BY
Niu Yingze
（牛应泽）
Dept,of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering
CHAPTER 15
RELEASE OF VARIETIES AND
SEED MULTIPLICATION
品种审定与良种繁育
1,Current Regulations of Agricultural Seed
Production
(1) The Current Seed Law of P,R,China
(2) Registration and Release of Plant Cultivars
(3) Plant Breeder’s Right
(4) Requirements for the Seed Enterprises,Capital asset;
Physical / technical conditions
2,Registration and Release of Crop Varieties
The compulsory Tests to pass,
(1) Regional tests 区域试验
(2) Productive tests (Farmer’s field tests) 生产试验
(3) Technical appraisal 技术鉴定 （鉴定 DUS,三性” ）
(4) Field quality control (test) 田间质量鉴定
DUS,D – Distinctness
U – Uniformity
S – Stability
§ 1 Regional Test of New Varieties
新 品种区域化鉴定
1,Regional trials
(1) The System
? National regional test (divided into large regions)
? Provincial regional test
(2) The task
? Identification of the main characteristics (Productivity,
adaptation,yield stability,disease resistance,etc.)
? Determination of the adaptable regions
? Selection of suitable varieties for different regions
Regional
trial
(3) The methodology of regional trials
A,Selection of the locations,representative locations
B,The Check (reference) variety
C,Experimental design,Randomized complete block
design
D,Statistics (Yield increase %; Stability and Stability
indices)
2,Production Trial
Production trial,i.e,Farmer land trial
Large plot comparison (totally over 1 mu/variety); 1-2
rep’s
? Cultivation trial (Experiment for cultivation techniques)
Multiple factors considered,
planting date
planting desity
fertilizer application (N,P,K and others)
other technical factors
? Experimental designs
Multi-factor designs (Randomized complete block
design,split-block design,latin square design,… …)
Replications = 3 or more
3,Cultivation Trial
Regional Tests of New Varieties,
Trials
Regional trials (2-3 years)
Production trial (farmer land production trial)
Cultivational trial
Purposes
Productivity test
Adaptability and Stability test
Optimum growing location test
3,Analysis of Regional Trials
(1) Experiment data (From individual locations)
Regional trials( or multi-year trials) 区域试验或多年份试验
(2) Methods for analysis
? Combined variance analysis 联合方差分析
For Yield advantage over CK and others
? Regression analysis
For Parameters of adaptability and stability
Regression coefficient (bi) 回归系数
Standard deviation of regression (Sdi) 离回归标准差
。 。
。 。
。 。
Y = a + bx
Stability Performance of Varieties
Yield
Environment
§ 2 Release of Varieties
品种审定
1,Current System of Organization
? National Crop Variety Release Committee 全国农作物品种
审定委员会
? Provincial Crop Variety Release Committee 省级农作物品
种审定委员会
2,Procedure of Variety Release
Till the release of a variety,it remains an experimental
strain！
(1) Application by the Breeder or the originating institution
(2) Requirements for the variety(yield advantage,quality,
disease resistance,DUS,Specialist identification,field quaity
inspection)
(3) Examination by the Release Committee
(3) Public announcement
(4) Confer the certificate of release
§ 3 Protection of Breeder’s Right of New
Plant Varieties 植物新品种权保护
1,Plant Breeder’s Right of Variety
Two categories in China,
Agricultural plant varieties
Forest plant varieties
2,Authority conferring Agricultural plant variety right,
The National Office of New Plant Variety Protection,
State Department of Agriculture
3,Requirements for the new variety,p.282
