Chapter 1
Discussion Questions
1-1.
What advantages does a sole proprietorship offer? What is a major drawback of this type of organization?
A sole proprietorship offers the advantage of simplicity of decision making and low organizational and operating costs,A major drawback is that there is unlimited liability to the owner.
1-2.
What form of partnership allows some of the investors to limit their liability? Explain briefly.
A limited partnership allows some of the partners to limit their liability,Under this arrangement,one or more partners are designated general partners and have unlimited liability for the debts of the firm; other partners are designated limited partners and are liable only for their initial contribution,The limited partners are normally prohibited from being active in the management of the firm.
1-3.
In a corporation,what group has the ultimate responsibility for protecting and managing the stockholders' interests?
The board of directors.
1-4.
What document is necessary to form a corporation?
The articles of incorporation.
1-5.
What issue does agency theory examine? Why is it important in a public corporation rather than in a private corporation?
Agency theory examines the relationship between the owners of the firm and the managers of the firm,In privately owned firms,management and the owners are usually the same people,Management operates the firm to satisfy its own goals,needs,financial requirements and the like,As a company moves from private to public ownership,management now represents all owners,This places management in the agency position of making decisions in the best interest of all shareholders.
1-6.
Why are institutional investors important in today's business world?
Because institutional investors such as pension funds and mutual funds own a large percentage of major U.S,companies,they are having more to say about the way publicly owned companies are managed,As a group,they have the ability to vote large blocks of shares for the election of a board of directors,which is suppose to run the company in an efficient,competitive manner,The threat of being able to replace poor performing boards of directors makes institutional investors quite influential,Since these institutions,like pension funds and mutual funds,represent individual workers and investors,they have a responsibility to see that the firm is managed in an efficient and ethical way.
1-7.
Why is profit maximization,by itself,an inappropriate goal? What is meant by the goal of maximization of shareholder wealth?
The problem with a profit maximization goal is that it fails to take account of risk,the timing of the benefits is not considered,and profit measurement is a very inexact process,The goal of shareholders wealth maximization implies that the firm will attempt to achieve the highest possible total valuation in the marketplace,It is the one overriding objective of the firm and should influence every decision.
1-8.
When does insider trading occur? What government agency is responsible for protecting against the unethical practice of insider trading?
Insider trading occurs when someone has information that is not available to the public and then users the information to profit from trading in a company's common stock.
1-9.
In the terms of the life of the securities offered,what is the difference between money and capital markets?
Money markets refer to those markets dealing with short-term securities that have a life of one year or less,Capital markets refer to securities with a life of more than one year.
1-10.
What is the difference between a primary and a secondary market?
A primary market refers to the use of the financial markets to raise new funds,After the securities are sold to the public (institutions and individuals),they trade in the secondary market between investors,It is in the secondary market that prices are continually changing as investors buy and sell securities based on the expectations of corporate prospects.
1-11.
Assume you are looking at many companies with equal risk,which ones will have the highest stock prices?
Given companies with equal risk,those companies with expectations of high return will have higher common stock prices relative to those companies with poor expectations.
1-12.
What changes can take place under restructuring? In recent times,what group of investors has often forced restructuring to take place?
Restructuring can result in changes in the capital structure (liabilities and equity on the balance sheet),It can also result in the selling of low-profit-margin divisions with the proceeds reinvested in better investment opportunities,and sometimes restructuring results in the removal of the current management team or large reductions in the work force,Restructuring has also included mergers and acquisitions,
Institutional investors have been very influential in forcing restructuring to take place in recent years.
1-13.
What impact has the Internet had on competition for full service brokers such as Merrill Lynch and Salomon Smith Barney?
Firms like Charles Schwabb,E-Trade,and Ameritrade allow customers to trade using the Internet,Full service brokers have had to follow suit,even though it is not as profitable to them for their customers to trade on the Internet rather than through the normal broker arrangement.
The shift to Internet trading has enabled a change in price quotes from fractions to more precise decimals,This also puts a squeeze on brokers' profits.
