Lesson Twenty-three
Oceanographic Submersibles
Oceanographic submersibles are small research vessels for underwater transport of people and equipment and for use as underwater platforms for observation,sampling,measurement,and performing various work tasks,They are also referred to as undersea vehicles.
There are about 100 crewed submersibles available for use around the world,Of these,about 30 submersibles are available in the United States,the leading country in their development and construction,The highest concentration of submersibles is in support of the offshore oil industry,mainly in the North Sea,The leading mission applications are inspection of pipeline and cables,followed by cable burial,salvage,coral harvesting,geology,fisheries,biology,and environmental research.
Design considerations
Undersea vehicles are being utilized more now that experience has confirmed their utility,and systems are being designed in accordance with user requirements,A major trend pertains to designing a completely integrated system,which,in addition to the submersible,includes support ship,handling gear for launch and retrieval,and logistic and maintenance support,The (.328.) objective is to obtain an effective,high utilization rate under varying weather conditions,The major vehicle operating problem is handling during launch and retrieval in heavy seas,Equipment for conducting efficient deep-water surveys will systems,Manipulators with greater dexterity will be needed for human-occupied and unoccupied systems to perform intricate manipulative operations more quickly,Many new vehicles are being developed with large panoramic plexiglass windows to provide a wider viewing field,very effective in survey and inspection mission.
The ratio of the weight of structure to the sea-water weight for an equal volume determines of a submerged vehicle,This ratio is dependent on several items,one of the most important of which is the compressive strength-to-density ratio of the pressure hull material,Steel with a yield strength of 100000 psi (689500000N/m2) is generally employed in vehicles.
Hull buoyancy
Most small submersibles need buoyancy in excess of that produced by their pressure hulls to attain neutral buoyancy while submerged,Low-density solids that may be considered for this purpose include polyethylene,polypropylene,expanded plastics,inorganic foams,and syntactic foam,The foamed plastics and inorganic foams have low strength and high water permeability,The low-density plastics have limited buoyancy as well as other problems,Syntactic foams consisting of extremely small and hollow glass,ceramic,or rigid (.329.) plastic spheres embedded in a plastic matrix have been effectively used at weight of 36—44lb/ft3 (sea water is 64lb/ft3;1 lb/ft3=0.45kg/0.028m3),which will with stand pressures at 10000 –ft(3048m) submergence with less than 1% water absorption,Its cost per pound of net buoyancy is high,but low compared to that of a pressure hull of titanium or a rigid pressure vessel of higher-strength steel.
Power
As a source of power,the lead-acid storage battery,in use in submarines since the beginning of this century,continues to be most widely employed,It places severe limitations on small submersibles because of its relatively high weight-to-energy ratio,However,its characteristics are well known,It is relatively inexpensive,rugged,and reliable,can be quickly recharged,and has a high cell voltage,These batteries are normally carried internal to the hull,either pressurized in oil or dry in cylindrical pods,In order to provide quick access for servicing and placement,there is a trend to use trays of dry batteries in cylindrical pods,Externally carried batteries can also be used as droppable ballasts in the event of an emergency requiring additional buoyancy to surface,Silver-zinc or silver-cadmium batteries provide three to five times as much energy per pound as lead-acid batteries and are employed where mission requirements justify their added costs,For endurances beyond 50 hr,fuel cells,radio isotopes,and nuclear reactor can be employed at much greater cost,Most submersibles have maximum speeds in the range of (.330.)3—5 knots (1.5—2.6m/s) and have modest power needs for propulsion,Doubling the speed would require at least eight times more power.3
Sensors
These instruments are required on small submersibles to determine position,communicate with other units,and make observations of the environment both for a record and while performing work,Typical radio on a small oceanographic submersible include radio telephone,underwater telephone,external lighting,magnetic recorder,movie camera (carried internal in the pressure hull for viewing through sight ports),magnetic recorder,directional gyro,depth sounder,and manometer depth indicator,
Life support systems
All submersibles require life support systems,and those on the small oceanographic type take into consideration the following services for atmospheric control and monitoring,breathing mixture supply system; carbon dioxide removal system; hydrogen,carbon monoxide,and toxin removal systems; air purification and filtering systems; atmospheric monitoring system; and emergency breathing supply system,Most systems on the small submersibles are relatively simple and emphasize the removal of carbon dioxide and the supply of replacement oxygen,Air inside the submersible is drawn continuously through an absorbent system composed of activated charcoal to remove odors and of lithium hydroxide and boralyme to remove CO2 so that its concentration never exceeds about 0.1%.4 The internal hull pressure,displayed on an aneroid barometer and sensitive altimeter,decreases slightly as CO2 removal equipment to maintain the pressure at 1 atm (101 325Nm2),5 Both O2 and CO2 content are constantly monitored by meters.
