Chapter 9
Circulatory system
---Closed tubular system
---Blood circulatory or cardiovascular S
---Lymph vascular S
Thecardiovascular S
heart
artery
vein
capillary
Organs:
---cavity organ:
inner → outer
layers
---parenchymal organ:
capsule
parenchyma,-cortex
-medulla
interstitia
1,Capillaries
1) LM:
endothelium:
basement membrane:
pericyte:
/flattened with processes
/function:
i,support
ii,undifferentiated cell
endothelial cell:
processes –microvilli-like,finger-liked
plasmalemmal vesicle
/60-70nm,constitute about 25-35% of total
volume
/transendothelial channel
/function,transport large molecules and
storage of membrane( for enlarge,
enlongated,pore-formed and microvilli)
Weibel-Palade body,rod-liked,3um long,0.1-
0.3um in D,secrete factor VIII related antigen
microtubule and microfilament
EM,classification
① Continuous capillary:
---Structural feature:
endothelial cell:
-more plasmalemmal vesicles
-tight junction
basal lamina,complete
---Distribution,CT,MT,lung and CNS
② Fenestrated capillary
---Structural feature:
endothelial cell,-have fenestrae or
pore(60-80nm in D,with 4-6 nm
diaphragm)
basal lamina,complete
---Distribution,gastrointestinal tract,
endocrine gland and renal glomerulus
③ Sinusoidcapillaries( enlarge capillary)
---Structural feature:
endothelium,gap,pore
basal lamina,incomplete or no( absent)
---Distribution,liver,spleen and bone
marrow
3) Function:
a,Selected permeability and exchange of
material
b,Synthesis(F VIII Rag,endothelin,ET
and PGI2) and metabolism(angiotensin
I→angiotensin II) activity
c,Anti-blood coagulate
2,Artery
---large A,aorta,pulmonary trunk
---medium-sized A,all named A,the
diameter > 1mm(radial A,ulnar A)
---small A,300um<D<1mm
1) Medium-sizedA
– muscular A
---Tunica intima
endothelium
subendothelial layer,CT
-collagenous F
-elastic F
-smooth muscle
internal elastic membrane:
wave-liked,pink-colored
band- elastin
---Tunica media,thickest
layer
smooth muscle,10-40
layers of,circularly
elastic F,produced by SM
collagenous F,produced
by SM
---Tunica adventitia:
LCT –with small BV-vasa
vasorum,NF and LV
external elastic M
2) Large A,elastic A
---Structural features:
a,Tunica intima is thick,and internal
elastic M is not prominant
b,Tunica media,consists of 40-70 layers
of elastic membrane,CF and SM
3) Small A:
---large SA:
internal EM
3-4 layers SM
no external M
---small SA:
no internal M
1-2 layers SM
2,Veins
---three type
---correspond with A except for LV
---three layers
---structural features:
a,larger diameter,thinner walls- collapsed
b,no internal and external elastic membrane,
so the boundaries between three tunica are
not very clear
c,contains more CT,less smooth M,SM are
arranged in bundles
d,vein valve:
/infolding of tunica intima
/semilunar-liked
/prevent back flow of blood
4,Heart
---atrium(right and left)
---ventricle (right and left)
1) The wallof heart
---endocardium:
endothelium
subendothelial layer,more dense CT-
contain fibroblast,CF,EF,SM
subendocardial layer,LCT,with BV,N
and conducting S- Purkinje fiber
---myocardium:
cardiac M:
a,atrial muscle:
/thin,short,unbranch,6-8um in D,20-
30um long
/atrial granules,0.3-0.4um in D,contain
atrial natriuretic factor,ANF or cardionatrin
b,ventricular M,thick,long,branches
LCT,rich in capillaries
*atrioventricular fibrous annulus,DCT
---epicardium,visceral
layerof pericardium-
serous membrane:
mesothelium
LCT,more fat cell-
subepicardial layer
---cardiac valve:
formed by infolding
of endocardium:
endothelium + DCT
prevent the back
flow of blood
2) Conducting S
① components:
---sinoatriol node(SA node),located in
epicardium of right atrium
---atrioventricular node( AV node) and
bundles( AV bundles), located in
subendocardial layer
---network of Purkinje fiber:
② three types of cells
a,pacemaker cell( P cell):
mainly distributed in SA and AV node
small,fusiform or polygonal in shaped
enclosed by DCT
less organelle,myofibril,
plasmalemmal vesicles and more
glycogen
b,transitional cell:
mainly distributed in periphery of SAN
or AVN and AV bundle
The structure is between pacemaker
cell and cardiac M
thinner and shorter than CM
more myofibril than P cell
c,Purkinje cell:
mainly constitute AV bundle and
branches
shorter,boarder than CM,with 1-2
centrally located nuclei
rich in mitochondria,glycogen,less
myofibril
well-developed intercalated disks
