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U.S,Environmental Law,
Administration and Enforcement
Gordon Davis
American Bar Association Asia Law Initiative
US-China Environmental Governance Training Program
Implementation Office
Beijing
美国环境法:管理和执行
戈登 ·戴维斯
美国律师协会亚洲法律项目理事会
中美环境法治培训项目办公室
北京
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U.S,Environmental Law,
Administration and Enforcement
? Hierarchy of Laws in the United States
? Environmental Decision Stakeholders
? The Realities of Environmental Law in the United
States
美国环境法:管理与执行
? 美国法律的层次
? 环境决策的利益人
? 美国环境法的现实情况
Hierarchy of Laws in the United States
Four Levels:
? U.S,Federal Government
美国法律的层次
四个层次:
? 美国联邦政府
Hierarchy of Laws in the United States
Four Levels:
? U.S,Federal Government
? State Government
美国法律的层次
四个层次:
? 美国联邦政府
? 州政府
Hierarchy of Laws in the United States
Four Levels:
? U.S,Federal Government
? State Government
? Municipal/County Government
美国法律的层次
四个层次:
? 美国联邦政府
? 州政府
? 市 /县级政府
Hierarchy of Laws in the United States
Four Levels:
? U.S,Federal Government
? State Government
? Municipal/County Government
? Town/Village ---,Local” Government
美国法律的层次
四个层次:
? 美国联邦政府
? 州政府
? 市 /县级政府
? 村镇级 —“地方”政府
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Hierarchy of U.S,Governments
美国政府的层次
Federal government
联邦政府
State A government
A州政府
State B government
B州政府
State C government
C州政府
Municipal government
市政府
County government
县政府
Town government
镇政府
Village Government
村政府
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Federal Government
? Government of Constitutionally Limited Authority
? Regulates Interstate Commerce,Conducts Foreign Relations
联邦政府
? 在立法上具有有限权力的政府
? 管制州际间的商业,发展对外关系
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State Governments
? States are the,sovereigns” of the United States
?,Police Power” gives authority over people’s health,welfare,
safety and morals
? Some delegated authority from federal government
州政府
? 各州是美国的“主权实体”
?,警察权”赋予其在人民健康、福利、
安全和道德
方面的权力
? 一些由联邦政府委派的权力
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Municipalities and Counties
? Only authority is that which is delegated by the state
? Tends to involve local land use issues such as zoning,some
issues relating to water supply and sewage disposal,
sanitary landfills,etc.
市级和县级政府
? 唯一具有由州政府委派的权力
? 有趋势参与解决如分区管制等当地土地
利用问题,以及和水供应、污水处理、
清洁垃圾等有关的问题
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Towns and Villages
? Similar to Municipal and County authority,related primarily
to local land use issues
? Town and village zoning codes can be complicated
? Good example of local government at its best and at its
worst
村镇级政府的权力
? 同市县级政府权力相似:主要处理与当地土地
利用相关的问题
? 村镇分区管制法案很复杂
? 当地政府好坏的典型例子
Environmental Decision Stakeholders
Environmental Agencies
? Non-Governmental Organizations
? Industries and Businesses
? The Judiciary
? The Media
? Ordinary Citizens
环境决策的利益人
环境机构
? 非政府组织
? 工商业
? 法院
? 媒体
? 普通居民
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Environmental Agencies
? Federal,EPA,Forest Service,Bureau of Land Management,
National Park Service,Fish and Wildlife,others
? State,Department of Environmental Protection
? Municipal,County,Town,Village,Zoning Board,etc.
环境机构
? 联邦机构:环保局、林业服务局、土地管理局、国
家公园服务部、渔类和野生动物管理署和其他
? 州级机构:环境保护部
? 市、县、村镇级机构:规划委员会等
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Non-Governmental Organizations
? World Wildlife Fund,Environmental Defense,World Resources
Institute,Nature Conservancy
? Natural Resources Defense Council,Sierra Club
? Lake Champlain Association,Adirondack Council
? Friends of Walden Pond,Loon Lake Homeowners
非政府组织
? 世界野生动物基金组织、美国环境保护协会、
世界资源学会和美国自然保护协会
? 自然资源监护委员会、山岳会
? 琛彼安湖协会、爱德伦得克委员会
? 瓦尔登湖之友、潜鸟湖屋主协会
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Industries and Business
? General Electric,General Motors
? National Association of Manufacturers
? Consumer Associations
工商业
? 通用电器(GE)和通用汽车(GM)
? 国家制造协会
? 消费者协会
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Judiciary
? Federal court system reviews federal issues
? State court systems review state issues
? Municipal,county,town and village court systems
review issues arising under their laws
法院
? 联邦法院体系审核联邦级事务
? 州级法院体系审核州级事务
? 市、县、村镇级法院体系审核它们法律下的事务
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The Media
? Newspapers write stories and editorials
? TV and radio cover breaking developments
? Increasingly environmental information can be found on
the internet
媒体
? 报纸刊登报道和社论
? 电视和广播报道突破性的发展
? 可以在互联网上找到越来越多的环境信息
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Ordinary Citizens
? Access under,freedom of information” laws to information at all
levels of government
? Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment procedures
at all levels of government
? Right to bring,citizen lawsuits” to challenge constitutionality of
laws,or agency’s enforcement and administration of
environmental law
普通公民
?,信息自由”法使其有权获得各级政府的信息
? 参与各级政府环境影响评估过程
? 有权向法治或环境机构的执行情况及环境法管理提
出“公民诉讼”
The Realities of Environmental Law in the United
States
? Complex relationships among stakeholders
? Doctrine of judicial review means courts decide
? Politics,Campaign Contributions,Foreign Oil
美国环境法的现实情况
? 利益人之间复杂的关系
? 司法审核原则意味着法院判决
? 政治,资助竞选活动,外国石油
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Complex relationships
? Businessmen are also homeowners and parents
? Public officials are also stockholders in businesses
? Some judges are elected,others appointed
? NGO members are also employees of businesses
复杂的关系
? 企业人士同时也是私房屋主和家长
? 公共官员同时也在企业方面占有利益
? 一些法官是竞选出来的,一些则是委任的
? 非政府组织成员又担当着企业的雇员
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Judicial Review --- Courts Decide
? Citizen lawsuits are common in US
? Courts can declare agency actions illegal
? Courts can compel agencies to act
? Courts can declare laws invalid
司法审核 —法院判决
? 公民诉讼在美国很普遍
? 法院可以宣布环境机构的行为不合法
? 法院可以迫使环境机构采取行动
? 法院可以宣布法律无效
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Politics,Contributions and Oil
? Parties and Environmental Laws
? Enron Contributes $1 Million and Helps Draft Energy Policy
? Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
政治,资助和石油
? 党派和环境法
? 安然公司资助了 1百万美金,帮助了能源
政策的起草
? 北极国家野生动物收容所
Some Cases,Briefly
? General Electric and PCBs in the Hudson River
一些简短的案例
? 通用电器和哈德逊河中的 PCB
Some Cases,Briefly
? The Spotted Owl
一些简短的案例
?有斑点的猫头鹰
Some Cases,Briefly
? Willsboro Bay Marina
一些简短的案例
? 威尔斯保罗海湾码头
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THANK YOU!! 谢谢