Chapter 18
Male Reproductive System
1,Components:
---testis:
produce the male germ cells-gametes(sperm)
produce androgen-testosterone
---gernitalducts,store and conduct the sperm
epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatoryduct
---accessory gland,their secretion joininto semen
seminal vesicle
prostate
bulbourethral gland
penis
2,Testis
1) General structure:
① Capsule:
a,tunica vaginalis:
visceral layer-serosa
b,tunica albuginea,thick,DCT
/mediastinum testis,albuginea became thicker
at posterior aspect
/septum,thin septa extend radiately from
mediastinum testis to divided the parenchyma
into lobule
② Lobule
a,seminiferous tubule:
/highly coiled
/30-70cm long,150-250 mm in D
/begin as free blind end →run to posterior
→become into straight tubule(tubules rectus)
→enter mediastinum testis→rete
testis→efferent duct→connect with
epididymal duct
b,testicular interstitial tissue,LCT between
seminiferous tubule
2) Seminiferous tubule,30-70cm long,150-
250um in D
---specific stratified epithelium,spermatogenic
epi.(seminiferous epi)
spermatogenic cells
Sertoli or supporting cell
myoid cell,under basal lamina
① Spermatogenic cell:
---5-8 layers
---4 types of cells
a,spermatogonium
---outerest layer,one
layer
---structure:
/round,ellipsoid cell
/12um
/round N,deep stained
---classification:
type A:
-dark type A(Ad),ovoid,deep-stained N,stem
cell
-Pale type A(Ap),ovoid,pale-stained N,
differentiate into type B
type B,round N,chromatin granules are
distributed under nucleus membrane,division
and differentiate into primary spermatocyte
b,primary spermatocytes
---diploid(2n)cell
→duplicate DNA
→ tetraploid cell(4n)
→division
---structure:
round cell,become largest,18 um,left the
basal layer
N,large,round,on different stage of
division(the prophase of meiotic division up to
22 days)
---through first meiosis divides into two secondary
spermatocyte(2n,23X or 23Y)
c,secondary spermatocyte:
---nearer the lumen
---structure:
round cell,12um
N,round deep-stained
hard to see- short lived(divide quickly)
---through secondary meiosis divides into
two spermatid(1n,23X or 23Y)
d,spermatid
---structure:
smallest cell,8um
located at innerest layer
---through spermiogenesis,spermatid
become into spermatozoa
e,spermatozoa:
---structure of spermatozoa:
60 um length
head,-pear-shaped
-flattened
-nucleus
-acrosome
tail,flagallum (centriole)
-neck
-middle segment:
mitochondria sheath
-principal segment
-end segment
---the processes of spermiogenesis
i,condensation and elongation of N
ii,formation of the acrosome
-cover the anterior and lateral portion of N
-contain hydrolytic enzymes for fertilization
iii,formation of flagellum,for motility
iv,formation of mitochondria sheath
v,discharge of useless organelle and
cytoplasm
② Sertoli cell
---structure:
LM:
/columnar or pyramidal cell
/rest on basal lamina
/extending into lumen
/no clear boundary
/elongated N,triangular,ovoid,paler-stained,
with prominent nucleolus
EM:
/SER(more),
RER(some),Golgi
/mito,lysosome
/MT,MF,
/glycogen,lipid droplet
/tight junction,basal compartment and
abluminal compartment
---function:
a,support,protect,nourish,regulate and
release germinal cell
b,secret androgen-binding protein; bind to
androgen,maintain the level of androgen
concentration of lumen
c,phagocytose degenerated cell and
spermiogenic residual bodies
d,constitute the blood-testis barrier
a,blood-testis barrier
/components:
endothelium
basal lamina of endothelium
CT
basal lamina of seminiferous tubule
tight junction of sertoli cell
/function:
protect the seminiferous cells from auto-
immune reaction
resistant to most harmful factors( radiation,
body temperature,infection)
3) interstitial tissue:
---LCT
---Leydig cell:
structure:
LM,-in groups
-large,polygonal-shaped cell,with round N
-acidophilic cytoplasm
EM,steroid-hormone secreting cell’feature
function,secrete testosterone- androgen
4) tubule rectus and rete testis
---tubule rectus,simple cuboidal or low
columnar epi.