Submersibles have proved to be a significant tool in many commercial applications and for scientific research and their abundance and utilization is steadily increasing.
（From,McGraw- Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”,Vol,9,1982）
Technical Terms
oceanographic submersible 海洋考察潜水器
submersible 潜水器，可潜器
sampling 取样
undersea vehicle 潜水船（器）
offshore oil industry 近海（海洋）石油工业
cable burial 电缆埋设
salvage 救捞
coral 珊瑚
geology 地质
biology 生物
handling gear for launching and retrieval 起吊回收装置
logistic and maintenance support 后勤维护保障（设施）
heavy sea 大风浪
manipulator 机械手
human-occupied and unoccupied system 载人和不载人系统
panoramic plexiglass window 全景有机玻璃窗
compressive strength-to-density ratio 耐压强度与比重之比
pressure hull 耐压壳体
polyethylene 聚乙烯
polypropylene 聚丙烯
inorganic foam 无机泡沫塑料
syntactic foam 合成泡沫塑料
permeability 渗水性
ceramic 瓷质的
plastic matrix 塑性粘结料
water absorption 吸水率
titanium 钛
lead-acid storage battery 铅蓄电池
cell voltage （单块）电池电压
cylindrical pod 耐压圆筒，筒形容器
tray 托架（盘）
droppable ballast 可抛弃压载
silver-zinc (cadmium)batteries 银锌（镉）电池
fuel cell 燃料电池
radio isotope 放射性同位素
nuclear reactor 核反应堆
sensor 探测仪器，传感器
magnetic recorder 磁带录音机
movie camera 摄影机
directional gyro 航向陀螺
depth sounder 测深仪
manometer depth indicator 压力式深度指示仪
life support system 生命支持系统
breathing mixture supply system 混合呼吸气供应系统
carbon dioxide removal system 二氧化碳消除系统
45,hydrogen,carbon monoxide,and toxin removal system 氢，二氧化碳及有毒气体消除系统
46,air purification and filtering system 空气净化和过滤系统
47,activated charcoal 活性碳
48,lithium hydroxide 氢氧化锂
49,aneroid barometer 无液气压计
50,altimeter 高度计
51,abundance 品种，丰度
Additional Terms and Expressions
manned submersible 载人潜水器
free swimming submersible 自由自航潜水器
cable-controlled unmanned submersible 缆控无人潜水器
remotely-controlled swimming vehicle 遥控自航潜水器
tethered submersible 系缆潜水器
lock-in-lock-out submersible 设闸式潜水器
diver lock-out submersible 设闸式潜水器
diver assistance vehicle 潜水员运行器
swimmer delivery vehicle潜水员运行器
deep submergence rescure vehicle 深潜救生艇
underwater habitat 水下居住舱
underwater laboratory 水下实验室
diving system 潜水系统
diving complex/units 潜水组合体/装置
deck compression chamber (DCC) 甲板加压舱
deck decompression chamber (DDC) 甲板减压舱
submerged decompression chamber (SDC) 下潜式减压舱
personal transfer chamber (PTC) 人员运送舱
diving bell 潜水钟
self contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) （.334.） 配套水下呼吸器
hyperbaric chamber 高压舱
isobaric chamber 常压舱
pressurized access chamber 加压过渡舱
umbilical 脐带
buoyancy regulating system 浮力调正系统
weight replacing system 重量代换系统
trim-heel regulating system 纵横倾调正系统
pressure compensating system 压力补偿系统
main ballast tank 主压载水舱
stabilizer fin 稳定鳍
depth rudder 水平舵
vertical rudder 方向舵
shroulded rudder （大）套环轮
tunnel propeller 槽道推进器
electromagnetic anchor 电磁锚
guide-rope 导向索
air vent 通气孔
flood valve 通海阀
signal buoy 信号浮标
periscope 潜望镜
conning tower 指挥台
bridge fairwater 指挥台围壳
capsule 座舱
access hatch 出入口
transfer skirt 救生裙
helium voice unscramble 氦话音校正器
doppler sonar 多普勒声纳
fathometer 回音探测仪
scrubber 煤气洗净器，净气器
Notes to the Text
now that 因为（已）
Syntactic foams consisting of extremely small and hollow glass,ceramic,or rigid plastic spheres embeded in a plastic matrix have been effectively used at great depths,
