Lecture 11-13,Subjunctive Mood
? 第一部分:语气的定义和种类
? 1 语气 (mood)
? 语气是动词的一种形式, 表示说话人对某一行为或事
情的看法和态度 。
? 2 语气的种类
? ⑴, 陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的, 确定的或
符合事实的, 用于陈述句, 疑问句和某些感叹句 。 如:
? ① There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两
个方面 。
? ② Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙
吗?
? ③ How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊 !
? ⑵, 祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令 。 如:
? ① Never be late again!再也不要迟到了 。
? ② Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯 。
? ⑶, 虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,
而是说话人的主观愿望, 假设或推测等 。 如,
? ① If I were a bird,I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,
我就能在空中飞行 。
? ② I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考
试 。
? ③ May you succeed!祝您成功 !
? 第二部分:简单句中的虚拟语气
? 一, 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时, 表示
说话人的谦虚, 客气, 有礼貌, 或委婉的语气,
常用于日常会话中 。 如,
? ⑴,Would you be kind enough to show me the way
to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?
? ⑵,It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
你最好别熬夜到很晚 。
? 二, 表祝愿 。
? 1,常用, may+动词原形, 表示祝愿, 但愿, 此
时 may须置于句首 ( 多用于正式文体中 ) 。
? ⑴, May good luck be yours!祝你好运 !
? ⑵, May you be happy!祝你快乐 !
? ⑶, May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就 !
? ⑷, May you have a good time,祝愿你玩的痛快 。
? ⑸, May the friendship between us last long,祝愿我们的
友情天长地久 。
? ⑹, May you be happy,(注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福 。
? 2,用动词原形 。 例如,
? (1).Long live the people! 人民万岁 !
? (2).,God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说:, 愿上帝保
佑你 !,
? (3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快 !
? 三, 表示强烈愿望 。 ( 该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词
原形, 第三人称单数也不加, s”)
? (1).God save me,
? (2).Heaven help us,
? 四, 表命令
? 1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称 (you),而且通常省
略主语 (也就是 you)。
? 2.句子尾通常加上感叹号,!
? 3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态 (Simple Present),如:
work,be,go
? 4.否定形式的命令语气, 可用助动词 do,加上 not。
? (1),Work !
? (2),Work harder !
? (3),Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词 Be)
? (4),You go out !
? (5),Do not work so hard,(do not 表示否定的虚拟语气 )
? (6),Don't be afraid,(口语中常用 don't 代替 do not)
? 五, 在一些习惯表达中 。 如,
? (1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发 。
? (2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个
秘密 。
? 第三部分:名词性从句中的虚拟语气
? 第一节:宾语从句 (Objective Clause)中的虚拟语气
? 一, 在动词 wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
? 在动词 wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气, 常省去宾语从句的引导
词 that。
? 一 ), 对现在情况的虚拟 ( 与现在的事实相反 ),
? 从句用过去式或过去进行式 (时间上是同时的 )。 其句子结构为:
宾语从句的谓语 be用 were(was),实义动词用过去式 。 例,
? 1,I wish (that可省略,下同 ) I knew the answer to the
question.(wish,动词过去式 knew)我希望知道这个答案 。
(事实上是不知道 )
? 2,I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year
around.(wish,were)但愿我的家乡四季如春 。 (事实上不
可能 )
? 二 ), 对过去情况的虚拟 ( 和过去的事实相反 ),
? 用 wish表示对过去事情的遗憾 。 其句子结构为:宾语从
句的谓语用过去完成时, 或 would,could,might+现在完
成时 。 例,
? 1,I wish (that可省略, 下同 )I hadn't wasted so much time,
? 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间 。 (事实上已浪费了 )
? 2,He wishes he hadn't lost the chance,
? 他真希望没有失去机会 。 (其实已失去 )
? 3,We wished he had spoken to us,
? (wished,had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲 )
? 4,They will wish they had listened to us sooner,
? (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此 )
? 三 ), 对将来情况的虚拟 (表示将来的主观愿望 ),
? 从句动词, would/should/could/might + 动词原形, (时
间上较后 )(请注意:主句和从句的主语不相同 )。 用 wish
表示对将来事情的愿望 。 例,
