植物育种目标
BY
Niu Yingze
（牛应泽）
Dept,of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering
CHAPTER 1
OBJECTIVES OF PLANT
BREEDING
2012-3-20 2
Study Goals of This Chapter
? Main Objectives in Current Plant
Breeding
? General Principles for Decision of Plant
Breeding Objectives
Chapter 1 Breeding Objectives
育种目标
2012-3-20 3
What Are Plant Breeding Objectives?
Plant breeding objectives are the desired /
required characteristics for a new crop
variety,such as Yield,Quality,Resistance,
Maturity,Adaptability,etc.)
See p,12
2012-3-20 4
1,Yield
The Main Factors Affecting Crop Yield,
1) Main components of yield,
? Cereals (rice,wheat,maize,sorghum) 禾谷类
Ears/plant,Ear size( grains/ear),1000-seed weight,plant types
? leguminous plants 豆类植物
Pods/plant,Grains/pod,100-seed weight,no,of Branches
? Rapeseed 油菜
Pods/plant,Seeds/pod,1000-seed weight,no,of Branches
? Chinese Cabbages 大白菜
Heads/mu,Weight / head
§ 1 The Main Characters in Plant Breeding
Objectives
A rational combination of yield
components is very important
2012-3-20 5
2) Plant type (Ideotypes),size,shape,hight
(Associated to plant density and production)
Plant forms,Tight 紧凑型 (for high density)
Loose 松散型 (for low density)
Intermediate 中间型
Plant height,Tall,Dwarf,semi-dwarf
Economical coefficient 经济系数
3) Photosynthetic efficiency 光合效率
C3 — less efficient； C4 — more efficient
Duration of green leaf
Plant form or shape 植物形态
2012-3-20 6
2,Quality 品质
1) Nutritive quality 营养品种 （ protein,amino
acids)
2) Processing quality 加工品质 (baking,milling)
3) Commercial quality 商业品质 (appearance)
4) Texture and flavor 适口性
5) Healthy and toxic elements 保健与有毒成份
High crop quality is always negatively related to yield
2012-3-20 7
3.Maturity 熟期
? early maturing
? medium maturing
? late maturing
Different types of maturity
facilitate different cropping
systems,
2012-3-20 8
4,Resistance 抗性
? Disease Resistance 抗病性
? Pest insect Resistance 抗虫性
? Stress Resistance or Tolerance
(drought,coldness,freeze,
salinity,alkalinity)
2012-3-20 9
5,Adaptation to new
cultivation Practices
适应新栽培方式与技术
? Mechanized crop production 机械化作物生产
? Facility （ protected) agricultural production 设施 (保护
地）农业生产
For
Glasshouse (greenhouse,plastic house) farming
Soilless farming
Non-public-harm plant production
(environmentally friendly crop production)
2012-3-20 10
§2 General principles for making breeding
objectives 制定育种目标的一般原则
? Breeding objectives are a blue print for a
plant breeding program,It determines (or it is
a key to) the success of a plant breeding
program,
The Importance of Plant Breeding Objectives,
2012-3-20 11
1,According to the demands of contemporary agricultural
production and the Trend in agriculture development 根据当
前农业生产的需要和农业发展趋势
i.e,Cotton – color fibre; long fibre;
free from toxic phenol (无棉酚，无毒棉）
Rapeseed – Oil quality,Meal quality (fatty acids)
Rice – Cooking Qualities (good eating)
Wheat – Processing Qualities,Specialized qualities
§2 The General Principles in Decision of Plant
Breeding Objectives
制定育种目标的一般原则
2012-3-20 12
2,According to the main shortcomings of the presently released
varieties 根据当前推广品种的主要缺点
The main crops in Sichuan Province,Main problems
wheat (e.g.), poor quality (low protein contents),poor
resistance to yellow rusts
Rice,taste quality,blast resistance
Rapeseed, double high; low oil content; poor stem
rot resistance
§2 General principles for making breeding
objectives 制定育种目标的一般原则
2012-3-20 13
§2 General principles for making breeding
objectives 制定育种目标的一般原则
3,The objective characters are clear and key
problems are emphasized,目标性状要明确具体，抓
主要矛盾
