Chapter 15
Respiratory System
1,Components
---nose
---pharynx
---larynx
---trachea
---bronchi
---lung
2,Trachea and main bronchi
three layers
1) Mucosa:
---epithelium,pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium
---lamina propria,CT,contain LC,PC,MC,BV,
LV
Pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epi.
ciliated cell,columnar,
cilia
goblet cell
basal cell:
-pyramidal,basally-
located
-undifferentiated
cell→ciliated cell or
goblet cell
brush cell:
-columnar,microvilli,
-EM,RER,no g.
-function,not very clear,may be
i,become into ciliated cell
ii.receive sensory stimuli-
epitheliodendritic synapse
diffuse neuroendocrine cell:
-less,pyramidal
-EM,dense-core g.-small granule cell
neuroepithelial body,cell + NF
-Function,secret hormones to regulate
contract of SM and secretion of gland
i,5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin)
ii,calcitonin
iii,enkephalin
* clear basement membrane
2) Submucosa:
LCT,with BV,LV and N
tracheal gland,mixed
diffuse LT and LN
* S Ig A = secretory component (secreted by epi.
cell) + Ig A ( produced by plasma cell)
3) Adventitia:
cartilage ring,16-20,C, shaped
circular ligament,elastic F
SM- posterior part( membrane part):
SM,elastic F,tracheal gland
3,Lung
---paired organ,
located in
thoracic cavity
1) General structure:
---capsule,visceral layer of pleura-
serous membrane-CT + mesothelium
---parenchyma,all branches of bronchi
and alveoli( right 3,left 2)
---interstitia,CT,BV,LV,N
* branchi →intrapulmonary bronchial tree( lobar
bronchial tree,segmental bronchi and small
bronchi)
D < 1mm D < 0.5 mm
→bronchioles →terminal bronchioles →respiratory
bronchioles →alveolar duct →alveolar sac →
alveoli
* pulmonary lobule,one bronchioles and its all
branches and all alveoli
cone or pyramidal-shaped,apex pointed toward
the hilum and basal(1.0 cm in D) faced the
surface
more CT between them
2) Conducting portion
① from lobar bronchi to small bronchi
---Regulation of simplification,(gradually)
mucosa:
-epi., become thinner
-goblet cell ↓
-lamina propria,thinner,SM ↑
submucosa,gland ↓
adventitia,cartilage→cartilage →decreasing
② bronchiole,D < 1mm
---continuous to change
goblet cell,Gland,cartilage ↓ or disappear
smooth muscle ↑,circular mucosa plica ↑
③ terminal bronchiole:
D < 0.5 mm
---goblet cell,gland,
cartilage disappear
---SM,form a whole
layer of circumferential
SM
---Wall:
simple columnar epi.:
two types of cells
A layer of SM
i,ciliated cell
ii,secreting cell,Clara cell
EM:
dome-shaped apical
SER
Secreting G,contains
proteolytase and oxidase
function:
dissolve the mucus
biological thansformation
undifferentiated cell →
ciliated cell
3) respiratory portion
① respiratory bronchiole
---similar to terminal bronchioles:
simple ciliated columnar epi.
smooth muscle
---place where connect with alveoli,gradual
changing
simple cuboidal epi,→simple squamous epi.
less SM,elastic F
② alveolar duct,20-60 alveoli connect with
it
---wall,hard to see- opening part between two
alveoli
simple cuboidal epi,or squamous epi.
SM,single,EF- knob-liked structure
③ alveolar sac:
---many alveoli open to it
---no proper wall,no knob-liked structure
④ alveoli:
---polygonal,with opening sac- 0.2mm in
D,300-400 million/per lung,total area:
70-80mm2
---wall:
epi,and basal lamina
alveolar septum,CT with BV,EF
a,alveolur epi,
---type I alveolar cell:
LM,flattened,0.2um,N,round
EM:
plasmalemmal vesicles
tight junction
Function,constitute the blood-air barrier
---type II alveolar cell,scattered,5-8/per
alveoles
LM:
cuboidal or round,with round N
paler- stained,foamy cytoplasm
EM:
secreting granules,Osmiophilic
multilamellar body
-0.1-1.0 um
-contains,phospholipid,glycosaminoglycan and
protein
microvilli,mito,lysosome,RER,Golgi
Function:
i,secreting surfactant
ii,differentiated into type I alveolar cell
b,alveolar septum,CT
? EF
Fibroblast,macrophage,plasma cell,mast
cell
LV,N
capillary,endothelium + basement
membrane
* Blood-air barrier,the structure through
which the gaseous exchange takes
place
---0.2-0.5 um
---components:
a layer of liquid
type I alveolar cell and basement M
CT
capillary endothelial cell and BM
c,alveolar pore,10-15 um
---equalize( balance) the air-pressure
between alveoli
---lober pneumonia- bacteria or
inflammatory spread through the pore
d,alveolar marcophage,monocytes-
MPS
---dust cell,macrophage which
phagocytose carbon or duct particles
---heart failure cell,when lung
congested(edema),the alveolar
marcophage phagocytose RBC,digest
the hemoglobin into
hemosiderin(pigment) and accumulated
them within macrophage
Respiratory System
1,Components
---nose
---pharynx
---larynx
---trachea
---bronchi
---lung
2,Trachea and main bronchi
three layers
1) Mucosa:
---epithelium,pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium
---lamina propria,CT,contain LC,PC,MC,BV,
LV
Pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epi.
ciliated cell,columnar,
cilia
goblet cell
basal cell:
-pyramidal,basally-
located
-undifferentiated
cell→ciliated cell or
goblet cell
brush cell:
-columnar,microvilli,
-EM,RER,no g.