? 1,I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词 would+动词原形
stop)我希望雨能停止 。 (事实上雨还在下着呢 )
? 2,I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
? 我希望你安静一些 。 (事实上那家伙还在吵着呢 )
? 3,You wished she would arrive the next day.(would +
arrive)你希望她第二天会到 。 (事实上她还没到 )
? 4,I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
? 我希望她会改变主意 。 (呵呵, 女孩子可没那么容易就
改变主意喔 )
? 四 ), 注意,
? 1.如果将 wish改为过去式 wished,其后 that 从句中
的动词形式不变 。 例如,
? I wished I hadn't spent so much money,
? 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了 。
? 2,如果 that 从句中用 would,一般表示对现状不
满或希望未来有所改变或请求
? I wish he would answer my letter,
? I wish prices would come down,
? I wish you would help me,
? I wish you would stop asking silly questions,
? 二, 在表示建议, 命令, 要求, 忠告等动词的后面的
宾语从句中的虚拟语气
? 由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见, 认为某事
应该或不应该怎样, 这些词语后面的, that”从句应用
虚拟语气, 且均以, should+动词原形, 表示这种语气,
但事实上, should”常被省略, 故此从句中谓语动词用
原形, 常用的此类动词有,
? 表示, 要求, 的,ask,desire,request,demand,require,
beg
? 表示, 提议, 劝告, 建议, 的,move,propose,suggest,
recommend,advise,vote
? 表示, 决定, 命令, 的,decide,order
? 表示, 主张, 的,maintain,urge
? 表示, 同意, 坚持, 的,consent,insist
? 例如,
? 1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight,
? 2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news,
? 3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream,he said,“The razor
and water do the job.,(当我建议他用刮胡膏时, 他说, 剃刀和水
就行了, 。 )
? 4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we
take the toy apart to see how it did work,(他费了几天功夫寻找理论
根据, 直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的 。 )
? 5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an
English-speaking country,(我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上
两三年 。 )
? 在表示命令, 建议, 要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很
普遍, 其结构如,
? order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,
insist +..,(should) do
? 但注意:在 insist 后的从句中,如果是坚持自己,用陈述语气,坚持
别人做什么事情,用虚拟语气,
? 6.she insists that she is right,
? 7.she insisted that I should finish the work at once,
? 或者说, suggest,insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时, 即它
们用于其本意暗示, 表明, 坚持认为时, 宾语从句用陈述语气 。
? 例题分析,8,It is politely requested by the hotel management that
radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night,
? A,were not played B,not be played
? C,not to play D,did not play
? 全句意思是:, 旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上 11点后不要打开收
音机, 。 句中的谓语动词 request( 请求 ) 所引出的从句应当用虚
拟语气, 即动词原形或, should+ 动词原形, 。
? 三, 在 expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中
的虚拟语气
? 在 expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中, 我
们经常用, should+ 动词原形 (或完成形式 )”, 表示惊奇, 怀疑, 不满等 。
? I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.我们从来没想到他是
个如此勇敢的小战士 。
? 四, would rather, would sooner,had rather,would (just) as soon, would
prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
? would rather,would sooner,had rather,would (just) as soon,would prefer( 希望 )
也用来表达主观愿望, 它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气 。 谓语动词用过
去式表示现在或将来, 用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反 。 表示, 宁愿做什
么, 或 "对过去做的事的懊悔 "。
? (1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today,
? (2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening,
? 注,① 若某人愿自己做某事, would rather后用动词原形
? I would rather stay at home today,
? ② would rather..,than..,中用动词原形
? I would rather stay at home than go out today,
? 五,, had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
? 用, had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能
实现的事情, 其宾语从句的谓语用, would+动
词原形, 。
? I had hoped that she would go to the U.S,and study
