新闻采访写作教程 (9)
导语的的意义与力量
你的报道将如何开头? 利用戏剧化的紧张气氛,戏剧化情节组织细节和事件,
把读者戏引到故事中来；
故事是箭,导语是弓,导语是把故事沿着一条上升的轨道射向故事的高潮；
新闻稿的通常写作是在一开始就把故事的高潮和结局告诉读者,而人物特写总是把故事中间的一个情节作为开头,然后升入高潮,最后还要有一个讲求的结尾 。
无论为任何媒体报道新闻,导语是基础 。 好的导语给读者和观众一种期望,是一种诱惑；
读者通过导语决定他们下面看到的股市是否重要或有趣 ;
如果新闻作品有任何诗意的话,这种诗意都凝练在导语中 ;
如果你在导语中失去了读者,你甭想指望在稿件的中间把读者拉回来,因为读者很可能永远不会看到你稿件的中间是如何写的 。
导语的意义
如果你有两个小时写稿子,花一个半小时写导语 ;
好的导语,标志着好的稿件完成了一大半 ;
报道的基调,报道的框架,报道的主题都被导语牵着鼻子走 。 没有好的导语,
你的报道会会思路不清,会胡言乱语 。
要点,
导语不可以是记者炫耀自己的文采和才华的地方 。 导语最重要的功能是为了即刻吸引读者上钩 。
导语的构思
导语的构思跟孵化一个小鸡一样,需要艰苦的思考 。 导语决定了读者是否要把你的作品读下去 ;
无论你是为报纸,杂志,网站,广播,
电视报道新闻,你概括一个新闻事件的能力活者使用一个故事或场景吸引读者的能力,已经成为记者的最基本的基本功 。
亚利斯多德：
In media res,Beginning a story in
the middle of the action,Aristotle
coined the term,which was then
translated into Latin,"In medea
res" usually refers to the point at
which the outcome hangs in the
balance.
对故事性导语的要求：
能把一只蛤蟆说成天鹅；
复杂的问题简单化,而不是把简单的问题复杂化；
相关性 。 如果故事与主题不相干,不要使用这个故事,这个故事可能会把读者带向一个错误的方向；
印刷媒体与电子媒体导语差异,
在电子媒体高度发展的今天,在第二天的报纸没有上摊之前,广播电视已经通过概括性的报道无数次地报道了这一事件,
受众对这一事件的报道已经饱和,报纸怎么办?
报纸要想办法,用记者千辛万苦采集到的动人细节,制造一个崭新的视角和包装重新抓住读者的注意力,因此,印刷媒体记者在写导语的时候,应考虑以下因素和遵循以下写作提示,
时间要素
读者需求
独家性时间要素,这个事件是刚刚发生的? 你是第一个报道的? 人们是否已经从其它媒体上知道了这件事情? 时效性在这条新闻报道中是否特别重要?
读者需求,你的读者将从你这里获得第一时间的报道? 如果读者在你的报道之前已经获知了这条新闻,你将如何构思新闻导语,从而让读者感觉你的报道一定有他们想看的和不知道的好故事,
独家性,你是唯一采访到这个故事的记者?
虽然报纸,电视,网络如此发到,但是,
只要你深入采访,你仍然有机会获得独家新闻,独家的动人的故事 。
导语的种类,
概括性导语 ;
人物故事性导语概括性导语,
A TWA jetliner bound for Paris
with 229 people aboard exploded in
midair last night just after taking
off from Kennedy Airport and plunged
into the Atlantic Ocean south of
Moriches Inlet,and the Coast Guard
said no survivors had been found.
,新闻日报,,1996年 7月 18日人物故事导语 (逸事性导语 )：
Paris--The elderly lady in the charcoal gray suit gazed up at
the airport monitor in Charles de Gaulle Airport,
wondering why the screen announced that TWA Flight 800 that
should be landing had been canceled.
She was puzzled but not scared until an official quickly came
over and led her to a trauma center set up for those
meeting the New York flight that went down into the waters off
Long Island.
