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The Gerund
Step 1 动名词概说
?动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词。动名词在句中可以：
1）用作主语：
Dancing bored him. (跳舞使他厌烦。）
2）用作表语:
Her hobby is collecting stamps.（她的爱好是集邮。）
3)用作宾语：
Please stop talking.（请不要说话了。）
4) 用作介词宾语：
He was arrested for smuggling.（他因走私而被捕。）
step 2 动名词基本形式
语态
时态
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
doing
完成式
3 动名词作主语&表语
1. 动名词可用作主语
1）Reading French is easier than speaking it.
阅读法文比讲法语容易。
2)Sailing a boat is great fun.
驾驶帆船很有意思。
3）Talking to him is talking to a wall.
和他说话等于对牛弹琴。
2 .有时可用先行词it作主语，而把动名词主语放到句子后部去，作表语的可以是形容词（a）,也可以是名词（b）：
a. it’s nice seeing you again.
再次见到你真太好了。
It was pleasant and comfortable sitting there.
坐在那里惬意舒服。
b. It’s a wonder meeting you here.
在这里碰到你真是奇迹。
it’s no use asking me.
问我没用。
3.“there is +no”后可以用动名词作主语，表示“没法…”：
1）There was no knowing what he could do.
他能做什么很难说。
2) There was no arguing with her.
没法和她争论。
3）There was no telling when this might happen again.
没法预料这样的事什么时候会再发生4 . 作表语
1）My hobby is painting.
我的爱好是绘画。
2) Her favorite sport is skiing.
她最喜欢的运动是滑雪。
3）Their pastime is going to movies.
他们的消遣是看 电影。
4）Seeing is believing.
眼见为实。
PS: 动名词作表语和进行式的区别在于：前者(a)说明主语的内容；后者(b)则说明主语正在做什么。
(a) Her job is tending the sheep.
(b) She is tending the sheep.
Step 4 动名词作宾语
?动名词可以作动词、短语动词以及介词的宾语。
I suggested bringing the meeting to an end.
我建议结束会议。
He has given up smoking.
他已经戒烟了。
Tom waited for a while before making up his mind.
汤姆稍等了一会才拿定主意。
英语中有些动词只能接动名词作宾语，如: enjoy, admit, suggest, consider, stop, keep, deny, prefer, propose, advise, mind, resist, prevent, finish, practice, miss, delay, postpone, understand 等等。
I advised taking a different approach。
我建议采取另一种处理方法。
I finished reading the book last night.
这本书我昨晚看完了。
he considered going to see Paul in person.
他考虑亲自去见保罗。
? 英语中，用动名词作宾语的短语动词有以下三种，如下：
1.动词+副词/介词
She insisted on writing at once.
她坚持马上就写。
They objected to leaving the motel.
他们反对离开这家汽车旅馆。
He never complained about working overtime.
他从不抱怨加班加点。
The plant must aim at increasing production.
工厂必须努力增加生产。
此类短语动词还有：
go on （继续）, depend on （取决于）, give up （放弃）, succeed in （成功） persist in （坚持）, thought of （考虑）, believe in （相信）, succeed in （成功）等。
2. be+形容词+介词
Are you interested in going with us?
你有兴趣和我们一块去吗？
He was fond of speaking French.
他很喜欢讲法语。
I was angry about missing the film.
没看上那部片子我很生气。
He was excited at hearing the news.
听到这个消息他很激动。
常见的有：be afraid of （担心）， be surprised at（惊讶），be responsible for（有义务，责任）， be tired of （厌倦），be capable of （胜任）， be used to （习惯于）， be proud of（自豪，骄傲）等。
3. 动词+宾语+介词
They accused him of playing his radio too loudly.
他们指责他收音机开得太响。
They suspected him of being the thief.
他们怀疑他偷盗。
Keep the child from jelling.
别让那孩子大喊大叫。
Thank you for doing this job for us.
