Lecture 22,Subordination
? 1 Definition
? Subordination means putting a grammatical unit in a lower
rank or position,A grammatical unit that functions as a
constituent of another unit of equal or lower rank of
structure is called a subordinate construction,which might
be a finite clause,a non-finite clause,a verbless clause,or a
phrase,
? 2 Coordination and Subordination
? Coordination and subordination are two devices for combining and
relating ideas,These are commonly used to connect clauses or
sentences in order to establish various semantic relationships,
Generally speaking,coordination establishes a relationship between
ideas of approximately equal importance,while subordination
establishes a kind of relationship which indicates that one idea is
more important than the other,
? 1) Ways of subordinating minor ideas
? It is a general practice to put the main idea in the main
clause and the minor in a dependent clause,There are
various ways of subordinating minor ideas,which may be
expressed by a finite or non-finite clause or by a verbless
clause,eg,
? As they were curious about their new neighbours,the Johnsons went
and visited them at the first opportunity,
? Being curious about their new neighbours,the Johnsons…
? Curious about their new neighbours,the Johnsons…
? If the speaker wants to further minimize the importance of
the minor idea,he can even put it in a phrase,chiefly a
prepositional phrase,eg,
? With curiosity,the Johnsons went and visited their new neighbours at
the first opportunity,
? 2) Subordinators
? Subordinate clauses are generally introduced by
subordinators,which,in terms of word formation,can be
classified into simple subordinators,complex
subordinators,correlative subordinators and marginal
subordinators,
? 3 Subordinate Clauses(finite)
? Structurally,subordinate clauses may be finite,non-finite,
or verbless,A finite subordinate clause is one whose
predicator is a finite verb phrase,Syntactically,subordinate
clauses can be subdivided into nominal,relative,and
adverbial clauses,
? 4 Infinitive clauses
? An infinitive clause is a,subject + predicate” construction with an
infinitive as predicator,
? 1) Types of infinitive clauses
? Infinitive clauses fall into three types,those without an expressed
subject,those with an expressed subject,and those introduced by a
wh-word or subordinator,
? (1) Infinitive clause without expressed subject
? I hope to be able to come,
? To be frank,you need a great deal of courage,
? (2) Infinitive clause with expressed subject
? The best thing would be for you to tell everybody,
? He knew that with him to help,she could and would succeed,
? Rather than you do the job,I prefer to finish it myself,
? (3) Infinitive clause introduced by wh-word or subordinator
? I don’t know what to do/how to do/where to go,
? He opened his lips as if to say something,
? 2) Syntactic functions of infinitive clauses
? Infinitive clauses can function as adverbial of purpose,result,and
cause,
? (1) As an adverbial of purpose,the infinitive is usually with to,
? She stood up to be seen better,
? He moved aside for her to be seen better,
? (2) To denote result,we normally use the simple form of to-
infinitive,eg,
? In 1935 he left home never to return,
? He got to the station only to be told that the train had left,
? His work was so good as to make him well-known in the city,
? His indifference was such as to make us all despair,
? It was cold enough to freeze our fingers,
? This coffee is too hot (for us) to drink,
? (3) As an adverbial of cause,infinitive clauses generally collocate
with adjectives or verbs denoting emotion or fortune,eg,
? I am delighted to know that you have got a job,
? She wept to see him in such a terrible state,
? 5 –ing Participle Clauses
? An –ing participle clause is a,subject + predicate” construction with
an –ing participle as predicator,
? 1) Types of –ing participle clauses
? -ing participle clauses may be with an expressed subject,some with a
subordinator,and some with neither a subject nor a subordinator,
? (1) –ing participle clause without expressed subject or
subordinator
? He denied having been there,
? I have a friend living in London,
? Beating a child will do more harm than good,
? Attitudinal –ing participle clauses have become set expressions,