there,but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本
希望她到美国去念书, 但她说她喜欢留在中国 。
? 第二节:主语从句中的虚拟语气
? 一,, It is (was)+形容词 ( 或过去分词 ) +that……,结构中的虚
拟语气
? 在形如, It is (was)+形容词 ( 或过去分词 ) +that……,结构中,
使用某些表示愿望, 建议, 请求, 命令, 可能, 适当, 较好,
迫切, 紧近, 重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气 。
其表达形式为 should + 动词原形或省略 should直接用动词原形
? 常用的形容词, * natural (自然的 ),appropriate (适当的 ),advisable
(合适的 ),preferable (更可取的 ),better (更好的 )* necessary (必须
的 ),important (重要的 ),imperative (急需的 ),urgent (急迫的 ),
essential (本质的 ),vital (必不可少的 )* probable (很可能的 ),
possible (可能的 )* desirable (极好的 )advisable( 合理的 ),
compulsory( 必须的 ), crucial( 紧急的 ), desirable( 理想
的 ), essential( 必要的 ), imperative( 迫切的 ), incredible
( 惊人的 ), necessary( 必要的 ), possible( 可能的 ),
strange( 奇怪的 ), urgent( 紧迫的 ) 。
? 常用的过去分词,* required (需要的 ),demanded (要求 ),requested
(被请求的 ),desired (要求 )* suggested (建议 ),recommended (推
荐 )* ordered (命令 )
? 1,It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同 ) have a walk now.(necessary,should + have)
(表示有需要去散步 )
? 2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary,should
+ make) (表示有必要事先做好准备 )
? 3,It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required,should + smoke) (表示要求不
要在此抽烟 )
? 4, It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of
school.(important,should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规 )
? 5,It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important,should + take) (表
示重要的是照顾好病人 )
? 6,It is natural that she should do so,(形容词 natural,should+动词原形 do)
? 7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible,这些申请表
应尽早地寄回, 这是很重要的 。
? 8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project,重要的是募集足够的钱,
为这个项目提供资金 。
? 9.It is desired that we( should) get everything ready this evening,希望我们今晚一切都
准备就绪 。
? 注:在上述所列形容词后面用 that引出的宾语从句中, 谓语动词也要用虚拟语气 。
? 10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience,汤
姆缺乏经验, 指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的 。
? 二, 在 It is + 名词+ that… 的主语从句中的虚拟语气
? 在 It is + 名词+ that的主语从句中, 常用虚拟语气, 表
示建议, 命令, 请求, 道歉, 怀疑, 惊奇等 。
? 这类名词有,advice, decision, desire, demand,
idea,motion, order,pity, preference, proposal,
recommendation,requirement,resolution,shame,
suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder等 。
? It is my proposal that he be sent to study further
abroad,我建议派他去国外进一步学习 。
? 第三节:虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中
? 当某些表示建议, 请求, 命令等主观意向的名词作主
语时, 其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气,
其表达形式为 should + 动词原形或直接用动词原形 。
? 这类名词常见的有,
? demand (要求 ),desire (请求 ),requirement (要求 ),advice
(劝告 ),recommendation (建议 ),suggestion (建议 ),order
(命令 ),necessity (必要地 ),preference (优先 ),proposal (计
划 ),plan (计划 ),idea (办法 ),recommendation以及 plan,
idea,resolution等 。
? We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off,我们
都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议 。
? The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by
everyone,由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受 。
? 第四部分:条件句中的虚拟语气
? 第一节,if引导的条件句中的虚拟语气
? 虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设 。 该语法主要用于 if条件状语
从句 。
? 一, if引导的条件状语从句的分类及虚拟条件句的判断
? 1,可以把条件句分为两类,
? 1).真实条件句 ( Sentences of Real Condition), 凡是假设的情况
发生性可能很大, 就是真实条件句 。 例如,
? ⑴, If I have time,I will help you with this work.如果我有时间会
帮助你做此工作的 。
? ⑵, As long as I say anything wrong,you must point it out.只要我
说了什么错话, 你一定要指出来 。
? ⑶, If time permits,we'll go fishing together.(如果有时间的话, 我
们就一起去钓鱼 。 )
? 2).虚拟条件句 ( Sentences of Unreal Condition), 当假设是不大
可能实现时, 就是虚拟条件句 。 例如,
? ⑴, If I were you,I would have attended the meeting,如果我是你