1996年 7月 19日,新闻日报,
逸事性导语写作注意,
- 用逸事写作的导语读起来鲜活,有现场感,有滋有味,是吸引读者上钩的鱼饵 ;
- 但是,导语选取的故事 （ 逸事 ） 必须与报道的主体相干,不可仅仅把逸事当成诱饵,开头以后,调子完全一转,扯上遇导语不甚相干的话题 ;
- 如果导语中出现的故事中的人物在报道的正文中再也没有出现过 。 读者会对这样的处理新闻的手法感到不解和遗憾 。
如何使用逸事导语？
- - 写完稿子后,不妨把逸事性导语跳过,
把稿件通篇读一下,如果发现不用逸事性导语,听起来同样吸引人,就干脆把逸事性导语删去；
- 写完稿子后,只留下逸事性导语,
把稿件的主体遮住,让别人猜一猜这篇报道主题是关于什么的 。 如果猜错了,
你需要重写你的导语 。
如何修改导语?
- 写完导语后,大声地把导语读给你的同学获同事,如果他们听了想睡觉,或者听了感到困惑,
你必须重写 ;
- 改写导语的目的,是为了导语看起来更亮,更有力量,更清晰 ;
- 要看看有没有多余的字,累赘的话,不准确的地方 ;
- 删除或替换政治家,政府官员,科学家,医生,
律师使用的专业行话和陈旧的套话 。 要多多使用新鲜的语言 。
优秀导语分析：
报道大屠杀后的场景
Karubamba,Rwanda Nobody lives here anymore.
Not the expectant mothers huddled outside the
maternity clinic,not the families squeezed into the
church,not the man who lies rotting in a schoolroom
beneath a chalkboard map of Africa.
Everybody here is dead,Karubamba is a vision from hell,
a flesh-and-bone junkyard of human wreckage,an obscene
slaughterhouse that has fallen silent save for the
roaring buzz of flies the size of honeybees.
Associated Press,May 12,1994
报道蓝极速网吧火灾
The cartoon this week in a Chinese newspaper is
crudely to the point,Two young boys are shown
creeping up to the door of an internet cafe - one is
holding a can of petrol,"The staff here are worse
than those women my Dad picks up",says the boy
with the petrol,"Anyone who keeps us out will get
flattened," replies the other,
Early in the morning on June 16 in Beijing,as widely
reported in China and abroad,two boys aged 13 and
14 firebombed the Lanjisu Cyber Cafe in the Haidian
university district,Two dozen of those inside,mostly
students surfing the web or playing games on a
cheap night rate - more than half of the clients - died,
June 25,2002,The Guardian
报道一个人质劫持分子
A waiter fond of poet Ralph Waldo Emerson
attends morning prayers at his church,steps
across the street and hijacks a school bus.
Owing $15,639.39 in back taxes,wielding what
he says is a bomb,Catalino Sang shields
himself with disabled children.
Follow my orders,he says,or I will kill the
kids,no problem,I will,?says driver Alicia
Chapman,crafty and calm,but please don’t
hurt the children.?
The saga of Dade County school bus No,CX-17,
bound for Blue Lakes Elementary,begins.
The Miami Herald,November 3,1995
报道一个隐藏了 50年的杀人犯
The past came to claim Aleksandras
Lileikis this week,It knocked on his
door on Sumner Street in Norwood,
shattering his quiet present and
shocking the friends and neighbors who
thought they knew the man in the yellow
house.It knocked on all of our doors,
pointing to the genocide of more than 50
years,demanding that we hear the
stories and seek the truth.
The Boston Globe,Sept,23,1994
描写回到你儿时的故乡
HAVANA This is the moment when,in my dreams,I
begin to cry,And yet,I’m strangely calm as I
go up the stairs to the apartment of my
childhood in Santos Suarez,the only place that,
after all these years,I still refer to as la
casa,home.
