The Battle Against AIDS
Unit 5
Stage 1,Pre-reading Activities
Stage 2,While-Reading Activities
Stage 3,Post-reading Activities
Warming-up Activities
Listening and discussing
Enriching your vocabulary
Comparing the following words
Background Information of Unit Five
1,AIDS,AIDS,acquired immune deficiency syndrome,is a disease
which destroys the natural method the body uses to protect against
other diseases,It is a disease caused by the HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus),but AIDS is different from HIV in that the
former usually causes death while HIV may lead to AIDS,HIV is
spread in three ways,(1) contact with infected blood; (2) sex; (3)
mother-to-child,AIDS usually develops in four stages,(1) In the first
stage,there is only infection by HIV and antibody (抗体 ) production,
(2) In the second stage,the lymph nodes (淋巴结 ) enlarge (肿大 ),(3)
In the third stage,an infected person may begin to have such signs (症状 ) as tiredness,fever,and night sweats,(4) In the last stage,AIDS is
diagnosed when a person develops certain uncommon,life-threatening
illnesses,for example Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(卡氏肺囊虫肺炎 ),In-depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can be found from
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/Health/AIDS__HIV
2,Latino (pl,Latinos),Latino (pl,Latinos)
is the name given to Hispanic American
citizens in the United States who share the
Spanish language in common but may be
from different races or religions and
different Spanish speaking countries,
Latinos are the fastest growing group in the
U.S,and expected to more than double in
size by 2020,For a comprehensive list of
latino resources on the internet,you can
check out the webpage at
http://www.tenet.edu/latino/latino.html
3,HIV,HIV is the human immunodeficiency
virus,This is the virus that spreads through
contact with infected blood,infected sexual
partners or within the womb of an infected
pregnant mother,After infecting a person,HIV
can remain hidden in the body for long and
different periods of time until it becomes active
and develops into AIDS for which no known
cure exists,The virus spreads very fast once
contact has been made with an infected source,
In-depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can be
found from
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/Health/AIDS___
HIV
4,the federal government,The federal
government in the United States is a
national republic whose members are
elected to hold office for a limited period of
time by citizens over 18 years of age,This
republic has an elected president who is
head of the nation as well as head of the
federal or national government,For
introduction to the U,S,government,please
visit http://bensguide.gpo.gov
5,a state government,A state
government is the political structure
that includes an area of land,citizens,
and an elected governing body with
the right to control and change all
powers within the state that are not
given by constitution to the federal
government,Fifty state governments
exist in the United States.
6,a beauty shop,A beauty shop is a
business place where women go "to
have their hair done," i.e.,washed,
curled,coloured,etc.,or their
fingernails or skin treated,The shop
sells the 'thought' of beauty,A client
should feel/look more beautiful after a
visit to the beauty shop,Women who
use such shops often have weekly
appointments.
Let-in Activity
After introducing the background
information about this unit,ask the
students to talk about how to fight
against AIDS?
New Words and Phrases
1,acquire
vt,get by one's own work,skill,etc.
获得；学到
He acquired a knowledge of the language by
careful study.
他通过认真学习掌握了这门语言 。
The company has recently acquired a new
office building in central Shanghai.
这家公司最近在上海市中心买了一栋新的办公楼 。
Immune a,1,unable to be diseased or hurt because of
special powers in oneself 免疫的
HIV damages the human defense method which makes
humans immune to diseases.
艾滋病毒破坏人体中抵御疾病侵袭的防御机制 。
The medicine will make you immune to the disease.
这种药可以使你免于感染这种疾病 。
2,protected from 免除的
The man was told that he would be immune from
punishment if he helped the police.
这个人得知如果他帮助警察,就可免受处罚 。
These goods are not immune from customs duties.
这些商品不免税 。
diagnose
vt,discover the nature of (a disease)
诊断 ; 判断
The doctor diagnosed my disease as a
unique bone disease.
医生把我的病诊断为罕见的骨骼疾病 。
After diagnosing the patient's disease,these
doctors discussed how to treat it.
医生们经过对这个病人的病情诊断之后,
就讨论如何治疗的问题。
infect vt,1,put disease into the body of
(someone) 感染
Anyone with a bad cold may infect the
people around him,得重感冒的人会使周围的人受到感染 。
He was shocked when he knew he was
infected with the HIV virus,当他知道自己染上艾滋病毒时感到很震惊 。
2,affect; influence影响
He thought that parents might infect their
children with their ideas,他认为家长的观念会影响孩子 。
5,constitute
vt,make up; form
组成
Girls constitute 20 percent of the student
population in the university.
女生占这所大学学生总数的百分之二十 。
Twelve people constitute a research
group.
12个人组成一个研究小组。
6,alarm n,sudden fear and worry; a warning of
danger 惊慌；警报
vt,sudden fear and worry; a warning of danger 使惊慌,
使担心
Hearing a scream,she sat up in alarm.
听到尖叫声,她慌忙坐起来 。
In his speech the worker emphasized the government's
alarm over the strike.
这个工人在演讲中强调了政府对这次罢工事件所表现出的慌恐 。
cause sudden fear or worry使惊恐,使担心
The news that war might break out alarmed the people.
战争可能爆发的消息使人们惊恐不安。
implement
vt,carry out or put into practice
实施,执行
The group's idea will be implemented
immediately.
这个小组的建议将很快得到实施 。
The government promised to implement a
new program to control pollution.
政府承诺要执行新的计划以控制污染。
emerge
vi,come or appear
出现
The sun emerged from behind the clouds.
太阳从云层后面钻了出来 。
A man with a gun in his hand suddenly
emerged from behind a tree.
一个手中持枪的男子突然从树后出现。
Combat,vt,fight or struggle against 斗争
The doctor spent his life combating disease.
这位医生一生都在与疾病作斗争 。
The policeman lost his life when combating the
thief with a gun.
这位警察在与持枪小偷搏斗时牺牲了 。
n,fighting or battle:斗争
The combat between good and evil will
continue forever.
善与恶的斗争将永远持续下去。
creative
a,producing new and fresh ideas and things
创造性的 ; 有创造力的
This is an example of the creative use of the
idea.