---rete testis,simple cuboidal epi.
Chapter 16
Eye and Ear
1,Eye
1) The wall of eyeball
① Fibrous tunic,DCT
---cornea:
---sclera,DCT
---corneal limbus(corneoscleral limbus)
Cornea:
/anterior 1/6 of fibrous tunic,transparent,bulges
slightly anteriorly
/connect with sclera
/five layers:
corneal epithelium:
i,stratified,squamous non-keratinising
epithelium
ii,5-6 layers of regular arranged cells
iii,basal cells have remarkable
regenerating ability
iv,rich in nerve terminal
anterior limiting lamina:
i,a clear uniform membrane,10-
16um thick
ii,contain collagenous fibrils and
matrix
iii,cannot regenerate
corneal stroma,corneal propria
i,constitute 90% of corneal thickness
ii,composed of layers of collagenous
fibrils
iii,keratocyte,similar to fibroblast
iv,matrix,no BV
posterior limiting lamina:
i,a clear homogenous membrane,5-10
um thick
ii,consists of collagenous fibril and
matrix
corneal endothelium:
i,simple squamous epi.
ii,EM,mito,pinocytotic vescles,Golgi
and RER
iii.Active function of transporting,
synthesizing and secreting protein
* transparency of the cornea,due to
absence of BV
non-pigmented epi,
regular organization of collagen fibrils
maintenance of hydration of ground
substance
② Vascular tunic(uvea),LCT with BV and
melanocytes
---iris
---ciliary body
---choroid
③ retina:
---pigment epithelium:
outerest layer
simple low columnar epi:
-culomnar cell,thin,long processes at apical
surface
-round or ovoid N
-EM,SER,Golgi,rough round or ovoid
pigment granules
-function:
i,protect visual cell
ii,involve in replace of membranous
disc
iii,store vitamin A and involve in the
synthesis of rhodopsin
---visual cell:
photoreceptor cell
/cell body:
/inner process,form synapse with bipolar cell
and horizontal cell
/outer process:
-outer segment,contain membranous disc
-inner segment,contain mito,RER,Golgi and
MT
/rod cell:
-110,000,000-120,000,000
-deep-stained N
-outer process,cylindrical
-outer segment,membranous disc-invagination
of cell membrane but separated with cell
membrane(exfoliated and ingested by
pigment cell) -rhodopsin(visual purpke)= 11-
cisretinal(retinene) + opsin
-inner process,spherule(end in a terminal
expansion)
-feel dim light
/cone cell:
-6,500,000-7,000,000
-large N,paler-stained
-outer process,conical
-outer segment,membranous disc,not
separated,no exfoliation of disks
-iodopsin(photopsin)= 11-cisretinal +
opsin(different)
-inner process,pedicle
-feel blight light(red-558nm,green-531nm,blue-
419nm)
---bipolar cell:
/large N
/contain RER,mito and Golgi
/dendrite,synapse with photoreceptor and
horizontal neuron
/axon,form synapse with dendrite of ganglion
cell
/classification:
-rod bipolar cell
-midget bipolar cell
-flat bipolar cell
---ganglion cell:
/multipolar neuron:
/dendrite,synapse with bipolar,amacrine
cell and interplexiform cell
/axon,make up optic nerve
/classification,midget ganglion cell and
diffuse ganglion cell
---interneurons:
/located in layer of bipolar cell
/horizontal cell,amacrine cell,interplexiform cell
---radial neuroglia cell,Muller cell
/neuroglial cell
/thin and long cell,with ovoid,deep-stained N
/processes,end at outer limiting membrane and
inner limiting membrane
/function,supporting,protecting,nourishing and
insulating function
Under LM,retina can be divided into ten layers
i,layer of pigment epithelium,pigment
epithelial cell
ii,layer of rods and cones
iii,outer limiting membrane,outer processes of
Muller cell
iv,outer nuclear layer,N of visual cells
v,outer plexiform layer,inner process of visual
cell,dendrites of bipolar cell and processes of
horizontal cell
vi,inner nuclear layer,cell body of bipolar
cell,horizontal cell,amacrine cell and