whose logical subject may be identified as the speaker,himself or
people in general,eg,
? Judging from what you say,he has done his best,
? Generally speaking,this book is not very difficult,
? (2) –ing participle clause with subordinator
? When sleeping,I never hear a thing,
? (3) –ing participle clause with expressed subject
? Do you mind my making a suggestion?(object)
? My parents object to my going out alone,
? It is no use your pretending to be deaf,(subject)
? The last bus having gone,we had to walk home,(absolute
construction)
? 2) Syntactic functions of –ing participle clauses
? (1) –ing participle clauses can be used as subject,object,and
subject/object complement,
? I like getting up in the morning,
? This is a box for holding chessmen,
? I noticed an old man crossing the road,
? (2) As adverbials,-ing participle clauses can be used in various
senses,
? Climbing to the top the tower,we saw a magnificent view,
? Being a hard-working young man,he was praised by his teachers,
? You will make yourself more tired keeping on your feet,
? Knowing all this,he still insisted on my paying for the damage,
? It rained heavily,causing severe flooding in that area,
? The old man was asleep,holding a book in his hand,
? 6 –ed Participle Clauses
? An –ed participle clause is a,subject + predicate”
construction with an –ed participle as predicator,
? 1) Types of –ed participle clauses
? There are three types of –ed participle clause,some are
without an expressed subject or a subordinator,some with
a subordinator,and some with an expressed subject,
? (1) –ed participle clause without expressed subject or
subordinator
? Covered with confusion,she hurriedly left the room,
? (2) –ed participle clause with subordinator
? Once published,the book caused a remarkable stir,
? (3) –ed participle clause with expressed subject
? The job finished,we went home straight away,
? With the tree grown tall,we will get more shade,
? 2) Syntactic functions of –ed participle clauses
? (1) A postmodifying –ed participle clause corresponds to an elliptical relative
clause,The elements ellipted are usually the subject relative pronoun and the
operator,
? The men,(who were) soaked with sweat from an all-night march,immediately went
into action,
? (2) As an adverbial,-ed participle clauses can denote time,cause,condition,
concession as well as accompanying circumstances,
? Heated,the metal expands,
? Deeply moved,he thanked her again and again,
? United,we stand; divided,we fall,
? Left to his own devices,Charles did not relax his efforts,
? He went to Beijing that winter,disguised as a merchant,
? 7 Verbless Clauses
? A verbless clause is a clause without any form of verb element as
predicator,A verbless clause is just an SVC construction with its
subject and predicator ellipted,
? 1) Types of verbless clauses
? (1) verbless clause without subordinator
? Right or wrong,I have given him a piece of mind,
? An excellent speaker,he was never at a loss for a word,
? (2) verbless clause with subordinator
? Whatever the reason,his cordiality has won him a friend,
? Although very helpful,he was not much liked by people,
? When in Rome,do as the Romans do,
? He spoke ungraciously,if not rudely,
? (3) verbless clause with expressed subject (a kind of absolute
construction)
? Two hundred people died in the accident,many of them children,
? There he stood,a tray in hand,
? Breakfast over,he went to his counting house账房,
? Miriam looked at Harry,his eyes full of doubt and discomfort,
? 2) Syntactic functions of verbless clauses
? Verbless clauses can be used as postmodifiers in a noun phrase and
as adverbials,
? You must eat it when fresh,
? The cardboard is light-proof where thick,
? His hands,numb from the cold,could not find the key,
? 8 Absolute Construction
? Mentioned in Lecture 21
TEM4-03
Homework
? Exercise 31A on Pages 520-521
? Exercise 31B on Pages 525-526
? Exercise 31C on Pages 526-527
? Exercise 31D on Pages 538-539
? Exercise 31E on Pages 539-540
? Exercise 32A on Pages 546-547
? Exercise 32B on Pages 547-548
? Exercise 32C on Pages 548-549
? Exercise 32D on Pages 553-554
? Exercise 32E on Pages 556-557
? Exercise 32F on Page 558
? Exercise 32G on Pages 558-561
? Exercise 32H on Pages 563-564
? Exercise 32I on Pages 567-569