Circulatory system
---Closed tubular system
---Blood circulatory or cardiovascular S
---Lymph vascular S
Thecardiovascular S
heart
artery
vein
capillary
Organs:
---cavity organ:
inner → outer
layers
---parenchymal organ:
capsule
parenchyma,-cortex
-medulla
interstitia
1,Capillaries
1) LM:
endothelium:
basement membrane:
pericyte:
/flattened with processes
/function:
i,support
ii,undifferentiated cell
endothelial cell:
processes –microvilli-like,finger-liked
plasmalemmal vesicle
/60-70nm,constitute about 25-35% of total
volume
/transendothelial channel
/function,transport large molecules and
storage of membrane( for enlarge,
enlongated,pore-formed and microvilli)
Weibel-Palade body,rod-liked,3um long,0.1-
0.3um in D,secrete factor VIII related antigen
microtubule and microfilament
EM,classification
① Continuous capillary:
---Structural feature:
endothelial cell:
-more plasmalemmal vesicles
-tight junction
basal lamina,complete
---Distribution,CT,MT,lung and CNS
② Fenestrated capillary
---Structural feature:
endothelial cell,-have fenestrae or
pore(60-80nm in D,with 4-6 nm
diaphragm)
basal lamina,complete
---Distribution,gastrointestinal tract,
endocrine gland and renal glomerulus
③ Sinusoidcapillaries( enlarge capillary)
---Structural feature:
endothelium,gap,pore
basal lamina,incomplete or no( absent)
---Distribution,liver,spleen and bone
marrow
3) Function:
a,Selected permeability and exchange of
material
b,Synthesis(F VIII Rag,endothelin,ET
and PGI2) and metabolism(angiotensin
I→angiotensin II) activity
c,Anti-blood coagulate
2,Artery
---large A,aorta,pulmonary trunk
---medium-sized A,all named A,the
diameter > 1mm(radial A,ulnar A)
---small A,300um<D<1mm
1) Medium-sizedA
– muscular A
---Tunica intima
endothelium
subendothelial layer,CT
-collagenous F
-elastic F
-smooth muscle
internal elastic membrane:
wave-liked,pink-colored
band- elastin
---Tunica media,thickest
layer
smooth muscle,10-40
layers of,circularly
elastic F,produced by SM
collagenous F,produced
by SM
---Tunica adventitia:
LCT –with small BV-vasa
vasorum,NF and LV
external elastic M
2) Large A,elastic A
---Structural features:
a,Tunica intima is thick,and internal
elastic M is not prominant
b,Tunica media,consists of 40-70 layers
of elastic membrane,CF and SM
3) Small A:
---large SA:
internal EM
3-4 layers SM
no external M
---small SA:
no internal M
1-2 layers SM
2,Veins
---three type
---correspond with A except for LV
---three layers
---structural features:
a,larger diameter,thinner walls- collapsed
b,no internal and external elastic membrane,
so the boundaries between three tunica are
not very clear
c,contains more CT,less smooth M,SM are
arranged in bundles
d,vein valve:
/infolding of tunica intima
/semilunar-liked
/prevent back flow of blood
4,Heart
---atrium(right and left)
---ventricle (right and left)
1) The wallof heart
---endocardium:
endothelium
subendothelial layer,more dense CT-
contain fibroblast,CF,EF,SM
subendocardial layer,LCT,with BV,N
and conducting S- Purkinje fiber
---myocardium:
cardiac M:
a,atrial muscle:
/thin,short,unbranch,6-8um in D,20-
30um long
/atrial granules,0.3-0.4um in D,contain
atrial natriuretic factor,ANF or cardionatrin
b,ventricular M,thick,long,branches
LCT,rich in capillaries
*atrioventricular fibrous annulus,DCT
---epicardium,visceral
layerof pericardium-
serous membrane:
mesothelium
LCT,more fat cell-
subepicardial layer
---cardiac valve:
formed by infolding
of endocardium:
endothelium + DCT
prevent the back
flow of blood
2) Conducting S
① components:
---sinoatriol node(SA node),located in
epicardium of right atrium
---atrioventricular node( AV node) and
bundles( AV bundles), located in
subendocardial layer
---network of Purkinje fiber:
② three types of cells
a,pacemaker cell( P cell):
mainly distributed in SA and AV node
small,fusiform or polygonal in shaped
enclosed by DCT
less organelle,myofibril,
plasmalemmal vesicles and more
glycogen
b,transitional cell:
mainly distributed in periphery of SAN
or AVN and AV bundle
The structure is between pacemaker
cell and cardiac M
thinner and shorter than CM
more myofibril than P cell
c,Purkinje cell:
mainly constitute AV bundle and
branches
shorter,boarder than CM,with 1-2
centrally located nuclei
rich in mitochondria,glycogen,less
myofibril
well-developed intercalated disks
