Chapter 10
Immune system
1,Components
1) Cells
① Lymphocyte:
a,T-lymphocytes:
cytotoxic T cell,Tc C- kill the tumor cell,virus
infective cell and foreign cell
helper T cell,Th C- promotes activity of BLC
and Tc C
suppressor T cell,Ts C –regulate the
function of BLC and TC
b,B-lymphocytes,become into plasma cell
c,NK cell,counteract virus infective cell and
tumor cell
② Plasma cell
③ antigen presenting
cell:
a,dendritic cell:
Blood DC
Langerhans cell
interstitial cell
veiled cell
interdigitating cell
b.macrophage:
mononuclear
phagocytic system
④ othercells:
granulated cell
mast cell
blood platelet
blood-borne stem cell
*Function:
i,immunologic defence function
ii,immune surveillance function
iii,immune homeostasis
2) Lymphoid tissue
---reticular T:
reticular cell,stellate-shaped with
processes to form network
reticular fiber
---lymphocytes,macrophage,plasma cell
and mast cell
a,Diffuse LT:
no clear boundary
mainly consists of TLC
postcapillary venules:
-high endothelial venules
-opening for LC enter LT from blood
b,Lymphoid nodule:
spherical or ovoid
have clear boundaries
mainly composed of BLC
germinal center,stained pale
* primary LN → secondary LN
3) Lymphoid organs
a,Central lymphoid organs,thymus,bone
marrow
developed earlier
blood-borne stem cell comes from yolk sac
microenvironment → proliferation
promoting
send LC to PLD and LT two weeks before
borne
b,Peripheral lymphoid organs,lymph
node,spleen and palatine tonsil
developed later
LC come from CLO
cell proliferation need antigen
stimulating- antigen dependent
place for immune reactions
2.thymus
1) Structure of thymus
---capsule,CT→interlobular septum
---cortex,dark-staining
---medulla,lighter-staining
---consists of thymic epithelial cell,
thymic stromal cell( ma,eo,mc,
fibroblast and myoid cell) and
thymocytes
① cortex,
---thymic epithelial cell(epithelial reticular cell):
subcapsular epithelial cell,
/flattened
/secret β 2-microglobulin,thymosin and
thymopoietin
interdigitation dendritic cell,
/more processes
/MHC antigen
---thymocyte,different stages of LC
large LC( prethymocyte),superfacial cortex
common thymocyte,deep cortex- 85-90%
2) medulla,
---epithelial reticular cell
medullary epithelial cell,secret thymosin
thymic corpuscle epithelial cell
* thymic corpuscle,
/spherical or ovoid,30-50um in D
/concentrically-arranged epithelial reticular cells
/peripheral cell,inmature
/near centra,mature
/center cell,keratinased-eosinophilic,hyalinised,
with invading of macrophage,eosinophil and LC
/function,unknown
---thymocyte,macrophage
3) Blood-thymus barrier:
---Components
Contineous endothelial cell
Complete basement membrane of
endothelium
peri-vessel space containing macrophage
basal lamina of epithelial reticular cell
Processes of epithelial reticular cell
---Function,provide a stable environment for
lymphocytes development
4) function:
a,Place for mature and differentiation of
TLC
b,Immune regulation
3,Lymph node
---widely distributed
---in groups
---ovoid or kidney-shaped with hilum
---afferent and efferent lymphatic vessel
1) Structure
---capsule,CT,
trabeculae or
septa
---cortex,outer
densely-stained
part
---medulla,inner
paler-stained part
① Cortex:
a,superfacial cortex:
---lymphoid N:
BLC,Macrophage,FDC,Th
primary LN → secondary LN
*germinal center,central pale area
/dark zone,large,immature BLC,Th
/light zone,medium-sized BLC,Th C,
macrophage,FDC
/cap,small BLC,mature←supermutation
---diffuse LT,thin layer
FDC,(follicular dendritic cell)
light zone
no expression of MHC-II molecules (major
histocompatibility complexes)
have Fc receptor and C3 receptor,collect the
antigen-antibody complexes and transfer
them to BLC and Th C
function:
i,active the BLC
ii,regulate the synthesis of antibody
b.Paracortex zone-deep cortex
unit
---diffuse LT:
TLC,Marcophage,Th cell
interdigitating cell,DC cell
-more processes
-N,irregular
-less organelle
-express MHC-II
postcapillary venules:
-thick endothelial cell
-LC within the wall
-opening for LC enter LN
c,Cortical sinus
---subcapsular sinus,afferent LV enter
---peritrabecular sinus
---structure:
endothelium
RF and RC
cavity:
-endothelial cell,stellate for support
-macrophage,filter lymph
