BY
Niu Yingze
（牛应泽）
Dept,of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering
CHAPTER 16
Pathways and Methods of
Plant Propagation
植物的繁殖途径和方法
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 2
Study Aims and Requirements
1,Different Modes of Propagation in
Plants
2,Methods for Seed Propagation
3,Methods for Vegetative Propagation
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 3
§ 1 Classifications of Plant
Propagation Methods 植物繁殖的种类
The different terms in English,
Reproduction 生殖，繁殖
Multiplication 增殖，繁殖
Propagation 繁殖，传播
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 4
1,The Classifications of Plant Propagation
Hudson et al,（ 1990）
1.1 Seed Propagation
Mainly in
Agricultural Crops (annuals,biannuals,perennials)
Vegetable crops(甘蓝类、白菜类、茄科类）
1.2 Apomictic Propagation
Nucellus embryos – citrus,mango
Adventitious embryony – Kentucky bluegrass
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 5
1.3 Vegetative Propagation
? Cutting 扦插
? Grafting 嫁接
? Budding 芽接
? Layering 压条
? Runner 走茎
? Sucker 吸根
? Separation 分株
? Division 分体
? In vitro culture 离体培养
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 6
2,The Classification of Plant Propagation
By Zhao Liangjun（赵梁军,2002）
The Five Kinds,
? Sexual Propagation ( Seed propagation)
? Easy and convenient
? Suitable for large scale production
2,Asexual Propagation（ Vegetative Propagation）
? Division propagation
? Propagation by cutting
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 7
3,Spore Propagation （孢子繁殖）
Fern propagation 蕨类植物
4,Viviparity (胎生繁殖）
Seed germinating in fruits (红树）
5,Tissue culture Propagation (Micropropagation)
Most frequently used in ornamental plants,
Explant ------callus------differentiation------shoot-----root-----
complete plant
? Grafting propagation
? Layering propagation
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 8
1,Seed Propagation
The Advantages
? Simple and easy to propagate
? Large scale
? Easy to store and to transport
Disadvantages
? Seed dormancy
? Long juvenile period in fruit trees and wood trees
§ 2 Main Propagation Methods in
Plants 植物繁殖的种类
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 9
（ 1） Development and Harvest of the Seed
? Grow in good conditions
? Good maturity and timely harvesting
? Store in good conditions
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 10
（ 2） Dormancy and Germination of Seed
? Dormancy of seed
Mechanical reasons
Physiological reasons
? Germination of seed
Physiological Status
Environment factors
Water,temperature,oxygen,light
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 11
? Seed treatment
1) Non-dormant seed
Soaking,accelerated
germination (催芽）,
Seed disinfection,…
2) Special seed
Mechanical treatment,Warm water treatment,Chemical
treatment
3) Physiologically immature seed
Stratification,Wash,Hormone treatment,Storage
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 12
（ 3） Sowing Methods
? Raising seedling
Rice,Rapeseed,Most vegetables
Seedling bed
? Pot sowing (Container sowing)
Most ornamental plants
Pot sizes and media (mostly perlite蛭石,
moss peat 泥炭 )
? Direct field sowing
Many field crops,Many vegetables,Some flower crops
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 13
2,Division Propagation 分生繁殖
Propagating Organs
根蘖、茎蘖、吸芽、走茎、匍匐茎、鳞茎、块茎、根茎等
Methods
分株繁殖 分球根繁殖
分芽繁殖 分零余子繁殖
分茎繁殖
See P,303
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 14
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 15
3,Propagation by Cuttings 扦插繁殖
1) Types of Cutting
? Stem cutting (Soft stem,Hard stem) 枝插
? Leaf cutting 叶插
? Leaf bud cutting 叶芽插
? Root cutting 根插
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 16
2) Influencing Factors
? Temperature
? Humidity (Soil,air)
? Light / shading
? Aeration (通气,in soil)
3) Medium (扦插基质）
? Fine soil
? Sand + Moss peat
? 珍珠岩 ＋蛭石
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 17
4) Cutting Treatment (扦条处理）
? Physical Treatment
? Chemical Treatment
5) Management
(扦插后管理 )
Water,Moisture
FIGURE 10-27 Effect of wounding and auxin treatment on
the rooting of cuttings of Juni-perus ssbina ' Ta man self olia'
un der intermittent mist in the green house,
Top--Wounded,Below,Not wounded,
Left,Treated with indolebutyric acid at 4000 ppm by the