谢谢你帮我们做了这件事。
常见的有：forgive sb. for（原谅）， dedicate sth/oneself to （致力于）， stop sb. from（阻止）， devote sth./sb. to （献身于）等动名词的逻辑主语?动名词的逻辑主语为：
人称代词的所有格+动名词（作宾语时也可用宾格） 结构中的人称代词。
Forgive my(me) calling you up so early.
原谅我这么早给你打电话。
Her going off in such a hurry is very quickly.
她匆忙离去很危险。
(2) 名词所有格+动名词
I don’t remember Mary’s complaining about it.
我不记得玛丽抱怨过这事。
His wife’s coming to help is a great encouragement to him.
他妻子来帮忙对他是很大的鼓舞。
The participle
Step 1 分词概说
?分词是一种非谓语动词，有现在分词（由v.+ing构成）和过去分词（v.+ed构成）两种。分词具有形容词和副词的特征，在句中可作表语、定语和补足语等。
如：working worked
washing washed
分词作表语 现在分词做表语多指主语的性质，特别是表示情绪、状态、品质的现在分词。
The dirty street is disgusting. (情绪)
这条肮脏的街道令人厌恶。
The interruption is very annoying. (情绪)
这样的打断很让人恼火。
The photo is missing. (状态)
那张照片不见了。
She is always very obliging. (品质)
她总是乐于助人。
注：这样的现在分词很多都成了形容词。
?过去分词作表语多指主语的状态
I’m disappointed with you.
我对你很失望。
I was touched by his sincerity.
我被他的诚恳打动了。
How long have you been married?
你结婚多久了？
难点：
（1）现在分词作表语与进行时态的区别。
(a) The situation is encouraging. 形势很令人鼓舞。
(b)The teacher is encouraging the student defeated in the match.
老师正在鼓励那个输掉了比赛的学生。
(a)表示事物的状态；(b)表示正在进行的动作。（2）过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别。
(a) The shop is closed now. 商店已关门。
(b) It’s usually closed at 8 o’clock. 它通常8点关门。
(a)表示事物的状态;(b)表示动作（被动语态）。
分词作定语
1. 现在分词作定语表示主动或动作正在进行。
（1）可作表语的现在分词几乎都可以用作定语，修饰 一个名词。
It was an astonishing performance.
这是一场令人惊讶的演出。
He’s a promising painter.
他是为很有希望的画家。
I found nothing amusing in the street. 我在街上没发现什么趣事。
注:如被修饰的名词是something,anything, everything, nothing 等，分词放在被修饰名词的后面。 （2）现在分词短语还可用在名词后作定语，作用接近一个定语从句。
There are a few boys swimming (=who are swimming) in the stream.
有几个男孩在小溪游泳。
The girl sitting (=who was sitting) next to me was my cousin.
坐在我旁边的姑娘是我表妹。
2. 过去分词作定语表示被动或动作已完成。
（1）过去分词可用作定语，特别是表示情绪的词。
His face wore a puzzled expression.
他脸上有一种困惑的表情。
She threw me a quick, frightened glance.
她迅速而惊恐地看了我一眼。
（2）有些过去分词短语跟在所修饰词后面，作用接近于一个定语从句。
What’s the language spoken (=that is spoken) in that country?
那个国家讲的是什么语言？
The play acted (=that was acted) by the teachers was a big success.
老师们表演的话剧很成功。
（3）作定语的过去分词常指已经完成的动作，若要表示现在正在进行的动作，要用其进被动形式，即现在分词的被动形式。
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed (=which are being discussed) here.
我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。
I knew nothing about the experiment being conducted there. 我对在那里进行的试验一无所知分词构成复合宾语
分词构成复合宾语（即充当宾语补足语）时，现在分词强调动作正在进行，表示主动意义；过去分词则表示被动意义。
此类动词多为：see, look at, watch, hear, listen to, feel, smell, find, notice等感官动词和make, keep, leave, cause, let, have, get等使役动词。
I see him passing my house every day.
