Lesson Three
Merchant ship Types
Break-bulk cargo ships
The inboard space in break bulk cargo ships is divided longitudinally by transverse bulkheads,spaced 40-70 ft apart,into a series of cargo compartments of approximately equal volume,generally seven for a ship of about 500 ft Lap,Vertically,the bulkheads are divided by one or two decks below the uppermost,continuous deck (main or strength deck),The space between the inner bottom and the lowest deck,called the hold,is limited to a height of about 18 ft (5.5m) to minimize damage to cargo through crushing,Usually the height of each space between decks termed between deck space) is 9- 10ft (2.7-3.0m),
In addition to the previously mentioned double-bottom tanks,the most break-bulk cargo ships have deep tanks used for fuel oil,water ballast,or liquid cargoes such as latex,coconut oil,or edible oils.
The cargo is handled through large rectangular deck openings (hatches) over each cargo space.
Mechanically operated hatch covers are used to close the openings,The hatch covers in the tween decks are strong enough to support cargo stowed on them,The topside hatch covers are watertight.
The tween deck space is generally suitable for break-bulk or palletized cargo holds have had one hatch per deck,with of 35-50% the ship’s breath and a length of 50-60% the hold length,The trend is toward widen hatches or multiple hatches abreast and often longer hatches,to increase cargo handling speed,A multiple hatch arrangement (triple hatch,for instance) is efficiently used for a partial load of containers stowed under deck.
Break-bulk cargo handling between pier and ship is done usually by means of cargo booms installed on board,The booms are raised or lowered by adjustable wire rigging led from the mast or king post to the boom ends,A wire rope leads over sheaves from a winch to the outer end of each boom and terminates in a cargo hook,Cargo can be hoisted using one boom(customarily for very heavy loads of cargo,10 tons or over) or for faster handling,by a pair of married booms,with one boom end over the hatch and the other over the pier,This cargo handling operation,called burtoning,is customary for loads up to 10 tons,Most break-bulk cargo ships fitted with booms have a pair of booms at each hatch end to expedite cargo handling,The cargo is often piled together in a large net which is emptied and returned for the next load,Packaged cargo of nearly uniform dimensions may be stacked on pallets which are hoisted aboard individually,The sling load is landed through the hatch opening,The pallets or nets are then unloaded,and each item is individually stowed by the hold gang,Any cargo stowed in the wings of the hold is manhandled unless it is on pallets and handled by a forklift truck,The use of forklift trucks is becoming common practice,and a number of these trucks may be carried on board if they are not available at cargo terminals,The amount of cargo which is manhandled onboard determines largely the ship turnaround and port expenses,and,the profitability of the transportation system.
Most break-bulk cargo ships have provisions for a heavy lift boom of 30-100-metric ton capacity for occasional units of heavy cargo.
An increasing number of break-bulk cargo ships are being fitted with revolving deck cargo cranes instead of masts,booms and winches.
Container ships
Container ships are replacing the conventional break-bulk cargo ship in trade routes where rapid cargo handling is essential,Containers are weatherproof boxes (usually metal) strengthened withstand stacking and motion at sea,Containers are of standard size,the largest ones weighing up to about 30 metric tons when loaded,The use of standard containers facilitates ship-board stowage,land or waterway transportation,and rental or lease.
A large container ship may be loaded or unloaded completely in about half a day,compared to several days for the same amount of cargo in break-bulk cargo ship,Generally,the shipper places the cargo in the container and，except for custom inspection,it is delivered unopened to the consignee,Highway trailers (most commonly),railroad cars,or barges transport containers to and from their land destination and are therefore apart of the same transportation system,For a given payload cargo capacity,container ships are larger and more costly to build than the traditional cargo ship,but both the cargo handling cost and the idle ship time in port are reduced considerably.
Although in some ships containers are moved horizontally for loading and unloading,the predominant arrangement is that illustrated in Fig.1 where containers are stowed in vertical cells and moved vertically in and out of the vessel.