这是创造性运用这一理论的实例 。
creatively
ad,创造性地 ; 有创造力地
Client n,1,a person who pays a business person,esp,a
lawyer for help and advice 当事人
The lawyer spent a whole day talking with his client
about the case,律师就该案子与当事人谈了一天 。
His client was a middle-aged man who lost his wife two
months ago,他的当事人是一位两个月前丧偶的男性 。
2,a customer 顾客
The company required its clients to pay their bills in
advance.
这家公司要求顾客预先支付费用 。
The shop took some new measures to attract more clients.
这家商店采取一些新措施以吸引更多的顾客。
solve
vt,find an answer to or a way of dealing
with
解决,解答
It took him three hours to solve the
mathematics problem.
他花了三个小时解答这道数学难题 。
How are you going to solve the questions
put forward？
你打算怎样解决人们所提出的这些问题？
illustrate
vt,show the meaning of (sth.) by giving
related pictures or examples
说明
His story illustrates her skill in dealing with
the problem.
他所讲的故事说明了她处理这个问题的技巧 。
He illustrated his idea with many examples
and pictures.
他用许多实例和图片说明自己的观点。
relate vt,1,tell (a story) 讲述
We related our troubles to him,asking his advice.
我们向他讲述我们的困难,征求他的意见 。
She had no opportunity to relate the situation to
him,她没有机会对他说这些情况 。
2,see or show a joining between 将,..,.,联系起来
I can't relate the two ideas.
我不能把这两个观点联系起来 。
I can' relate what he does to what he says.
我不能把他说的和他做的联系起来。
risk n,a danger 危险,风险
The disease is spreading and all the children
are at risk.
这种疾病正在蔓延,所有孩子都处于危险之中 。
You have to take a lot of risks in my job.
做我的工作,你要冒诸多风险 。
vt,place in danger; take the chance of losing
冒着,..,.,的危险
He would like to risk his life to save his friend.
他愿意冒生命危险救自己的朋友。
solution
n,(to) an answer to a problem
解决,解答
It's difficult to find a solution to this
problem.
很难找到一个解决这个问题的办法 。
If a solution is found,then go on with the
next stage.
如果找到了解决办法，那就着手做下一步的工作。
at risk,in danger 有危险,有风险
The doctor said that everyone was at risk
for AIDS.
医生说每个人都有染上艾滋病的危险。
regardless of,not influenced by 不顾,不管
She married the young man regardless of
her parents' objecting.
她不顾父母的反对，嫁给了这个年轻人。
the solution to
the answer to
,.....的解答 ; 解决 (解答 ),.....的办法
So far a solution to the crisis hasn't been found
yet.
迄今为止还没有找到解决危机的办法。
threaten to do sth.
give warning that one may hurt or punish
扬言要,.....
Bob threatened to set fire to Jane's house.
鲍勃扬言要烧毁简的房子。
Language Points
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was
diagnosed in the United States in the late 1970s,(Para.1)
Meaning,AIDS was discovered by doctors in the last
few years of the 1970's.
diagnose,vt,decide what illness a person has; discover
the nature (a disease) by making a careful examination
Note,To talk about a doctor's finding someone ill with
a certain disease we often say "diagnose with."
Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks
and Latinos,(Para.2) 被诊断感染艾滋病病毒的人有一半是黑人和来自拉丁美洲的人。
Women will soon make up 80 percent of those
diagnosed with HIV,(Para.11) 妇女将占感染艾滋病病毒人口的 80%。
But when we decide what illness a person has,we
say "diagnose as."
The doctor diagnosed his condition as a stomach
problem,医生诊断他得了胃病 。
Please pay attention to the following time
expressions:
in the late 1970s,20世纪 70年代末期
in the early 1970s,20世纪 70年代初期
in the middle 1970s,20世纪 70年代中期
Since then,AIDS has killed more than
204,000 Americans— half in the past few
years alone,(Para.1)
Meaning,Since then,204,000 Americans
have died of AIDS— about 102,000 died
of the disease only in the past few years.
Another 185,000 of the one million infected with the HIV
virus are also expected to die,(Para.1)
Meaning,Of the one million people who have the HIV virus,
185,000 are also likely to die.
infect,vt,put disease into the body of
The blood test shows that the man was infected with the
HIV virus,血检表明这个人染上了艾滋病病毒 。
The disease infected her eyes,and she became blind,这种病使她眼睛受感染,并致使她双目失明 。
expect sb,to do sth.,think,believe,or hope that sb,would
do sth.
I didn't expect so many people to be in the room.我没想到房间里有这么多人 。
I expected John to meet me at the airport,我原以为约翰会到机场接我。
Women and youth in rural Southern
communities now constitute the fastest
growing segment of people with AIDS.
(Para.2)
Meaning,The number of women and young
people who are infected with AIDS is
growing fastest in the countryside in the
South.
constitute,vt,make up; form
Seven days constitute a week.一周有 7天。
Twelve scientists constituted a research group
to study air pollution.12位科学家组成一个研究小组研究空气污染 。
Real familiarity with a 3,000 word vocabulary
constitutes a good base for further English
language learning,真正掌握了 3000单词,就具备了进一步学习英语的基础 。
segment,n,any of the parts into which
something may be divided
The company controls this segment of the
market,这个公司控制了这部分市场。
Despite such alarming numbers,the federal and
state governments have been slow in implementing
programs to stop the spread of AIDS,(Para.3)
Meaning,Although the number of people infected
with AIDS is very large and surprising,the federal
and state governments haven't taken actions in
time to carry out the programs to stop the spread
of AIDS.
alarm,n,sudden fear or worry; v,cause sudden
fear and worry
Everybody was alarmed at the news that a war
might break out.大家听到战争可能爆发的消息都很惊慌。
Small earthquakes are so common here that
people don't feel very alarmed at
them.这个地方小地震很常见,大家对地震都不感到惊慌 。
be slow in,do sth,slowly
The man is getting on in years and he is slow to
respond,那男人老了,反应慢了 。
implement,vt,put into practice
The government is implementing its program
of helping the poor,政府在实施扶贫政策 。
Money is needed to implement our child-care
programs,要实施儿童保健项目，需要资金。
In place of government inactivity,a number of
local organizations have emerged,(Para.3)
Meaning,Because the government is not active
in stopping the spread of AIDS,some local
organizations have formed to help prevent its
spread.
in place of,instead of
In place of a lecture we will be showing a film.