这是一简单句。句子中的主要成分是 Syntactic foams have been used。
consisting of…spheres 现在分词短语，修饰 Syntactic foams。其中glass,ceramic 或 rigid plastic 三者并列。
embeded in a plastic matrix 过去分词短语作后置定语用，修饰spheres.
Doubling the speed would require at least eight times more power,句子中采用了动词虚拟式。
doubling the speed 为动名词短语作主语用。
Air inside the submersible is drawn continuously through an absorbent system composed of activated charcoal to remove odors and of lithium hydroxide and boralyme to remove CO2 so that its concentration never exceeds about 0.1%,
句中 composed of activated charcoal…and of lithium hydroxide and boralyme…是过去分词短语作后置定语用，修饰an absorbent system。其中 boralyme 是一吸收剂的注册商标名称。
so that its…about 0.1%目的状语从句，修饰不定式短语to remove CO2；its concentration中的its 指CO2
Oxygen is bled in at a point where the air exhausts from the CO2removal equipment to maintain the pressure at 1 atm ( 101,325N/m2),Where the air …equipment 定语从句，修饰a point,
Oceanographic Submersibles
Oceanographic submersibles are small research vessels for underwater transport of people and equipment and for use as underwater platforms for observation,sampling,measurement,and performing various work tasks,They are also referred to as undersea vehicles.
There are about 100 crewed submersibles available for use around the world,Of these,about 30 submersibles are available in the United States,the leading country in their development and construction,The highest concentration of submersibles is in support of the offshore oil industry,mainly in the North Sea,The leading mission applications are inspection of pipeline and cables,followed by cable burial,salvage,coral harvesting,geology,fisheries,biology,and environmental research.
Design considerations
Undersea vehicles are being utilized more now that experience has confirmed their utility,and systems are being designed in accordance with user requirements,A major trend pertains to designing a completely integrated system,which,in addition to the submersible,includes support ship,handling gear for launch and retrieval,and logistic and maintenance support,The (.328.) objective is to obtain an effective,high utilization rate under varying weather conditions,The major vehicle operating problem is handling during launch and retrieval in heavy seas,Equipment for conducting efficient deep-water surveys will systems,Manipulators with greater dexterity will be needed for human-occupied and unoccupied systems to perform intricate manipulative operations more quickly,Many new vehicles are being developed with large panoramic plexiglass windows to provide a wider viewing field,very effective in survey and inspection mission.
The ratio of the weight of structure to the sea-water weight for an equal volume determines of a submerged vehicle,This ratio is dependent on several items,one of the most important of which is the compressive strength-to-density ratio of the pressure hull material,Steel with a yield strength of 100000 psi (689500000N/m2) is generally employed in vehicles.