Roll-on/Roll-off ships
With a broad interpretation all ships that are designed to handle cargo by rolling it on wheels can be considered under this heading,This would include trailer ships; sea trains(carrying railroad cars or entire carriers,ships carrying pallets handled by forklift trucks from and to shore; and so on,the following is a description of a ship of this type,which is intended primarily to operate as a trailer ship,although it may handle several types of wheeled vehicles.
Roll-on/Roll-off ships require a high proportion of cubic capacity relative to the amount of cargo and are particularly suited to services with short runs and frequent loading and unloading,They need even shorter port time than container ships but their building cost is higher.
Because fully loaded toll-on/roll-off ships can not carry enough cargo to immerse them deeply,their large freeboard allows the fitting of side ports above the waterline for handling of cargo on wheels by means of ramps,Usually,ships of this type have a transom stern (a square-shaped stern like that of a motorboat) fitted with doors for handling wheeled vehicles on an aft ramp,Roll-on/Roll-off ships have several decks,and the cargo is handled on wheels from the loading deck to other decks by elevators or sloping ramps,Both internal elevators and ramps occupy substantial volume in the ship,The need for clear decks,without interruption by transverse bulkheads,and tween decks for vehicle parking results in a unique structural arrangement.
Barge-carrying ships
This type of ship represents a hold step in the trend toward cargo containerization and port time reductions,Cargo is carried in barges or lighters each weighing up to 1000 metric tons when loaded,The lighters are carried below and above deck and handled by gantry cranes or elevator platforms.
These are among the fastest,largest,and costest ships for the carriage of general cargo,For their size,their payload capacity is less than that of the conventional break-bulk cargo ship,However,they can be loaded and unloaded much faster and with a considerable saving in man-hours.
Because the lighters can be waterborne and operated as regular barges,these large ships can serve undeveloped ports advantageously.
Using portable fixtures that can be erected quickly,barge-carrying ships can be adapted for the transport of varying amounts of standard containers in addition to or in plane of lighters.
Bulk cargo ships
A large proportion of ocean transportation is effected by bulk cargo ships.
Dry bulk cargo includes products such as iron ore,coal,limestone,grain,cement,bauxite gypsum,and sugar,Most oceangoing dry bulk carriers are loaded and unloaded using shore side installations,Many dry bulk carriers operating in the Great Lakes have shipboard equipment for the handling of cargo (self-unloaders),and an increasing number of oceangoing ships carrying this type of cargo are being fitted with self-unloading gear.
By far the largest amount of liquid bulk cargo consists of petroleum products,but ocean transportation of other bulk liquid products is increasing in importance; for example,various chemicals,vegetable oils,molasses,latex,liquefied gases,molten sulfur,and even wine and fruit juices,Practically all liquid bulk carriers have pumps for unloading the cargo,usually have ship board pumps for unloading liquids.
Practically all bulk carriers have the machinery compartment,crew accommodations,and conning stations located aft,An exception is the Great Lakes self-unloader with crew accommodations and bridge forward.
The tendency in bulk carriers is toward larger ships,with speeds remaining about constant at moderate level (16-18 knots or 30-33 km/h for oceangoing ships,lower for Great Lakes vessels).
The oceangoing ore carrier is characterized by a high double bottom and small volume of cargo hold because of the high density of the ore,Storing the cargo high in the ship decreases stability and prevents excessively quick rolling.
The oceangoing combination bulk carrier permits low-cost transportation because of its flexibility,It is able to carry many types of bulk cargoes over a variety of sea lanes,This type of ship carries bulk cargoes,such as petroleum product,coal,grain,and ore,The double bottom in bulk carriers is shallow and the volume of cargo holds is large compared to the size of the ship.
The tanker is the characteristic,and by far the most important,liquid bulk carrier both in numbers and tonnage,Tankers carry petroleum products almost exclusively,The very large tankers are used almost entirely for the transport of crude oil,A few tankers are built especially for the transportation of chemical products,and others are prepared for alter native loads of grain.