我们不去作报告,而是放场电影 。
John is to attend the meeting in place of the
manager,who has come down with a bad cold,
约翰代替经理参加会议，因为经理患了重感冒。
emerge,vi,come or appear; become
known出现
Richard was waiting outside the door as
Mary emerged,玛丽出现时,理查德正在门外等候 。
Many ideas are likely to emerge after
such an interesting finding,在发现这一有趣的现象之后,许多想法都有可能出现 。
Vietnam has emerged as the world's third
biggest rice trader,越南已成为世界第三大大米贸易国。
,.,formed in 1985 to combat the growing
number of AIDS cases.(Para.4)
Meaning,..,formed in 1985 to fight against the
increasing number of AIDS cases.
combat,vt,fight against;
The new government promised to take
measures to combat crime.新政府承诺采取措施与犯罪行为作斗争 。
combat,n,a struggle between two sides,ideas,
etc.
He took part in a street combat in which two
people were killed.他参与了一起街头打斗，打斗中两个人被打死。
,.,this organization suffers from a lack of
money,forcing it to use its resources creatively.
(Para.4)
Meaning,..,this organization lacks money,and
so it has to make use of its people,materials
and ideas in a creative way.
suffer from,be badly influenced by
Within a few days,she has become seriously ill,
suffering from great pain.只几天时间,她的病情加重了,她被折磨得痛苦不堪 。
He was diagnosed as suffering from AIDS,他被诊断为染上了艾滋病。
resources,n,the materials,money or other
things an organization or a family has and
can use in order to function properly; the
things a country has and can use to
increase its wealth
Some families are so poor that they don't
have enough resources to feed themselves.
有些家庭很穷,不能养活自己 。
The country is rich in oil resources but
lacks money and technology to develop
them,这个国家有丰富的石油资源，但缺乏资金和技术开发这些资源。
She also keeps books and other
publications around so customers can
read them while waiting for their
appointments.(Para.5)
Meaning,She also puts some books and
magazines in the shop,so customers can
read them when they wait for haircut.
publication,sth,printed
Publications in this country are checked
for the political opinions they contain,这个国家的出版物都要因其中的政治内容而受到检查。
They are also valuable resources in spreading
information to their schools,community groups and
churches,(Para.6)
Meaning,They also do a good job in spreading
information to their schools,
community groups and churches.
valuable,a,1,worth a lot
Her grandmother left her a valuable ring,祖母给她留下一枚贵重的戒指。
There are some very valuable things in that house;
they should lock the door carefully,那个屋内有些贵重的东西；他们应该小心把门锁好。
2,very useful
I‘m sorry to have taken up much of your
valuable time.很抱歉占用了你许多宝贵的时间。
While no one way of winning the war
against AIDS exists,the network shares
these lessons learned in its battle
against AIDS.(Para.7)
Meaning,Although there is not just one
way of stopping the spread of AIDS,the
network lets others know about these
experiences which is learned in their
battle against AIDS,
Many communities have a low literacy rate,making
impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting
people to read it,(Para.8)
Meaning,Most of the people in many communities are
not able to read and write,
and this makes it impossible to hand out the materials
about AIDS and expect them to read them.
Please pay attention to the following expressions using
"rate".
a low literacy rate or a low rate of literacy 受教育比例低
a high death rate 高死亡率
When the birth-rate increases and the death rate drops,
the population increases,当出生率上升，死亡率下降时，人口就会增加。
These books use simple,hand-drawn pictures of "sad
faces" and "happy faces" to illustrate ways people can
prevent AIDS,(Para.9)
Meaning,Simple pictures of "sad faces" and "happy
faces",drawn by hand,are used in these books to show
how people can prevent AIDS.
illustrate,vt,add pictures to (sth,written); show the
meaning of (sth.) by giving pictures or examples
The case illustrates that women can do much better
than men in some fields,这个事例说明了妇女在某些领域可以比男性干得出色得多 。
Let me give another example to illustrate this difficult
point,我再举个例子说明这个难点。
They also show people who look like those we need to
educate,since people can relate more when they see
familiar faces and language they can understand,(Para.
9)
Meaning,They also use pictures that look like those
people that need the education so they can understand
more when they find familiar faces and language they
know.
relate,say or tell
After seeing the film,the student was able to relate
every point in English,看了电影之后,那个学生能用英语讲述每一个细节 。
The traveler related his journey with joy,那位旅行者愉快地讲述了他的旅途情况。
As a result,such books actually have more effect in the
communities where they are used than government
publications,..,(Para.9)
Meaning,It turns out that such books are in fact more
effective in the communities where they are used than
the books or magazines printed by the government.
,.,the stylists have established an "AIDS Busters"
program,.,(Para.10)
Meaning,..,the stylists have carried out a program
known as "AIDS Busters",
that is,a program which can help win the war against
the spread of AIDS...
They make it simple and explain the risk of catching
AIDS to friends their own age much better than an
adult can.(Para.10)
Meaning,They make the lessons of "AIDS 101" easy to
understand,and explain to their peers the danger of
getting AIDS much better than an adult can.
risk,n,danger
He thinks there is no risk of a war now,他认为目前没有战争的风险 。
This kind of crime constitutes a big risk to our nation.