The New York Times,Feb,3,1998
报道监狱里的一个女杀人犯
Her weight’s gone up,Gray hairs have sprouted.
She’s gotten used to flat shoes instead of
heels and eggplant-shaped dresses instead of
the gowns and furs she used to wear,But after
a decade in prison for having her husband
killed,Betty Lou Haber,closing in on 50,is
still as polite and sweet sounding as ever.
St,Petersburg Times,May 26,1985
报道一例成功的心脏移植手术
A healthy 17-year-old heart pumped the
gift of life through 34-year-old Bruce
Murray Friday,following a four-hour
transplant operation that doctors said
went without a hitch.
Syracuse Post-Standard,May 12,1984
用丈夫突然去世的心情做导语
At 12:30,my husband and I were having a
pleasant lunch in a restaurant,At 1:30,we
were back home,sitting at the kitchen counter
planning a trip to Vienna and Budapest with
cherished friends,At 2:30,I was walking out
of the hospital emergency room in shock,a
widow,my life changed forever,beyond
comprehension.
Chicago Tribune,July 12,1993
用悬念场景开头描写谋杀新闻
Tap,Tap,Tap,Tap,Pause,Tap,Tap,Tap.
Ashley Lewis hit the counter of the oak witness box with his
index finger,mimicking what he heard through a crack in the
bathroom window the night of Dec,4,1997,as he got ready
for bed.
It sounded like a typewriter,But Lewis,testifying on the
first day in the death penalty trial of Jerry Scott Heidler
for the murder of a family in Santa Claus a year-and-a-half
ago,found it hard to believe his mother,a secretary,would
break out her typewriter at almost 2 a.m,Just a half hour
before,she had told him to turn the television off and go
to bed.
Lewis walked to his mother's room and turned on the light.
She was asleep in bed,He walked through the house,turning
on other lights,Nothing.
"I got this real eerie feeling," Lewis said.
Lewis did not know it yet,but a half -mile away,four of
his neighbors lay dead.
Savannah (Ga.) Morning News,2000年 5月 31日
导语的的意义与力量
你的报道将如何开头? 利用戏剧化的紧张气氛,戏剧化情节组织细节和事件,
把读者戏引到故事中来；
故事是箭,导语是弓,导语是把故事沿着一条上升的轨道射向故事的高潮；
新闻稿的通常写作是在一开始就把故事的高潮和结局告诉读者,而人物特写总是把故事中间的一个情节作为开头,然后升入高潮,最后还要有一个讲求的结尾 。
无论为任何媒体报道新闻,导语是基础 。 好的导语给读者和观众一种期望,是一种诱惑；
读者通过导语决定他们下面看到的股市是否重要或有趣 ;
如果新闻作品有任何诗意的话,这种诗意都凝练在导语中 ;
如果你在导语中失去了读者,你甭想指望在稿件的中间把读者拉回来,因为读者很可能永远不会看到你稿件的中间是如何写的 。
导语的意义
如果你有两个小时写稿子,花一个半小时写导语 ;
好的导语,标志着好的稿件完成了一大半 ;
报道的基调,报道的框架,报道的主题都被导语牵着鼻子走 。 没有好的导语,
你的报道会会思路不清,会胡言乱语 。
要点,
导语不可以是记者炫耀自己的文采和才华的地方 。 导语最重要的功能是为了即刻吸引读者上钩 。
导语的构思
导语的构思跟孵化一个小鸡一样,需要艰苦的思考 。 导语决定了读者是否要把你的作品读下去 ;
无论你是为报纸,杂志,网站,广播,
电视报道新闻,你概括一个新闻事件的能力活者使用一个故事或场景吸引读者的能力,已经成为记者的最基本的基本功 。
亚利斯多德：
In media res,Beginning a story in
the middle of the action,Aristotle
coined the term,which was then
translated into Latin,"In medea
res" usually refers to the point at
which the outcome hangs in the
balance.