Bulk liquid carriers,with standing,rectangular,cylindrical,or spherical cargo tanks separated from the hull,are used for the transportation of molten sulfur and liquefied gases,such as anhydrous ammonia and natural gas,Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is also carried in ships with membrane tanks,i.e.,where a thin metallic linear is fitted into a tank composed of ship structural and load-bearing insulation,The transportation of molten surfur and liquefied gases requires special consideration regarding insulation and high structural soundness of cargo tanks,including the use of high grade,costly materials for their construction.
(From,McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”,Vol,8,1982).
Passenger-cargo ships
The accommodations for passengers in this type of ship are located to assure maximum comfort,Generally a passenger-cargo ship serves ports that have an appeal for the tourist trade and where rather special,high freight-rate cargo is handled,Because of the service needs of passengers,a ship of this type requires a much larger crew than a merchant ship of comparable size engaged exclusively in the carriage of cargo.
The living accommodations for passengers consist of staterooms with 1-4 berths,each room with bath and toilet,A few rooms may be connected and suites may include a living room,dressing room,and even a private outdoor veranda,Public rooms for passenger use may include dining room,lounge,cocktail room,card and game room,library,shops,and swimming pool.
Ships carrying more than 12 passengers must comply with the SOLAS regulations,These regulations deal with ship characteristics related to items such as the following,(1) lessening the risk of foundering or capsizing due to hull damage,(2) preventing the start and spread of fires aboard,and (3) increasing the possibility and safety of abandoning ship in emergencies.
The ship in Fig,2 is an interesting example of a departure from the traditional break-bulk cargo ship in which cargo is handled almost exclusively by means of a ship board installation of masts and booms,This ship is provided with gantry cranes to handle containers,vehicles,and large pallets,The containers may be stored in cargo holds equipped with container cells or on deck,Large-size pallets and vehicles may be handled through side ports by means of an athwart-ship gear called a siporter,Wheeled vehicles can also be rolled on and off the ship through the side ports,Cargo may be carried to and from lower decks by cargo elevators,and,in addition,there are vertical conveyors for handling cargo such as bananas,The horizontal conveyors shown in the typical section receive cargo automatically,mostly on pallets,from the cargo elevators,This cargo is then stowed by manually controlled,battery operated pallet loaders,Cargo for the forward hold is handled by a 5-ton burtoning cargo gear and transferred to lower levels by a cargo elevator,
(From,McGraw – Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”,Vol,12,1977)
Technical Terms
break-bulk cargo ship 件杂货船
inboard 船内
compartment 舱室
transverse bulkhead 横舱壁
main deck 主甲板
strength deck 强力甲板
inner bottom 内底