的话, 就去参加会议了 。
? ⑵, If he had come here yesterday,he would have seen his old
friend.假如他昨天来这儿的话, 就会看见他的老朋友 。
? ⑴, If it had rained yesterday,we would have stayed at home.( 如
果昨天下雨的话, 我们就会留在家里 。 )
? 2,if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断
? 判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句 。 只有在非真实条件句中
才使用虚拟语气 。 通过句子意思, 看假设的条件是否能够实现,
能够实现是真实条件句, 不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能
实现则是非真实条件句, 要用虚拟语气 。
? 判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反 。 通常有三种情况,① 与过去
事实相反 。 ② 与现在事实相反 。 ③ 与将来事实可能相反 。
? 3,,后退一步法,
? 后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后, 按虚
拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态 。 即:在非真实
条件状语从句中, 谓语动词按正常情况, 后退一步, 。 也就是:
? ① 与过去事实相反, 在从句中用过去完成时形式表示 。
? ② 与现在事实相反, 在从句中用过去一般时形式表示 。
? ③ 与将来事实可能相反, 在从句中用过去将来时形式表示 。
? 主句中则用情态动词 would,should,could 等加一个与从句一致的
动词形式 。 例,
? ⑴, If I had come here yesterday,I would have seen him,
? ⑵, If I were a teacher,I would be strict with my students,
? ⑶, If it should snow tomorrow,they couldn't go out,
? 4,注意事项
? ① if条件句中如有 were,should,had,可以省去 if,并使用倒装语
序 。
? ② 在现代英语中 if条件状语从句中的谓语动词如果是 be,其过去
形式一般用 were。
? 二, 虚拟语气在 if 引导的条件句中的用法,
? ( 一 ), 表示与现在事实相反的情况 。 其句子结构为,
? 从句,if + 主语 + 动词的过去式 (be 用 were) + ……
? 主句:主语 + would (should,could,might) + 动词原形 + …… 例,
? 1.If I were you,I would go with him,
? 2.If time permitted,I would write it again,
? ( 二 ), 表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句 。 其句子结构为,
? 从句,If + 主语 + had +过去完成式动词 + ……
? 主句:主语 + would (should,could,might) + have +过去完成式动
词 +…… 例如,
? 1.If you had taken my advice,you would not have made such a
mistake,
? 2,He wouldn’t have been put in prison If he hadn’t broken the law,
? ( 三 ), 表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句 (对将来的事实实现
的可能性不大 )。 其句子结构为,
? 从句,If + 主语 + should (或 were to) + 动词原形 +……
? 主句:主语 + would (could,should,might) + 动词原形 +…… 例如:
? ⑴, If I were to work at this problem,I would do it in another way.
要是我来解这道难题, 我会用另外一种方法的 。
? ⑵, If you were to do such a thing again,you would be punished,如
果你再做这样的事情, 就会受到惩罚 。
? 注意:如果动作在进行中, 从句 (不是主句 )要用,"If + 主语 + 过
去进行式动词 +…… "
? ⑽, If she were staying here now,I would let her ride my horse.(从
句动词用 were staying)如果她现在留在这儿, 我可能会让她骑我
的马 。
? 三, 混合条件句 ----主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气
? 有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作, 发生的时间不
一致, 这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整 。 如,
? 1,从句表示过去, 主句表示将来,
? ⑴, If they had started the early morning yesterday,they would be
here now,
? ⑵, If we hadn' t made adequate preparations,we shouldn' t dare to
do the experiment next week。
? 2,从句表示将来, 主句表示过去,
? ⑴, If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this
afternoon,I would have gone to see the film with you last night,
? 3.从句表示过去, 主句表示将来,
? ⑴, If we hadn't made adequate preparations,we shouldn't dare to
do the experiment next week,
? 4.从句表示将来, 主句表示现在,
? ⑴, If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon,I would go shopping now,
? 5.从句表示过去, 主句表示现在 。
? ⑴, If they had stared the early morning yesterday,they would be here now,
? ⑵, If you had followed my advice,you would be able to finish the work now,
? 如果你当时听了我的话, 现在就能完成这份工作了 。 ( 从句说明过去, 主句
说明现在 。 )
? 6.从句表示现在, 主句表示过去
? ⑴, If I were you,I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你, 我就去
参加她的生日晚会了 。 ( 从句说明现在, 主句说明过去 。 )
? 7.从句表示过去, 主句表示过去和现在
? ⑴, If you hadn’t lent me some money,I couldn’t have bought the new house and
most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now,
? 假若你不借钱给我, 我不可能买下这幢新房, 很可能现在还住在危房里 。
( 从句说明过去, 主句说明过去和现在 。 )
