Unit 1
Time-Conscious
Americans
Guess the meaning of the italicised
term in each sentence according to the
context and your own experiences.
The government has budgeted for
two bridges in the city.
It is important to balance this year’s
budget.
The telephone line was dead,Wendy
replaced the telephone handle.
George has replaced Edward as the
personnel manager.
We’ll have to replace the old
computers with new ones.
I tried to stop him,but he
elbowed me out of the way.
She elbowed her way through
the crowd
Increased interaction between
the police and citizens will
improve the rate of solving
crimes.
Everyday the work begins with
the ritual phrases of greeting.
I start to read English aloud the
first thing after I get up in the
morning and that has become a
ritual.
The police are probing (into)
trading,which breaks the law.
My watch doesn’t tick because
it is electronic.
A team from the United
Nations will observe the
election to be sure that it is
fairly conducted.
The company should be able
to fulfill our requirements for
product quality.
Four weeks have elapsed
since we left home.
Give synonyms for the
words as many as you can
1,Acute,sensitive keen penetrating
severe fine sharp
2,Abrupt,blunt brief brisk curt hasty
short sudden unexpected
3,Convention,practice custom
conference meeting routine
4,Surroundings,environment setting
conditions situations circumstances
5,Assess,judge decide value
appraise estimate evaluate rate
6,Device,plan equipment
machine tool instrument
apparatus implement trick
7,Obtain,get catch buy borrow
earn gain attain receive acquire
Superb,beautiful good great
brilliant majestic magnificent
gorgeous grand glorious imposing
excellent wonderful perfect
impressive
8,Competent,capable be equal
to be up to able adequate
experienced qualified effective
Homework
Learn the new words and
expressions of the text by
heart.
Go over the text and
write down the difficult
points.
Language points:
past participle used as objective
complement
He did not wish it mentioned.
He was about to enter the hall
when he heard his name called.
Nominative absolute
participle construction
1,Logic subject + present participle
or with (without)+logic subject +
present participle
He groaned and fell to the floor,
blood streaming from his nose.
He passed by without anyone
noticing him,
2,Logic subject + passive
participle or with (without)+ logic
subject + passive participle
The table being set,we began
to dine.
With all things being
considered,he has done his
best.
3,Logic subject + past participle
or with (without)+ Logic subject +
past participle
The storm having destroyed
their hut,they had to live in a
cave.
We sat face to face,without a
single word said.
4,Logic subject + infinitive or
with (without)+ logic subject +
infinitive
Here are the first two
volumes,the third one to
come out next month.
I now pay you half the sum,
with the other half to be paid
next week.
5,Logic subject + noun or with
(without)+ logic subject + noun
He appeared,his hair a wreck.
With his first shot a failure,
Dyke fired again.
6,Logic subject + adjective or
with (without)+ logic subject +
adjective
He sat there,his face serious
and his attention steady.
With the weather so close
and stuffy,ten to one it will
rain presently.
7,Logic subject + adverb or with
(without)+ logic subject + adverb
He lay on the floor face
downward.
He went out with no hat on.
8,Logic subject +prepositional
phrase or with (without)+logic
subject +prepositional phrase
He leaned on the wall,a pipe
in mouth.
With the whole meeting in
uproar,the chairman
abandoned the attempt to take
a vote.
9.Logic subject of the nominative
absolute participle construction
1,The storm having damaged
everything,many became
homeless,（ 通格名词 ）
2,He being absent,nothing
could be done,（ 主格代词 ）
3,It being very stormy,she had
to stay at home,（ 非人称代词 ）
4,Himself still only a child,he
had to rule over grown men,（ 反身代词 ）
5,It having been proved that
Mulroy was guilty,the judge
passed sentence,（形式主语 it+实际主语）
10,Grammatical role of the
nominative absolute
participle construction
The nominative absolute phrase
expresses time,cause,
condition,circumstances,etc,
and is equal to an adverbial
clause,e.g.
1,The dark clouds having
disappeared (=When the dark
clouds have disappeared),the sun
shone again,（ Time）
2,The door of the opposite parlour
being then opened (=Because the
door of the opposite parlour is then
opened),I heared some voices.
（ Cause）
3,He felt more uneasy with the
whole class staring at him
(=because the whole class stared
at him),（ Cause）
4,Conciliation failing (=If
conciliation fails),forces
remains; but force failing (=if
force fails),no further hope
of conciliation is left.
（ Condition）
5,They had many talks with
the native,the guide acting
as (=and the guide acted as)
interpreter,（ Circumstances）
6,She went to the market,with
her son following her (=and her
son followed her),（ Circumstances）
7,So much money having being
spent (=Though so much money
has been spent),we have not seen
any good result,（ Concession）
8,I read a novel,my wife sewing
(=and my wife sewed) by my side.
（ Compound）
1.slave to/of sth,a person who
is completely influenced or
dominated by sth,e.g,
a slave to drink,a slave to
money,a slave to fashion
We are slaves of the motorcar.
2.nothing but,only,e.g,
He is nothing but a criminal.
