Lesson Fifteen
Lines Plan and Fairing,Fabrication and Assembly
The lines plan; fairing
A lines plan,usually a 1/48 lifesize scale drawing of a ship,is used by designers to calculate required hydrostatic,stability,and capacity conditions,Full-scale drawings formerly were obtained from the lines plan by redrawing it full size and preparing a platform of boards called a,scrive board” showing the length and shape of all frames and beams,Wood tem plates were then prepared from the scrive board and steel plates marked off and cut to size.
An alternative to the full-scale scrive board is a photographic method of marking off,introduced about 1950 and widely adopted,The lines plan is drawn and faired (mathematically delineated to produce a smooth hull free from bumps or discontinuities) to a scale of one-tenth full-size by draftsmen using special equipment and magnifying spectacles,The formerly prepared drawing,generally on one-tenth scale,Photographic transparencies of these drawings are then projected full size from a point overhead onto the actual steel plate,The plate is then marked off to show the details of construction,such as position of stiffening members,brackets,and so on,This optical marking off system is much more economical in terms of space and skilled labour than the older method.
By the 1960s,digital computers were being used to fair the preliminary lings plan by a numerical method,Faired surfaces can be produced to a specified degree of accuracy and the lines can be drawn by a numerically controlled drawing machine,bringing the process under continuous scrutiny,Tapes can be produced for use in numerically controlled plated-burning machines,which cut plates to shape,and for the automatic cold bending of frames and curved girders,Fairing calculations produce data that can be fed back into a computer,and programmed to generate hydrostatic and stability data and other information.
Fabrication and assembly
Since 1930,riveting has been progressively supplanted by welding,This has proved more than a mere alteration in the method of connecting structural components because welding facilitates prefabrication of large component parts of the main hull structure.
Before welding came into wide-scale user every ship was constructed on the building berth,The keel was laid,floors laid in place,frames or ribs erected,beams hung from the frames,and this skeleton,framed structure was held together by long pieces of wood called ribbands,Plating was then added and all the parts of the structure were riveted together,In other words,the ship was built from the keel upward.
The modern method is to construct large parts of the hull,for example,the complete bow and stern,Each of these parts is built up from subassemblies or component parts,which are then welded together to form the complete bow or stern,These sections of the ship are manufactured under cover in large sheds,generally at some distance from the building berth,before being transported to the berth and there fitted into place and welded to adjacent section,The advantages of this procedure are that work can proceed under cover,unhampered by bad weather,and the units or component parts can be built up in sequences to suit the welding operations-not always possible at the building berth itself.
A number of techniques can be used to welded together two pieces of the same metallic material,The ideal weld is continuity of homogeneous material,with the same composition and the same physical properties as the parts being jointed,In steel shipbuilding,metal are welding is produced by an electric arc formed between the parts to be jointed; the fusion material is supplied by a coated electrode,The welding electrode consists of a core rod that is deposited as weld metal; it is flux coated to protect the molten metal from the atmosphere during deposition and to supply certain metallurgical properties to the weld,A great deal of research has gone into the specific duties,The main advantages of welding over riveting are,（1）a lighter structure (because overlaps are eliminated ),(2) improved water-tightness and oiltightness,(3) smoother surfaces,and (4) reduced hull upkeep,Certain precautions,however,are necessary,The design of the structure must be adapted for welding because structural details which can be riveted are seldom suitable for welding,The joints must be carefully prepared beforehand for welding,Incomplete penetration,lack of fusion,porosity,and cracking are typical weld defects that must be avoided,Hard sports must be avoided and gradual tapering off of stiffness is necessary if defects in service are to be minimized.