? 四, 含蓄条件句
? 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来, 只暗含在上下文中,
这种句子叫做含蓄条件句 。 含蓄条件句大体有三种情况;
? 1,条件暗含在短语中 。 如,
? (1),What would I have done without you? 如没有你, 我会怎么办呢? (条件
暗含在分词短语 without you中 )
? (2), It would be easier to do it this way,这样做会比较容易 。 (条件暗含在不
定式短语 to do it this way中 )
? (3), This same thing,happening in wartime,would lead to a disaster,同样的
事, 如发生在战时, 就会酿成大祸 。 (条件暗含在分词短语 happening in
wartime中 )
? (4),But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment,如果没
有你的帮助, 我们的实验是不会成功 。 (暗含条件是 but for your help)
? (5),He must have the strength of a hippopotamus,or he never could have
vanquished that great beast,他一定是力大如河马, 否则他绝不会击败那只庞
大的野兽 。 (暗含条件是连词 or)
? (6),Alone,he would have been terrified,如是单独一人, 他是会感到害怕
的 。 (暗含条件是 alone)
? 2,条件暗含在上下文中 。 如,
? (7),You might stay her forever,你可以永远待在这儿 。 (可能暗含 if you
wanted to)
? (8), We would have succeeded,我们本来是会成功的 。 (可能暗含 if we had
kept trying)
? (9), Your reputation would be ruined,你的名誉会败坏的 。 (可能暗含 if you
should accept it)
? (10), I would appreciate a little of your time,谢谢你给我一点时间吧 。 (可能暗
含 if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)
? 3,在不少情况下, 虚拟式已变成习惯说法, 很难找出其暗含的条件 。 如,
? (11), You wouldn’t know,你不会知道 。
? (12), I would like to come,我愿意来 。
? (13), I wouldn’t have dreamed of it,这是我做梦也不会想到的 。
? (14), He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an
eye-witness,他将那事讲的非常仔细, 简直就象他亲眼看见一样 。
? 五, 条件从句中省略 if 采用倒装语序的情况
? 1,在 if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中, 有时可以把含有助
动词, 情态动词, be或 have的虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去, 而将
had,should,were 等词提到主语之前, 即用倒装结构 。 但是如果
条件句中没有 were,had或 should不能用倒装 。 例如,
? 1),原句,If she were younger,she would do it,
? 去 If,Were she younger,she would do it,(把动词 were移到主语 she的前面 )
? 2),原句,If he had tried it,he could have done it,
? 去 If,Had he tried it,he could have done it.(把 had移到主语 he的前面 )
? 3).Had he worked harder,he would have got through the exams,
? 4).Were he to leave today,he would get there by Friday,
? 5).Were I in your place,I wouldn’t do that,
? 6).Had I seen the film,I would have discussed it with them last night,
? 假如我看了那部电影, 昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了 。
? 7).Were I a bird,I could fly freely,
? 假如我是一只小鸟, 我就能自由翱翔 。
? 8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest,
? 要是下周能下雨的话, 农民们就能有个好收成了 。
? 2,在, 开放式条件句, (open conditional clause)和让步状语从句
中 should是被省略了的 。 在这种情况下, 如果 if省略, 动词 be与
主语的位置要倒装 。 如,
? ⑴, If any person be guilty of a crime,the court shall have the right
to appeal,(任何人犯罪, 法院有权起诉 。 )
? Be any person guilty of a crime,the court shall have the right to
appeal,
? ⑵, Whether she be right or wrong,she will have my support,(不管
她是对还是错, 我都会支持她的 。 )
? Be she right or wrong,she will have my support,
? ⑶, ____,I will take her as my wife,
[ A] Were she rich or poor
[ B] Being rich or poor
[ C] Be she poor or rich
[ D] Whether is she poor or rich
? 4,注意:有时虚拟条件句并没来 if 从句表示出来, 而是用介词
短语 (otherwise,or,without,but for),上下文或其它方式来表示 。
? ⑴, We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would
have telephoned him,
? ⑵, Without you help,I wouldn’t have achieved so much,
? ⑶, But for your help,I would not have succeeded,
? 六, 有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个,
? 1,I could help you,(只有主句 )
? 2,If I had time,(只有从句 )
? 3,She should have come to the meeting,(只有主句 )
? 4,If he had much more money,(只有从句 )
? 第二节:其他形式的条件句中的虚拟语气
? 一, 用, without/but for/in the absence of,表示, 要不是,,, 如果没有,
( 相当于 if it were not
? for… ) 表示条件时, 句中一般用虚拟语气 。 ( 也可用陈述语气 )
? Without your help,I couldn' t finish my work on time,