对故事性导语的要求：
能把一只蛤蟆说成天鹅；
复杂的问题简单化,而不是把简单的问题复杂化；
相关性 。 如果故事与主题不相干,不要使用这个故事,这个故事可能会把读者带向一个错误的方向；
印刷媒体与电子媒体导语差异,
在电子媒体高度发展的今天,在第二天的报纸没有上摊之前,广播电视已经通过概括性的报道无数次地报道了这一事件,
受众对这一事件的报道已经饱和,报纸怎么办?
报纸要想办法,用记者千辛万苦采集到的动人细节,制造一个崭新的视角和包装重新抓住读者的注意力,因此,印刷媒体记者在写导语的时候,应考虑以下因素和遵循以下写作提示,
时间要素
读者需求
独家性时间要素,这个事件是刚刚发生的? 你是第一个报道的? 人们是否已经从其它媒体上知道了这件事情? 时效性在这条新闻报道中是否特别重要?
读者需求,你的读者将从你这里获得第一时间的报道? 如果读者在你的报道之前已经获知了这条新闻,你将如何构思新闻导语,从而让读者感觉你的报道一定有他们想看的和不知道的好故事,
独家性,你是唯一采访到这个故事的记者?
虽然报纸,电视,网络如此发到,但是,
只要你深入采访,你仍然有机会获得独家新闻,独家的动人的故事 。
导语的种类,
概括性导语 ;
人物故事性导语概括性导语,
A TWA jetliner bound for Paris
with 229 people aboard exploded in
midair last night just after taking
off from Kennedy Airport and plunged
into the Atlantic Ocean south of
Moriches Inlet,and the Coast Guard
said no survivors had been found.
,新闻日报,,1996年 7月 18日人物故事导语 (逸事性导语 )：
Paris--The elderly lady in the charcoal gray suit gazed up at
the airport monitor in Charles de Gaulle Airport,
wondering why the screen announced that TWA Flight 800 that
should be landing had been canceled.
She was puzzled but not scared until an official quickly came
over and led her to a trauma center set up for those
meeting the New York flight that went down into the waters off
Long Island.
1996年 7月 19日,新闻日报,
逸事性导语写作注意,
- 用逸事写作的导语读起来鲜活,有现场感,有滋有味,是吸引读者上钩的鱼饵 ;
- 但是,导语选取的故事 （ 逸事 ） 必须与报道的主体相干,不可仅仅把逸事当成诱饵,开头以后,调子完全一转,扯上遇导语不甚相干的话题 ;
- 如果导语中出现的故事中的人物在报道的正文中再也没有出现过 。 读者会对这样的处理新闻的手法感到不解和遗憾 。
如何使用逸事导语？
- - 写完稿子后,不妨把逸事性导语跳过,
把稿件通篇读一下,如果发现不用逸事性导语,听起来同样吸引人,就干脆把逸事性导语删去；
- 写完稿子后,只留下逸事性导语,
把稿件的主体遮住,让别人猜一猜这篇报道主题是关于什么的 。 如果猜错了,
你需要重写你的导语 。
如何修改导语?
- 写完导语后,大声地把导语读给你的同学获同事,如果他们听了想睡觉,或者听了感到困惑,
你必须重写 ;
- 改写导语的目的,是为了导语看起来更亮,更有力量,更清晰 ;
- 要看看有没有多余的字,累赘的话,不准确的地方 ;
- 删除或替换政治家,政府官员,科学家,医生,
律师使用的专业行话和陈旧的套话 。 要多多使用新鲜的语言 。
优秀导语分析：
报道大屠杀后的场景
Karubamba,Rwanda Nobody lives here anymore.
Not the expectant mothers huddled outside the
maternity clinic,not the families squeezed into the
church,not the man who lies rotting in a schoolroom
beneath a chalkboard map of Africa.
Everybody here is dead,Karubamba is a vision from hell,
a flesh-and-bone junkyard of human wreckage,an obscene
slaughterhouse that has fallen silent save for the
roaring buzz of flies the size of honeybees.