The report contains nothing but
lies.
as if,as though
1,as if,as though所比较的如果是一种并非事实的设想，后面跟的从句须用虚拟语气，所比较的如果是（或很可能是）事实，则后面跟的从句须用直陈语气，动词 be,look,seem,同 as if,as
though连用,这时主句中的 be,look,
seem,常不看作联系动词，而看作表意动词（ notional verb）。 Compare,
a) He looks as though he
had seen a ghost.
b) It does look as if the very
crisis is here.
c) He looks as if he were
going through a great crisis.
d) He acts as if he is in love
with her.
2,as if,as though引导无定形句
（ amorphous sentence）,从反面来表示惊讶、不信任、愤慨等强烈感情。
For example:
a) As though you didn’t know
that?
b) As if he would ever do such a
thing!
3,as if,as though + to
infinitive
for example:
a) He shook his head as if
(he wanted) to say,No”.
b) He opened his lips as if to
say something.
Metaphor
Metaphor means figurative
language,It uses words to
indicate something different
from their literal meaning,that
is,one thing is described in
terms of another so as to
suggest a likeness or analogy
between them,The
comparison in a metaphor is
usually implicit,
For example:
1.Military glory is a bubble
blown from blood.
2.The tree of liberty must be
refreshed from time to time
with the blood of patriots and
tyrants,It is its natural manure.
3.The hall way was zebra-
striped with darkness and
moonlight.
Take… personally:
lIf you take sb.’s remarks
personally,you are upset
because you think that they are
being critical about you in
particular,e.g.
You mustn’t take her negative
comments of your plan
personally,
present participle used as
objective complement:
I shall have the machine running
by the time you get back,
The news left me wondering
what would happen next,
whereas,in contrast,
but; while
l e.g.
1,They want a house,whereas
we would rather live in a flat.
2,We thought she didn’t like us,
whereas in fact she was very
shy.
3,Their country has plenty of oil,
while (whereas) ours has none.
Weight,importance
e.g.
Don’t worry about what he
thinks,his opinion doesn’t
carry much weight.
The many letters of support
added weight to the
campaign,
Get sth./sb,doing sth,
make sth./sb,do sth:
Can you get the old car
going again?
It’s not hard to get the boy
talking; the problem is
stopping him,
Rewrite the sentences
using the patterns.
1,Time is treated as if it were
something almost real.
2,We communicate rapidly
through faxes,phone calls or
emails rather than through
personal contacts,which
though pleasant,take longer---
especially given our traffic-
filled streets.
3,In some countries no major
business is conducted without
eye contact.
4,The more important a task is,
the more capital,energy,and
attention will be poured into it
in order to,get it moving”.
Time-Conscious
Americans
Guess the meaning of the italicised
term in each sentence according to the
context and your own experiences.
The government has budgeted for
two bridges in the city.
It is important to balance this year’s
budget.
The telephone line was dead,Wendy
replaced the telephone handle.
George has replaced Edward as the
personnel manager.
We’ll have to replace the old
computers with new ones.
I tried to stop him,but he
elbowed me out of the way.
She elbowed her way through
the crowd
Increased interaction between
the police and citizens will
improve the rate of solving
crimes.
Everyday the work begins with
the ritual phrases of greeting.
I start to read English aloud the
first thing after I get up in the
morning and that has become a
ritual.
The police are probing (into)
trading,which breaks the law.
My watch doesn’t tick because
it is electronic.
A team from the United
Nations will observe the
election to be sure that it is
fairly conducted.
The company should be able
to fulfill our requirements for
product quality.
Four weeks have elapsed
since we left home.
Give synonyms for the
words as many as you can
1,Acute,sensitive keen penetrating
severe fine sharp
2,Abrupt,blunt brief brisk curt hasty
short sudden unexpected
3,Convention,practice custom
conference meeting routine
4,Surroundings,environment setting
conditions situations circumstances
5,Assess,judge decide value
appraise estimate evaluate rate
6,Device,plan equipment
machine tool instrument
apparatus implement trick
7,Obtain,get catch buy borrow
earn gain attain receive acquire
Superb,beautiful good great
brilliant majestic magnificent
gorgeous grand glorious imposing
excellent wonderful perfect
impressive
8,Competent,capable be equal
to be up to able adequate
experienced qualified effective
Homework
Learn the new words and
expressions of the text by
heart.
Go over the text and
write down the difficult
points.
Language points:
past participle used as objective
complement
He did not wish it mentioned.
He was about to enter the hall
when he heard his name called.
Nominative absolute
participle construction
1,Logic subject + present participle
or with (without)+logic subject +
present participle
He groaned and fell to the floor,
blood streaming from his nose.
He passed by without anyone
noticing him,
2,Logic subject + passive
participle or with (without)+ logic
subject + passive participle
The table being set,we began
to dine.
With all things being
considered,he has done his
best.
3,Logic subject + past participle
or with (without)+ Logic subject +
past participle
The storm having destroyed
their hut,they had to live in a
cave.
We sat face to face,without a
single word said.
4,Logic subject + infinitive or
with (without)+ logic subject +
infinitive
Here are the first two
volumes,the third one to
come out next month.
I now pay you half the sum,
with the other half to be paid
next week.