concentrated dip method,Center,Treated with indolebu tyric
acid in talc,at 8000 ppm,Right,Not treated,Cuttings started in
early spring and dug six weeks later,
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 18
4,Propagation by Grafting
(1) Factors affecting grafting propagation
? The compatibility of stock wood
? Grafting techniques
? Environmental conditions (Temperature,Humidity,
aeration,light)
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 19
(2) Grafting Modes
? Stem grafting
- Top grafting; Crown grafting; Approach
grafting
? Budding(Bud grafting )
- T-budding; Patch budding; Ring budding; I-
budding
? Root grafting
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 20
(3) The grafting techniques
A,Grafting Time
B,Selection of grafting modes
C,Selection of stockwood
D,Collection of scion and storage
E,Grafting and management
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 21
(1) Layering Modes
? General Layering (Ground
layering)
? Air Layering
5,Propagation by Layering 压条繁殖
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 22
(1) Biology of Spore Propagation
(2) Techniques of Spore Propagation
? Spore Collection
? Culture Temperatures
? Media
? Management
6,Spore Propagation 孢子繁殖
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 23
（ 1） Rapid Propagation of Plants
7,In vitro Tissue Culture Propagation
? Mini Cutting Multiplication(微型扦插繁殖）
? Mini shoot Multiplication (丛生芽繁殖）
? Adventitious Shoot Multiplication(不定芽发生繁殖）
? Embryogenesis Multiplication(胚状体发生繁殖 ）
? Protocorn-like body Multiplication(原球茎发生繁殖）
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 24
（ 2） Virus-freedom of Plants
? Meristem culture 0.1~0.3mm
? Regeneration of plants from calli
? Subcultures of regenerated plants
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 25
（ 3） Artificial Seed Production
Artificial Seed -
? Embryoids (Embryos)
? Artificial endosperm
? Artificial coating
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 26
（ 4） Seed and Spore Culture
? Seed Culture
Orchids(兰花）
? Spore Culture
Ferns (蕨类）
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 27
The End
Niu Yingze
（牛应泽）
Dept,of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering
CHAPTER 16
Pathways and Methods of
Plant Propagation
植物的繁殖途径和方法
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 2
Study Aims and Requirements
1,Different Modes of Propagation in
Plants
2,Methods for Seed Propagation
3,Methods for Vegetative Propagation
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 3
§ 1 Classifications of Plant
Propagation Methods 植物繁殖的种类
The different terms in English,
Reproduction 生殖，繁殖
Multiplication 增殖，繁殖
Propagation 繁殖，传播
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 4
1,The Classifications of Plant Propagation
Hudson et al,（ 1990）
1.1 Seed Propagation
Mainly in
Agricultural Crops (annuals,biannuals,perennials)
Vegetable crops(甘蓝类、白菜类、茄科类）
1.2 Apomictic Propagation
Nucellus embryos – citrus,mango
Adventitious embryony – Kentucky bluegrass
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 5
1.3 Vegetative Propagation
? Cutting 扦插
? Grafting 嫁接
? Budding 芽接
? Layering 压条
? Runner 走茎
? Sucker 吸根
? Separation 分株
? Division 分体
? In vitro culture 离体培养
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 6
2,The Classification of Plant Propagation
By Zhao Liangjun（赵梁军,2002）
The Five Kinds,
? Sexual Propagation ( Seed propagation)
? Easy and convenient
? Suitable for large scale production
2,Asexual Propagation（ Vegetative Propagation）
? Division propagation
? Propagation by cutting
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 7
3,Spore Propagation （孢子繁殖）
Fern propagation 蕨类植物
4,Viviparity (胎生繁殖）
Seed germinating in fruits (红树）
5,Tissue culture Propagation (Micropropagation)
Most frequently used in ornamental plants,
Explant ------callus------differentiation------shoot-----root-----
complete plant
? Grafting propagation
? Layering propagation
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 8
1,Seed Propagation
The Advantages
? Simple and easy to propagate
? Large scale
? Easy to store and to transport
Disadvantages
? Seed dormancy
? Long juvenile period in fruit trees and wood trees
§ 2 Main Propagation Methods in
Plants 植物繁殖的种类