（From,Encyclopedia Britannica”,Vol,16,1980）
Technical Terms
fairing 光顺
lifesize 实物大小
capacity condition 装载状态
full-scale drawing 实尺图
scribe board 型线刻划台
template 样板，导管架
alternative 代替方案（物）交替的
photographic method of marking off 照相号料法
bump 凹凸不平
draftsman 绘图员
magnifying spectacles 放大镜
transparency 投影底片
optical marking off 光学号料
faired surface 光顺表面
numerically controlled (N,C.) drawing machine 数控绘图机
scrutiny 监视，检查
plate-burning machine 钢板切割机
prefabrication 预装配
19,large component part 大型分段
20,floor 肋板
21,rib 肋骨
22,skeleton构架
23,subassembly 部件
24,unhamper无阻碍
25,ideal weld 理想接头
26,metallic material 金属材料
27,homogenous material 匀质材料
28,metal arc welding 金属电弧焊
29,electric arc 电弧
30,fusion material 熔化材料
31,coated electrode 药批焊条
32,core rod 芯棒
33,deposit 熔敷、沉积
34,flux 焊剂
35,molten metal 熔化金属
36,atmosphere 大气
37,metallurgical property 冶金性能
38,upkeep 保养、维护
39,precaution 注意事项、预防（措施）
40,penetration穿透
41,lack of fusion 熔深不够
42,porosity 气孔
43,cracking 裂缝
44,defect 缺陷
45,hard spot 硬点
Additional Terms and Expressions
full-scale lofting 实尺放样
Scaled lofting 比例放样
mathematical lofting 数学放样
spline function 样条函数
spline fitting 样条拟合
shell development 外板展开
mock-up,cradle mould 样箱
batten 样条
nesting 套料
electroprint marking(E.P.M) 电印号料
block method 分段建造法
subassembling 部件装配
assembling 分段装配
grand assembling总段装配
pyramid method 塔式建造法
island method 岛式建造法
semi-tandem method 半串联（一条半）建造法
manual arc welding 手工电弧焊
submerged arc welding 埋弧焊
eletroslag welding 电焊渣
gas shielded welding 气体保护焊
one-side welding 单面焊
tack welding 定位焊
fillet welding 填角焊
back welding 封底焊
copper backing (C.B.) 铜垫法
flux copper backing (F.C.B.) 焊剂铜垫法
flux asbestos backing (F.A.B.) 软垫法
Notes to the Text
1,scrive board 型线刻划台旧时肋骨型线用刀刻在放样台地板上，现在改用色漆。Scrive board 与现在的loft floor 同义，可译成“样台地板”。
2．Not always possible at the building berth itself 其中not修饰紧接着的副词，否定always，不是否定possible，意为“未必总是可能的”。
在含有副词或状语从句的句子中，否定式需注意分析否定的究竟是哪一部分，例：
The ship did not stop operating because the fuel was finished.
船舶并不因为燃油用完而停止航行。
3．It is flux coated to protect the molten metal from the atmosphere during deposition and to supply certain metallurgical properties to the weld.
句中的It代替前句中的 welding electrode; flux coated 为表语；to protect……和to supply……为两个不定式短语作目的状语用。
4．The best possible coated electrodes这里best和possible都是coated electrodes的定语，意为“最好的，可能存在的药皮焊条”，可译为“尽可能好的药皮焊条”.
5,hard spots must be avoid and gradual tapering off of stiffness is necessary if defects in service are to be minimized,
If 引出从句中的are to be minimized为,be+动词不定式的被动态”，在这里便是校订条件，与 if 相呼应，构成条件状语从句。此句直译为：“如果要使用营运中的机械故障减到最少，那么必须避免硬点，并且逐渐减小刚性”。
Lines Plan and Fairing,Fabrication and Assembly
The lines plan; fairing
A lines plan,usually a 1/48 lifesize scale drawing of a ship,is used by designers to calculate required hydrostatic,stability,and capacity conditions,Full-scale drawings formerly were obtained from the lines plan by redrawing it full size and preparing a platform of boards called a,scrive board” showing the length and shape of all frames and beams,Wood tem plates were then prepared from the scrive board and steel plates marked off and cut to size.
An alternative to the full-scale scrive board is a photographic method of marking off,introduced about 1950 and widely adopted,The lines plan is drawn and faired (mathematically delineated to produce a smooth hull free from bumps or discontinuities) to a scale of one-tenth full-size by draftsmen using special equipment and magnifying spectacles,The formerly prepared drawing,generally on one-tenth scale,Photographic transparencies of these drawings are then projected full size from a point overhead onto the actual steel plate,The plate is then marked off to show the details of construction,such as position of stiffening members,brackets,and so on,This optical marking off system is much more economical in terms of space and skilled labour than the older method.
By the 1960s,digital computers were being used to fair the preliminary lings plan by a numerical method,Faired surfaces can be produced to a specified degree of accuracy and the lines can be drawn by a numerically controlled drawing machine,bringing the process under continuous scrutiny,Tapes can be produced for use in numerically controlled plated-burning machines,which cut plates to shape,and for the automatic cold bending of frames and curved girders,Fairing calculations produce data that can be fed back into a computer,and programmed to generate hydrostatic and stability data and other information.
Fabrication and assembly
Since 1930,riveting has been progressively supplanted by welding,This has proved more than a mere alteration in the method of connecting structural components because welding facilitates prefabrication of large component parts of the main hull structure.
Before welding came into wide-scale user every ship was constructed on the building berth,The keel was laid,floors laid in place,frames or ribs erected,beams hung from the frames,and this skeleton,framed structure was held together by long pieces of wood called ribbands,Plating was then added and all the parts of the structure were riveted together,In other words,the ship was built from the keel upward.
The modern method is to construct large parts of the hull,for example,the complete bow and stern,Each of these parts is built up from subassemblies or component parts,which are then welded together to form the complete bow or stern,These sections of the ship are manufactured under cover in large sheds,generally at some distance from the building berth,before being transported to the berth and there fitted into place and welded to adjacent section,The advantages of this procedure are that work can proceed under cover,unhampered by bad weather,and the units or component parts can be built up in sequences to suit the welding operations-not always possible at the building berth itself.