? 预习 第 33讲 （ 570-586页）
? 1 Definition
? Subordination means putting a grammatical unit in a lower
rank or position,A grammatical unit that functions as a
constituent of another unit of equal or lower rank of
structure is called a subordinate construction,which might
be a finite clause,a non-finite clause,a verbless clause,or a
phrase,
? 2 Coordination and Subordination
? Coordination and subordination are two devices for combining and
relating ideas,These are commonly used to connect clauses or
sentences in order to establish various semantic relationships,
Generally speaking,coordination establishes a relationship between
ideas of approximately equal importance,while subordination
establishes a kind of relationship which indicates that one idea is
more important than the other,
? 1) Ways of subordinating minor ideas
? It is a general practice to put the main idea in the main
clause and the minor in a dependent clause,There are
various ways of subordinating minor ideas,which may be
expressed by a finite or non-finite clause or by a verbless
clause,eg,
? As they were curious about their new neighbours,the Johnsons went
and visited them at the first opportunity,
? Being curious about their new neighbours,the Johnsons…
? Curious about their new neighbours,the Johnsons…
? If the speaker wants to further minimize the importance of
the minor idea,he can even put it in a phrase,chiefly a
prepositional phrase,eg,
? With curiosity,the Johnsons went and visited their new neighbours at
the first opportunity,
? 2) Subordinators
? Subordinate clauses are generally introduced by
subordinators,which,in terms of word formation,can be
classified into simple subordinators,complex
subordinators,correlative subordinators and marginal
subordinators,
? 3 Subordinate Clauses(finite)
? Structurally,subordinate clauses may be finite,non-finite,
or verbless,A finite subordinate clause is one whose
predicator is a finite verb phrase,Syntactically,subordinate
clauses can be subdivided into nominal,relative,and
adverbial clauses,
? 4 Infinitive clauses
? An infinitive clause is a,subject + predicate” construction with an
infinitive as predicator,
? 1) Types of infinitive clauses
? Infinitive clauses fall into three types,those without an expressed
subject,those with an expressed subject,and those introduced by a
wh-word or subordinator,
? (1) Infinitive clause without expressed subject
? I hope to be able to come,
? To be frank,you need a great deal of courage,
? (2) Infinitive clause with expressed subject
? The best thing would be for you to tell everybody,
? He knew that with him to help,she could and would succeed,
? Rather than you do the job,I prefer to finish it myself,
? (3) Infinitive clause introduced by wh-word or subordinator
? I don’t know what to do/how to do/where to go,
? He opened his lips as if to say something,
? 2) Syntactic functions of infinitive clauses
? Infinitive clauses can function as adverbial of purpose,result,and
cause,
? (1) As an adverbial of purpose,the infinitive is usually with to,
? She stood up to be seen better,
? He moved aside for her to be seen better,
? (2) To denote result,we normally use the simple form of to-
infinitive,eg,
? In 1935 he left home never to return,
? He got to the station only to be told that the train had left,
? His work was so good as to make him well-known in the city,
? His indifference was such as to make us all despair,
? It was cold enough to freeze our fingers,
? This coffee is too hot (for us) to drink,
? (3) As an adverbial of cause,infinitive clauses generally collocate
with adjectives or verbs denoting emotion or fortune,eg,
? I am delighted to know that you have got a job,
? She wept to see him in such a terrible state,
? 5 –ing Participle Clauses
? An –ing participle clause is a,subject + predicate” construction with
an –ing participle as predicator,
? 1) Types of –ing participle clauses
? -ing participle clauses may be with an expressed subject,some with a
subordinator,and some with neither a subject nor a subordinator,
? (1) –ing participle clause without expressed subject or
subordinator
? He denied having been there,
? I have a friend living in London,
? Beating a child will do more harm than good,
? Attitudinal –ing participle clauses have become set expressions,