hold(cargo hold ) 货舱
tween deck space 甲板间舱
double bottom 双层底
deep tank 深舱
water ballast 水压载
latex 胶乳
coconut oil 椰子油
edible oil 食用油
hatch 舱口
hatch cover 舱口盖
palletized cargo 货盘运货
multiple hatch 多舱口
abreast 并排
container 集装箱
pier 码头
cargo boom 吊货杆
wire rigging 钢索索具
king post 吊杆柱，起重柱
wire rope 钢丝绳
sheave 滑轮
winch 绞车
cargo hook 吊货钩
married booms 联合吊杆
burtoning 双杆操作
cargo handling 货物装卸
packaged cargo 包装货
pallet 货盘
sling load 悬吊荷重
hold gang 货舱理货组
wings 货舱两侧
forklift truck 铲车
terminal 码头，终端
turnaround 周转期
profitability 利益
container ship 集装箱船
trade route 贸易航线
weather proof 风雨密
stacking 堆压
stowage 装载，贮藏
waterway 水路
rental 出租（费）
lease 租借
shipper 货运主
custom 海关
consignee 收货人
highway trailer 公路拖车
payload 净载重量，有效载荷
cell 格栅，电池，元件
roll-on/roll-off ship 滚装船
heading 标题，航向
trailer ships 拖车运输船
sea trains ferry 海上火车渡船
truck 卡车
trailer 拖车
military vehicle carriers 军用车辆运输船
cubic capacity 舱容
ramp 跳板，坡道
transom stern 方尾
motor boat 机动艇，汽艇
clear deck 畅通甲板
parking 停车（场）
barge-carrying ship 载驳船
lighter 港驳船
barge 驳船
portable fixture 轻便固定装置
bulk cargo ship/bulk carrier 散装货船
dry bulk cargo 散装干货
limestone 石灰石
bauxite 矾土
gypsum 石膏
Great Lakes （美国）大湖
petroleum 石油
chemicals 化学制（产）品
molasses 糖浆
liquefied gas 液化气体
molten sulfur 熔态硫
conning station 驾驶室
ore hold 矿砂舱空
engine room 机舱
liquid bulk carrier 液体散货船
combination bulk carrier 混装散货船
ocean-going ore carrier 远洋矿砂船
lane 航道（线）
tanker 油船
crude oil 原油
anhydrous ammonia 无水氨
natural gas 天然气
passenger-cargo ship 客货船
tourist 旅游者
freight-rate 运费率
carriage 装（载）运，车辆
stateroom 客舱
suite 套间
living room 卧室
veranda 阳台
lounge 休息室
cocktail room 酒吧间
card and game room 牌戏娱乐室
foundering 沉没
capsizing 倾覆
abandoning 弃船
emergency 应急
installation 装置，运载工具
vehicle 车辆，运载工具
gantry crane 门式起重机
container cell 集装箱格栅
siporter 横向装卸机
rolled on and off 滚进滚出
side port 舷门
cargo elevator 运货升降机
conveyor 输送机
Additional Terms and Expressions
transport ship 运输船
general cargo ship 杂货船
liquid cargo ship 液货船
refrigerated ship 冷藏船
working ship 工程船
ocean development ship 海洋开发船
dredger 挖泥船
floating crane/derrick boat 起重船
salvage vessel 救捞船
submersible 潜水器
ice-breaker 破冰船
fisheries vessel 渔业船
trawler 拖网渔船
seine netter 围网渔船
harbour boat 港务船
supply ship 供应船
pleasure yacht 游艇
hydrofoil craft 水翼艇
air-cushion vehicle 气垫船
hovercraft 全垫升气垫船
catamaran 双体船
concrete ship 水泥船
fiberglass reinforced plastic boat 玻璃钢艇
Notes to the Text
unless 连接词，作“如果不”，“除非”解释，例如：
An object remain at rest or moves in a straight line unless a force acts upon it.
一个物体如无外力作用，它将继续保持静止或作直线运动。
In this book the word is used in its original sense unless (it is) otherwise sated.
本书内，这个词按其意采用，除非另有说明。
2.“to and from 名词”或“from and to +名词” 后面的名词委前面两个介词公用，可译作“来回于（名词）之间”。
3.with a broad interpretation 具有广泛的意思
under this heading 属于这个范畴
4.barge 和lighter 一般都可以译作驳船，但barge 往往指货物经过较长距离运输到达某一目的地，故译作“驳船”，而lighter 旨在港口或近距离内起到装卸货物的联络作用，故译作“驳船”。
5.in additional to or in place of lighters 是in addition to lighters or in place of lighters 的省略形式，翻译成中文时，不一定能省略。
6.“by far +形容词（或副词）的最高级或比较及”具有“远远，非常，最…，或…得多”的意思。例：
by far the fastest 最快的
by far faster than A 远比A快（比A 快得多）
By far the most common type of fixed offshore structure in existence today is the template,or jacket,structure illustrated in Fig 1.1.