Associated Press,May 12,1994
报道蓝极速网吧火灾
The cartoon this week in a Chinese newspaper is
crudely to the point,Two young boys are shown
creeping up to the door of an internet cafe - one is
holding a can of petrol,"The staff here are worse
than those women my Dad picks up",says the boy
with the petrol,"Anyone who keeps us out will get
flattened," replies the other,
Early in the morning on June 16 in Beijing,as widely
reported in China and abroad,two boys aged 13 and
14 firebombed the Lanjisu Cyber Cafe in the Haidian
university district,Two dozen of those inside,mostly
students surfing the web or playing games on a
cheap night rate - more than half of the clients - died,
June 25,2002,The Guardian
报道一个人质劫持分子
A waiter fond of poet Ralph Waldo Emerson
attends morning prayers at his church,steps
across the street and hijacks a school bus.
Owing $15,639.39 in back taxes,wielding what
he says is a bomb,Catalino Sang shields
himself with disabled children.
Follow my orders,he says,or I will kill the
kids,no problem,I will,?says driver Alicia
Chapman,crafty and calm,but please don’t
hurt the children.?
The saga of Dade County school bus No,CX-17,
bound for Blue Lakes Elementary,begins.
The Miami Herald,November 3,1995
报道一个隐藏了 50年的杀人犯
The past came to claim Aleksandras
Lileikis this week,It knocked on his
door on Sumner Street in Norwood,
shattering his quiet present and
shocking the friends and neighbors who
thought they knew the man in the yellow
house.It knocked on all of our doors,
pointing to the genocide of more than 50
years,demanding that we hear the
stories and seek the truth.
The Boston Globe,Sept,23,1994
描写回到你儿时的故乡
HAVANA This is the moment when,in my dreams,I
begin to cry,And yet,I’m strangely calm as I
go up the stairs to the apartment of my
childhood in Santos Suarez,the only place that,
after all these years,I still refer to as la
casa,home.
The New York Times,Feb,3,1998
报道监狱里的一个女杀人犯
Her weight’s gone up,Gray hairs have sprouted.
She’s gotten used to flat shoes instead of
heels and eggplant-shaped dresses instead of
the gowns and furs she used to wear,But after
a decade in prison for having her husband
killed,Betty Lou Haber,closing in on 50,is
still as polite and sweet sounding as ever.
St,Petersburg Times,May 26,1985
报道一例成功的心脏移植手术
A healthy 17-year-old heart pumped the
gift of life through 34-year-old Bruce
Murray Friday,following a four-hour
transplant operation that doctors said
went without a hitch.
Syracuse Post-Standard,May 12,1984
用丈夫突然去世的心情做导语
At 12:30,my husband and I were having a
pleasant lunch in a restaurant,At 1:30,we
were back home,sitting at the kitchen counter
planning a trip to Vienna and Budapest with
cherished friends,At 2:30,I was walking out
of the hospital emergency room in shock,a
widow,my life changed forever,beyond
comprehension.
Chicago Tribune,July 12,1993
用悬念场景开头描写谋杀新闻
Tap,Tap,Tap,Tap,Pause,Tap,Tap,Tap.
Ashley Lewis hit the counter of the oak witness box with his
index finger,mimicking what he heard through a crack in the
bathroom window the night of Dec,4,1997,as he got ready
for bed.
It sounded like a typewriter,But Lewis,testifying on the
first day in the death penalty trial of Jerry Scott Heidler
for the murder of a family in Santa Claus a year-and-a-half
ago,found it hard to believe his mother,a secretary,would
break out her typewriter at almost 2 a.m,Just a half hour
before,she had told him to turn the television off and go
to bed.
Lewis walked to his mother's room and turned on the light.
She was asleep in bed,He walked through the house,turning
on other lights,Nothing.
"I got this real eerie feeling," Lewis said.
Lewis did not know it yet,but a half -mile away,four of
his neighbors lay dead.
Savannah (Ga.) Morning News,2000年 5月 31日