whose logical subject may be identified as the speaker,himself or
people in general,eg,
? Judging from what you say,he has done his best,
? Generally speaking,this book is not very difficult,
? (2) –ing participle clause with subordinator
? When sleeping,I never hear a thing,
? (3) –ing participle clause with expressed subject
? Do you mind my making a suggestion?(object)
? My parents object to my going out alone,
? It is no use your pretending to be deaf,(subject)
? The last bus having gone,we had to walk home,(absolute
construction)
? 2) Syntactic functions of –ing participle clauses
? (1) –ing participle clauses can be used as subject,object,and
subject/object complement,
? I like getting up in the morning,
? This is a box for holding chessmen,
? I noticed an old man crossing the road,
? (2) As adverbials,-ing participle clauses can be used in various
senses,
? Climbing to the top the tower,we saw a magnificent view,
? Being a hard-working young man,he was praised by his teachers,
? You will make yourself more tired keeping on your feet,
? Knowing all this,he still insisted on my paying for the damage,
? It rained heavily,causing severe flooding in that area,
? The old man was asleep,holding a book in his hand,
? 6 –ed Participle Clauses
? An –ed participle clause is a,subject + predicate”
construction with an –ed participle as predicator,
? 1) Types of –ed participle clauses
? There are three types of –ed participle clause,some are
without an expressed subject or a subordinator,some with
a subordinator,and some with an expressed subject,
? (1) –ed participle clause without expressed subject or
subordinator
? Covered with confusion,she hurriedly left the room,
? (2) –ed participle clause with subordinator
? Once published,the book caused a remarkable stir,
? (3) –ed participle clause with expressed subject
? The job finished,we went home straight away,
? With the tree grown tall,we will get more shade,
? 2) Syntactic functions of –ed participle clauses
? (1) A postmodifying –ed participle clause corresponds to an elliptical relative
clause,The elements ellipted are usually the subject relative pronoun and the
operator,
? The men,(who were) soaked with sweat from an all-night march,immediately went
into action,
? (2) As an adverbial,-ed participle clauses can denote time,cause,condition,
concession as well as accompanying circumstances,
? Heated,the metal expands,
? Deeply moved,he thanked her again and again,
? United,we stand; divided,we fall,
? Left to his own devices,Charles did not relax his efforts,
? He went to Beijing that winter,disguised as a merchant,
? 7 Verbless Clauses
? A verbless clause is a clause without any form of verb element as
predicator,A verbless clause is just an SVC construction with its
subject and predicator ellipted,
? 1) Types of verbless clauses
? (1) verbless clause without subordinator
? Right or wrong,I have given him a piece of mind,
? An excellent speaker,he was never at a loss for a word,
? (2) verbless clause with subordinator
? Whatever the reason,his cordiality has won him a friend,
? Although very helpful,he was not much liked by people,
? When in Rome,do as the Romans do,
? He spoke ungraciously,if not rudely,
? (3) verbless clause with expressed subject (a kind of absolute
construction)
? Two hundred people died in the accident,many of them children,
? There he stood,a tray in hand,
? Breakfast over,he went to his counting house账房,
? Miriam looked at Harry,his eyes full of doubt and discomfort,
? 2) Syntactic functions of verbless clauses
? Verbless clauses can be used as postmodifiers in a noun phrase and
as adverbials,
? You must eat it when fresh,
? The cardboard is light-proof where thick,
? His hands,numb from the cold,could not find the key,
? 8 Absolute Construction
? Mentioned in Lecture 21
TEM4-03
Homework
? Exercise 31A on Pages 520-521
? Exercise 31B on Pages 525-526
? Exercise 31C on Pages 526-527
? Exercise 31D on Pages 538-539
? Exercise 31E on Pages 539-540
? Exercise 32A on Pages 546-547
? Exercise 32B on Pages 547-548
? Exercise 32C on Pages 548-549
? Exercise 32D on Pages 553-554
? Exercise 32E on Pages 556-557
? Exercise 32F on Page 558
? Exercise 32G on Pages 558-561
? Exercise 32H on Pages 563-564
? Exercise 32I on Pages 567-569
? 预习 第 33讲 （ 570-586页）