此种犯罪构成了我们国家的巨大危险 。
risk,vt,place in danger; take the chance of
The captain didn't want to risk taking his ship
across the sea until he could see where he was
going,这位船长在了解其行驶方向之前不想冒险驾船穿越大海 。
Don't risk it,It isn't worth it,不要冒险,这不值得 。
at risk,in danger of
Redefine "at risk" to include women from
different backgrounds and marriage
status,(Para.11) 重新理解 "有危险 "问题,从而把不同背景,不同婚姻状况的妇女考虑在内 。
The stylists also emphasize that everyone is at risk,
(Para,12) 发型设计师也强调每个人都有危险。
Redefine "at risk" to include women from
different backgrounds and marriage
status.(Para.11)
Meaning,Consider again the problem of "who
is at risk for AIDS" in a new way,
as women from different backgrounds and
marriage status should be included in the
people who are at risk for AIDS.
redefine,vt,consider sth,in a new way
The scientist redefined the relations between
population and economic affairs,这位科学家重新说明了人口和经济之间的关系。
The government was asked to redefine its
program on birth control,政府被要求重新考虑其人口控制计划 。
Please pay attention to the following
expressions with "status":
marriage status 婚姻状况
economic status 经济状况
job status 就业情况
legal status 法律地位
Such misinformation plagues the medical
establishment.(Para.11)
Meaning,The medical organization is bothered by such
wrong ideas as the one that women are not at risk for AIDS.
plague,n,a disease that spreads quickly and kills large
numbers of people
A plague has killed thousands of people in Africa since
1995,1995年以来一场瘟疫使非洲成千上万的人丧生 。
Air pollution is regarded as a plague of the nation,空气污染被认为是这个国家的严重问题 。
plague,vt,cause sb,a lot of trouble or pain
Fears about the war plagued nearly half the population in
the country,这个国家有一半的人口害怕战争 。
He said he wasn't going to plague the teacher with a lot of
questions,他说他不再提许多问题将老师的军了。
The stylists also emphasize that everyone is at
risk and that all of us have a right to protect
ourselves — regardless of marriage
status.(Para.12)
Meaning,The stylists also showthat everyone is
in danger of catching AIDS and that all of us
have a right to protect ourselves — whether we
are married or not.
emphasize,vt,stress sth,is very important
Robert emphasized the difference between the
interests of the single person and those of the
community.罗伯特强调了个人利益和社区利益的区别。
The official emphasized that his
government would implement the
program,这位官员强调政府将执行这项计划 。
regardless of,not consider or be
influenced by
Regardless of whether he is right or
wrong,we have to obey his orders,不管他是对还是错,我们都得服从他的命令 。
We decide to go out regardless of the
weather.不管天气如何，我们都决定出门。
These lessons are not the only solutions to the crisis
but until there is a cure for AIDS,education
represents the only safe measure to guard against
the virus,(Para.13)
Meaning,The experiences of the stylists are not the
only ways to deal with the crisis of AIDS,but before
a cure for AIDS is found,education is the only safe
method to fight against the spread of the AIDS
virus.
solution,n,an answer to a problem
Please note,"solution" is often followed by "to".
It took him three days to give a solution to the
mathematics problem.他花了三天时间才解出这道数学难题。
It is difficult to find a solution to this question,这个问题很难找到解决办法 。
represent,vt,show; be a sign of; stand for; describe
He got a chance to represent China at the Olympic
Games the next year,他有机会在第二年代表中国参加奥运会 。
He does not clearly represent the stages of painting
a picture.他没有讲清楚绘画的步骤 。
guard against,watch over in order to protect from
hurt or damage
This is an open house and there is little way to
guard against strangers,这是一幢开放式的房子，
很难防范陌生人的进入。
Like no other plague before,the AIDS epidemic threatens
to wipe out an entire generation and leave another without
parents.(Para.14)
Meaning,Unlike other plagues before,the AIDS plague is
likely to kill an entire generation and make another
generation lose their parents.
threaten,v,be a warning that one is going to hurt,punish,
etc.; give warning of (sth,bad)
If you threaten me or use any force,I shall inform the
police,如果你威胁我,或动武的话,我就报警 。
The verb "threaten" is often followed by an infinitive.
The fighting is threatening to turn into a war,这场战斗有可能变成一场战争 。
The father threatened to punish the child if the child did
not obey his orders,父亲威胁说要是孩子不听话，就要给以惩罚。
We must not let cultural,racial,or social barriers distract
us from the job that must be done.(Para.14)
Meaning,We must not let cultural,racial or social barriers
take our attention from the job that must be done.
barrier,n,sth,that makes it impossible or difficult for sth.
else to happen
Taxes are the biggest barrier to free trade,税收是自由贸易的最大障碍 。
There is no reason why love shouldn't cross the age barrier.
认为爱情不可以跨越年龄障碍的说法是没有道理的 。
distract sb,from sth.,take one's attention from sth.
Don't let social activities distract you from your study.不要让社会活动影响你的学习 。
The music soon distracted the boy from his homework.音乐声很快使这个男孩分心了，以致不能专心做家庭作业。
This is an undeclared war that everyone must
sign up for it in order for us to win.(Para.14)
Meaning,This is a war that is fought without
any announcement,and everyone must take
part in it if we wish to win the war.
sign up,sign an agreement to take part in sth.
I've signed up to take a course at the local
college.我已报名在当地学院学一门课程 。
He persuaded the company to sign up the
singer.他说服公司与这位歌手签约。
We simply cannot let people continue to
die because we don't feel comfortable
talking about AIDS,(Para.14)
Meaning,We really cannot let people
continue to die just because we are not
happy to talk about AIDS.
feel comfortable doing/with sth.,feel
happy about doing sth.
Do your feel comfortable with the plan?
你对这个计划满意吗？
Keys to the Exercises
Ⅴ Vocabulary
1,regardless of
2,at risk
3,passed out
4,distracts… from
5,sign up
6,infected with
7,a solution to/for
8,provide… for
Ⅵ Structure
1,Despite his illness
2,Despite a lot of difficulties
3,despite his old age
4,Despite the bad weather
5,despite his hard work
Ⅶ Translation
Translate the following sentences into English.
1,We’ll do our best to help the girl infected with the
AIDS virus to live longer,regardless of the cost.
2,Please turn off the TV,because the noise will disturb
her from her homework.
3,It was a long time before the company implemented
the program to improve the quality of its goods because of
lack of money and necessary equipment.
4,When giving a lecture,Bob often prepared some
pictures to illustrate how the situations mentioned in a text
took place.
An able and successful businessman is good at making use of
all the resources to make money.
