Unit Four Part I Language Structure Would + perfect infinitive used to express “unfulfilled wish”. Practice cues 1 Ex: We would have liked to watch the volleyball match on TV, but we had to finish our work before the deadline. Should/ought to + perfect infinitive used to express “unfulfilled obligation”. Practice cues 2 Ex: I’m sorry I missed the excellent film. You should have told me about it. Needn’t + perfect infinitive expressing “unnecessary past actions”. Practice cues 3 Ex: Did you copy the names of all the students in your class? But you needn’t have done it. You’ll get a printed list of their names soon. may/might + perfect infinitive used to express “speculations about past actions”. Practice cues 4 Ex: When I telephoned Joan, she wasn’t in. She might have gone somewhere for her holidays. can/could not + perfect infinitive used to express “negative deduction about past actions”. Practice cues 5 Ex: Beth seemed to be in a good mood. She could have won a prize in the competition. must + perfect infinitive used to express “affirmative deduction about past actions”. Ex: Lu speaks English very fluently. She must have had a lot of practice after class. may/might as well used with the second person pronoun expressing “suggestions”. Ex: It’s very dark outside. You may as well take a torch along. Part II. Dialogues in a fog: in a thick cloud of very small drops of water in the air a state of confusion: ex: I’m quite in a fog as to what you mean. 2. swarm: noun ~ (of sth): a. a large group of insects, especially bees, moving together in the same direction: e.g.: a swarm of bees / locusts / flies b. a large group of people, especially when they are all moving quickly in the same direction verb [V]: (of bees and other flying insects) to move around together in a large group, looking for a place to live swarm with sb/sth: to be full of people or things: e.g.: The capital city is swarming with police. 3. do away with: get rid of, eliminate e.g.: Slavery was done away with a long time ago. You should do away with your carelessness, for it often leads to irretrievable errors. 4. torment noun, verb.: extreme suffering, especially mental suffering; a person or thing that causes this: e.g.: the cries of a man in torment She suffered years of mental torment after her son’s death. The flies were a terrible torment. Verb: to make sb suffer very much: e.g.: He was tormented by feelings of insecurity. 5. get round to (doing) sth: find time to do it (when more important matters have been dealt with) e.g.: I’m very busy this week but I hope to get round to (answering) your request next week. The police went round to the woman’s house as soon as they received her call. 6. disturbance: moving sth from a settled or usual position or state. e.g.: They were charged by the police with causing a disturbance. There has been a disturbance in the street; sb. has been hurt. quiet/suppress a disturbance long-run disturbance Part III. Readings Pre-reading questions: What damage does environmental pollution bring to the world? Why is the pollution problem complicated? How can we reduce pollution? Language points: The pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious: The pollution problem is serious, it is complicated as well. e.g.: The girl plays the piano as skillfully as she plays the violin. exhaust: noun, fumes or gases released or evaporated from engines. verb: use up completely, make empty e.g.: ~ one’s patience/ strength; ~ oneself by hard work; ~ a well; ~ a tube of air. exhaustion: n. exhausting or being exhausted; total loss of strength: e.g.: They were in a state of exhaustion after climbing the mountain. exhaustive adj: thorough; complete e.g.: an ~ inquiry. discharge v. give or send out (liquid, gas, etc.); dismiss e.g.: Lightning is caused by clouds discharging electricity. Because of the recession, many Internet companies discharged almost half their staffs. cut down: vi, vt reduce the amount taken or used. e.g.: He has managed to cut down his cigarettes to ten a day. She’d rather stay fat than have to cut down on chocolate. aid: n. v. help an aid to (in) sth: e.g.: an aid to memory/pronunciation/English composition A dictionary is an important aid in learning a new language. in aid of : e.g.: It provided $900 million in aid of war refugees. v. aid sb. in sth; aid sb. with sth e.g.: Your textbook is simply a very useful tool to aid you in the achievement of your objectives. Reading 2: Pre-reading questions: What destruction did pollution bring to the U.K. in the past thirty years? What measures did the government take to preserve the environment? Language points: assail: trouble, beset e.g.: He was assailed by doubts. assail an enemy with shells/ assail one’s opponent with rude words. countermeasures: counter-: against, opposite e.g.: counteract, counterclaim This followed a very bad winter: a bad winter was followed by/with the law to counter pollution. bronchial complaints: illness be fouled up with; collide with; become entangled. e.g.: The bad weather completely fouled up our plans for the weekend. He fouled things up, as usual! preserve verb1. to keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that sth is kept: e.g.: He was anxious to preserve his reputation. Efforts to preserve the peace have failed. She managed to preserve her sense of humour under very trying circumstances. 2. to keep sth in its original state in good condition: e.g.: a perfectly preserved 14th-century house 3. ~ sb/sth (from sth) to keep sb/sth alive, or safe from harm or danger: e.g.: The society was set up to preserve endangered species from extinction. noun 1.[sing.] ~ (of sb) an activity, a job, an interest, etc. that is thought to be suitable for one particular person or group of people: e.g.: Football is no longer the preserve of men. in the days when nursing was a female preserve 2. a type of jam made by boiling fruit with a large amount of sugar Additional Activities: Discuss the problem of environmental pollution in China and give some good suggestions for it. Dictation Quiz Part I. Paraphrase the following sentences in simple English But the pollution is as complicated as it is serious. Over the past thirty years or so the quality of many people’s lives has deteriorated in some respects because of technological progress. The motor car has brought mobility to millions of people but it has led to the construction of more and more noisy and dangerous roads. I could have had swimming lessons, but I never got round to it somehow. Part II. Translation 世界的环境污染问题愈加恶化， 各国政府本应该早就采取对策。 2． 约翰不敢想象如果当时船没有按时到达后果会怎样？ 3． 在许多大城市政府已经通过并实施了各项要求企业停止排放废水的法规。 4． 医生劝他少喝酒。 5． 全世界人民应该团结起来采取行动减少污染。 6． 过去十年中环保问题受到了越来越多的关注。