-veiled cell,Langerhans cell ( phagocytose
antigen) → efferent LV → LN → paracortex
zone
② Medulla
---medullary cord,LT cord:
/BLC,plasma cell,macrophage,mast cell
/postcapillary venules,channel
---medullary sinus:
/similar to cortical sinus and connect with C
S
/more macrophage
③ Passageof Lymph in LN
afferent LV →subcapsular
sinuses→peritrabecular
sinuses→(narrow channel) →medullary
sinus→efferent LV
3) Functions:
a.Filter the lymph
b.Place to give rise to the immune response
c,Involve in the recirculation of LC
*Recirculation of LC:
LC(blood) →(postcapillary venules) → LN →
medulla → efferent LV → Blood →LN artery
→ postcapillary venules →LN
Time,24-48h
4,Spleen
1) Structure
---capsule,thick
DCT with SM and
mesothelium,also
form trabeculae
---white pulp
---marginal zone
---red pulp
① White pulp:
1-2mm gray-white spots
periarterial lymphatic sheath:
-central artery
-diffuse LT, TLC,macrophage,interdigitating
cell
splenic corpuscle:
-BLC,macrophage,FDC
-lymphoid nodules
② Marginal zone:
100um width
TLC,BLC,macrophage,less erythrocyte
marginal sinus,central artery’s branch-
channel for antigen and LC enter LT
place,capture recognize and induce
immune reaction
③ Red pulp,constitute about 2/3 of splenic
volume
a,splenic cord:
LT cord
BLC,DC,M,TC,erythrocytes
place,filter blood
b,splenic sinus:
Blood sinus; 12-14um
endothelial cell,rod-liked,gap
RT
basal lamina,incomplete
M-more
2) Blood supply of spleen
splenic A→trabecular A→central A
branches → marginal sinuses
penicillar Arterioles(including,pulp
arteriole→ sheathed capillary→ arterial
capillary) → splenic sinus→ pulp
venule→ trabecular vein→ splenic vein
3) Function:
a,filter the blood
b,immune reaction
c,production of blood in fetus
d,blood storage,40 ml
5,tonsil
---palatine tonsil
---pharyngeal tonsil
---lingual tonsil
1) palatine,
---structure,
Stratified squamous epi,invaginated
to form many crypts
Epithelium of crypt contain LC,PC,Ma
and Langerhans cell
Space and channel between epi.cell,
opening to crypt epi,surface,LC filling
the channel- lymphoepithelial tissue
Lamina propria,Diffuse LT and LN
Immune system
1,Components
1) Cells
① Lymphocyte:
a,T-lymphocytes:
cytotoxic T cell,Tc C- kill the tumor cell,virus
infective cell and foreign cell
helper T cell,Th C- promotes activity of BLC
and Tc C
suppressor T cell,Ts C –regulate the
function of BLC and TC
b,B-lymphocytes,become into plasma cell
c,NK cell,counteract virus infective cell and
tumor cell
② Plasma cell
③ antigen presenting
cell:
a,dendritic cell:
Blood DC
Langerhans cell
interstitial cell
veiled cell
interdigitating cell
b.macrophage:
mononuclear
phagocytic system
④ othercells:
granulated cell
mast cell
blood platelet
blood-borne stem cell
*Function:
i,immunologic defence function
ii,immune surveillance function
iii,immune homeostasis
2) Lymphoid tissue
---reticular T:
reticular cell,stellate-shaped with
processes to form network
reticular fiber
---lymphocytes,macrophage,plasma cell
and mast cell
a,Diffuse LT:
no clear boundary
mainly consists of TLC
postcapillary venules:
-high endothelial venules
-opening for LC enter LT from blood
b,Lymphoid nodule:
spherical or ovoid
have clear boundaries
mainly composed of BLC
germinal center,stained pale
* primary LN → secondary LN
3) Lymphoid organs
a,Central lymphoid organs,thymus,bone
marrow
developed earlier
blood-borne stem cell comes from yolk sac
microenvironment → proliferation
promoting
send LC to PLD and LT two weeks before
borne
b,Peripheral lymphoid organs,lymph
node,spleen and palatine tonsil
developed later
LC come from CLO
cell proliferation need antigen
stimulating- antigen dependent
place for immune reactions
2.thymus
1) Structure of thymus
---capsule,CT→interlobular septum
---cortex,dark-staining
---medulla,lighter-staining
---consists of thymic epithelial cell,
thymic stromal cell( ma,eo,mc,
fibroblast and myoid cell) and
thymocytes
① cortex,
---thymic epithelial cell(epithelial reticular cell):
subcapsular epithelial cell,
/flattened
/secret β 2-microglobulin,thymosin and
thymopoietin
interdigitation dendritic cell,
/more processes
/MHC antigen
---thymocyte,different stages of LC
large LC( prethymocyte),superfacial cortex