New,Distinct,Uniform,Genetically stable
(<1 year on market)
§ 4 Extension of Varieties
品种推广
Extension of Varieties----
根据品种区域试验和生产试验结果，因时、因地、因
用途制宜地选适宜的品种，使其 大面积生产上充分发挥
增产、增效作用。
1,The Development of Extension System of
Varieties in China
1950‘s (earlier),家家种田，户户留种”
Self reserve of seeds by farmers
1950’s (later),四自一辅”
Self reserve of seeds by the production teams
1978,四化一供”
Seed companies organized by agri,administrations
1995,育、繁、推” 一体化
Integration of breeding institutions and seed
companies for breeding,multiplication and
extension
2,Regulations for Seed Production and Seed
Companies
? Qualifications of Seed Companies,
Asset requirement; Technical requirement
? Certificates for seed production and marketing
Three Certificates,
Permit of seed production
Permit of seed marketing
Certification of Quarantine of the seed
producing area
3,The Modes of Extension
(1) Governmental Extension Project
(2) Extension Contract (Attorn 转让 of variety right)
(3) Social Service organizations
(4) Extension by Breeders
4,Deployment of Varieties 品种布局
? Adequate Localization of Varieties
Spacial deployment of varieties
? Adequate Arrangement of Varieties
Type deployment of varieties (one/two main varieties)
4,Combination of Variety and Cultivation Technology
Planting date Planting density
Fertilizers Soil conditions
Others … …
§ 5 Seed Multiplication
良种繁育
1,The Task of Seed Multiplication
Alteration of Cultivars 品种更换
Regeneration of Cultivars 品种更新
2,Grade Classifications of Crop Seeds in China
原原种 (Basic seed)
原种 (Original seed)
良种 (High-quality seed/Certified seed)
(In USA,Breeder’s seed; foundation seed; registered
seed; certified seed)
3,Intermixing and Deterioration of Variety
品种混杂和退化
(1) The Intermixing and Deterioration of Variety
Off-type plants
Depression of plants (decrease in yield,quality,…)
(2) The Causes of Varietal Deterioration
品种混杂退化原因
A,Mechanical intermixing 机械混杂
B,Biological intermixing 生物学混杂
C,Natural mutation 自然突变
D,Residual segregation 剩余分离
E,Impropriate cultivation and selection (incl,Genetic
shift) 不适当的栽培和选择 （遗传漂移）
F,Virus infestation 病毒感染
(3) Measurements for Prevention of Varietal
Deterioration
Five measurements,p.291-292
4,Production of Original Seeds
(1) Using basic seed to produce original seed
Basic seed Original seed(Gen,1) Original seed (Gen,2)
(2) Recycled selection
Tree plot tree year system (Fig,15-5,p,292)
Two plot two year system
5,Acceleration of Seed Propagation
(1) Increased seed propagation coefficient
Low density planting; splitting of tillers,…
(2) Increased generations for seed propagation
Increasing generations in alien locations
Increasing generations in another season
Increasing generations with artificial facilities
(3) Using asexual ways of propagation
Vegetables; Fruit trees; Forest plants; Ornamental
plants,Vegetative propagation
Iv vitro propagation/micropropagation
§ 6 Seed Testing
种子检验
1,The Seed Standardization and Seed Testing
? Seed standardization is to make technical criteria for
variety and seed characteristics,seed production,seed quality,
seed testing,and the packaging,transportation,and storage
of seeds,
? The Standardization of Plant Seeds in China,
1) Superior variety Standards
2) Rules of original (high-quality) seed production
3) Standards for classifications of seed quality
4) Rules of seed quality testing
5) Standards for storage,transportation and packaging of
agricultural seed
2,Contents and Procedures of Seed testing