In rice,
i.e,Good cooking and tast
quality,resistance to blast,
Panicle size (grains per panicle),
1000-seed weight,or plant height,
etc,
2012-3-20 14
4,Considering rational distribution of crop varieties
考虑品种的合理布局
Different maturity
Different plant types
Different quality Characteristics
Different resistances
Different adaptation
§2 General principles for making breeding
objectives 制定育种目标的一般原则
2012-3-20 15
§3 The Main Breeding Objectives of the
Major Crops
1,Objectives in Rice Breeding
Grain yield
Grain quality (starch)
Resistance to main
diseases
Maturity
Straw height
2012-3-20 16
2,Objectives in Maize
Grain yield; Grain quality(protein);
Disease resistance (leaf blights);
Maturity; Plant height
§3 Main Breeding Objectives in Major
Agricultural Crops
2012-3-20 17
3,Objectives in Wheat
Grain yield
Resistance to
Rusts
Protein content
Maturity
Semi-dwarf
straw
§3 Main Breeding Objectives in Major
Agricultural Crops
2012-3-20 18
4,Objectives in Rape seed
Yield
Double low (or 00)
Erucic acid 芥酸
Glucosinolate 硫 甙
Oil content
Stem rot resistance 菌
核病
Maturity
§3 Main Breeding Objectives in Major
Agricultural Crops
2012-3-20 19
5,Objectives in Vegetables
Good color
Good shape
Little fibre
Good taste
Nutritive qualities
2012-3-20 20
6,Objectives for Fruit trees
Good color Good taste
Good shape Good storability
Good size
7,Objectives for Ornamental plants
Good color
Good shape
Good size
(Good looking ……)
§3 Main Breeding Objectives in Major
Agricultural Crops
2012-3-20 21
Till Next Chapter
2012-3-20 22
Class Questions (课堂问答 ）
1,What is your suggestion about this Course,
A,No English in speech
B,Use a portion of English in speech
( if B,how much,%)
2,What are the three essential Properties for a crop variety
(or cultivar)? ( Write and translate them)
BY
Niu Yingze
（牛应泽）
Dept,of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering
CHAPTER 1
OBJECTIVES OF PLANT
BREEDING
2012-3-20 2
Study Goals of This Chapter
? Main Objectives in Current Plant
Breeding
? General Principles for Decision of Plant
Breeding Objectives
Chapter 1 Breeding Objectives
育种目标
2012-3-20 3
What Are Plant Breeding Objectives?
Plant breeding objectives are the desired /
required characteristics for a new crop
variety,such as Yield,Quality,Resistance,
Maturity,Adaptability,etc.)
See p,12
2012-3-20 4
1,Yield
The Main Factors Affecting Crop Yield,
1) Main components of yield,
? Cereals (rice,wheat,maize,sorghum) 禾谷类
Ears/plant,Ear size( grains/ear),1000-seed weight,plant types
? leguminous plants 豆类植物
Pods/plant,Grains/pod,100-seed weight,no,of Branches
? Rapeseed 油菜
Pods/plant,Seeds/pod,1000-seed weight,no,of Branches
? Chinese Cabbages 大白菜
Heads/mu,Weight / head
§ 1 The Main Characters in Plant Breeding
Objectives
A rational combination of yield
components is very important
2012-3-20 5
2) Plant type (Ideotypes),size,shape,hight
(Associated to plant density and production)
Plant forms,Tight 紧凑型 (for high density)
Loose 松散型 (for low density)
Intermediate 中间型
Plant height,Tall,Dwarf,semi-dwarf
Economical coefficient 经济系数
3) Photosynthetic efficiency 光合效率
C3 — less efficient； C4 — more efficient
Duration of green leaf
Plant form or shape 植物形态
2012-3-20 6
2,Quality 品质
1) Nutritive quality 营养品种 （ protein,amino
acids)
2) Processing quality 加工品质 (baking,milling)
3) Commercial quality 商业品质 (appearance)
4) Texture and flavor 适口性
5) Healthy and toxic elements 保健与有毒成份
High crop quality is always negatively related to yield
2012-3-20 7
3.Maturity 熟期
? early maturing
? medium maturing
? late maturing
Different types of maturity