现今最普遍采用的固定平台型式是图1.1所示的导管架平台。
7.the SOLAS regulations 系指国际海上人命安全公约规则，几乎所有海运国家都要遵守这些规则。其中的“SOLAS”为“International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea”的缩写。
Merchant ship Types
Break-bulk cargo ships
The inboard space in break bulk cargo ships is divided longitudinally by transverse bulkheads,spaced 40-70 ft apart,into a series of cargo compartments of approximately equal volume,generally seven for a ship of about 500 ft Lap,Vertically,the bulkheads are divided by one or two decks below the uppermost,continuous deck (main or strength deck),The space between the inner bottom and the lowest deck,called the hold,is limited to a height of about 18 ft (5.5m) to minimize damage to cargo through crushing,Usually the height of each space between decks termed between deck space) is 9- 10ft (2.7-3.0m),
In addition to the previously mentioned double-bottom tanks,the most break-bulk cargo ships have deep tanks used for fuel oil,water ballast,or liquid cargoes such as latex,coconut oil,or edible oils.
The cargo is handled through large rectangular deck openings (hatches) over each cargo space.
Mechanically operated hatch covers are used to close the openings,The hatch covers in the tween decks are strong enough to support cargo stowed on them,The topside hatch covers are watertight.
The tween deck space is generally suitable for break-bulk or palletized cargo holds have had one hatch per deck,with of 35-50% the ship’s breath and a length of 50-60% the hold length,The trend is toward widen hatches or multiple hatches abreast and often longer hatches,to increase cargo handling speed,A multiple hatch arrangement (triple hatch,for instance) is efficiently used for a partial load of containers stowed under deck.
Break-bulk cargo handling between pier and ship is done usually by means of cargo booms installed on board,The booms are raised or lowered by adjustable wire rigging led from the mast or king post to the boom ends,A wire rope leads over sheaves from a winch to the outer end of each boom and terminates in a cargo hook,Cargo can be hoisted using one boom(customarily for very heavy loads of cargo,10 tons or over) or for faster handling,by a pair of married booms,with one boom end over the hatch and the other over the pier,This cargo handling operation,called burtoning,is customary for loads up to 10 tons,Most break-bulk cargo ships fitted with booms have a pair of booms at each hatch end to expedite cargo handling,The cargo is often piled together in a large net which is emptied and returned for the next load,Packaged cargo of nearly uniform dimensions may be stacked on pallets which are hoisted aboard individually,The sling load is landed through the hatch opening,The pallets or nets are then unloaded,and each item is individually stowed by the hold gang,Any cargo stowed in the wings of the hold is manhandled unless it is on pallets and handled by a forklift truck,The use of forklift trucks is becoming common practice,and a number of these trucks may be carried on board if they are not available at cargo terminals,The amount of cargo which is manhandled onboard determines largely the ship turnaround and port expenses,and,the profitability of the transportation system.
Most break-bulk cargo ships have provisions for a heavy lift boom of 30-100-metric ton capacity for occasional units of heavy cargo.
An increasing number of break-bulk cargo ships are being fitted with revolving deck cargo cranes instead of masts,booms and winches.
Container ships
Container ships are replacing the conventional break-bulk cargo ship in trade routes where rapid cargo handling is essential,Containers are weatherproof boxes (usually metal) strengthened withstand stacking and motion at sea,Containers are of standard size,the largest ones weighing up to about 30 metric tons when loaded,The use of standard containers facilitates ship-board stowage,land or waterway transportation,and rental or lease.
A large container ship may be loaded or unloaded completely in about half a day,compared to several days for the same amount of cargo in break-bulk cargo ship,Generally,the shipper places the cargo in the container and，except for custom inspection,it is delivered unopened to the consignee,Highway trailers (most commonly),railroad cars,or barges transport containers to and from their land destination and are therefore apart of the same transportation system,For a given payload cargo capacity,container ships are larger and more costly to build than the traditional cargo ship,but both the cargo handling cost and the idle ship time in port are reduced considerably.
Although in some ships containers are moved horizontally for loading and unloading,the predominant arrangement is that illustrated in Fig.1 where containers are stowed in vertical cells and moved vertically in and out of the vessel.
