CHAPTER 13
BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO
DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS
抗病虫育种
BY
Niu Yingze
（牛应泽）
Dept,of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering
§ 1 The Significance of Breeding for Resistance
to Diseases and Insect Pests 抗病虫育种的意义
1,Resistance of Crops to Diseases and Insect Pests
(1) Disease and pest damages are popular in Crop
Production
Major Diseases in the main crops,
Rice blast 稻瘟病
Maize leaf blight 玉米叶班病
Wheat rusts 小麦锈病
Rape stem rot 油菜茎腐病（菌核病）
Important Insect Pests,
Rice straw borer 稻螟
Maize straw borer 玉米螟
Wheat aphids 麦蚜
Cotton ball borer 棉铃虫
(2)Main kinds of pathogens in crops
Fungi 真菌； bacteria 细菌； viruses 病毒；
viroids 类病毒； nematodes 线虫
large numbers of insect pests 害虫
They are generally called biotic stresses or pests of plants
(3) The Huge Loss of Yield in Crops Due to
Diseases and Pests
? 1840-1845,Potato late blight in Ireland
? 1970,Epidemic of maize leaf blight in USA
? 1950,Wheat yellow rust in China
? Whole World,28-36billion USD in total
23-30 billion USD in Disease loss
? Leistinger,1998,Loss per year in rice,40mil,Tons by
fungal diseases; 26mil,Tons by insects; 10mil,Tons by
viruses)
? In China,10-20% of the total yield of production
(4) Breeding for resistant varieties is the,
Safest
Most efficient
Most economical
measure to control plant diseases and pests,
§ 2 The Pathogenecity of Pathogens and the
Resist-ance of Plants 病原物的致病性和植物的抗
病性
1,The Variation of Pathogenecity in Pathogens
（ 1） Pathogenecity 致病性
= Virulence 毒性 ＋ Agressiveness 浸袭力
? Specific pathogenecity 专化致病性（寄生性病原物）
? Non-specific pathogenecity 非专化致病性（腐生物）
（ 2） Physiological races （ biotypes),生理小种
（型）
The pathogens differentiated from the same disease,
with the same morphology,but different virulence to
different varieties of the host plants,
Physiological races are,
? Variety-specific (Cultivar-specific),品种专化性
? Differentiations of highly parasitic pathogens 高度专性
寄生物具有的分化
? Genetically controlled in pathogenecity
? Frequently changing in composition (with prevalent
races 优势小种 )
2 The Resistance of Host Plants 植物的抗病性
(1) Phenotypic Types of resistance
? Escape
?Tolerance
? Resistance
- Immune 免疫性
- Hypersensitive 过敏性（ Necrotic spot 坏死斑点）
- Susceptible 感病性
Mechanism of resistance,
? Resistance to penetration
? Resistance to expanding
(2) Genotypic types of Resistance
A,Vertical Resistance 垂直抗病性
A variety is particularly resistant to one or some specific
races of pathogens while it is highly susceptible to other races,
Race specific resistance,single genes,oligo-genes
Small environmental Influence; Non-durable resistance
Race a b c d e f
Incidence
%
B,Horizontal Resistance 水平抗病性
A variety is resistant to many races of a pathogen with a
rather even level,
Non race-specific resistance,Polygenes,minor effects
Big environmental Influence; Durable resistance
Race a b c d e f
Incidence
%
3,Relationship Among Host,Pathogen and
Environment
Host Pathogen
Environment
The resistance of host is dependent on the path,& env,
The pathogenecity is dependent on the host & env,
(Mutually reliable)
4,The Genetics of Disease Resistance
(1) Qualitative inheritance (Major gene controlled)
A single locus or a few loci
Recessive or Dominat
Multiple alleles
Linked or unlinked
Typical in vertical resistance
(2) Quantitative inheritance (Minor polygene controlled)
Multiple loci involved
Minor effect from each gene locus
Continuous variation in F2 generation
Large environmental influence
Typical in horizontal resistance
(3) Cytoplasmic inheritance
e.g,Race T of leaf blight in maize (玉米小斑病 T小种）
(4) Gene for Gene Theory
Proposeded by Flor (1946) from lax rust
For every gene for resistance in host plant there is a
corresponding and specific gene for pathogenecity in the
pathogen,
Susceptible (S) Susceptible(S)
Resistant (R) Susceptible(S)
RR rr
Host
Pat
hoge
n
vv
VV
Gene for Gene,
R1-R2- R1-r2r2 r1r1R2R2 r1r1 r2r2
V1-V2-
V1-v2v2
v1v1V2-
v1v1 v2v2
R R R R
R R S S
R S R S
S S S S
Pat
hoge
n
Host
Gene for Gene (2 genes),
5,Test of Resistance
(1) Test methods
a,Inoculation (glasshouse) test and field test
b,seedling test and adult plant test
c,In vitro test
(2) Scale of identification
a,Resistance score,0,1,2,… … 9
b,Area %; measurements of infected spot; disease
index,so on
§ 3 Breeding Methods for Disease Resistance
抗病育种的方法
1,Collection of Resistant Resources
? Wild Resources,wild species; wild relatives
? Land Races,old conserved cultivars (long term of
natural selection)
? Centers of origin of specific crops, Rich in genetic
resources
2,Breeding Methods
(1) Introduction and Selection Breeding (Easiest; for self-
pollinated plants)
(2) Cross Breeding (Convergent crosses for multiple resistance)
(3) Backcross Breeding (Multiple backcross for multiple resistance;
Breeding of multiple-line varieties)
(4) Wide Cross Breeding (Using genes not present in cult’d crops)
(5) Biotechnological Breeding (Chp,12)
Somaclonal variattion
Protoplast fusion
Gene-Engineering (Mapping,cloning,transfer of resistance genes)
Marker assisted selection
In vitro selection (Test tube selection)
§ 4 Breeding for Insect Pest Resistance
抗虫育种
1,Resistance of Plants to Insect Pests
A,Difference in pest resistance in plants
Pest resistance
Pest tolerance
B,Mechanism of pest resistance
Morphological resistance (shape,color,hair,etc.)
