FERMENTATION AND BIOCHEMICAL E NG I N E E RI N G HANDBOOK Principles, Process Design, and Equipment Second Edition Edited by Henry C. Vogel Consultant Scotch Plains, New Jersey and Celeste L. Todaro Heinkel Filtering Systems, Inc. Bridgeport, New Jersey NOYES PUBLICATIONS Westwood, New Jersey, U.S.A. lnpl Copyright 8 1997 by Noyes Publications No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-29055 Printed in the United States ISBN: 0-8 155-1407-7 Published in the United States of America by Noyes Publications 369 Fairview Avenue, Westwood, New Jersey.07675 10 9 8 76 5 43 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fermentation and biochemical engineering handbook. -- 2nd ed. / edited by Henry C. Vogel and Celeste L. Todaro. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Biochemical engineering--Handbooks, manuals, etc. ISBN 0-8155-1407-7 2. Fermentation--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Vogel, Henry C. 11. Todaro, Celeste L. TP248.3.F74 1996 660'.28449--d~20 96-29055 CIP DEDICATION For my parents, Ernest and Charlotte Todaro, whose pursuit of knowledge inspired me and continues to do so. Contributors Michael J. Akers Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis, IN Giovanni Bellini 3V Cogeim S.P.A. Dalmine, Italy Ramesh R. Bhave U.S. Filter Corporation Warrendale, PA Frederick J. Dechow Biocryst Pharmaceuticals Inc. Birmingham, AL Barry Fox Niro Inc. Columbia, MD Howard L. Freese Allvac Monroe, NC Edwin 0. Geiger Pfizer Inc. Groton, CT Stephen M. Glasgow Union Carbide Chemical and Plastics Co., Inc. South Charleston, WV Elliott Goldberg Consultant Fort Lee, NJ Yujiro Harada K. F. Engineering Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan Willem Kampen Louisiana State University Agriculture Center Baton Rouge, LA Contributors xi Mark Keyashian CENTEON Kankakee, IL John P. King Foxboro Company Rahway, NJ Maung K. Min Gemini Management Consultants New York, NY James Y. Oldshue Mixing Equipment Co., Inc. Rochester, NY Laura Pellegrini Politecnico di Milano Milano, Italy Russell T. Roane Bechtel Engineering San Francisco, CA Kuniaki Sakato Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan Seiji Sat0 Kyowa Medex Co., Ltd. Sunto-gun, Shizuoka Pref., Japan Allan C. Soderberg Fort Collins, CO Shinsaku Takayama Tokai University Numazu, Shizuoka Pref., Japan Celeste L. Todaro Heinkel Filtering Systems, Inc. Bridgeport, NJ David B. Todd Todd Engineering Princeton, NJ Henry C. Vogel Consultant Scotch Plains, NJ Mark R. Walden Eli Lilly Company Indianapolis, IN Curtis S. Strother Eli Lilly Company IndianaDolis. IN NOTICE To the best of our knowledge the information in this publication is accurate; however the Publisher does not assume any responsibility or liability for the accuracy or completeness of, or consequences arising from, such infomation. This book is intended for informational purposes only. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Publisher. Final determination ofthe suitability ofany information or product for use contemplated by any user, and the manner of that use, is the sole responsibility of the user. We recommend that anyone intending to rely on any recommendation of materials or procedures mentioned in this publication should satisfy himself as to such suitability, and that he can meet all applicable safety and health standards.