? In the absence of water and air,nothing could live,
? 二, 由, providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order
? that”引导的条件从句或目的从句, 根据情况, 可用虚拟语气 。 ( 有时也可用
陈述语气 )
? They are willing surrender provided they are given free passage,
? 三, 用 without / but for / in the absence of 表示 "要不是 ","如果没有 ",表示条
件虚拟句,
? (1),Without air,nothing could live.要是没有空气, 什么也不能生存 。
? (2),But for your assistance,we could not accomplish it.要不是你的帮忙, 我们是
难有成就的 。
? (3),In the absence of water and air,nothing could live.如果没有水和空气, 什么
也不能生存 。
? 第五部分:其他几种情况下的虚拟语气
? 第一节:虚拟语气在 as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用
? 虚拟语气在 as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中, 谓语动词形式与 wish后的
宾语从句基本相同 。
? 1.表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑, 谓语动词用过去式 。 例如,
? (1),He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.他感到仿佛唯
独他要对发生的一切负责 。
? (2),He acts as if he were / was a TV expert.他做起事来好象是个电视专家 。
? (3).Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman,艾伦谈起罗马来好像他是个
罗马人一样 。
? (4).John pretends as if he didn' t know the thing at all,but in fact he knows it very
well.(用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设 )
? (5),He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all,but in fact he knows it very
well.( 用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设 ) 他假装好象完全不懂那事, 其
实他对那事非常了解 。
? 2,表示过去想象中的动作或情况, 谓语动词用过去完成式 。 如,
? (1).The tree looked as if it ______ for a long time,
A,hasn't watered B,didn't water
C,hadn't bee watered D,wasn't watered
? 那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了 。 ( 答案是 c)
? (2).The old man looked at the picture,he felt as though he had gone back to time
20 years ago.( 用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实 )
? (3),The old man looked at the picture,he felt as though he had gone back to time
20 years ago.(用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实 )那老人看着照片, 他觉得
仿佛回到 20年前的时光 。
? 3.表示与将来事实相反,
? (1).They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+动词原形,
表示与将来事实相反 )
? (2),They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形动词
meet,表示与将来事实相反 )他们谈了又谈, 仿佛他们不会再相见的样子 。
? 注, 在 as if / as though 句中,如果有可能成为事实,用陈述语气,
? He looks as if he is going to be ill,
? 第二节:虚拟语气用在 lest,for fear that及 in case引导的目的状
语从句中
? 在由 lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气, 表示, 以防,
以免, 等意思, 其谓语动词多由 should + 动词原形构成, should
也可省略 。
? 例如,
? ⑴, He was punished lest he should make the same mistake
again,他被处以惩罚以免他再犯 。
? ⑵, The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____
himself,
? a,injure b,injured c,had injure d,would injure
? 这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房, 以免伤了他自己 。 ( 答
案是 a)
? 第三节:介词短语表示虚拟
? 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来, 而是通过一个介词短语来表示,
或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来 。 如 but for,but that…,in case of,otherwise,
supposing,under more favorable condition,without 等表示让步假设 。
? 1).He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed,(他刻苦工作, 不然他就
失败了 。 )
? 2).We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假设我们有更有
利条件, 我们还会做得更好 。 )
? 3),But for his help,I,
[ A] should not have succeeded
[ B] had not succeeded
[ C] did not succeed
[ D] have not succeeded
? 4),But that he came to help me,I,
[ A] could not have succeeded
[ B] did not succeed
[ C] could not succeed
[ D] can’t but succeed
? 第四节:虚拟语气用在 It is( about / high) time + that定语从
句中
? 在 It is( about/ high) time + that定语从句中需用虚拟语气, 表示, 该做 ……
的时候了,, 其动词形式用一般过去时或 should + 动词原形 。
? (1).It's already 5 o'clock now,Don't you think it's about time we went home? 现
在已经 5点钟了, 你不认为我们应该回家了吗?
