i 目 录 1 总论 ................................ ....................... 1 1.1 项目由来 ..........................................................................................................1 1.2 编制依据 ..........................................................................................................4 1.2.1 环境保护及相关法律法规 ....................................................................4 1.2.2 评价技术规范和标准 ............................................................................5 1.2.3 项目有关资料 ........................................................................................6 1.3 评价目的与原则 ..............................................................................................8 1.3.1 评价目的 ................................................................................................8 1.3.2 评价原则 ................................................................................................8 1.4 评价内容及重点 ..............................................................................................9 1.4.1 评价内容 ................................................................................................9 1.4.2 评价重点 ..............................................................................................10 1.5 评价等级 ........................................................................................................10 1.5.1 大气评价等级 ......................................................................................10 1.5.2 噪声评价等级 ......................................................................................10 1.5.3 地表水评价等级 ..................................................................................10 1.5.4 生态评价等级 ......................................................................................10 1.6 评价范围和重点保护目标 ............................................................................11 1.6.1 评价范围 ..............................................................................................11 1.6.2 重点保护目标 ......................................................................................11 1.7 评价标准 ........................................................................................................11 1.7.1 大气环境质量标准 ..............................................................................11 1.7.2 水环境质量标准 ..................................................................................12 1.7.3 声环境质量标准 ..................................................................................13 1.8 评价技术路线 ................................................................................................13 2 项目概况与工程分析 ................................ ......... 15 2.1 项目概况 ........................................................................................................15 2.1.1 项目基本情况 ......................................................................................15 2.1.2 建设单位概况 ......................................................................................15 2.1.3 建设规模 ..............................................................................................16 2.1.4 工程内容 ..............................................................................................16 2.1.5 作业方式 ..............................................................................................18 2.1.6 施工计划 ..............................................................................................18 2.1.7 施工生活区布局 ..................................................................................23 2.1.8 发展规划 ..............................................................................................23 2.2 工程分析 ........................................................................................................24 2.2.1 主要原料 ..............................................................................................24 2.2.2 主要设备 ..............................................................................................25 2.2.3 施工流程 ..............................................................................................25 2.2.4 土方平衡 ..............................................................................................29 2.3 工程对环境与生态影响 分析 ........................................................................29 ii 2.3.1 施工期对环境与生态影响分析 ..........................................................29 2.3.2 运行期对环境与生态影响分析 ..........................................................32 2.4 关键问题识别和评价因子的筛选 ................................................................33 3 区域环境概况与圆明园水系变迁 ................................ 35 3.1 自然环境概况 ................................................................................................35 3.1.1 地形地貌 ..............................................................................................35 3.1.2 地面水系 ..............................................................................................35 3.1.3 气象气候 ..............................................................................................37 3.1.4 土壤 ......................................................................................................39 3.1.5 生态概况 ..............................................................................................40 3.2 社会环境概况 ................................................................................................41 3.2.1 人口经济 ..............................................................................................41 3.2.2 基础设施 ..............................................................................................41 3.2.3 燃气供应 ..............................................................................................42 3.2.4 电力供应 ..............................................................................................42 3.2.5 给水 、 排水 ..........................................................................................42 3.2.6 热力供应 ..............................................................................................44 3.2.7 交通运输 ..............................................................................................44 3.3 圆明园水系变迁及其缺水原因分析 ............................................................44 3.3.1 圆明园水系的历史及变迁 ..................................................................44 3.3.2 当前圆明园水系缺水原因分析 ..........................................................45 3.3.3 对圆明园水系恢复的认识 ..................................................................46 4 大气和声环境影响评价 ................................ ....... 48 4.1 大气环境评价 ................................................................................................48 4.1.1 大气环境现状调查与评价 ..................................................................48 4.1.2 施工期大气环境影响分析 ..................................................................52 4.2 声环境评价 ....................................................................................................53 4.2.1 声环境现状调查与评价 ......................................................................53 4.2.2 施工期声环境影响评价 ......................................................................56 5 防渗材料性能及其环境影响分析 ................................ 