facilitate different cropping
systems,
2012-3-20 8
4,Resistance 抗性
? Disease Resistance 抗病性
? Pest insect Resistance 抗虫性
? Stress Resistance or Tolerance
(drought,coldness,freeze,
salinity,alkalinity)
2012-3-20 9
5,Adaptation to new
cultivation Practices
适应新栽培方式与技术
? Mechanized crop production 机械化作物生产
? Facility （ protected) agricultural production 设施 (保护
地）农业生产
For
Glasshouse (greenhouse,plastic house) farming
Soilless farming
Non-public-harm plant production
(environmentally friendly crop production)
2012-3-20 10
§2 General principles for making breeding
objectives 制定育种目标的一般原则
? Breeding objectives are a blue print for a
plant breeding program,It determines (or it is
a key to) the success of a plant breeding
program,
The Importance of Plant Breeding Objectives,
2012-3-20 11
1,According to the demands of contemporary agricultural
production and the Trend in agriculture development 根据当
前农业生产的需要和农业发展趋势
i.e,Cotton – color fibre; long fibre;
free from toxic phenol (无棉酚，无毒棉）
Rapeseed – Oil quality,Meal quality (fatty acids)
Rice – Cooking Qualities (good eating)
Wheat – Processing Qualities,Specialized qualities
§2 The General Principles in Decision of Plant
Breeding Objectives
制定育种目标的一般原则
2012-3-20 12
2,According to the main shortcomings of the presently released
varieties 根据当前推广品种的主要缺点
The main crops in Sichuan Province,Main problems
wheat (e.g.), poor quality (low protein contents),poor
resistance to yellow rusts
Rice,taste quality,blast resistance
Rapeseed, double high; low oil content; poor stem
rot resistance
§2 General principles for making breeding
objectives 制定育种目标的一般原则
2012-3-20 13
§2 General principles for making breeding
objectives 制定育种目标的一般原则
3,The objective characters are clear and key
problems are emphasized,目标性状要明确具体，抓
主要矛盾
In rice,
i.e,Good cooking and tast
quality,resistance to blast,
Panicle size (grains per panicle),
1000-seed weight,or plant height,
etc,
2012-3-20 14
4,Considering rational distribution of crop varieties
考虑品种的合理布局
Different maturity
Different plant types
Different quality Characteristics
Different resistances
Different adaptation
§2 General principles for making breeding
objectives 制定育种目标的一般原则
2012-3-20 15
§3 The Main Breeding Objectives of the
Major Crops
1,Objectives in Rice Breeding
Grain yield
Grain quality (starch)
Resistance to main
diseases
Maturity
Straw height
2012-3-20 16
2,Objectives in Maize
Grain yield; Grain quality(protein);
Disease resistance (leaf blights);
Maturity; Plant height
§3 Main Breeding Objectives in Major
Agricultural Crops
2012-3-20 17
3,Objectives in Wheat
Grain yield
Resistance to
Rusts
Protein content
Maturity
Semi-dwarf
straw
§3 Main Breeding Objectives in Major
Agricultural Crops
2012-3-20 18
4,Objectives in Rape seed
Yield
Double low (or 00)
Erucic acid 芥酸
Glucosinolate 硫 甙
Oil content
Stem rot resistance 菌
核病
Maturity
§3 Main Breeding Objectives in Major
Agricultural Crops
2012-3-20 19
5,Objectives in Vegetables
Good color
Good shape
Little fibre
Good taste
Nutritive qualities
2012-3-20 20
6,Objectives for Fruit trees
Good color Good taste
Good shape Good storability
Good size
7,Objectives for Ornamental plants
Good color
Good shape
Good size
(Good looking ……)
§3 Main Breeding Objectives in Major
Agricultural Crops
2012-3-20 21
Till Next Chapter
2012-3-20 22
Class Questions (课堂问答 ）
1,What is your suggestion about this Course,
A,No English in speech
B,Use a portion of English in speech
( if B,how much,%)
2,What are the three essential Properties for a crop variety
(or cultivar)? ( Write and translate them)