common thymocyte,deep cortex- 85-90%
2) medulla,
---epithelial reticular cell
medullary epithelial cell,secret thymosin
thymic corpuscle epithelial cell
* thymic corpuscle,
/spherical or ovoid,30-50um in D
/concentrically-arranged epithelial reticular cells
/peripheral cell,inmature
/near centra,mature
/center cell,keratinased-eosinophilic,hyalinised,
with invading of macrophage,eosinophil and LC
/function,unknown
---thymocyte,macrophage
3) Blood-thymus barrier:
---Components
Contineous endothelial cell
Complete basement membrane of
endothelium
peri-vessel space containing macrophage
basal lamina of epithelial reticular cell
Processes of epithelial reticular cell
---Function,provide a stable environment for
lymphocytes development
4) function:
a,Place for mature and differentiation of
TLC
b,Immune regulation
3,Lymph node
---widely distributed
---in groups
---ovoid or kidney-shaped with hilum
---afferent and efferent lymphatic vessel
1) Structure
---capsule,CT,
trabeculae or
septa
---cortex,outer
densely-stained
part
---medulla,inner
paler-stained part
① Cortex:
a,superfacial cortex:
---lymphoid N:
BLC,Macrophage,FDC,Th
primary LN → secondary LN
*germinal center,central pale area
/dark zone,large,immature BLC,Th
/light zone,medium-sized BLC,Th C,
macrophage,FDC
/cap,small BLC,mature←supermutation
---diffuse LT,thin layer
FDC,(follicular dendritic cell)
light zone
no expression of MHC-II molecules (major
histocompatibility complexes)
have Fc receptor and C3 receptor,collect the
antigen-antibody complexes and transfer
them to BLC and Th C
function:
i,active the BLC
ii,regulate the synthesis of antibody
b.Paracortex zone-deep cortex
unit
---diffuse LT:
TLC,Marcophage,Th cell
interdigitating cell,DC cell
-more processes
-N,irregular
-less organelle
-express MHC-II
postcapillary venules:
-thick endothelial cell
-LC within the wall
-opening for LC enter LN
c,Cortical sinus
---subcapsular sinus,afferent LV enter
---peritrabecular sinus
---structure:
endothelium
RF and RC
cavity:
-endothelial cell,stellate for support
-macrophage,filter lymph
-veiled cell,Langerhans cell ( phagocytose
antigen) → efferent LV → LN → paracortex
zone
② Medulla
---medullary cord,LT cord:
/BLC,plasma cell,macrophage,mast cell
/postcapillary venules,channel
---medullary sinus:
/similar to cortical sinus and connect with C
S
/more macrophage
③ Passageof Lymph in LN
afferent LV →subcapsular
sinuses→peritrabecular
sinuses→(narrow channel) →medullary
sinus→efferent LV
3) Functions:
a.Filter the lymph
b.Place to give rise to the immune response
c,Involve in the recirculation of LC
*Recirculation of LC:
LC(blood) →(postcapillary venules) → LN →
medulla → efferent LV → Blood →LN artery
→ postcapillary venules →LN
Time,24-48h
4,Spleen
1) Structure
---capsule,thick
DCT with SM and
mesothelium,also
form trabeculae
---white pulp
---marginal zone
---red pulp
① White pulp:
1-2mm gray-white spots
periarterial lymphatic sheath:
-central artery
-diffuse LT, TLC,macrophage,interdigitating
cell
splenic corpuscle:
-BLC,macrophage,FDC
-lymphoid nodules
② Marginal zone:
100um width
TLC,BLC,macrophage,less erythrocyte
marginal sinus,central artery’s branch-
channel for antigen and LC enter LT
place,capture recognize and induce
immune reaction
③ Red pulp,constitute about 2/3 of splenic
volume
a,splenic cord:
LT cord
BLC,DC,M,TC,erythrocytes
place,filter blood
b,splenic sinus:
Blood sinus; 12-14um
endothelial cell,rod-liked,gap
RT
basal lamina,incomplete
M-more
2) Blood supply of spleen
splenic A→trabecular A→central A
branches → marginal sinuses
penicillar Arterioles(including,pulp
arteriole→ sheathed capillary→ arterial
capillary) → splenic sinus→ pulp
venule→ trabecular vein→ splenic vein
3) Function:
a,filter the blood
b,immune reaction
c,production of blood in fetus
d,blood storage,40 ml
5,tonsil
---palatine tonsil
---pharyngeal tonsil
---lingual tonsil
1) palatine,
---structure,
Stratified squamous epi,invaginated
to form many crypts
Epithelium of crypt contain LC,PC,Ma
and Langerhans cell
Space and channel between epi.cell,
opening to crypt epi,surface,LC filling
the channel- lymphoepithelial tissue
Lamina propria,Diffuse LT and LN
