,attentive,awake,
blind,common,conductive,congenial,contiguous,contrary,corresponding,deaf,
derogatory,disagreeable,displeasing,distasteful,exposed,false,fatal,grateful,
hostile,important,indifferent,loyal,moved,obedient,odious讨厌的,opposite,
painful,partial,peculiar,pleasant,precious,preferable,precious,prior,profitable,
prone倾于,..,proper独具的,relative相对于,relevant,sacred祭祀的,strange对某
人 /事生疏,subsequent随后的,其次的,接着发生的,连续的,后成的,后起的,
susceptible对,..敏感的 ; 容易受到,.,thankful感谢 [激 ]的
? (3)n+to
? key,answer,visitor,end,way,solution,traitor,attention,exception,gratitude,
approach
? 8,FOR
? (1)v+for
? (a)v+for
? account说明,占,解决,得分,beg乞求,hope希望,期待,send召唤,派人去拿,look,ask请
求,寻找,long渴望,pay偿还,赔偿,wish希望得到,渴望,wait,leave,fight,plan为,..作计划,
打算,prepare,care关怀,照顾,愿意,计较,stand代表,代替,象征,支持,做,..的候选人,
search,answer负责,保证,符合,run竞选,赶快去请,call要求,提倡,为,..叫喊,bargain指
望,想以廉价买,inquire要找 (某人 ),求见 (某人 ),press迫切要求,apply请求,申请,provide
作准备,供养,规定,apologize道歉,grieve哀悼
? (b)v+sb+for+sth
? ask,blame,forgive,pardon,pay,praise,punish,reward,thank,excuse原谅
? (2)adj+for
? eager,bad,good,famous,fit,suitable,ready,sorry,grateful,useful,late,responsible,proper,
crucial,competent,eligible 合格的,noted,renowned,appropriate,notorious,convenient,
possible,profitable,liable对,..应负责任,necessary,anxious渴望有 (得到 ),bound驶往,
impatient急切盼望,sufficient,uncared,unfit,zealous热心的
? (3)n+for
? plan,need,reason,explanation,ability,affection,excuse,ambition,anxiety,reputation,
consideration,necessity,talent,sympathy,cause,pretext(find a pretext for为,..找口实 ),
qualification
? 9,ABOUT
? (1)v+about
? quarrel,agree,consult,complain,speak,bring使发生,致使,think,
set开始,散布,攻击,着手,care担心,fumble瞎摸,摸弄,失误,
fuss(make a fuss about大惊小怪 ),leave乱放,move走来走去,经常
搬家,lie点缀,无所事事,hear,speculate沉思,思索,揣想,设想,推
测,inquire查问,打听,了解
? (2)adj+about
? happy,anxious,nervous,cautious,careful,certain,excited,particular
讲究的,挑剔的,pleased,concerned,enthusiastic热心的,热情的 ; 热
烈的,uneasy担忧,troubled困惑的 ; 骚乱的,不安的
? (3)n+on
? opinion,question
TEM4-01
Homework
? Exercise 26A on Pages 442-445
? Exercise 26B on Pages 445-448
? Exercise 26C on Pages 448-450
? Exercise 26D on Pages 451-453
? Exercise 26E on Pages 453-455
? Exercise 26F on Pages 460-463
? Exercise 26G on Pages 463-464
? Exercise 26H on Pages 465-466
? 预习第 28讲( 488-495页)