interplexiform cell and Muller cell
vii.inner plexiform layer,axon of bipolar cell,
dendrites of ganglion cell,processes of
amacrine cell and interplexiform cell
viii,layer of ganglion cells,cell body of
ganglion cell
ix,layer of optic fibers,axons of ganglion
cell
x.inner limition membrane,formed by
connection each other of inner processes of
Muller cells
* macula lutea:
/definition,a small area of retina at posterior
polar of retina,contains a yellow pigment and
is non-vascularised,so called yellow spot
/3mm in D
/central fovea,shallow depression,1.5mm in D
/thinnest retina,0.1mm
/contain only cone cell,no rod cell
/one visual cell connects with one bipolar cell,
and one bipolar cell forms synapse with one
ganglion cell
/have most clear vision
* papilla of optic nerve,optic disc
/1.5 mm in D
/3 mm medial to macula lutea
/place where the optic nerve leave out
/no photoreceptors,so called blind spot
2,Ear
---the external ear
---the middle ear
---the inner ear
1) inner ear,labyrinth
---osseous labyrinth,a system of canals
and cavities in compact bone
the vestibule
semicircular canal
cochlea
---membranous labyrinth,usually lined by
simple squamous epi,except:
membrane semicircular canal,crista
ampullaries
saccule and utricle,macula utriculi and
macula sacculi
cochlear duct,spiral organ
-triangular in cross-section
-three walls:
i,roof,vestibular membrane
ii,outer wall,stratified columnar epi,with
BV distributed- stria vascularis(secrete
endolymph) and spiral ligament
iii,floor,osseous spiral lamina and
membranous spiral lamina – basilar
membrane
a,crista ampullaris:
---supporting cell:
/columnar,with basal ovoid nucleus,rest
on basal lamina
/microvilli,granules,lipid-liked and
glycosaminoglycan granules
---hair cell:
/amongat supporting cell
/pear-shaped,short neck and globular base
/has about 50-110 stereocilia and one
kinocilium(embedded in cupula)
/terminal of peripheral process of neuron of
vestibular nerve ganglion distributed at basal
portion of hair cell
---cupula,gelatinous mass of
mucopolysaccharide substance
---function,receptors for kinetic balance,feel
angular acceleration or deceleration of the
head
b,macula utriculi and
macula sacculi:
macula acustica
---supporting cell
---hair cell,30-60 stereocilia and one kinocilium
---otolithic membrane,gelatinous
mucopolysaccharide substance containing
small crystalline bodies of calcium carbonate
---function,receptors of static balance,feel
linear acceleration or deceleration and
change in position of the head
c,spiral organ,Corti organ
---supporting cell:
pillar cell:
-two rows,inner and outer pollar cell,tall,
columnar in shape,
-inner tunnel
phalahgeal cell:
-inner phalangeal cell,one row,is situated
next to inner pillar cell
-outer phalangeal cell,3-5 rows,lateral to
the outer pillar cells
-tall columnar cells rest on basilar
membrane
-phalangeal process,enclosed the low
part of hair cell
---hair cell:
-inner hair cell,a row of pear-shaped cell,
supported by inner phalangeal cell
-outer hair cell,3-5 rows,supported by outer
phalangeal cell
-“V” or,W” shaped-arranged stereocilia on free
surface
---peripheral processes of neuron of spiral
ganglion distribute at basal portion of hair cell
---tectorial membrane
---auditory string,2000,located in basilar
membrane,collagen-liked thin filament
---function,receptor of sound
Male Reproductive System
1,Components:
---testis:
produce the male germ cells-gametes(sperm)
produce androgen-testosterone
---gernitalducts,store and conduct the sperm
epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatoryduct
---accessory gland,their secretion joininto semen
seminal vesicle
prostate
