材料科学基础
Fundamental of Materials
Prof,Tian Min Bo
Tel,62795426, 62772851
E-mail,tmb@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
Department of Material Science and Engineering
Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084
Lesson one
Materials Science deals with the
relationship between the
macroscopic properties and the
microscopic structures.
§ 1.1 Atomic structure
? Ⅰ.Atomic numbers and atomic masses
1,Atomic Models
Chapter I
Atomic Structure and Bonding
2,Atomic numbers
The atomic number of an atom indicates the
number of protons (positively charged particles)
which are in its nucleus,and in a neutral atom the
atomic number is also equal to the number of
electrons in its charge cloud.
All the elements have been classified according
to electron configuration in the periodic table.
The periodic table
IA 碱金属 碱土金属 过渡元素 0
1 H IIA 主族金属 非金属 稀有气体 IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He
2 Li Be 轻稀土金属 重稀土金属 贵金属 B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIB IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub
镧系 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
锕系 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
3,Atomic mass
The relative atomic mass of an element is the mass in
grams of 6.023× 1023 atoms (Avogadro’s number NA) of
that element.
? Ⅱ.The electronic structure of atoms
1,Quantum numbers
Quantum numbers are the numbers in an atom that assign
electrons to discrete energy levels.
The energy level to which each electron belongs is
determined by four quantum numbers.
? The principal quantum number n
? The subsidiary quantum number l
? The magnetic quantum number ml
? Electron spin quantum number ms
2,Atomic size
3,Electron configurations
Pauli exclusion principle
This principle stipulates that each electron
state can hold no more than two electrons,
which must have opposite spins.
s1
s2
s3
s4
s5
s6
s7
p2
p3
p4
p5
p6
p7
d3
d4
d5
d6
d7
f4
f5
f6
Electrons with the same subsidiary quantum
number have as many parallel spins as possible.
3,Electronegativity
Electronegative elements are nonmetallic in nature and
accept electrons in chemical reactions to produce negative
ions,or anions.
Electronegativity describes the tendency of an atom to
gain an electron.
Example problem 1.1
Calculate the energy in joules(J) and electron volts(eV) of the
photon whose wavelength λ is 121.6 nanometers (nm),
(1.00eV=1.60× 10-19J; h=6.63× 10-34J·S; 1 nm=10-9m)
Solution
eV2.10
J1060.1
eV1
1063.1
J1063.1
)nmm10)(nm6.121(
)sm1000.3)(J1063.6(
19
18
18
9
834
?
?
???
??
???
?
?
?
?
?
?
－
s
E
hc
E
?
?
?
Examples and Discussions
Exercise
Thank you !
1
Fundamental of Materials
Prof,Tian Min Bo
Tel,62795426, 62772851
E-mail,tmb@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
Department of Material Science and Engineering
Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084
Lesson one
Materials Science deals with the
relationship between the
macroscopic properties and the
microscopic structures.
§ 1.1 Atomic structure
? Ⅰ.Atomic numbers and atomic masses
1,Atomic Models
Chapter I
Atomic Structure and Bonding
2,Atomic numbers
The atomic number of an atom indicates the
number of protons (positively charged particles)
which are in its nucleus,and in a neutral atom the
atomic number is also equal to the number of
electrons in its charge cloud.
All the elements have been classified according
to electron configuration in the periodic table.
The periodic table
IA 碱金属 碱土金属 过渡元素 0
1 H IIA 主族金属 非金属 稀有气体 IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He
2 Li Be 轻稀土金属 重稀土金属 贵金属 B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIB IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub
镧系 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
锕系 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
3,Atomic mass
The relative atomic mass of an element is the mass in
grams of 6.023× 1023 atoms (Avogadro’s number NA) of
that element.
? Ⅱ.The electronic structure of atoms
1,Quantum numbers
Quantum numbers are the numbers in an atom that assign
electrons to discrete energy levels.
The energy level to which each electron belongs is
determined by four quantum numbers.
? The principal quantum number n
? The subsidiary quantum number l
? The magnetic quantum number ml
? Electron spin quantum number ms
2,Atomic size
3,Electron configurations
Pauli exclusion principle
This principle stipulates that each electron
state can hold no more than two electrons,
which must have opposite spins.
s1
s2
s3
s4
s5
s6
s7
p2
p3
p4
p5
p6
p7
d3
d4
d5
d6
d7
f4
f5
f6
Electrons with the same subsidiary quantum
number have as many parallel spins as possible.
3,Electronegativity
Electronegative elements are nonmetallic in nature and
accept electrons in chemical reactions to produce negative
ions,or anions.
Electronegativity describes the tendency of an atom to
gain an electron.
Example problem 1.1
Calculate the energy in joules(J) and electron volts(eV) of the
photon whose wavelength λ is 121.6 nanometers (nm),
(1.00eV=1.60× 10-19J; h=6.63× 10-34J·S; 1 nm=10-9m)
Solution
eV2.10
J1060.1
eV1
1063.1
J1063.1
)nmm10)(nm6.121(
)sm1000.3)(J1063.6(
19
18
18
9
834
?
?
???
??
???
?
?
?
?
?
?
－
s
E
hc
E
?
?
?
Examples and Discussions
Exercise
Thank you !
1