3,The Items and Methods of Seed Testing
(1) Varietal quality test (for authenticity 真实性,
purity 纯度 of the variety)
1) Field test Characteristics,Plant height,plant
type,leaf shape,leaf color,ear type,seed shape,
growing period,diseases … …
2) Room test
A,Physical test,
Identification by seed morphology (Length,
width,shape,color,surface)
B,Chemical test,e.g,NaOH treatment in rice
C,Seedling test,By seedling morphology
D,Enzyme or protein test (fingerprinting)
E,DNA test (fingerprinting),RAPD,RFLP,SSR
(2) Sowing Quality Test
1) Seed Cleanness 种子净度
Seed sample,according to the seed testing rules(>=
2500 seeds)
Separations,pure seed; other seeds; other matter
(inert matter)
Weighing
Calculation
Seed Cleanness = ------------------------------------------------- x 100% Sample weight – Other matter weight
Sample weight
2) Germination Test 发芽力测定
Germination Capacity,Incl,germination rate (%),
Germination energy (speed)
Condition of the test,Standardized optimum conditions,incl,
Temperature,moisture,substrates,etc,
Measurements,
Germination energy (%) Germination within 3-5 days
Germination rate (%) Germination within 7-10 days
3) Seed Moister Test 种子水分测定
a,Standard method,artificial drying of seed,103℃ for 8 hrs
b,Fast testing,Electronic instruments; High temperature
drying methods (130℃,1hr)
c,High moisture seed,Two-time drying test
First low temperature drying,second high temperature
drying
4) Seed Viability Test 种子生活力测定
Problems in germination test----Seed dormancy 休眠,long
time needed
Seed viability,Potentially germinating seed %
Testing methods,Biochemical (enzyme activity),Physical
methods
TTC staining test,四唑染色法 Sample weight p,301
(1) Evaluation of Quality Seed
4,The Evaluation and Classifications of Seed
Quality
A,Varietal quality evaluation
Integration of the results of field authenticity and purity,
and room test authenticity and purity
Take the lower result for the evaluation of suitability for
planting and for the quality classification
B,Sowing quality evaluation
Observe the room test results for suitability for planting
and quality classification,Cleanness,Germination,Moisture,
1000-seed weight,Seed health,……
(2) The Classification of Seed Quality
1) The Main indices
a,Purity; b,Cleanness; c,Germination; d,Moisture
(Percentages)
2) The Classes of Quality
Three grades for conventional varieties,
Grade 1 seed; Grade 2 seed; Grade 3 seed
Tow grades for hybrid varieties,
Grade 1 seed; Grade 2 seed
THE END
Niu Yingze
（牛应泽）
Dept,of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering
CHAPTER 15
RELEASE OF VARIETIES AND
SEED MULTIPLICATION
品种审定与良种繁育
1,Current Regulations of Agricultural Seed
Production
(1) The Current Seed Law of P,R,China
(2) Registration and Release of Plant Cultivars
(3) Plant Breeder’s Right
(4) Requirements for the Seed Enterprises,Capital asset;
Physical / technical conditions
2,Registration and Release of Crop Varieties
The compulsory Tests to pass,
(1) Regional tests 区域试验
(2) Productive tests (Farmer’s field tests) 生产试验
(3) Technical appraisal 技术鉴定 （鉴定 DUS,三性” ）
(4) Field quality control (test) 田间质量鉴定
DUS,D – Distinctness
U – Uniformity
S – Stability
§ 1 Regional Test of New Varieties
新 品种区域化鉴定
1,Regional trials
(1) The System
? National regional test (divided into large regions)
? Provincial regional test
(2) The task
? Identification of the main characteristics (Productivity,
adaptation,yield stability,disease resistance,etc.)