Unit 5
Stage 1,Pre-reading Activities
Stage 2,While-Reading Activities
Stage 3,Post-reading Activities
Warming-up Activities
Listening and discussing
Enriching your vocabulary
Comparing the following words
Background Information of Unit Five
1,AIDS,AIDS,acquired immune deficiency syndrome,is a disease
which destroys the natural method the body uses to protect against
other diseases,It is a disease caused by the HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus),but AIDS is different from HIV in that the
former usually causes death while HIV may lead to AIDS,HIV is
spread in three ways,(1) contact with infected blood; (2) sex; (3)
mother-to-child,AIDS usually develops in four stages,(1) In the first
stage,there is only infection by HIV and antibody (抗体 ) production,
(2) In the second stage,the lymph nodes (淋巴结 ) enlarge (肿大 ),(3)
In the third stage,an infected person may begin to have such signs (症状 ) as tiredness,fever,and night sweats,(4) In the last stage,AIDS is
diagnosed when a person develops certain uncommon,life-threatening
illnesses,for example Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(卡氏肺囊虫肺炎 ),In-depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can be found from
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/Health/AIDS__HIV
2,Latino (pl,Latinos),Latino (pl,Latinos)
is the name given to Hispanic American
citizens in the United States who share the
Spanish language in common but may be
from different races or religions and
different Spanish speaking countries,
Latinos are the fastest growing group in the
U.S,and expected to more than double in
size by 2020,For a comprehensive list of
latino resources on the internet,you can
check out the webpage at
http://www.tenet.edu/latino/latino.html
3,HIV,HIV is the human immunodeficiency
virus,This is the virus that spreads through
contact with infected blood,infected sexual
partners or within the womb of an infected
pregnant mother,After infecting a person,HIV
can remain hidden in the body for long and
different periods of time until it becomes active
and develops into AIDS for which no known
cure exists,The virus spreads very fast once
contact has been made with an infected source,
In-depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can be
found from
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/Health/AIDS___
HIV
4,the federal government,The federal
government in the United States is a
national republic whose members are
elected to hold office for a limited period of
time by citizens over 18 years of age,This
republic has an elected president who is
head of the nation as well as head of the
federal or national government,For
introduction to the U,S,government,please
visit http://bensguide.gpo.gov
5,a state government,A state
government is the political structure
that includes an area of land,citizens,
and an elected governing body with
the right to control and change all
powers within the state that are not
given by constitution to the federal
government,Fifty state governments
exist in the United States.
6,a beauty shop,A beauty shop is a
business place where women go "to
have their hair done," i.e.,washed,
curled,coloured,etc.,or their
fingernails or skin treated,The shop
sells the 'thought' of beauty,A client
should feel/look more beautiful after a
visit to the beauty shop,Women who
use such shops often have weekly
appointments.
Let-in Activity
After introducing the background
information about this unit,ask the
students to talk about how to fight
against AIDS?
New Words and Phrases
1,acquire
vt,get by one's own work,skill,etc.
获得；学到
He acquired a knowledge of the language by
careful study.
他通过认真学习掌握了这门语言 。
The company has recently acquired a new
office building in central Shanghai.
这家公司最近在上海市中心买了一栋新的办公楼 。
Immune a,1,unable to be diseased or hurt because of
special powers in oneself 免疫的
HIV damages the human defense method which makes
humans immune to diseases.
艾滋病毒破坏人体中抵御疾病侵袭的防御机制 。
The medicine will make you immune to the disease.
这种药可以使你免于感染这种疾病 。
2,protected from 免除的
The man was told that he would be immune from
punishment if he helped the police.
这个人得知如果他帮助警察,就可免受处罚 。
These goods are not immune from customs duties.
这些商品不免税 。
diagnose
vt,discover the nature of (a disease)
诊断 ; 判断
The doctor diagnosed my disease as a
unique bone disease.
医生把我的病诊断为罕见的骨骼疾病 。
After diagnosing the patient's disease,these
doctors discussed how to treat it.
医生们经过对这个病人的病情诊断之后,
就讨论如何治疗的问题。
infect vt,1,put disease into the body of
(someone) 感染
Anyone with a bad cold may infect the
people around him,得重感冒的人会使周围的人受到感染 。
He was shocked when he knew he was
infected with the HIV virus,当他知道自己染上艾滋病毒时感到很震惊 。
2,affect; influence影响
He thought that parents might infect their
children with their ideas,他认为家长的观念会影响孩子 。
5,constitute
vt,make up; form
组成
Girls constitute 20 percent of the student
population in the university.
女生占这所大学学生总数的百分之二十 。
Twelve people constitute a research
group.
12个人组成一个研究小组。
6,alarm n,sudden fear and worry; a warning of
danger 惊慌；警报
vt,sudden fear and worry; a warning of danger 使惊慌,
使担心
Hearing a scream,she sat up in alarm.
听到尖叫声,她慌忙坐起来 。
In his speech the worker emphasized the government's
alarm over the strike.
这个工人在演讲中强调了政府对这次罢工事件所表现出的慌恐 。
cause sudden fear or worry使惊恐,使担心
The news that war might break out alarmed the people.
战争可能爆发的消息使人们惊恐不安。
implement
vt,carry out or put into practice
实施,执行
The group's idea will be implemented
immediately.
这个小组的建议将很快得到实施 。
The government promised to implement a
new program to control pollution.
政府承诺要执行新的计划以控制污染。
emerge
vi,come or appear
出现
The sun emerged from behind the clouds.
太阳从云层后面钻了出来 。
A man with a gun in his hand suddenly
emerged from behind a tree.
一个手中持枪的男子突然从树后出现。
Combat,vt,fight or struggle against 斗争
The doctor spent his life combating disease.
这位医生一生都在与疾病作斗争 。
The policeman lost his life when combating the
thief with a gun.
这位警察在与持枪小偷搏斗时牺牲了 。
n,fighting or battle:斗争
The combat between good and evil will
continue forever.
善与恶的斗争将永远持续下去。
creative
a,producing new and fresh ideas and things
创造性的 ; 有创造力的
This is an example of the creative use of the
idea.