60 5.1 圆明园防渗材料组成及来源 ........................................................................60 5.2 复合土工膜防渗材料的特性 ........................................................................61 5.2.1 聚乙烯 （ PE） 的特性 .........................................................................61 5.2.2 聚酯纤维 （ PET） 的特性 ..................................................................61 5.2.3 添加剂的特性 ......................................................................................62 5.3 复合土工膜防渗材料的寿命和环境风险 ....................................................63 5.3.1 防渗材料的稳定寿命 ..........................................................................63 5.3.2 防渗材料的环境风 险 ..........................................................................64 5.3.3 复合土工膜在国内外工程中的应用实例 ..........................................65 5.4 几种防渗材料的比较 ....................................................................................68 5.5 结论和建议 ....................................................................................................69 5.5.1 结论 ......................................................................................................69 5.5.2 建议 ......................................................................................................69 6 地下水环境影响评价 ................................ ......... 71 iii 6.1 现场条件与参数调查 ....................................................................................71 6.1.1 现场勘测 ..............................................................................................72 6.1.2 非饱和带和湖底渗流参数现场试验 ..................................................72 6.1.3 地下水位与水质监测 ..........................................................................72 6.2 评价区水文地质条件分析 ............................................................................74 6.2.1 地层岩性 ..............................................................................................74 6.2.2 含水层分布 ..........................................................................................75 6.2.3 工程区湖泊渗透性能评价 ..................................................................75 6.2.4 地下水补 、 排特征 ..............................................................................76 6.2.5 地下水流场分析 ..................................................................................78 6.3 水文地质参数评价 ........................................................................................80 6.3.1 包气带水文地质试验与参数评价 ......................................................80 6.3.2 含水层水文地质参数评价 ..................................................................91 6.4 地下水环境质量现状监测与评价 ................................................................94 6.4.1 地下水环境质量监测 ..........................................................................94 6.4.2 地下水环境质量现状评价 ..................................................................98 6.5 地下水环境影响预测评价 ..........................................................................104 6.5.1 包气带地下水预测评 价 ....................................................................104 6.5.2 饱和带地下水影响预测评价 ............................................................113 6.6 结论 ..............................................................................................................125 7 地表水环境影响评价 ................................ ........ 127 7.1 地表水环境质量现状监测与评价 ..............................................................127 7.1.1 地表水环境质量现状调查 ................................................................127 7.1.2 评价标准 ............................................................................................127 7.1.3 评价方法 ............................................................................................128 7.1.4 评价结果 ............................................................................................129 7.2 地表水环境类比影响分析 ..........................................................................131 7.2.1 地表水水质的类比监测分析 ............................................................131 7.2.2 底泥的类比监测分析 ........................................................................137 7.3 地表水环境影响预测模型建立 ..................................................................143 7.3.1 模型选取与原理 ................................................................................143 7.3.2 模型时空概化 ....................................................................................144 7.3.3 情景分析与预测评价 ........................................................................146 7.4 结论与建议 ..................................................................................................155 7.4.1 结论 ....................................................................................................155 7.4.2 建议 ....................................................................................................155 8 生态影响评价 ................................ ............. 157 8.1 施工前生态状况调查与评价 ......................................................................157 8.1.1 自然环境状况 ....................................................................................158 8.1.2 水生生态系统调查与评价 ................................................................158 8.1.3 陆生生态系统调查与评价 ................................................................159 8.1.4 景观格局与连通性调查与评价 ........................................................161 8.1.5 施工前生态与环境敏感问题 ............................................................166 8.1.6 施工前生态影响评价小结 ................................................................167 iv 8.2 施工期生态状况调查与评价 ......................................................................168 8.2.1 水生生态系统调查与评价 ................................................................169 8.2.2 陆生生态系统调查与评价 ................................................................169 8.2.3 生态敏感点 ： 珍稀濒危物种调查 ....................................................175 8.2.4 生态敏感点 ： 生态脆弱区域调查 ....................................................176 8.2.5 景观格局与连通性调查与评价 ........................................................178 8.2.6 土壤含水量调查与评价 ....................................................................180 8.2.7 施工期生态与环境敏感问题 ............................................................181 8.2.8 施工期生态影响评价小结 ................................................................183 8.3 运营期生态影响预测与评价 ......................................................................184 8.3.1 水生生态系统类比监测调查 ............................................................184 8.3.2 水生生态系统类比分析 ....................................................................198 8.3.3 陆生生态系统类比分析 ....................................................................202 8.3.4 驳岸侧渗和地下水位变化的影响分析 ............................................202 8.3.5 不同情景条件下的生态影响预测评价 ............................................205 8.4 结论 ..............................................................................................................207 9 文物与遗址综合影响分析 ................................ ..... 209 9.1 圆明园的历史地位和文物价值分析 ..........................................................209 9.2 圆明园东区文物和遗址现状分析 ..............................................................210 9.3 东部文 物遗址对防渗工程敏感性识别 ......................................................212 9.3.1 重要区域 ............................................................................................212 9.3.2 敏感点识别 ........................................................................................212 9.4 防渗工程对文物遗址的影响分析 ..............................................................213 9.4.1 影响因素分析 ....................................................................................213 9.4.2 防渗工程对敏感区域的影响分析 ....................................................214 9.5 小结与建议 ..................................................................................................215 9.5.1 小结 ....................................................................................................215 9.5.2 建议 ....................................................................................................216 10 改进方案与环境对策措施 ................................ .... 217 10.1 环境影响综合评估 ....................................................................................217 10.2 全部撤膜填土方案 ....................................................................................218 10.3 综合改进方案 ............................................................................................219 10.3.1 尚未铺膜部分的防渗方案 ..............................................................219 10.3.2 绮春园 ..............................................................................................219 10.3.3 福海 ..................................................................................................219 10.3.4 长春园 ..............................................................................................220 10.3.5 改进方案补水量分析 ......................................................................221 10.4 圆明园东部替代水源 —— 再生水利用建议 ............................................223 10.4.1 圆明园再 生水补充水源的水质要求 ..............................................223 10.4.2 可用再生水源情况 ..........................................................................223 10.4.3 再生水作为补充水源的技术经济评价 ..........................................223 10.4.4 圆明园再生水利用建议 ..................................................................224 10.5 环境保护措施 ............................................................................................225 10.5.1 施工期间的环境保护措施 ..............................................................225 v 10.5.2 运行期的环境保护措施 ..................................................................227 11 再生水回用的可行性分析 ................................ .... 229 11.1 概述 ............................................................................................................229 11.2 圆明园水体功能与相关水质标准要求 ....................................................229 11.2.1 圆明园水体功能分析 ......................................................................229 11.2.2 基于地表水 III 类水体要求的再生水水质 ....................................229 11.2.3 基于地表水 IV 类水体要求的再生水水质 ....................................230 11.3 国内外城市污水再生 回用于景观环境的工程实例 ................................230 11.4 圆明园可用再生水源情况 ........................................................................236 11.4.1 水源 、 水质现状与分析 ..................................................................236 11.4.2 再生水作为补充水源的技术经济评价 ..........................................237 11.4.3 方案比较 ..........................................................................................241 11.5 结论与建议 ................................................................................................242 12 环境影响的经济损益分析 ..................................................................................244 12.1 环境损益分析 ............................................................................................244 12.1.1 环境损失分析 ..................................................................................244 12.1.2 环 境效益分析 ..................................................................................247 12.2 经济损益分析 ............................................................................................248 12.2.1 防渗工程投资概算 ..........................................................................248 12.2.2 资金回报分析 ..................................................................................248 12.3 社会损益分析 ............................................................................................249 12.4 环 境经济损益分析结论 ............................................................................250 13 公众参与 ................................ ................ 251 13.1 公众调查的目的 ........................................................................................251 13.2 调查方法和内容 ........................................................................................251 13.2.1 调查对象 ..........................................................................................251 13.2.2 调查内容 、 时间和方法 ..................................................................252 13.3 现场调查结果及分析 ................................................................................252 13.3.1 现场调查全部有效问卷 （ 273 份 ） 结果分析 ...............................252 13.3.2 现场调查重要问卷 （ 16 份 ） 结果及分析 .....................................255 13.3.3 网上调查有效问卷 （ 1305 份 ） 结果及分析 .................................256 13.3.4 圆明园内部职工问卷 （ 30 份 ） 调查结果分析 .............................258 13.4 结论与建议 ................................................................................................258 13.4.1 结论 ..................................................................................................258 13.4.2 建议 ..................................................................................................259 附件 1 调查问卷 ................................................................................................260 附件 2 答卷示例 ................................................................................................263 14 环境管理与监测计划 ..........................................................................................265 14.1 项目环境保护工作的内容 ........................................................................265 14.2 环境管理 ....................................................................................................265 14.2.1 施工期环境管理要求 ......................................................................266 14.2.2 运行期环境管理要求 ......................................................................266 14.3 环境监测计划 ............................................................................................267 14.3.1 监测项目 、 地点 、 时间和频率 ......................................................267 vi 14.3.2 监测数据的管理 ..............................................................................270 15 结论与建议 ..........................................................................................................271 15.1 结论 ............................................................................................................271 15.1.1 总体结论 ..........................................................................................271 15.1.2 大气和声环境影响 ..........................................................................272 15.1.3 防渗材料性能及其环境影响 ..........................................................272 15.1.4 地下水环境影响 ..............................................................................273 15.1.5 地表水环境影响 ..............................................................................274 15.1.6 生态影响 ..........................................................................................275 15.1.7 文物和遗址影响 ..............................................................................275 15.1.8 再生水回用 ......................................................................................276 15.1.9 公众参与 ..........................................................................................276 15.2 建议 ............................................................................................................277 附件目录