Anatomic resistance (stone cells,cell density)
Chemical resistance (toxic or bad-smelled secretion)
2,Genetics of Pest Resistance
(1) Single gene inheritance (Vertical resistance,3:1
segregation)
(2) Oligo-gene inheritance (Gene interaction)
(3) Polygenic inheritance (Horizontal resistance,continuous
variation)
3,Genetics of Host Resistance
? Genetically controlled characteristics
? Inherited qualitatively or quantitatively
? Environment dependent
3,Breeding Methods for Pest Resistance
(1) Introduction of Varieties
(2) Selection Breeding
(3) Cross Breeding and Backcross Breeding
(4) Biotechnological Breeding
Protoplast fusion
Gene engineering (,Bt” gene cotton,maize,rape)
Marker assisted selection
1,Breeding Strategy
Integration of plant resistance and superior agronomic traits
Multiple resistance (major genes plus minor genes)
Horizontal resistance
2,Maintenance of Resistance
Recycling 轮换 of resistant varieties
Pyramiding of resistant genes (multi-resistant gene varieties)
(convergent cross/backcross)
Multi-line Varieties or bulk varieties
Deployment 布局 of resistant varieties
§ 5 Strategy of Resistance Breeding and
Maintenance of the Resistance of Plants
抗性育种的战略和植物抗性的保持
Till Next Chapter
BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO
DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS
抗病虫育种
BY
Niu Yingze
（牛应泽）
Dept,of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering
§ 1 The Significance of Breeding for Resistance
to Diseases and Insect Pests 抗病虫育种的意义
1,Resistance of Crops to Diseases and Insect Pests
(1) Disease and pest damages are popular in Crop
Production
Major Diseases in the main crops,
Rice blast 稻瘟病
Maize leaf blight 玉米叶班病
Wheat rusts 小麦锈病
Rape stem rot 油菜茎腐病（菌核病）
Important Insect Pests,
Rice straw borer 稻螟
Maize straw borer 玉米螟
Wheat aphids 麦蚜
Cotton ball borer 棉铃虫
(2)Main kinds of pathogens in crops
Fungi 真菌； bacteria 细菌； viruses 病毒；
viroids 类病毒； nematodes 线虫
large numbers of insect pests 害虫
They are generally called biotic stresses or pests of plants
(3) The Huge Loss of Yield in Crops Due to
Diseases and Pests
? 1840-1845,Potato late blight in Ireland
? 1970,Epidemic of maize leaf blight in USA
? 1950,Wheat yellow rust in China
? Whole World,28-36billion USD in total
23-30 billion USD in Disease loss
? Leistinger,1998,Loss per year in rice,40mil,Tons by
fungal diseases; 26mil,Tons by insects; 10mil,Tons by
viruses)
? In China,10-20% of the total yield of production
(4) Breeding for resistant varieties is the,
Safest
Most efficient
Most economical
measure to control plant diseases and pests,
§ 2 The Pathogenecity of Pathogens and the
Resist-ance of Plants 病原物的致病性和植物的抗
病性
1,The Variation of Pathogenecity in Pathogens
（ 1） Pathogenecity 致病性
= Virulence 毒性 ＋ Agressiveness 浸袭力
? Specific pathogenecity 专化致病性（寄生性病原物）
? Non-specific pathogenecity 非专化致病性（腐生物）
（ 2） Physiological races （ biotypes),生理小种
（型）
The pathogens differentiated from the same disease,
with the same morphology,but different virulence to
different varieties of the host plants,
Physiological races are,
? Variety-specific (Cultivar-specific),品种专化性
? Differentiations of highly parasitic pathogens 高度专性
寄生物具有的分化
? Genetically controlled in pathogenecity
? Frequently changing in composition (with prevalent
races 优势小种 )
2 The Resistance of Host Plants 植物的抗病性
(1) Phenotypic Types of resistance
? Escape
?Tolerance
? Resistance
- Immune 免疫性
- Hypersensitive 过敏性（ Necrotic spot 坏死斑点）
- Susceptible 感病性
Mechanism of resistance,
? Resistance to penetration
? Resistance to expanding
(2) Genotypic types of Resistance
A,Vertical Resistance 垂直抗病性
A variety is particularly resistant to one or some specific
races of pathogens while it is highly susceptible to other races,
Race specific resistance,single genes,oligo-genes
Small environmental Influence; Non-durable resistance
Race a b c d e f
Incidence
%
B,Horizontal Resistance 水平抗病性