bulbourethral gland
penis
2,Testis
1) General structure:
① Capsule:
a,tunica vaginalis:
visceral layer-serosa
b,tunica albuginea,thick,DCT
/mediastinum testis,albuginea became thicker
at posterior aspect
/septum,thin septa extend radiately from
mediastinum testis to divided the parenchyma
into lobule
② Lobule
a,seminiferous tubule:
/highly coiled
/30-70cm long,150-250 mm in D
/begin as free blind end →run to posterior
→become into straight tubule(tubules rectus)
→enter mediastinum testis→rete
testis→efferent duct→connect with
epididymal duct
b,testicular interstitial tissue,LCT between
seminiferous tubule
2) Seminiferous tubule,30-70cm long,150-
250um in D
---specific stratified epithelium,spermatogenic
epi.(seminiferous epi)
spermatogenic cells
Sertoli or supporting cell
myoid cell,under basal lamina
① Spermatogenic cell:
---5-8 layers
---4 types of cells
a,spermatogonium
---outerest layer,one
layer
---structure:
/round,ellipsoid cell
/12um
/round N,deep stained
---classification:
type A:
-dark type A(Ad),ovoid,deep-stained N,stem
cell
-Pale type A(Ap),ovoid,pale-stained N,
differentiate into type B
type B,round N,chromatin granules are
distributed under nucleus membrane,division
and differentiate into primary spermatocyte
b,primary spermatocytes
---diploid(2n)cell
→duplicate DNA
→ tetraploid cell(4n)
→division
---structure:
round cell,become largest,18 um,left the
basal layer
N,large,round,on different stage of
division(the prophase of meiotic division up to
22 days)
---through first meiosis divides into two secondary
spermatocyte(2n,23X or 23Y)
c,secondary spermatocyte:
---nearer the lumen
---structure:
round cell,12um
N,round deep-stained
hard to see- short lived(divide quickly)
---through secondary meiosis divides into
two spermatid(1n,23X or 23Y)
d,spermatid
---structure:
smallest cell,8um
located at innerest layer
---through spermiogenesis,spermatid
become into spermatozoa
e,spermatozoa:
---structure of spermatozoa:
60 um length
head,-pear-shaped
-flattened
-nucleus
-acrosome
tail,flagallum (centriole)
-neck
-middle segment:
mitochondria sheath
-principal segment
-end segment
---the processes of spermiogenesis
i,condensation and elongation of N
ii,formation of the acrosome
-cover the anterior and lateral portion of N
-contain hydrolytic enzymes for fertilization
iii,formation of flagellum,for motility
iv,formation of mitochondria sheath
v,discharge of useless organelle and
cytoplasm
② Sertoli cell
---structure:
LM:
/columnar or pyramidal cell
/rest on basal lamina
/extending into lumen
/no clear boundary
/elongated N,triangular,ovoid,paler-stained,
with prominent nucleolus
EM:
/SER(more),
RER(some),Golgi
/mito,lysosome
/MT,MF,
/glycogen,lipid droplet
/tight junction,basal compartment and
abluminal compartment
---function:
a,support,protect,nourish,regulate and
release germinal cell
b,secret androgen-binding protein; bind to
androgen,maintain the level of androgen
concentration of lumen
c,phagocytose degenerated cell and
spermiogenic residual bodies
d,constitute the blood-testis barrier
a,blood-testis barrier
/components:
endothelium
basal lamina of endothelium
CT
basal lamina of seminiferous tubule
tight junction of sertoli cell
/function:
protect the seminiferous cells from auto-
immune reaction
resistant to most harmful factors( radiation,
body temperature,infection)
3) interstitial tissue:
---LCT
---Leydig cell:
structure:
LM,-in groups
-large,polygonal-shaped cell,with round N
-acidophilic cytoplasm
EM,steroid-hormone secreting cell’feature
function,secrete testosterone- androgen
4) tubule rectus and rete testis
---tubule rectus,simple cuboidal or low
columnar epi.