? Determination of the adaptable regions
? Selection of suitable varieties for different regions
Regional
trial
(3) The methodology of regional trials
A,Selection of the locations,representative locations
B,The Check (reference) variety
C,Experimental design,Randomized complete block
design
D,Statistics (Yield increase %; Stability and Stability
indices)
2,Production Trial
Production trial,i.e,Farmer land trial
Large plot comparison (totally over 1 mu/variety); 1-2
rep’s
? Cultivation trial (Experiment for cultivation techniques)
Multiple factors considered,
planting date
planting desity
fertilizer application (N,P,K and others)
other technical factors
? Experimental designs
Multi-factor designs (Randomized complete block
design,split-block design,latin square design,… …)
Replications = 3 or more
3,Cultivation Trial
Regional Tests of New Varieties,
Trials
Regional trials (2-3 years)
Production trial (farmer land production trial)
Cultivational trial
Purposes
Productivity test
Adaptability and Stability test
Optimum growing location test
3,Analysis of Regional Trials
(1) Experiment data (From individual locations)
Regional trials( or multi-year trials) 区域试验或多年份试验
(2) Methods for analysis
? Combined variance analysis 联合方差分析
For Yield advantage over CK and others
? Regression analysis
For Parameters of adaptability and stability
Regression coefficient (bi) 回归系数
Standard deviation of regression (Sdi) 离回归标准差
。 。
。 。
。 。
Y = a + bx
Stability Performance of Varieties
Yield
Environment
§ 2 Release of Varieties
品种审定
1,Current System of Organization
? National Crop Variety Release Committee 全国农作物品种
审定委员会
? Provincial Crop Variety Release Committee 省级农作物品
种审定委员会
2,Procedure of Variety Release
Till the release of a variety,it remains an experimental
strain！
(1) Application by the Breeder or the originating institution
(2) Requirements for the variety(yield advantage,quality,
disease resistance,DUS,Specialist identification,field quaity
inspection)
(3) Examination by the Release Committee
(3) Public announcement
(4) Confer the certificate of release
§ 3 Protection of Breeder’s Right of New
Plant Varieties 植物新品种权保护
1,Plant Breeder’s Right of Variety
Two categories in China,
Agricultural plant varieties
Forest plant varieties
2,Authority conferring Agricultural plant variety right,
The National Office of New Plant Variety Protection,
State Department of Agriculture
3,Requirements for the new variety,p.282
New,Distinct,Uniform,Genetically stable
(<1 year on market)
§ 4 Extension of Varieties
品种推广
Extension of Varieties----
根据品种区域试验和生产试验结果，因时、因地、因
用途制宜地选适宜的品种，使其 大面积生产上充分发挥
增产、增效作用。
1,The Development of Extension System of
Varieties in China
1950‘s (earlier),家家种田，户户留种”
Self reserve of seeds by farmers
1950’s (later),四自一辅”
Self reserve of seeds by the production teams
1978,四化一供”
Seed companies organized by agri,administrations
1995,育、繁、推” 一体化
Integration of breeding institutions and seed
companies for breeding,multiplication and
extension
2,Regulations for Seed Production and Seed
Companies
? Qualifications of Seed Companies,
Asset requirement; Technical requirement
? Certificates for seed production and marketing
Three Certificates,
Permit of seed production
Permit of seed marketing
Certification of Quarantine of the seed
producing area
3,The Modes of Extension
(1) Governmental Extension Project
(2) Extension Contract (Attorn 转让 of variety right)
(3) Social Service organizations
(4) Extension by Breeders
4,Deployment of Varieties 品种布局
? Adequate Localization of Varieties
Spacial deployment of varieties
? Adequate Arrangement of Varieties
Type deployment of varieties (one/two main varieties)
4,Combination of Variety and Cultivation Technology
Planting date Planting density
Fertilizers Soil conditions
Others … …
§ 5 Seed Multiplication
良种繁育
1,The Task of Seed Multiplication
Alteration of Cultivars 品种更换
Regeneration of Cultivars 品种更新
2,Grade Classifications of Crop Seeds in China
原原种 (Basic seed)
原种 (Original seed)
良种 (High-quality seed/Certified seed)
(In USA,Breeder’s seed; foundation seed; registered
seed; certified seed)
3,Intermixing and Deterioration of Variety
品种混杂和退化
(1) The Intermixing and Deterioration of Variety