A variety is resistant to many races of a pathogen with a
rather even level,
Non race-specific resistance,Polygenes,minor effects
Big environmental Influence; Durable resistance
Race a b c d e f
Incidence
%
3,Relationship Among Host,Pathogen and
Environment
Host Pathogen
Environment
The resistance of host is dependent on the path,& env,
The pathogenecity is dependent on the host & env,
(Mutually reliable)
4,The Genetics of Disease Resistance
(1) Qualitative inheritance (Major gene controlled)
A single locus or a few loci
Recessive or Dominat
Multiple alleles
Linked or unlinked
Typical in vertical resistance
(2) Quantitative inheritance (Minor polygene controlled)
Multiple loci involved
Minor effect from each gene locus
Continuous variation in F2 generation
Large environmental influence
Typical in horizontal resistance
(3) Cytoplasmic inheritance
e.g,Race T of leaf blight in maize (玉米小斑病 T小种）
(4) Gene for Gene Theory
Proposeded by Flor (1946) from lax rust
For every gene for resistance in host plant there is a
corresponding and specific gene for pathogenecity in the
pathogen,
Susceptible (S) Susceptible(S)
Resistant (R) Susceptible(S)
RR rr
Host
Pat
hoge
n
vv
VV
Gene for Gene,
R1-R2- R1-r2r2 r1r1R2R2 r1r1 r2r2
V1-V2-
V1-v2v2
v1v1V2-
v1v1 v2v2
R R R R
R R S S
R S R S
S S S S
Pat
hoge
n
Host
Gene for Gene (2 genes),
5,Test of Resistance
(1) Test methods
a,Inoculation (glasshouse) test and field test
b,seedling test and adult plant test
c,In vitro test
(2) Scale of identification
a,Resistance score,0,1,2,… … 9
b,Area %; measurements of infected spot; disease
index,so on
§ 3 Breeding Methods for Disease Resistance
抗病育种的方法
1,Collection of Resistant Resources
? Wild Resources,wild species; wild relatives
? Land Races,old conserved cultivars (long term of
natural selection)
? Centers of origin of specific crops, Rich in genetic
resources
2,Breeding Methods
(1) Introduction and Selection Breeding (Easiest; for self-
pollinated plants)
(2) Cross Breeding (Convergent crosses for multiple resistance)
(3) Backcross Breeding (Multiple backcross for multiple resistance;
Breeding of multiple-line varieties)
(4) Wide Cross Breeding (Using genes not present in cult’d crops)
(5) Biotechnological Breeding (Chp,12)
Somaclonal variattion
Protoplast fusion
Gene-Engineering (Mapping,cloning,transfer of resistance genes)
Marker assisted selection
In vitro selection (Test tube selection)
§ 4 Breeding for Insect Pest Resistance
抗虫育种
1,Resistance of Plants to Insect Pests
A,Difference in pest resistance in plants
Pest resistance
Pest tolerance
B,Mechanism of pest resistance
Morphological resistance (shape,color,hair,etc.)
Anatomic resistance (stone cells,cell density)
Chemical resistance (toxic or bad-smelled secretion)
2,Genetics of Pest Resistance
(1) Single gene inheritance (Vertical resistance,3:1
segregation)
(2) Oligo-gene inheritance (Gene interaction)
(3) Polygenic inheritance (Horizontal resistance,continuous
variation)
3,Genetics of Host Resistance
? Genetically controlled characteristics
? Inherited qualitatively or quantitatively
? Environment dependent
3,Breeding Methods for Pest Resistance
(1) Introduction of Varieties
(2) Selection Breeding
(3) Cross Breeding and Backcross Breeding
(4) Biotechnological Breeding
Protoplast fusion
Gene engineering (,Bt” gene cotton,maize,rape)
Marker assisted selection
1,Breeding Strategy
Integration of plant resistance and superior agronomic traits
Multiple resistance (major genes plus minor genes)
Horizontal resistance
2,Maintenance of Resistance
Recycling 轮换 of resistant varieties
Pyramiding of resistant genes (multi-resistant gene varieties)
(convergent cross/backcross)
Multi-line Varieties or bulk varieties
Deployment 布局 of resistant varieties
§ 5 Strategy of Resistance Breeding and
Maintenance of the Resistance of Plants
抗性育种的战略和植物抗性的保持
Till Next Chapter