Hull buoyancy
Most small submersibles need buoyancy in excess of that produced by their pressure hulls to attain neutral buoyancy while submerged,Low-density solids that may be considered for this purpose include polyethylene,polypropylene,expanded plastics,inorganic foams,and syntactic foam,The foamed plastics and inorganic foams have low strength and high water permeability,The low-density plastics have limited buoyancy as well as other problems,Syntactic foams consisting of extremely small and hollow glass,ceramic,or rigid (.329.) plastic spheres embedded in a plastic matrix have been effectively used at weight of 36—44lb/ft3 (sea water is 64lb/ft3;1 lb/ft3=0.45kg/0.028m3),which will with stand pressures at 10000 –ft(3048m) submergence with less than 1% water absorption,Its cost per pound of net buoyancy is high,but low compared to that of a pressure hull of titanium or a rigid pressure vessel of higher-strength steel.
Power
As a source of power,the lead-acid storage battery,in use in submarines since the beginning of this century,continues to be most widely employed,It places severe limitations on small submersibles because of its relatively high weight-to-energy ratio,However,its characteristics are well known,It is relatively inexpensive,rugged,and reliable,can be quickly recharged,and has a high cell voltage,These batteries are normally carried internal to the hull,either pressurized in oil or dry in cylindrical pods,In order to provide quick access for servicing and placement,there is a trend to use trays of dry batteries in cylindrical pods,Externally carried batteries can also be used as droppable ballasts in the event of an emergency requiring additional buoyancy to surface,Silver-zinc or silver-cadmium batteries provide three to five times as much energy per pound as lead-acid batteries and are employed where mission requirements justify their added costs,For endurances beyond 50 hr,fuel cells,radio isotopes,and nuclear reactor can be employed at much greater cost,Most submersibles have maximum speeds in the range of (.330.)3—5 knots (1.5—2.6m/s) and have modest power needs for propulsion,Doubling the speed would require at least eight times more power.3
Sensors
These instruments are required on small submersibles to determine position,communicate with other units,and make observations of the environment both for a record and while performing work,Typical radio on a small oceanographic submersible include radio telephone,underwater telephone,external lighting,magnetic recorder,movie camera (carried internal in the pressure hull for viewing through sight ports),magnetic recorder,directional gyro,depth sounder,and manometer depth indicator,
Life support systems
All submersibles require life support systems,and those on the small oceanographic type take into consideration the following services for atmospheric control and monitoring,breathing mixture supply system; carbon dioxide removal system; hydrogen,carbon monoxide,and toxin removal systems; air purification and filtering systems; atmospheric monitoring system; and emergency breathing supply system,Most systems on the small submersibles are relatively simple and emphasize the removal of carbon dioxide and the supply of replacement oxygen,Air inside the submersible is drawn continuously through an absorbent system composed of activated charcoal to remove odors and of lithium hydroxide and boralyme to remove CO2 so that its concentration never exceeds about 0.1%.4 The internal hull pressure,displayed on an aneroid barometer and sensitive altimeter,decreases slightly as CO2 removal equipment to maintain the pressure at 1 atm (101 325Nm2),5 Both O2 and CO2 content are constantly monitored by meters.
Submersibles have proved to be a significant tool in many commercial applications and for scientific research and their abundance and utilization is steadily increasing.