Roll-on/Roll-off ships
With a broad interpretation all ships that are designed to handle cargo by rolling it on wheels can be considered under this heading,This would include trailer ships; sea trains(carrying railroad cars or entire carriers,ships carrying pallets handled by forklift trucks from and to shore; and so on,the following is a description of a ship of this type,which is intended primarily to operate as a trailer ship,although it may handle several types of wheeled vehicles.
Roll-on/Roll-off ships require a high proportion of cubic capacity relative to the amount of cargo and are particularly suited to services with short runs and frequent loading and unloading,They need even shorter port time than container ships but their building cost is higher.
Because fully loaded toll-on/roll-off ships can not carry enough cargo to immerse them deeply,their large freeboard allows the fitting of side ports above the waterline for handling of cargo on wheels by means of ramps,Usually,ships of this type have a transom stern (a square-shaped stern like that of a motorboat) fitted with doors for handling wheeled vehicles on an aft ramp,Roll-on/Roll-off ships have several decks,and the cargo is handled on wheels from the loading deck to other decks by elevators or sloping ramps,Both internal elevators and ramps occupy substantial volume in the ship,The need for clear decks,without interruption by transverse bulkheads,and tween decks for vehicle parking results in a unique structural arrangement.
Barge-carrying ships
This type of ship represents a hold step in the trend toward cargo containerization and port time reductions,Cargo is carried in barges or lighters each weighing up to 1000 metric tons when loaded,The lighters are carried below and above deck and handled by gantry cranes or elevator platforms.
These are among the fastest,largest,and costest ships for the carriage of general cargo,For their size,their payload capacity is less than that of the conventional break-bulk cargo ship,However,they can be loaded and unloaded much faster and with a considerable saving in man-hours.
Because the lighters can be waterborne and operated as regular barges,these large ships can serve undeveloped ports advantageously.
Using portable fixtures that can be erected quickly,barge-carrying ships can be adapted for the transport of varying amounts of standard containers in addition to or in plane of lighters.
Bulk cargo ships
A large proportion of ocean transportation is effected by bulk cargo ships.
Dry bulk cargo includes products such as iron ore,coal,limestone,grain,cement,bauxite gypsum,and sugar,Most oceangoing dry bulk carriers are loaded and unloaded using shore side installations,Many dry bulk carriers operating in the Great Lakes have shipboard equipment for the handling of cargo (self-unloaders),and an increasing number of oceangoing ships carrying this type of cargo are being fitted with self-unloading gear.
By far the largest amount of liquid bulk cargo consists of petroleum products,but ocean transportation of other bulk liquid products is increasing in importance; for example,various chemicals,vegetable oils,molasses,latex,liquefied gases,molten sulfur,and even wine and fruit juices,Practically all liquid bulk carriers have pumps for unloading the cargo,usually have ship board pumps for unloading liquids.
Practically all bulk carriers have the machinery compartment,crew accommodations,and conning stations located aft,An exception is the Great Lakes self-unloader with crew accommodations and bridge forward.
The tendency in bulk carriers is toward larger ships,with speeds remaining about constant at moderate level (16-18 knots or 30-33 km/h for oceangoing ships,lower for Great Lakes vessels).
The oceangoing ore carrier is characterized by a high double bottom and small volume of cargo hold because of the high density of the ore,Storing the cargo high in the ship decreases stability and prevents excessively quick rolling.
The oceangoing combination bulk carrier permits low-cost transportation because of its flexibility,It is able to carry many types of bulk cargoes over a variety of sea lanes,This type of ship carries bulk cargoes,such as petroleum product,coal,grain,and ore,The double bottom in bulk carriers is shallow and the volume of cargo holds is large compared to the size of the ship.
The tanker is the characteristic,and by far the most important,liquid bulk carrier both in numbers and tonnage,Tankers carry petroleum products almost exclusively,The very large tankers are used almost entirely for the transport of crude oil,A few tankers are built especially for the transportation of chemical products,and others are prepared for alter native loads of grain.