Off-type plants
Depression of plants (decrease in yield,quality,…)
(2) The Causes of Varietal Deterioration
品种混杂退化原因
A,Mechanical intermixing 机械混杂
B,Biological intermixing 生物学混杂
C,Natural mutation 自然突变
D,Residual segregation 剩余分离
E,Impropriate cultivation and selection (incl,Genetic
shift) 不适当的栽培和选择 （遗传漂移）
F,Virus infestation 病毒感染
(3) Measurements for Prevention of Varietal
Deterioration
Five measurements,p.291-292
4,Production of Original Seeds
(1) Using basic seed to produce original seed
Basic seed Original seed(Gen,1) Original seed (Gen,2)
(2) Recycled selection
Tree plot tree year system (Fig,15-5,p,292)
Two plot two year system
5,Acceleration of Seed Propagation
(1) Increased seed propagation coefficient
Low density planting; splitting of tillers,…
(2) Increased generations for seed propagation
Increasing generations in alien locations
Increasing generations in another season
Increasing generations with artificial facilities
(3) Using asexual ways of propagation
Vegetables; Fruit trees; Forest plants; Ornamental
plants,Vegetative propagation
Iv vitro propagation/micropropagation
§ 6 Seed Testing
种子检验
1,The Seed Standardization and Seed Testing
? Seed standardization is to make technical criteria for
variety and seed characteristics,seed production,seed quality,
seed testing,and the packaging,transportation,and storage
of seeds,
? The Standardization of Plant Seeds in China,
1) Superior variety Standards
2) Rules of original (high-quality) seed production
3) Standards for classifications of seed quality
4) Rules of seed quality testing
5) Standards for storage,transportation and packaging of
agricultural seed
2,Contents and Procedures of Seed testing
3,The Items and Methods of Seed Testing
(1) Varietal quality test (for authenticity 真实性,
purity 纯度 of the variety)
1) Field test Characteristics,Plant height,plant
type,leaf shape,leaf color,ear type,seed shape,
growing period,diseases … …
2) Room test
A,Physical test,
Identification by seed morphology (Length,
width,shape,color,surface)
B,Chemical test,e.g,NaOH treatment in rice
C,Seedling test,By seedling morphology
D,Enzyme or protein test (fingerprinting)
E,DNA test (fingerprinting),RAPD,RFLP,SSR
(2) Sowing Quality Test
1) Seed Cleanness 种子净度
Seed sample,according to the seed testing rules(>=
2500 seeds)
Separations,pure seed; other seeds; other matter
(inert matter)
Weighing
Calculation
Seed Cleanness = ------------------------------------------------- x 100% Sample weight – Other matter weight
Sample weight
2) Germination Test 发芽力测定
Germination Capacity,Incl,germination rate (%),
Germination energy (speed)
Condition of the test,Standardized optimum conditions,incl,
Temperature,moisture,substrates,etc,
Measurements,
Germination energy (%) Germination within 3-5 days
Germination rate (%) Germination within 7-10 days
3) Seed Moister Test 种子水分测定
a,Standard method,artificial drying of seed,103℃ for 8 hrs
b,Fast testing,Electronic instruments; High temperature
drying methods (130℃,1hr)
c,High moisture seed,Two-time drying test
First low temperature drying,second high temperature
drying
4) Seed Viability Test 种子生活力测定
Problems in germination test----Seed dormancy 休眠,long
time needed
Seed viability,Potentially germinating seed %
Testing methods,Biochemical (enzyme activity),Physical
methods
TTC staining test,四唑染色法 Sample weight p,301
(1) Evaluation of Quality Seed
4,The Evaluation and Classifications of Seed
Quality
A,Varietal quality evaluation
Integration of the results of field authenticity and purity,
and room test authenticity and purity
Take the lower result for the evaluation of suitability for
planting and for the quality classification
B,Sowing quality evaluation
Observe the room test results for suitability for planting
and quality classification,Cleanness,Germination,Moisture,
1000-seed weight,Seed health,……
(2) The Classification of Seed Quality
1) The Main indices
a,Purity; b,Cleanness; c,Germination; d,Moisture
(Percentages)
2) The Classes of Quality
Three grades for conventional varieties,
Grade 1 seed; Grade 2 seed; Grade 3 seed
Tow grades for hybrid varieties,
Grade 1 seed; Grade 2 seed
THE END