这是创造性运用这一理论的实例 。
creatively
ad,创造性地 ; 有创造力地
Client n,1,a person who pays a business person,esp,a
lawyer for help and advice 当事人
The lawyer spent a whole day talking with his client
about the case,律师就该案子与当事人谈了一天 。
His client was a middle-aged man who lost his wife two
months ago,他的当事人是一位两个月前丧偶的男性 。
2,a customer 顾客
The company required its clients to pay their bills in
advance.
这家公司要求顾客预先支付费用 。
The shop took some new measures to attract more clients.
这家商店采取一些新措施以吸引更多的顾客。
solve
vt,find an answer to or a way of dealing
with
解决,解答
It took him three hours to solve the
mathematics problem.
他花了三个小时解答这道数学难题 。
How are you going to solve the questions
put forward？
你打算怎样解决人们所提出的这些问题？
illustrate
vt,show the meaning of (sth.) by giving
related pictures or examples
说明
His story illustrates her skill in dealing with
the problem.
他所讲的故事说明了她处理这个问题的技巧 。
He illustrated his idea with many examples
and pictures.
他用许多实例和图片说明自己的观点。
relate vt,1,tell (a story) 讲述
We related our troubles to him,asking his advice.
我们向他讲述我们的困难,征求他的意见 。
She had no opportunity to relate the situation to
him,她没有机会对他说这些情况 。
2,see or show a joining between 将,..,.,联系起来
I can't relate the two ideas.
我不能把这两个观点联系起来 。
I can' relate what he does to what he says.
我不能把他说的和他做的联系起来。
risk n,a danger 危险,风险
The disease is spreading and all the children
are at risk.
这种疾病正在蔓延,所有孩子都处于危险之中 。
You have to take a lot of risks in my job.
做我的工作,你要冒诸多风险 。
vt,place in danger; take the chance of losing
冒着,..,.,的危险
He would like to risk his life to save his friend.
他愿意冒生命危险救自己的朋友。
solution
n,(to) an answer to a problem
解决,解答
It's difficult to find a solution to this
problem.
很难找到一个解决这个问题的办法 。
If a solution is found,then go on with the
next stage.
如果找到了解决办法，那就着手做下一步的工作。
at risk,in danger 有危险,有风险
The doctor said that everyone was at risk
for AIDS.
医生说每个人都有染上艾滋病的危险。
regardless of,not influenced by 不顾,不管
She married the young man regardless of
her parents' objecting.
她不顾父母的反对，嫁给了这个年轻人。
the solution to
the answer to
,.....的解答 ; 解决 (解答 ),.....的办法
So far a solution to the crisis hasn't been found
yet.
迄今为止还没有找到解决危机的办法。
threaten to do sth.
give warning that one may hurt or punish
扬言要,.....
Bob threatened to set fire to Jane's house.
鲍勃扬言要烧毁简的房子。
Language Points
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was
diagnosed in the United States in the late 1970s,(Para.1)
Meaning,AIDS was discovered by doctors in the last
few years of the 1970's.
diagnose,vt,decide what illness a person has; discover
the nature (a disease) by making a careful examination
Note,To talk about a doctor's finding someone ill with
a certain disease we often say "diagnose with."
Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks
and Latinos,(Para.2) 被诊断感染艾滋病病毒的人有一半是黑人和来自拉丁美洲的人。
Women will soon make up 80 percent of those
diagnosed with HIV,(Para.11) 妇女将占感染艾滋病病毒人口的 80%。
But when we decide what illness a person has,we
say "diagnose as."
The doctor diagnosed his condition as a stomach
problem,医生诊断他得了胃病 。
Please pay attention to the following time
expressions:
in the late 1970s,20世纪 70年代末期
in the early 1970s,20世纪 70年代初期
in the middle 1970s,20世纪 70年代中期
Since then,AIDS has killed more than
204,000 Americans— half in the past few
years alone,(Para.1)
Meaning,Since then,204,000 Americans
have died of AIDS— about 102,000 died
of the disease only in the past few years.
Another 185,000 of the one million infected with the HIV
virus are also expected to die,(Para.1)
Meaning,Of the one million people who have the HIV virus,
185,000 are also likely to die.
infect,vt,put disease into the body of
The blood test shows that the man was infected with the
HIV virus,血检表明这个人染上了艾滋病病毒 。
The disease infected her eyes,and she became blind,这种病使她眼睛受感染,并致使她双目失明 。
expect sb,to do sth.,think,believe,or hope that sb,would
do sth.
I didn't expect so many people to be in the room.我没想到房间里有这么多人 。
I expected John to meet me at the airport,我原以为约翰会到机场接我。
Women and youth in rural Southern
communities now constitute the fastest
growing segment of people with AIDS.
(Para.2)
Meaning,The number of women and young
people who are infected with AIDS is
growing fastest in the countryside in the
South.
constitute,vt,make up; form
Seven days constitute a week.一周有 7天。
Twelve scientists constituted a research group
to study air pollution.12位科学家组成一个研究小组研究空气污染 。
Real familiarity with a 3,000 word vocabulary
constitutes a good base for further English
language learning,真正掌握了 3000单词,就具备了进一步学习英语的基础 。
segment,n,any of the parts into which
something may be divided
The company controls this segment of the
market,这个公司控制了这部分市场。
Despite such alarming numbers,the federal and
state governments have been slow in implementing
programs to stop the spread of AIDS,(Para.3)
Meaning,Although the number of people infected
with AIDS is very large and surprising,the federal
and state governments haven't taken actions in
time to carry out the programs to stop the spread
of AIDS.
alarm,n,sudden fear or worry; v,cause sudden
fear and worry
Everybody was alarmed at the news that a war
might break out.大家听到战争可能爆发的消息都很惊慌。
Small earthquakes are so common here that
people don't feel very alarmed at
them.这个地方小地震很常见,大家对地震都不感到惊慌 。
be slow in,do sth,slowly
The man is getting on in years and he is slow to
respond,那男人老了,反应慢了 。
implement,vt,put into practice
The government is implementing its program
of helping the poor,政府在实施扶贫政策 。
Money is needed to implement our child-care
programs,要实施儿童保健项目，需要资金。
In place of government inactivity,a number of
local organizations have emerged,(Para.3)
Meaning,Because the government is not active
in stopping the spread of AIDS,some local
organizations have formed to help prevent its
spread.
in place of,instead of
In place of a lecture we will be showing a film.