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 9
（ 1） Development and Harvest of the Seed
? Grow in good conditions
? Good maturity and timely harvesting
? Store in good conditions
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 10
（ 2） Dormancy and Germination of Seed
? Dormancy of seed
Mechanical reasons
Physiological reasons
? Germination of seed
Physiological Status
Environment factors
Water,temperature,oxygen,light
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 11
? Seed treatment
1) Non-dormant seed
Soaking,accelerated
germination (催芽）,
Seed disinfection,…
2) Special seed
Mechanical treatment,Warm water treatment,Chemical
treatment
3) Physiologically immature seed
Stratification,Wash,Hormone treatment,Storage
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 12
（ 3） Sowing Methods
? Raising seedling
Rice,Rapeseed,Most vegetables
Seedling bed
? Pot sowing (Container sowing)
Most ornamental plants
Pot sizes and media (mostly perlite蛭石,
moss peat 泥炭 )
? Direct field sowing
Many field crops,Many vegetables,Some flower crops
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 13
2,Division Propagation 分生繁殖
Propagating Organs
根蘖、茎蘖、吸芽、走茎、匍匐茎、鳞茎、块茎、根茎等
Methods
分株繁殖 分球根繁殖
分芽繁殖 分零余子繁殖
分茎繁殖
See P,303
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 14
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 15
3,Propagation by Cuttings 扦插繁殖
1) Types of Cutting
? Stem cutting (Soft stem,Hard stem) 枝插
? Leaf cutting 叶插
? Leaf bud cutting 叶芽插
? Root cutting 根插
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 16
2) Influencing Factors
? Temperature
? Humidity (Soil,air)
? Light / shading
? Aeration (通气,in soil)
3) Medium (扦插基质）
? Fine soil
? Sand + Moss peat
? 珍珠岩 ＋蛭石
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 17
4) Cutting Treatment (扦条处理）
? Physical Treatment
? Chemical Treatment
5) Management
(扦插后管理 )
Water,Moisture
FIGURE 10-27 Effect of wounding and auxin treatment on
the rooting of cuttings of Juni-perus ssbina ' Ta man self olia'
un der intermittent mist in the green house,
Top--Wounded,Below,Not wounded,
Left,Treated with indolebutyric acid at 4000 ppm by the
concentrated dip method,Center,Treated with indolebu tyric
acid in talc,at 8000 ppm,Right,Not treated,Cuttings started in
early spring and dug six weeks later,
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 18
4,Propagation by Grafting
(1) Factors affecting grafting propagation
? The compatibility of stock wood
? Grafting techniques
? Environmental conditions (Temperature,Humidity,
aeration,light)
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 19
(2) Grafting Modes
? Stem grafting
- Top grafting; Crown grafting; Approach
grafting
? Budding(Bud grafting )
- T-budding; Patch budding; Ring budding; I-
budding
? Root grafting
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 20
(3) The grafting techniques
A,Grafting Time
B,Selection of grafting modes
C,Selection of stockwood
D,Collection of scion and storage
E,Grafting and management
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 21
(1) Layering Modes
? General Layering (Ground
layering)
? Air Layering
5,Propagation by Layering 压条繁殖
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 22
(1) Biology of Spore Propagation
(2) Techniques of Spore Propagation
? Spore Collection
? Culture Temperatures
? Media
? Management
6,Spore Propagation 孢子繁殖
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 23
（ 1） Rapid Propagation of Plants
7,In vitro Tissue Culture Propagation
? Mini Cutting Multiplication(微型扦插繁殖）
? Mini shoot Multiplication (丛生芽繁殖）
? Adventitious Shoot Multiplication(不定芽发生繁殖）
? Embryogenesis Multiplication(胚状体发生繁殖 ）
? Protocorn-like body Multiplication(原球茎发生繁殖）
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 24
（ 2） Virus-freedom of Plants
? Meristem culture 0.1~0.3mm
? Regeneration of plants from calli
? Subcultures of regenerated plants
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 25
（ 3） Artificial Seed Production
Artificial Seed -
? Embryoids (Embryos)
? Artificial endosperm
? Artificial coating
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 26
（ 4） Seed and Spore Culture
? Seed Culture
Orchids(兰花）
? Spore Culture
Ferns (蕨类）
2012-3-22 Chapter 16 27
The End