Discussion Questions
1-1.
What advantages does a sole proprietorship offer? What is a major drawback of this type of organization?
A sole proprietorship offers the advantage of simplicity of decision making and low organizational and operating costs,A major drawback is that there is unlimited liability to the owner.
1-2.
What form of partnership allows some of the investors to limit their liability? Explain briefly.
A limited partnership allows some of the partners to limit their liability,Under this arrangement,one or more partners are designated general partners and have unlimited liability for the debts of the firm; other partners are designated limited partners and are liable only for their initial contribution,The limited partners are normally prohibited from being active in the management of the firm.
1-3.
In a corporation,what group has the ultimate responsibility for protecting and managing the stockholders' interests?
The board of directors.
1-4.
What document is necessary to form a corporation?
The articles of incorporation.
1-5.
What issue does agency theory examine? Why is it important in a public corporation rather than in a private corporation?
Agency theory examines the relationship between the owners of the firm and the managers of the firm,In privately owned firms,management and the owners are usually the same people,Management operates the firm to satisfy its own goals,needs,financial requirements and the like,As a company moves from private to public ownership,management now represents all owners,This places management in the agency position of making decisions in the best interest of all shareholders.
1-6.
Why are institutional investors important in today's business world?
Because institutional investors such as pension funds and mutual funds own a large percentage of major U.S,companies,they are having more to say about the way publicly owned companies are managed,As a group,they have the ability to vote large blocks of shares for the election of a board of directors,which is suppose to run the company in an efficient,competitive manner,The threat of being able to replace poor performing boards of directors makes institutional investors quite influential,Since these institutions,like pension funds and mutual funds,represent individual workers and investors,they have a responsibility to see that the firm is managed in an efficient and ethical way.
1-7.
Why is profit maximization,by itself,an inappropriate goal? What is meant by the goal of maximization of shareholder wealth?
The problem with a profit maximization goal is that it fails to take account of risk,the timing of the benefits is not considered,and profit measurement is a very inexact process,The goal of shareholders wealth maximization implies that the firm will attempt to achieve the highest possible total valuation in the marketplace,It is the one overriding objective of the firm and should influence every decision.
1-8.
When does insider trading occur? What government agency is responsible for protecting against the unethical practice of insider trading?
Insider trading occurs when someone has information that is not available to the public and then users the information to profit from trading in a company's common stock.
1-9.
In the terms of the life of the securities offered,what is the difference between money and capital markets?
Money markets refer to those markets dealing with short-term securities that have a life of one year or less,Capital markets refer to securities with a life of more than one year.
1-10.
What is the difference between a primary and a secondary market?
A primary market refers to the use of the financial markets to raise new funds,After the securities are sold to the public (institutions and individuals),they trade in the secondary market between investors,It is in the secondary market that prices are continually changing as investors buy and sell securities based on the expectations of corporate prospects.
1-11.
Assume you are looking at many companies with equal risk,which ones will have the highest stock prices?
Given companies with equal risk,those companies with expectations of high return will have higher common stock prices relative to those companies with poor expectations.
1-12.
What changes can take place under restructuring? In recent times,what group of investors has often forced restructuring to take place?
Restructuring can result in changes in the capital structure (liabilities and equity on the balance sheet),It can also result in the selling of low-profit-margin divisions with the proceeds reinvested in better investment opportunities,and sometimes restructuring results in the removal of the current management team or large reductions in the work force,Restructuring has also included mergers and acquisitions,
Institutional investors have been very influential in forcing restructuring to take place in recent years.
1-13.
What impact has the Internet had on competition for full service brokers such as Merrill Lynch and Salomon Smith Barney?
Firms like Charles Schwabb,E-Trade,and Ameritrade allow customers to trade using the Internet,Full service brokers have had to follow suit,even though it is not as profitable to them for their customers to trade on the Internet rather than through the normal broker arrangement.
The shift to Internet trading has enabled a change in price quotes from fractions to more precise decimals,This also puts a squeeze on brokers' profits.