Bulk liquid carriers,with standing,rectangular,cylindrical,or spherical cargo tanks separated from the hull,are used for the transportation of molten sulfur and liquefied gases,such as anhydrous ammonia and natural gas,Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is also carried in ships with membrane tanks,i.e.,where a thin metallic linear is fitted into a tank composed of ship structural and load-bearing insulation,The transportation of molten surfur and liquefied gases requires special consideration regarding insulation and high structural soundness of cargo tanks,including the use of high grade,costly materials for their construction.
(From,McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”,Vol,8,1982).
Passenger-cargo ships
The accommodations for passengers in this type of ship are located to assure maximum comfort,Generally a passenger-cargo ship serves ports that have an appeal for the tourist trade and where rather special,high freight-rate cargo is handled,Because of the service needs of passengers,a ship of this type requires a much larger crew than a merchant ship of comparable size engaged exclusively in the carriage of cargo.
The living accommodations for passengers consist of staterooms with 1-4 berths,each room with bath and toilet,A few rooms may be connected and suites may include a living room,dressing room,and even a private outdoor veranda,Public rooms for passenger use may include dining room,lounge,cocktail room,card and game room,library,shops,and swimming pool.
Ships carrying more than 12 passengers must comply with the SOLAS regulations,These regulations deal with ship characteristics related to items such as the following,(1) lessening the risk of foundering or capsizing due to hull damage,(2) preventing the start and spread of fires aboard,and (3) increasing the possibility and safety of abandoning ship in emergencies.
The ship in Fig,2 is an interesting example of a departure from the traditional break-bulk cargo ship in which cargo is handled almost exclusively by means of a ship board installation of masts and booms,This ship is provided with gantry cranes to handle containers,vehicles,and large pallets,The containers may be stored in cargo holds equipped with container cells or on deck,Large-size pallets and vehicles may be handled through side ports by means of an athwart-ship gear called a siporter,Wheeled vehicles can also be rolled on and off the ship through the side ports,Cargo may be carried to and from lower decks by cargo elevators,and,in addition,there are vertical conveyors for handling cargo such as bananas,The horizontal conveyors shown in the typical section receive cargo automatically,mostly on pallets,from the cargo elevators,This cargo is then stowed by manually controlled,battery operated pallet loaders,Cargo for the forward hold is handled by a 5-ton burtoning cargo gear and transferred to lower levels by a cargo elevator,
(From,McGraw – Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”,Vol,12,1977)
Technical Terms
break-bulk cargo ship 件杂货船
inboard 船内
compartment 舱室
transverse bulkhead 横舱壁
main deck 主甲板
strength deck 强力甲板
inner bottom 内底
hold(cargo hold ) 货舱
tween deck space 甲板间舱
double bottom 双层底
deep tank 深舱
water ballast 水压载