? (2).It is about time you were in bed,
? (3).It is high time we left,
? (4).It is the first time I came here,
? 注,
? 1,在 this is the first time / second time that..,句型中, 从句中谓语动词用
陈述语气完成时态 。
? 例如,
? Is this the first time that you have visited Hong Kong? 这是你第一次参观香港吗?
? 2,It's time to do something有别于 It's time that..,
? 第五节:在 if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气
? 谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式 (谓语动词与 wish宾语从句的虚
拟形式相同 ),
? ⑴, If only he didn’t drive so fast! (现在 )
? ⑵, If only she had asked someone’s advice.(过去 )
? ⑶, If only the rain would stop.(将来 )
? 例题解析,
? ⑷, Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I ____ your advice,
? A,follow B,had followed C,would follow D,have
followed
? if only 引出感叹句, 意思是, 要是 …… 多好,, 表示说话人的一
种愿望, 希望发生 ( 事实上不可能发生 ) 与过去事实相反的情
况 。 本句的全句意思是:, 看我现在的处境多糟糕 ! 要是我听
从你的劝告多好, 。 事实上, 句中的, 我, 没有听从劝告, 所
以处境很糟糕 。 题中空格处应当用虚拟语气, 答案是 B。
? 第六部分:虚拟语气从句中 should可以省略的情况
? 1,在建议,要求,命令,想法后的动词后的从句 ( 宾语从句 ) 里,用 should + 动词
原形,should 可以省略, 如,
? advise,agree,command,decide,demand,determine,grant,indicate,insist,order,
prefer,propose,request,require,stipulate,suggest,urge,vote,
? 常用到的有, suggest,advise,demand,require,propose,insist,order,request,如,
? ⑴, His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence,
? ⑵, The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every
day,
? 2,在建议,要求,命令,想法后的名词后的从句 ( 表语从句, 同位语从句 ) 里,用
should + 动词原形,should可以省略, 如,
? advice,agreement,command,decision,decree,demand,determination,indication,
insistence,order,preference,proposal,request,requirement,stipulation etc,例如:
? ⑴, It was Bill’s suggestion that everyone (should) have a map,
? ⑵, His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map,
? ⑶, He gave us a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map,
? 3,在 It is/was +形容词 ( 或名词 ) 后的 that 从句中用 should的结构,should 可以
省略,
? 句型结构如,It is suggested / important / demanded / necessary / a pity /… +
that…
? ⑴, It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week,
? ⑵, It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow,
? 这类形容词常见的有, advisable,anxious,compulsory,crucial,desirable,eager,
essential,fitting,imperative(绝对必要 ),impossible,improper,important,natural,
necessary,obligatory,possible,preferable,probable,recommended,urgent,vital
etc,例如,
? ⑴, It's natural that she (should) do so,
? ⑵, It is essential that we (should) tell her the news,
? 4,在 lest 和 for fear that( 以免 ),in case (以防 )从句中用 should,should 可以省略,
? 例如,
? ⑴, She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates,
? ⑵, Have your gun ready in case we should need it,
Exercises for Subjunctive Mood
Homework
? Exercise 16A on Pages 268-269
? Exercise 16B on Pages 271-272
? Exercise 16C on Pages 278-279
? Exercise 16D on Pages 279-280
? 预习 第 23讲 ( 387-406页)
? 预习 第 24讲 ( 407-422页)
? 预习 第 25讲 ( 423-439页)