-function,not very clear,may be
i,become into ciliated cell
ii.receive sensory stimuli-
epitheliodendritic synapse
diffuse neuroendocrine cell:
-less,pyramidal
-EM,dense-core g.-small granule cell
neuroepithelial body,cell + NF
-Function,secret hormones to regulate
contract of SM and secretion of gland
i,5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin)
ii,calcitonin
iii,enkephalin
* clear basement membrane
2) Submucosa:
LCT,with BV,LV and N
tracheal gland,mixed
diffuse LT and LN
* S Ig A = secretory component (secreted by epi.
cell) + Ig A ( produced by plasma cell)
3) Adventitia:
cartilage ring,16-20,C, shaped
circular ligament,elastic F
SM- posterior part( membrane part):
SM,elastic F,tracheal gland
3,Lung
---paired organ,
located in
thoracic cavity
1) General structure:
---capsule,visceral layer of pleura-
serous membrane-CT + mesothelium
---parenchyma,all branches of bronchi
and alveoli( right 3,left 2)
---interstitia,CT,BV,LV,N
* branchi →intrapulmonary bronchial tree( lobar
bronchial tree,segmental bronchi and small
bronchi)
D < 1mm D < 0.5 mm
→bronchioles →terminal bronchioles →respiratory
bronchioles →alveolar duct →alveolar sac →
alveoli
* pulmonary lobule,one bronchioles and its all
branches and all alveoli
cone or pyramidal-shaped,apex pointed toward
the hilum and basal(1.0 cm in D) faced the
surface
more CT between them
2) Conducting portion
① from lobar bronchi to small bronchi
---Regulation of simplification,(gradually)
mucosa:
-epi., become thinner
-goblet cell ↓
-lamina propria,thinner,SM ↑
submucosa,gland ↓
adventitia,cartilage→cartilage →decreasing
② bronchiole,D < 1mm
---continuous to change
goblet cell,Gland,cartilage ↓ or disappear
smooth muscle ↑,circular mucosa plica ↑
③ terminal bronchiole:
D < 0.5 mm
---goblet cell,gland,
cartilage disappear
---SM,form a whole
layer of circumferential
SM
---Wall:
simple columnar epi.:
two types of cells
A layer of SM
i,ciliated cell
ii,secreting cell,Clara cell
EM:
dome-shaped apical
SER
Secreting G,contains
proteolytase and oxidase
function:
dissolve the mucus
biological thansformation
undifferentiated cell →
ciliated cell
3) respiratory portion
① respiratory bronchiole
---similar to terminal bronchioles:
simple ciliated columnar epi.
smooth muscle
---place where connect with alveoli,gradual
changing
simple cuboidal epi,→simple squamous epi.
less SM,elastic F
② alveolar duct,20-60 alveoli connect with
it
---wall,hard to see- opening part between two
alveoli
simple cuboidal epi,or squamous epi.
SM,single,EF- knob-liked structure
③ alveolar sac:
---many alveoli open to it
---no proper wall,no knob-liked structure
④ alveoli:
---polygonal,with opening sac- 0.2mm in
D,300-400 million/per lung,total area:
70-80mm2
---wall:
epi,and basal lamina
alveolar septum,CT with BV,EF
a,alveolur epi,
---type I alveolar cell:
LM,flattened,0.2um,N,round
EM:
plasmalemmal vesicles
tight junction
Function,constitute the blood-air barrier
---type II alveolar cell,scattered,5-8/per
alveoles
LM:
cuboidal or round,with round N
paler- stained,foamy cytoplasm
EM:
secreting granules,Osmiophilic
multilamellar body
-0.1-1.0 um
-contains,phospholipid,glycosaminoglycan and
protein
microvilli,mito,lysosome,RER,Golgi
Function:
i,secreting surfactant
ii,differentiated into type I alveolar cell
b,alveolar septum,CT
? EF
Fibroblast,macrophage,plasma cell,mast
cell
LV,N
capillary,endothelium + basement
membrane
* Blood-air barrier,the structure through
which the gaseous exchange takes
place
---0.2-0.5 um
---components:
a layer of liquid
type I alveolar cell and basement M
CT
capillary endothelial cell and BM
c,alveolar pore,10-15 um
---equalize( balance) the air-pressure
between alveoli
---lober pneumonia- bacteria or
inflammatory spread through the pore
d,alveolar marcophage,monocytes-
MPS
---dust cell,macrophage which
phagocytose carbon or duct particles
---heart failure cell,when lung
congested(edema),the alveolar
marcophage phagocytose RBC,digest
the hemoglobin into
hemosiderin(pigment) and accumulated
them within macrophage