latex 胶乳
coconut oil 椰子油
edible oil 食用油
hatch 舱口
hatch cover 舱口盖
palletized cargo 货盘运货
multiple hatch 多舱口
abreast 并排
container 集装箱
pier 码头
cargo boom 吊货杆
wire rigging 钢索索具
king post 吊杆柱，起重柱
wire rope 钢丝绳
sheave 滑轮
winch 绞车
cargo hook 吊货钩
married booms 联合吊杆
burtoning 双杆操作
cargo handling 货物装卸
packaged cargo 包装货
pallet 货盘
sling load 悬吊荷重
hold gang 货舱理货组
wings 货舱两侧
forklift truck 铲车
terminal 码头，终端
turnaround 周转期
profitability 利益
container ship 集装箱船
trade route 贸易航线
weather proof 风雨密
stacking 堆压
stowage 装载，贮藏
waterway 水路
rental 出租（费）
lease 租借
shipper 货运主
custom 海关
consignee 收货人
highway trailer 公路拖车
payload 净载重量，有效载荷
cell 格栅，电池，元件
roll-on/roll-off ship 滚装船
heading 标题，航向
trailer ships 拖车运输船
sea trains ferry 海上火车渡船
truck 卡车
trailer 拖车
military vehicle carriers 军用车辆运输船
cubic capacity 舱容
ramp 跳板，坡道
transom stern 方尾
motor boat 机动艇，汽艇
clear deck 畅通甲板
parking 停车（场）
barge-carrying ship 载驳船
lighter 港驳船
barge 驳船
portable fixture 轻便固定装置
bulk cargo ship/bulk carrier 散装货船
dry bulk cargo 散装干货
limestone 石灰石
bauxite 矾土
gypsum 石膏
Great Lakes （美国）大湖
petroleum 石油
chemicals 化学制（产）品
molasses 糖浆
liquefied gas 液化气体
molten sulfur 熔态硫
conning station 驾驶室
ore hold 矿砂舱空
engine room 机舱
liquid bulk carrier 液体散货船
combination bulk carrier 混装散货船
ocean-going ore carrier 远洋矿砂船
lane 航道（线）
tanker 油船
crude oil 原油
anhydrous ammonia 无水氨
natural gas 天然气
passenger-cargo ship 客货船
tourist 旅游者
freight-rate 运费率
carriage 装（载）运，车辆
stateroom 客舱
suite 套间
living room 卧室
veranda 阳台
lounge 休息室
cocktail room 酒吧间
card and game room 牌戏娱乐室
foundering 沉没
capsizing 倾覆
abandoning 弃船
emergency 应急
installation 装置，运载工具
vehicle 车辆，运载工具
gantry crane 门式起重机
container cell 集装箱格栅
siporter 横向装卸机
rolled on and off 滚进滚出
side port 舷门
cargo elevator 运货升降机
conveyor 输送机
Additional Terms and Expressions
transport ship 运输船
general cargo ship 杂货船
liquid cargo ship 液货船
refrigerated ship 冷藏船
working ship 工程船
ocean development ship 海洋开发船
dredger 挖泥船
floating crane/derrick boat 起重船
salvage vessel 救捞船
submersible 潜水器
ice-breaker 破冰船
fisheries vessel 渔业船
trawler 拖网渔船
seine netter 围网渔船
harbour boat 港务船
supply ship 供应船
pleasure yacht 游艇
hydrofoil craft 水翼艇
air-cushion vehicle 气垫船
hovercraft 全垫升气垫船
catamaran 双体船
concrete ship 水泥船
fiberglass reinforced plastic boat 玻璃钢艇
Notes to the Text
unless 连接词，作“如果不”，“除非”解释，例如：
An object remain at rest or moves in a straight line unless a force acts upon it.
一个物体如无外力作用，它将继续保持静止或作直线运动。
In this book the word is used in its original sense unless (it is) otherwise sated.
本书内，这个词按其意采用，除非另有说明。
2.“to and from 名词”或“from and to +名词” 后面的名词委前面两个介词公用，可译作“来回于（名词）之间”。
3.with a broad interpretation 具有广泛的意思
under this heading 属于这个范畴
4.barge 和lighter 一般都可以译作驳船，但barge 往往指货物经过较长距离运输到达某一目的地，故译作“驳船”，而lighter 旨在港口或近距离内起到装卸货物的联络作用，故译作“驳船”。
5.in additional to or in place of lighters 是in addition to lighters or in place of lighters 的省略形式，翻译成中文时，不一定能省略。
6.“by far +形容词（或副词）的最高级或比较及”具有“远远，非常，最…，或…得多”的意思。例：
by far the fastest 最快的
by far faster than A 远比A快（比A 快得多）
By far the most common type of fixed offshore structure in existence today is the template,or jacket,structure illustrated in Fig 1.1.
现今最普遍采用的固定平台型式是图1.1所示的导管架平台。
7.the SOLAS regulations 系指国际海上人命安全公约规则，几乎所有海运国家都要遵守这些规则。其中的“SOLAS”为“International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea”的缩写。