我们不去作报告,而是放场电影 。
John is to attend the meeting in place of the
manager,who has come down with a bad cold,
约翰代替经理参加会议，因为经理患了重感冒。
emerge,vi,come or appear; become
known出现
Richard was waiting outside the door as
Mary emerged,玛丽出现时,理查德正在门外等候 。
Many ideas are likely to emerge after
such an interesting finding,在发现这一有趣的现象之后,许多想法都有可能出现 。
Vietnam has emerged as the world's third
biggest rice trader,越南已成为世界第三大大米贸易国。
,.,formed in 1985 to combat the growing
number of AIDS cases.(Para.4)
Meaning,..,formed in 1985 to fight against the
increasing number of AIDS cases.
combat,vt,fight against;
The new government promised to take
measures to combat crime.新政府承诺采取措施与犯罪行为作斗争 。
combat,n,a struggle between two sides,ideas,
etc.
He took part in a street combat in which two
people were killed.他参与了一起街头打斗，打斗中两个人被打死。
,.,this organization suffers from a lack of
money,forcing it to use its resources creatively.
(Para.4)
Meaning,..,this organization lacks money,and
so it has to make use of its people,materials
and ideas in a creative way.
suffer from,be badly influenced by
Within a few days,she has become seriously ill,
suffering from great pain.只几天时间,她的病情加重了,她被折磨得痛苦不堪 。
He was diagnosed as suffering from AIDS,他被诊断为染上了艾滋病。
resources,n,the materials,money or other
things an organization or a family has and
can use in order to function properly; the
things a country has and can use to
increase its wealth
Some families are so poor that they don't
have enough resources to feed themselves.
有些家庭很穷,不能养活自己 。
The country is rich in oil resources but
lacks money and technology to develop
them,这个国家有丰富的石油资源，但缺乏资金和技术开发这些资源。
She also keeps books and other
publications around so customers can
read them while waiting for their
appointments.(Para.5)
Meaning,She also puts some books and
magazines in the shop,so customers can
read them when they wait for haircut.
publication,sth,printed
Publications in this country are checked
for the political opinions they contain,这个国家的出版物都要因其中的政治内容而受到检查。
They are also valuable resources in spreading
information to their schools,community groups and
churches,(Para.6)
Meaning,They also do a good job in spreading
information to their schools,
community groups and churches.
valuable,a,1,worth a lot
Her grandmother left her a valuable ring,祖母给她留下一枚贵重的戒指。
There are some very valuable things in that house;
they should lock the door carefully,那个屋内有些贵重的东西；他们应该小心把门锁好。
2,very useful
I‘m sorry to have taken up much of your
valuable time.很抱歉占用了你许多宝贵的时间。
While no one way of winning the war
against AIDS exists,the network shares
these lessons learned in its battle
against AIDS.(Para.7)
Meaning,Although there is not just one
way of stopping the spread of AIDS,the
network lets others know about these
experiences which is learned in their
battle against AIDS,
Many communities have a low literacy rate,making
impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting
people to read it,(Para.8)
Meaning,Most of the people in many communities are
not able to read and write,
and this makes it impossible to hand out the materials
about AIDS and expect them to read them.
Please pay attention to the following expressions using
"rate".
a low literacy rate or a low rate of literacy 受教育比例低
a high death rate 高死亡率
When the birth-rate increases and the death rate drops,
the population increases,当出生率上升，死亡率下降时，人口就会增加。
These books use simple,hand-drawn pictures of "sad
faces" and "happy faces" to illustrate ways people can
prevent AIDS,(Para.9)
Meaning,Simple pictures of "sad faces" and "happy
faces",drawn by hand,are used in these books to show
how people can prevent AIDS.
illustrate,vt,add pictures to (sth,written); show the
meaning of (sth.) by giving pictures or examples
The case illustrates that women can do much better
than men in some fields,这个事例说明了妇女在某些领域可以比男性干得出色得多 。
Let me give another example to illustrate this difficult
point,我再举个例子说明这个难点。
They also show people who look like those we need to
educate,since people can relate more when they see
familiar faces and language they can understand,(Para.
9)
Meaning,They also use pictures that look like those
people that need the education so they can understand
more when they find familiar faces and language they
know.
relate,say or tell
After seeing the film,the student was able to relate
every point in English,看了电影之后,那个学生能用英语讲述每一个细节 。
The traveler related his journey with joy,那位旅行者愉快地讲述了他的旅途情况。
As a result,such books actually have more effect in the
communities where they are used than government
publications,..,(Para.9)
Meaning,It turns out that such books are in fact more
effective in the communities where they are used than
the books or magazines printed by the government.
,.,the stylists have established an "AIDS Busters"
program,.,(Para.10)
Meaning,..,the stylists have carried out a program
known as "AIDS Busters",
that is,a program which can help win the war against
the spread of AIDS...
They make it simple and explain the risk of catching
AIDS to friends their own age much better than an
adult can.(Para.10)
Meaning,They make the lessons of "AIDS 101" easy to
understand,and explain to their peers the danger of
getting AIDS much better than an adult can.
risk,n,danger
He thinks there is no risk of a war now,他认为目前没有战争的风险 。
This kind of crime constitutes a big risk to our nation.