（From,McGraw- Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”,Vol,9,1982）
Technical Terms
oceanographic submersible 海洋考察潜水器
submersible 潜水器，可潜器
sampling 取样
undersea vehicle 潜水船（器）
offshore oil industry 近海（海洋）石油工业
cable burial 电缆埋设
salvage 救捞
coral 珊瑚
geology 地质
biology 生物
handling gear for launching and retrieval 起吊回收装置
logistic and maintenance support 后勤维护保障（设施）
heavy sea 大风浪
manipulator 机械手
human-occupied and unoccupied system 载人和不载人系统
panoramic plexiglass window 全景有机玻璃窗
compressive strength-to-density ratio 耐压强度与比重之比
pressure hull 耐压壳体
polyethylene 聚乙烯
polypropylene 聚丙烯
inorganic foam 无机泡沫塑料
syntactic foam 合成泡沫塑料
permeability 渗水性
ceramic 瓷质的
plastic matrix 塑性粘结料
water absorption 吸水率
titanium 钛
lead-acid storage battery 铅蓄电池
cell voltage （单块）电池电压
cylindrical pod 耐压圆筒，筒形容器
tray 托架（盘）
droppable ballast 可抛弃压载
silver-zinc (cadmium)batteries 银锌（镉）电池
fuel cell 燃料电池
radio isotope 放射性同位素
nuclear reactor 核反应堆
sensor 探测仪器，传感器
magnetic recorder 磁带录音机
movie camera 摄影机
directional gyro 航向陀螺
depth sounder 测深仪
manometer depth indicator 压力式深度指示仪
life support system 生命支持系统
breathing mixture supply system 混合呼吸气供应系统
carbon dioxide removal system 二氧化碳消除系统
45,hydrogen,carbon monoxide,and toxin removal system 氢，二氧化碳及有毒气体消除系统
46,air purification and filtering system 空气净化和过滤系统
47,activated charcoal 活性碳
48,lithium hydroxide 氢氧化锂
49,aneroid barometer 无液气压计
50,altimeter 高度计
51,abundance 品种，丰度
Additional Terms and Expressions
manned submersible 载人潜水器
free swimming submersible 自由自航潜水器
cable-controlled unmanned submersible 缆控无人潜水器
remotely-controlled swimming vehicle 遥控自航潜水器
tethered submersible 系缆潜水器
lock-in-lock-out submersible 设闸式潜水器
diver lock-out submersible 设闸式潜水器
diver assistance vehicle 潜水员运行器
swimmer delivery vehicle潜水员运行器
deep submergence rescure vehicle 深潜救生艇
underwater habitat 水下居住舱
underwater laboratory 水下实验室
diving system 潜水系统
diving complex/units 潜水组合体/装置
deck compression chamber (DCC) 甲板加压舱
deck decompression chamber (DDC) 甲板减压舱
submerged decompression chamber (SDC) 下潜式减压舱
personal transfer chamber (PTC) 人员运送舱
diving bell 潜水钟
self contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) （.334.） 配套水下呼吸器
hyperbaric chamber 高压舱
isobaric chamber 常压舱
pressurized access chamber 加压过渡舱
umbilical 脐带
buoyancy regulating system 浮力调正系统
weight replacing system 重量代换系统
trim-heel regulating system 纵横倾调正系统
pressure compensating system 压力补偿系统
main ballast tank 主压载水舱
stabilizer fin 稳定鳍
depth rudder 水平舵
vertical rudder 方向舵
shroulded rudder （大）套环轮
tunnel propeller 槽道推进器
electromagnetic anchor 电磁锚
guide-rope 导向索
air vent 通气孔
flood valve 通海阀
signal buoy 信号浮标
periscope 潜望镜
conning tower 指挥台
bridge fairwater 指挥台围壳
capsule 座舱
access hatch 出入口
transfer skirt 救生裙
helium voice unscramble 氦话音校正器
doppler sonar 多普勒声纳
fathometer 回音探测仪
scrubber 煤气洗净器，净气器
Notes to the Text
now that 因为（已）
Syntactic foams consisting of extremely small and hollow glass,ceramic,or rigid plastic spheres embeded in a plastic matrix have been effectively used at great depths,
这是一简单句。句子中的主要成分是 Syntactic foams have been used。
consisting of…spheres 现在分词短语，修饰 Syntactic foams。其中glass,ceramic 或 rigid plastic 三者并列。
embeded in a plastic matrix 过去分词短语作后置定语用，修饰spheres.
Doubling the speed would require at least eight times more power,句子中采用了动词虚拟式。
doubling the speed 为动名词短语作主语用。
Air inside the submersible is drawn continuously through an absorbent system composed of activated charcoal to remove odors and of lithium hydroxide and boralyme to remove CO2 so that its concentration never exceeds about 0.1%,
句中 composed of activated charcoal…and of lithium hydroxide and boralyme…是过去分词短语作后置定语用，修饰an absorbent system。其中 boralyme 是一吸收剂的注册商标名称。
so that its…about 0.1%目的状语从句，修饰不定式短语to remove CO2；its concentration中的its 指CO2
Oxygen is bled in at a point where the air exhausts from the CO2removal equipment to maintain the pressure at 1 atm ( 101,325N/m2),Where the air …equipment 定语从句，修饰a point,