我看见他天天从我房前经过。
I smelt something burning.
我闻到有东西烧糊了。
He kept them working all day.
他让他们整天干活。
We’ll get her X-rayed.
我们要给她透视。
Alan had his wallet stolen.
艾伦的钱包被偷了。
We all wished the problem settled.
我们都希望这问题得到解决。分词作状语
?分词（或分词短语）作状语时，常用逗号把它和句子的主要部分分开，可放在句首，句末或插在句子中间，位置较为灵活。具体情况如下：
（1）作时间状语
Turning around (=when she turned around), she saw an ambulance driving up.
她一转身，看见一辆救护车开了过来。
Hearing the news (=when they heard the news), they all jumped with joy.
听到这消息，他们都高兴地跳了起来。
（2）作原因状语
Being a student (=as he was a student), he was naturally interested in museums.
由于他是学生，他自然对博物馆很感兴趣Not knowing her address (=as we did not know her address), we couldn’t get in touch with her.
因为我们不知道她的地址，没法和她联系。
Many of us, being so excited (=because we were so excited), couldn’t go to sleep that night.
那一晚上，我们中有很多人激动得都没睡着。
He soon felt asleep, exhausted by the journey (=because he was exhausted by the journey) .
由于旅途劳顿，他很快就睡着了。
（3）作条件状语
Given good health (=if I am given good health), I hope to finish the work this year.
如果身体好，我希望今年完成工作。Unless paying by credit card, please pay in cash.
除非你用信用卡，否则请用现金。
（4）作伴随状语
She went out, slamming the door.
她走了出去，砰的一声把门关上。
An old peasant, bringing his own food, volunteered as guide for us.
一位老农自带干粮要给我们作向导。
She entered, accompanied by her mother.
她由她母亲陪着走进来。
（5）作结果状语
They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen他们开枪打死了我们一个巡逻兵。
注意：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。
?补充内容：
连接词+分词（分词短语）作状语
I went on talking, though (I was) continually interrupted by Tom.
我继续讲我的，尽管不断被汤姆打断。
He will come if (he is) asked.
若受到邀请，他会来的。
She turned around from time to time as if (she was) searching for someone.
她不时转身望望，仿佛在找什么人似的。
分词的时态和语态
?现在分词
语态
时态
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
doing
完成式
?现在分词所表示的时态取决于原句谓语动词所表示动作发生的时间，即一般式和完成式。前者表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，强调正在进行；后者表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，说明动作已完成。
The boy playing football is my brother.
那个正在踢足球的男孩是我的哥哥。
Having found a hotel, they began to look for a restaurant.
找到旅馆之后，他们就开始找餐馆分词的语态有主动和被动之分。当现在分词的逻辑主语是动作的执行者时现在用主动语态；当现在分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时用被动语态。
The task being carried out is very important.
正在执行的这个任务至关重要。
Not having got an answer, I decided to write another letter to him.
由于没收到回音，我觉得再给他写一封信。
?过去分词
?过去分词只有一种时态，即一般式。及物动词的过去分词表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词动作之前，具有被动意义；不及物动词的过去分词表示完成或主动意义。
Given the help, I passed the exam. （被动）
I found him gone when I got there. （主动分词独立结构
?有时分词可以有自己的逻辑主语（用名词或代词主格表示），称之为独立结构（Absolute Construction)。
The day being fine (=as the day was fine), we decided to go swimming.
由于天气晴朗，我们决定去游泳。
We explored the caves, Peter acting as guide.
由彼得当向导，我们探察了那些洞穴。
Everybody, myself excepted, said no.
除我之外，每个人都不赞成。
The job not finished, I had to work overtime.
由于工作没完成，我不得不加班。
注：分词独立结构在句子中只能充当状语，表示时间、 原因、条件等。