5,Logic subject + noun or with
(without)+ logic subject + noun
He appeared,his hair a wreck.
With his first shot a failure,
Dyke fired again.
6,Logic subject + adjective or
with (without)+ logic subject +
adjective
He sat there,his face serious
and his attention steady.
With the weather so close
and stuffy,ten to one it will
rain presently.
7,Logic subject + adverb or with
(without)+ logic subject + adverb
He lay on the floor face
downward.
He went out with no hat on.
8,Logic subject +prepositional
phrase or with (without)+logic
subject +prepositional phrase
He leaned on the wall,a pipe
in mouth.
With the whole meeting in
uproar,the chairman
abandoned the attempt to take
a vote.
9.Logic subject of the nominative
absolute participle construction
1,The storm having damaged
everything,many became
homeless,（ 通格名词 ）
2,He being absent,nothing
could be done,（ 主格代词 ）
3,It being very stormy,she had
to stay at home,（ 非人称代词 ）
4,Himself still only a child,he
had to rule over grown men,（ 反身代词 ）
5,It having been proved that
Mulroy was guilty,the judge
passed sentence,（形式主语 it+实际主语）
10,Grammatical role of the
nominative absolute
participle construction
The nominative absolute phrase
expresses time,cause,
condition,circumstances,etc,
and is equal to an adverbial
clause,e.g.
1,The dark clouds having
disappeared (=When the dark
clouds have disappeared),the sun
shone again,（ Time）
2,The door of the opposite parlour
being then opened (=Because the
door of the opposite parlour is then
opened),I heared some voices.
（ Cause）
3,He felt more uneasy with the
whole class staring at him
(=because the whole class stared
at him),（ Cause）
4,Conciliation failing (=If
conciliation fails),forces
remains; but force failing (=if
force fails),no further hope
of conciliation is left.
（ Condition）
5,They had many talks with
the native,the guide acting
as (=and the guide acted as)
interpreter,（ Circumstances）
6,She went to the market,with
her son following her (=and her
son followed her),（ Circumstances）
7,So much money having being
spent (=Though so much money
has been spent),we have not seen
any good result,（ Concession）
8,I read a novel,my wife sewing
(=and my wife sewed) by my side.
（ Compound）
1.slave to/of sth,a person who
is completely influenced or
dominated by sth,e.g,
a slave to drink,a slave to
money,a slave to fashion
We are slaves of the motorcar.
2.nothing but,only,e.g,
He is nothing but a criminal.
The report contains nothing but
lies.
as if,as though
1,as if,as though所比较的如果是一种并非事实的设想，后面跟的从句须用虚拟语气，所比较的如果是（或很可能是）事实，则后面跟的从句须用直陈语气，动词 be,look,seem,同 as if,as
though连用,这时主句中的 be,look,
seem,常不看作联系动词，而看作表意动词（ notional verb）。 Compare,
a) He looks as though he
had seen a ghost.
b) It does look as if the very
crisis is here.
c) He looks as if he were
going through a great crisis.
d) He acts as if he is in love
with her.
2,as if,as though引导无定形句
（ amorphous sentence）,从反面来表示惊讶、不信任、愤慨等强烈感情。
For example:
a) As though you didn’t know
that?
b) As if he would ever do such a
thing!
3,as if,as though + to
infinitive
for example:
a) He shook his head as if
(he wanted) to say,No”.
b) He opened his lips as if to
say something.
Metaphor
Metaphor means figurative
language,It uses words to
indicate something different
from their literal meaning,that
is,one thing is described in
terms of another so as to
suggest a likeness or analogy
between them,The
comparison in a metaphor is
usually implicit,
For example:
1.Military glory is a bubble
blown from blood.
2.The tree of liberty must be
refreshed from time to time
with the blood of patriots and
tyrants,It is its natural manure.
3.The hall way was zebra-
striped with darkness and
moonlight.
Take… personally:
lIf you take sb.’s remarks
personally,you are upset
because you think that they are
being critical about you in
particular,e.g.
You mustn’t take her negative
comments of your plan
personally,
present participle used as
objective complement:
I shall have the machine running
by the time you get back,
The news left me wondering
what would happen next,
whereas,in contrast,
but; while
l e.g.
1,They want a house,whereas
we would rather live in a flat.
2,We thought she didn’t like us,
whereas in fact she was very
shy.
3,Their country has plenty of oil,
while (whereas) ours has none.
Weight,importance
e.g.
Don’t worry about what he
thinks,his opinion doesn’t
carry much weight.
The many letters of support
added weight to the
campaign,
Get sth./sb,doing sth,
make sth./sb,do sth:
Can you get the old car
going again?
It’s not hard to get the boy
talking; the problem is
stopping him,
Rewrite the sentences
using the patterns.
1,Time is treated as if it were
something almost real.
2,We communicate rapidly
through faxes,phone calls or
emails rather than through
personal contacts,which
though pleasant,take longer---
especially given our traffic-
filled streets.
3,In some countries no major
business is conducted without
eye contact.
4,The more important a task is,
the more capital,energy,and
attention will be poured into it
in order to,get it moving”.
