Unit 13 Language structures Sylvia should be / ought to be in Glasgow by now if nothing went wrong with the train. : in this sentence ought to used to express “strong probability”. e.g.: It should be fine tomorrow. They should arrive at noon. I used to play badminton, but now I play table-tennis. : used to expresses “a past action / situation which is no longer done / no longer exists”. e.g.: Our company used to do business with theirs. We used to go there every year. I daren’t go surfing, because I have a weak heart. : daren’t expresses “lack of courage”. e.g.: She dare not do it. He will dare any danger. It’s surprising that Fred should be able to win first place. : should in the introductory it construction; should + do subjunctive mood used here; e.g.: It’s a shame that he should quit from school. It’s astonishing that he should go to London alone. Frank suggested that we should take a morning train to London. : should + do subjunctive mood used after certain verbs such as insist, decide, require, recommend, persist, etc. e.g.: I insist that you should be present. The emergency requires that it should be done. Dialogues sense: a. sight or hearing e.g.: People have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. b. a feeling about sth. important e.g.: a sense of security a sense of achievement a sense of inferiority a sense of humor a sense of shame c. understanding or judgment e.g.: He is a man of sense It is common sense to play thrift. d. meaning e.g.: You should determine the sense of a word according to context. e. normal state of mine e.g.: bring to one’s senses come to one’s senses be out of one’s senses 2. take sth. with a grain/pinch of salt: feel doubted about sth. be no sure about e.g.: I discovered that the stories he told me about his childhood were all lies, so now I take everything he says with a pinch of salt. 3. Our country is free from social ills: there is no any social problem in our country. free from/of : being kept from, being without e.g.: The old man is never free from pain. The secretary was free from all blame for the errors. speak of : to mention or describe sth. e.g.: No progress worth speaking of is ever made in any study where the learner himself is not interested in the subject. nothing to speak of Our loss is nothing to speak of compared with the whole damage. not to speak of He can speak German and French, not to speak of English. in no time: very quickly e.g.: He will finish the work in no time. She went back home in no time when hearing her son was ill. I’m anything but that to you: I am not like what you think of me at all. anything but : not at all e.g.: The wooden bridge is anything but safe. That’s anything but true. I will do anything but go there. Reading 1 Pre-reading questions: When is Hallowe’en? And who did people think would come back on earth on Hallowe’en? What has Hallowe’en become today? What do children do on Hallowe’en? Language points Hallowe’en: Hallowe'en has its origins in the British Isles. While the modern tradition of trick or treat developed in the U. S., it too is based on folk customs brought to this country with Irish immigrants after 1840. Since ancient times in Ireland, Scotland, and England, October 31st has been celebrated as a feast for the dead, and also the day that marks the new year. Mexico observes a Day of the Dead on this day, as do other world cultures. In Scotland, the Gaelic word "Samhain" (pronounced "SAW-win" or "SAW-vane") means literally "summer's end." Jack-O-Lanterns: Other old traditions have survived to this day; lanterns carved out of pumpkins and turnips were used to provide light on a night when huge bonfires were lit, and all households let their fires go out so they could be rekindled from this new fire; this was believed to be good luck for all households. The name "Jack-O-Lantern" means "Jack of the Lantern, " and comes from an old Irish tale. Jack was a man who could enter neither heaven nor hell and was condemned to wander through the night with only a candle in a turnip for light. Or so goes the legend... But such folk names were commonly given to nature spirits, like the "Jack in the Green, " or to plants believed to possess magical properties, like "John O' Dreams, " or "Jack in the Pulpit." Irish fairy lore is full of such references. Since candles placed in hollowed-out pumpkins or turnips (commonly grown for food and abundant at this time of year) would produce flickering flames, especially on cold nights in October, this phenomenon may have led to the association of spirits with the lanterns; and this in turn may have led to the tradition of carving scary faces on them. It is an old legend that candle flames which flicker on Samhain night are being touched by the spirits of dead ancestors, or "ghosts." "Trick or treat" : as it is practiced in the U. S. is a complex custom believed to derive from several Samhain traditions, as well as being unique to this country. Since Irish immigrants were predominantly Catholic, they were more likely to observe All Soul's Day. But Ireland's folk traditions die hard, and the old ways of Samhain were remembered. The old tradition of going door to door asking for donations of money or food for the New Year's feast, was carried over to the U. S. from the British Isles. Hogmanay was celebrated January 1st in rural Scotland, and there are records of a "trick or treat" type of custom; curses would be invoked on those who did not give generously; while those who did give from their hearts were blessed and praised. Hence, the notion of "trick or treat" was born (although this greeting was not commonly used until the 1930's in the U. S.). The wearing of costumes is an ancient practice; villagers would dress as ghosts, to escort the spirits of the dead to the outskirts of the town, at the end of the night's celebration. By the 1920's, "trick or treat" became a way of letting off steam for those urban poor living in crowded conditions. Innocent acts of vandalism (soaping windows, etc.) gave way to violent, cruel acts. Organizations like the Boy Scouts tried to organize ways for this holiday to become safe and fun; they started the practice of encouraging "good" children to visit shops and homes asking for treats, so as to prevent criminal acts. These "beggar's nights" became very popular and have evolved to what we know as Hallowe'en today. Superstitious people kept up many strange old customs: keep up: continue or maintain a course, relationship, tradition e.g.: The two girls kept up their friendship by writing to each other. If this rain keeps up the garden will be ruined. Reading 2 Pre-reading questions What is Solemn Sunday? Language points The solemnity with which Sunday was observed in Edwardian England: observe: adhere to or abide by e.g.: observe the terms of a contract observe the 80th anniversary of the Party 2. were usually packed off to Sunday school: were taken to Sunday school in a hurry pack off: drive sb. off e.g.: His mother packed him off to school. 3. cheap Sunday excursion: the cheap trains running on Sunday for short trip. excursion: a short journey e.g.: The made a day excursion to the mountain. Additional activities Describe some Chinese traditional holidays Dictation Quiz Part 1. Translate the following into English: 1. 安全感 2. 持怀疑态度 3. 保持警惕 4. 常识 5. 道德和法律意识 6. 没有，免于 7. 阻拦，堵塞 8. 犯罪率 9. 维护社会秩序 10. 少年犯 Part 2. Translate the following into English: 难怪他昨天没按时到校。 2． 如果他不出什么差错的话应该在今天的羽毛球比赛中得第一。 3． 相比较而言， 中国交通警察的工作任务是最重的。 4． 对待学生他一点也不耐心。 5． 他竟然通过了这次期末考试真令人吃惊。 6． 说到旅游， 我觉得坐船去上海是个不错的主意。 Part 3. Translate the following into Chinese: The solemnity with which Sunday was observed in Edwardian England was constantly commented on by visitors from abroad. 2. The West Highland Railway found it advisable not to advertise Sunday train services until after World War II.