此种犯罪构成了我们国家的巨大危险 。
risk,vt,place in danger; take the chance of
The captain didn't want to risk taking his ship
across the sea until he could see where he was
going,这位船长在了解其行驶方向之前不想冒险驾船穿越大海 。
Don't risk it,It isn't worth it,不要冒险,这不值得 。
at risk,in danger of
Redefine "at risk" to include women from
different backgrounds and marriage
status,(Para.11) 重新理解 "有危险 "问题,从而把不同背景,不同婚姻状况的妇女考虑在内 。
The stylists also emphasize that everyone is at risk,
(Para,12) 发型设计师也强调每个人都有危险。
Redefine "at risk" to include women from
different backgrounds and marriage
status.(Para.11)
Meaning,Consider again the problem of "who
is at risk for AIDS" in a new way,
as women from different backgrounds and
marriage status should be included in the
people who are at risk for AIDS.
redefine,vt,consider sth,in a new way
The scientist redefined the relations between
population and economic affairs,这位科学家重新说明了人口和经济之间的关系。
The government was asked to redefine its
program on birth control,政府被要求重新考虑其人口控制计划 。
Please pay attention to the following
expressions with "status":
marriage status 婚姻状况
economic status 经济状况
job status 就业情况
legal status 法律地位
Such misinformation plagues the medical
establishment.(Para.11)
Meaning,The medical organization is bothered by such
wrong ideas as the one that women are not at risk for AIDS.
plague,n,a disease that spreads quickly and kills large
numbers of people
A plague has killed thousands of people in Africa since
1995,1995年以来一场瘟疫使非洲成千上万的人丧生 。
Air pollution is regarded as a plague of the nation,空气污染被认为是这个国家的严重问题 。
plague,vt,cause sb,a lot of trouble or pain
Fears about the war plagued nearly half the population in
the country,这个国家有一半的人口害怕战争 。
He said he wasn't going to plague the teacher with a lot of
questions,他说他不再提许多问题将老师的军了。
The stylists also emphasize that everyone is at
risk and that all of us have a right to protect
ourselves — regardless of marriage
status.(Para.12)
Meaning,The stylists also showthat everyone is
in danger of catching AIDS and that all of us
have a right to protect ourselves — whether we
are married or not.
emphasize,vt,stress sth,is very important
Robert emphasized the difference between the
interests of the single person and those of the
community.罗伯特强调了个人利益和社区利益的区别。
The official emphasized that his
government would implement the
program,这位官员强调政府将执行这项计划 。
regardless of,not consider or be
influenced by
Regardless of whether he is right or
wrong,we have to obey his orders,不管他是对还是错,我们都得服从他的命令 。
We decide to go out regardless of the
weather.不管天气如何，我们都决定出门。
These lessons are not the only solutions to the crisis
but until there is a cure for AIDS,education
represents the only safe measure to guard against
the virus,(Para.13)
Meaning,The experiences of the stylists are not the
only ways to deal with the crisis of AIDS,but before
a cure for AIDS is found,education is the only safe
method to fight against the spread of the AIDS
virus.
solution,n,an answer to a problem
Please note,"solution" is often followed by "to".
It took him three days to give a solution to the
mathematics problem.他花了三天时间才解出这道数学难题。
It is difficult to find a solution to this question,这个问题很难找到解决办法 。
represent,vt,show; be a sign of; stand for; describe
He got a chance to represent China at the Olympic
Games the next year,他有机会在第二年代表中国参加奥运会 。
He does not clearly represent the stages of painting
a picture.他没有讲清楚绘画的步骤 。
guard against,watch over in order to protect from
hurt or damage
This is an open house and there is little way to
guard against strangers,这是一幢开放式的房子，
很难防范陌生人的进入。
Like no other plague before,the AIDS epidemic threatens
to wipe out an entire generation and leave another without
parents.(Para.14)
Meaning,Unlike other plagues before,the AIDS plague is
likely to kill an entire generation and make another
generation lose their parents.
threaten,v,be a warning that one is going to hurt,punish,
etc.; give warning of (sth,bad)
If you threaten me or use any force,I shall inform the
police,如果你威胁我,或动武的话,我就报警 。
The verb "threaten" is often followed by an infinitive.
The fighting is threatening to turn into a war,这场战斗有可能变成一场战争 。
The father threatened to punish the child if the child did
not obey his orders,父亲威胁说要是孩子不听话，就要给以惩罚。
We must not let cultural,racial,or social barriers distract
us from the job that must be done.(Para.14)
Meaning,We must not let cultural,racial or social barriers
take our attention from the job that must be done.
barrier,n,sth,that makes it impossible or difficult for sth.
else to happen
Taxes are the biggest barrier to free trade,税收是自由贸易的最大障碍 。
There is no reason why love shouldn't cross the age barrier.
认为爱情不可以跨越年龄障碍的说法是没有道理的 。
distract sb,from sth.,take one's attention from sth.
Don't let social activities distract you from your study.不要让社会活动影响你的学习 。
The music soon distracted the boy from his homework.音乐声很快使这个男孩分心了，以致不能专心做家庭作业。
This is an undeclared war that everyone must
sign up for it in order for us to win.(Para.14)
Meaning,This is a war that is fought without
any announcement,and everyone must take
part in it if we wish to win the war.
sign up,sign an agreement to take part in sth.
I've signed up to take a course at the local
college.我已报名在当地学院学一门课程 。
He persuaded the company to sign up the
singer.他说服公司与这位歌手签约。
We simply cannot let people continue to
die because we don't feel comfortable
talking about AIDS,(Para.14)
Meaning,We really cannot let people
continue to die just because we are not
happy to talk about AIDS.
feel comfortable doing/with sth.,feel
happy about doing sth.
Do your feel comfortable with the plan?
你对这个计划满意吗？
Keys to the Exercises
Ⅴ Vocabulary
1,regardless of
2,at risk
3,passed out
4,distracts… from
5,sign up
6,infected with
7,a solution to/for
8,provide… for
Ⅵ Structure
1,Despite his illness
2,Despite a lot of difficulties
3,despite his old age
4,Despite the bad weather
5,despite his hard work
Ⅶ Translation
Translate the following sentences into English.
1,We’ll do our best to help the girl infected with the
AIDS virus to live longer,regardless of the cost.
2,Please turn off the TV,because the noise will disturb
her from her homework.
3,It was a long time before the company implemented
the program to improve the quality of its goods because of
lack of money and necessary equipment.
4,When giving a lecture,Bob often prepared some
pictures to illustrate how the situations mentioned in a text
took place.
An able and successful businessman is good at making use of
all the resources to make money.