---rete testis,simple cuboidal epi.
Chapter 16
Eye and Ear
1,Eye
1) The wall of eyeball
① Fibrous tunic,DCT
---cornea:
---sclera,DCT
---corneal limbus(corneoscleral limbus)
Cornea:
/anterior 1/6 of fibrous tunic,transparent,bulges
slightly anteriorly
/connect with sclera
/five layers:
corneal epithelium:
i,stratified,squamous non-keratinising
epithelium
ii,5-6 layers of regular arranged cells
iii,basal cells have remarkable
regenerating ability
iv,rich in nerve terminal
anterior limiting lamina:
i,a clear uniform membrane,10-
16um thick
ii,contain collagenous fibrils and
matrix
iii,cannot regenerate
corneal stroma,corneal propria
i,constitute 90% of corneal thickness
ii,composed of layers of collagenous
fibrils
iii,keratocyte,similar to fibroblast
iv,matrix,no BV
posterior limiting lamina:
i,a clear homogenous membrane,5-10
um thick
ii,consists of collagenous fibril and
matrix
corneal endothelium:
i,simple squamous epi.
ii,EM,mito,pinocytotic vescles,Golgi
and RER
iii.Active function of transporting,
synthesizing and secreting protein
* transparency of the cornea,due to
absence of BV
non-pigmented epi,
regular organization of collagen fibrils
maintenance of hydration of ground
substance
② Vascular tunic(uvea),LCT with BV and
melanocytes
---iris
---ciliary body
---choroid
③ retina:
---pigment epithelium:
outerest layer
simple low columnar epi:
-culomnar cell,thin,long processes at apical
surface
-round or ovoid N
-EM,SER,Golgi,rough round or ovoid
pigment granules
-function:
i,protect visual cell
ii,involve in replace of membranous
disc
iii,store vitamin A and involve in the
synthesis of rhodopsin
---visual cell:
photoreceptor cell
/cell body:
/inner process,form synapse with bipolar cell
and horizontal cell
/outer process:
-outer segment,contain membranous disc
-inner segment,contain mito,RER,Golgi and
MT
/rod cell:
-110,000,000-120,000,000
-deep-stained N
-outer process,cylindrical
-outer segment,membranous disc-invagination
of cell membrane but separated with cell
membrane(exfoliated and ingested by
pigment cell) -rhodopsin(visual purpke)= 11-
cisretinal(retinene) + opsin
-inner process,spherule(end in a terminal
expansion)
-feel dim light
/cone cell:
-6,500,000-7,000,000
-large N,paler-stained
-outer process,conical
-outer segment,membranous disc,not
separated,no exfoliation of disks
-iodopsin(photopsin)= 11-cisretinal +
opsin(different)
-inner process,pedicle
-feel blight light(red-558nm,green-531nm,blue-
419nm)
---bipolar cell:
/large N
/contain RER,mito and Golgi
/dendrite,synapse with photoreceptor and
horizontal neuron
/axon,form synapse with dendrite of ganglion
cell
/classification:
-rod bipolar cell
-midget bipolar cell
-flat bipolar cell
---ganglion cell:
/multipolar neuron:
/dendrite,synapse with bipolar,amacrine
cell and interplexiform cell
/axon,make up optic nerve
/classification,midget ganglion cell and
diffuse ganglion cell
---interneurons:
/located in layer of bipolar cell
/horizontal cell,amacrine cell,interplexiform cell
---radial neuroglia cell,Muller cell
/neuroglial cell
/thin and long cell,with ovoid,deep-stained N
/processes,end at outer limiting membrane and
inner limiting membrane
/function,supporting,protecting,nourishing and
insulating function
Under LM,retina can be divided into ten layers
i,layer of pigment epithelium,pigment
epithelial cell
ii,layer of rods and cones
iii,outer limiting membrane,outer processes of
Muller cell
iv,outer nuclear layer,N of visual cells
v,outer plexiform layer,inner process of visual