A number of techniques can be used to welded together two pieces of the same metallic material,The ideal weld is continuity of homogeneous material,with the same composition and the same physical properties as the parts being jointed,In steel shipbuilding,metal are welding is produced by an electric arc formed between the parts to be jointed; the fusion material is supplied by a coated electrode,The welding electrode consists of a core rod that is deposited as weld metal; it is flux coated to protect the molten metal from the atmosphere during deposition and to supply certain metallurgical properties to the weld,A great deal of research has gone into the specific duties,The main advantages of welding over riveting are,（1）a lighter structure (because overlaps are eliminated ),(2) improved water-tightness and oiltightness,(3) smoother surfaces,and (4) reduced hull upkeep,Certain precautions,however,are necessary,The design of the structure must be adapted for welding because structural details which can be riveted are seldom suitable for welding,The joints must be carefully prepared beforehand for welding,Incomplete penetration,lack of fusion,porosity,and cracking are typical weld defects that must be avoided,Hard sports must be avoided and gradual tapering off of stiffness is necessary if defects in service are to be minimized.
（From,Encyclopedia Britannica”,Vol,16,1980）
Technical Terms
fairing 光顺
lifesize 实物大小
capacity condition 装载状态
full-scale drawing 实尺图
scribe board 型线刻划台
template 样板，导管架
alternative 代替方案（物）交替的
photographic method of marking off 照相号料法
bump 凹凸不平
draftsman 绘图员
magnifying spectacles 放大镜
transparency 投影底片
optical marking off 光学号料
faired surface 光顺表面
numerically controlled (N,C.) drawing machine 数控绘图机
scrutiny 监视，检查
plate-burning machine 钢板切割机
prefabrication 预装配
19,large component part 大型分段
20,floor 肋板
21,rib 肋骨
22,skeleton构架
23,subassembly 部件
24,unhamper无阻碍
25,ideal weld 理想接头
26,metallic material 金属材料
27,homogenous material 匀质材料
28,metal arc welding 金属电弧焊
29,electric arc 电弧
30,fusion material 熔化材料
31,coated electrode 药批焊条
32,core rod 芯棒
33,deposit 熔敷、沉积
34,flux 焊剂
35,molten metal 熔化金属
36,atmosphere 大气
37,metallurgical property 冶金性能
38,upkeep 保养、维护
39,precaution 注意事项、预防（措施）
40,penetration穿透
41,lack of fusion 熔深不够
42,porosity 气孔
43,cracking 裂缝
44,defect 缺陷
45,hard spot 硬点
Additional Terms and Expressions
full-scale lofting 实尺放样
Scaled lofting 比例放样
mathematical lofting 数学放样
spline function 样条函数
spline fitting 样条拟合
shell development 外板展开
mock-up,cradle mould 样箱
batten 样条
nesting 套料
electroprint marking(E.P.M) 电印号料
block method 分段建造法
subassembling 部件装配
assembling 分段装配
grand assembling总段装配
pyramid method 塔式建造法
island method 岛式建造法
semi-tandem method 半串联（一条半）建造法
manual arc welding 手工电弧焊
submerged arc welding 埋弧焊
eletroslag welding 电焊渣
gas shielded welding 气体保护焊
one-side welding 单面焊
tack welding 定位焊
fillet welding 填角焊
back welding 封底焊
copper backing (C.B.) 铜垫法
flux copper backing (F.C.B.) 焊剂铜垫法
flux asbestos backing (F.A.B.) 软垫法
Notes to the Text
1,scrive board 型线刻划台旧时肋骨型线用刀刻在放样台地板上，现在改用色漆。Scrive board 与现在的loft floor 同义，可译成“样台地板”。
2．Not always possible at the building berth itself 其中not修饰紧接着的副词，否定always，不是否定possible，意为“未必总是可能的”。
在含有副词或状语从句的句子中，否定式需注意分析否定的究竟是哪一部分，例：
The ship did not stop operating because the fuel was finished.
船舶并不因为燃油用完而停止航行。
3．It is flux coated to protect the molten metal from the atmosphere during deposition and to supply certain metallurgical properties to the weld.
句中的It代替前句中的 welding electrode; flux coated 为表语；to protect……和to supply……为两个不定式短语作目的状语用。
4．The best possible coated electrodes这里best和possible都是coated electrodes的定语，意为“最好的，可能存在的药皮焊条”，可译为“尽可能好的药皮焊条”.
5,hard spots must be avoid and gradual tapering off of stiffness is necessary if defects in service are to be minimized,
If 引出从句中的are to be minimized为,be+动词不定式的被动态”，在这里便是校订条件，与 if 相呼应，构成条件状语从句。此句直译为：“如果要使用营运中的机械故障减到最少，那么必须避免硬点，并且逐渐减小刚性”。