cell,dendrites of bipolar cell and processes of
horizontal cell
vi,inner nuclear layer,cell body of bipolar
cell,horizontal cell,amacrine cell and
interplexiform cell and Muller cell
vii.inner plexiform layer,axon of bipolar cell,
dendrites of ganglion cell,processes of
amacrine cell and interplexiform cell
viii,layer of ganglion cells,cell body of
ganglion cell
ix,layer of optic fibers,axons of ganglion
cell
x.inner limition membrane,formed by
connection each other of inner processes of
Muller cells
* macula lutea:
/definition,a small area of retina at posterior
polar of retina,contains a yellow pigment and
is non-vascularised,so called yellow spot
/3mm in D
/central fovea,shallow depression,1.5mm in D
/thinnest retina,0.1mm
/contain only cone cell,no rod cell
/one visual cell connects with one bipolar cell,
and one bipolar cell forms synapse with one
ganglion cell
/have most clear vision
* papilla of optic nerve,optic disc
/1.5 mm in D
/3 mm medial to macula lutea
/place where the optic nerve leave out
/no photoreceptors,so called blind spot
2,Ear
---the external ear
---the middle ear
---the inner ear
1) inner ear,labyrinth
---osseous labyrinth,a system of canals
and cavities in compact bone
the vestibule
semicircular canal
cochlea
---membranous labyrinth,usually lined by
simple squamous epi,except:
membrane semicircular canal,crista
ampullaries
saccule and utricle,macula utriculi and
macula sacculi
cochlear duct,spiral organ
-triangular in cross-section
-three walls:
i,roof,vestibular membrane
ii,outer wall,stratified columnar epi,with
BV distributed- stria vascularis(secrete
endolymph) and spiral ligament
iii,floor,osseous spiral lamina and
membranous spiral lamina – basilar
membrane
a,crista ampullaris:
---supporting cell:
/columnar,with basal ovoid nucleus,rest
on basal lamina
/microvilli,granules,lipid-liked and
glycosaminoglycan granules
---hair cell:
/amongat supporting cell
/pear-shaped,short neck and globular base
/has about 50-110 stereocilia and one
kinocilium(embedded in cupula)
/terminal of peripheral process of neuron of
vestibular nerve ganglion distributed at basal
portion of hair cell
---cupula,gelatinous mass of
mucopolysaccharide substance
---function,receptors for kinetic balance,feel
angular acceleration or deceleration of the
head
b,macula utriculi and
macula sacculi:
macula acustica
---supporting cell
---hair cell,30-60 stereocilia and one kinocilium
---otolithic membrane,gelatinous
mucopolysaccharide substance containing
small crystalline bodies of calcium carbonate
---function,receptors of static balance,feel
linear acceleration or deceleration and
change in position of the head
c,spiral organ,Corti organ
---supporting cell:
pillar cell:
-two rows,inner and outer pollar cell,tall,
columnar in shape,
-inner tunnel
phalahgeal cell:
-inner phalangeal cell,one row,is situated
next to inner pillar cell
-outer phalangeal cell,3-5 rows,lateral to
the outer pillar cells
-tall columnar cells rest on basilar
membrane
-phalangeal process,enclosed the low
part of hair cell
---hair cell:
-inner hair cell,a row of pear-shaped cell,
supported by inner phalangeal cell
-outer hair cell,3-5 rows,supported by outer
phalangeal cell
-“V” or,W” shaped-arranged stereocilia on free
surface
---peripheral processes of neuron of spiral
ganglion distribute at basal portion of hair cell
---tectorial membrane
---auditory string,2000,located in basilar
membrane,collagen-liked thin filament
---function,receptor of sound
