Lesson Sixteen
Launching and Outfitting
Launching
Apart from certain small craft built on inland waterways,which are launched sideways,the great majority of ships are launched stern first from the building berth,Standing structures called ways,constructed of concrete and wooden blocks,spaced about one-third of the vessel’s beam apart,support the ship under construction,The slope of the standing ways-which are often cambered (slightly curved upward toward the middle or slightly curved downward toward the ends) in the fore and aft direction-ranges from one-half to three-quarters of an inch per foot of length (from 42 to 62 millimeters per meter of length); ways extend from a position near he water,Over these standing ways is built he launching cradle,which consists of sliding ways on which are built poppets,or support for the hull,Between standing ways and launching ways is a layer of lubricant.
During construction the ship is supported by at least one line of blocks under the keel,with side supports and shores as necessary,As the vessel nears completion,the standing ways are built under it,the sliding ways are superimposed,and the cradle is built up,
The weight of the vessel is transferred to the standing ways,The full weight must not be supported by the ways for too long because the thickness of lubricant would be reduced by squeezing and its properties would be adversely affected,It is common to fit launching triggers which when released at the moment of launching,permit the sliding ways to move over the standing ways.
As a vessel moves down the ways,the forces operating are,its weight acting down through the centre of gravity,the upward support from the standing ways,and the buoyancy of the water,As it travels further,the buoyancy increases and the upthrust of the ways decreases,with the weight remaining constant,As the centre f gravity passes the after end of the standing ways,the moment of the weight about the end of the ways trends to tip the ship stern first,At this position and for some time later,it is essential that the moment of buoyancy be greater than the moment of weight about the after end of the ways,thus giving a moment to keep the forward end of the sliding ways on the standing ways; otherwise there would be concentration of weight at the end of the ways,causing excessive local pressure,Calculations are made to determine the most important factors in lifts,the difference between weight and buoyancy when the stern lifts,the existence of the ways to ensure that the cradle will not drop off the end of the standing ways.
The launching of a vessel into a restricted waterway requires the application of a retarding force,Usually piles of chains are laid alongside the sides of ship act as drags,and these are secured to chain plates by wire cables,fixed temporarily to the hull,As the vessel slides down the launching ways; the drags come serially into operation after,or sometimes before,the bow has cleared the after end of the ways,Launching can be a hazardous operation,If the lubricant is ineffective,the vessel will not move,If the stern does not lift as the vessel slides down the ways,the ship may tip about the way ends,The bow may sustain damage when it drops into the water at the end of the ways and may damage the slipway when the stern lifts,Excessive loads on the poppets may cause their collapse.
outfitting
After launching,the ship is berthed in a fitting-out basin for completion,The main machinery,together with auxiliaries,piping systems,deck gear,lifeboats,accommodation equipment,pumbing systems,and rigging are installed on board,along with whatever insulation and deck coverings are necessary,Fitting out may be a relatively minor undertaking,as with a tanker or a bulk carrier,but in the case of a passenger vessel,the work will be extensive,Although fitting-out operations are diverse and complex,as with hull construction here are four main divisions,(1)collection and grounding of the specified components,(2)installation of components according to schedule,(3) connection of components to appropriate piping and/or wiring systems,and (4) testing of completed systems,
In the early 1970s,the tendency in planning was to divide the ship into sections,listing the quantities of components required and times of delivery,Drawings necessary for each section are prepared and these specify the quantities of components required,A master schedule is complied,specifying the sequences and target dates for completion and testing of each component system,This schedule is used to marshal and synchronize fitting work in the different sections and compartments.
（From,Encyclopedia Britannica”,Vol,16,1980）
Technical Terms
craft 小船，收音机，手工艺
inland waterway 内河航道
sideway 横向的
majority 大多数
standing structure 固定结构
concrete 混凝土
wooden block 木墩
standing way 滑道
camber 拱形
launching cradle 下水架，发射架
poppet 下水支架
a layer of lubricant 润滑屋
block 墩木，块，阻塞
side support 边墩
shore 撑柱，岸
squeezing 挤压
trigger 下水扳机
upthrust 向上反力
tip tiping仰倾
retarding force 减速力
piles of chains 几堆锚链
drags 阻力锚
hazardous operation 危险作业
collapse 毁坏
deck gear 舱面用具，甲板机械
lifeboat 救生艇
plumbing system 污水系统
rigging 索具
insulation 绝缘
deck covering 甲板敷料
target dates 预定日期
marshal 调度
synchronize 协调
fitting work 安装工作
Additional Terms and Expressions
gravity launching 重力式下水
floating launching 漂浮式下水
mechanized launching 机械化下水
end launching 纵向下水
side launching 横向下水
fore poppet 首支架
after poppet 尾支架
launching beam 下水横梁
sliding way 滑板
greased slipways 涂油滑道
advanced outfitting,pre-outfitting 预舾装
on-unit outfitting 单元舾装，单元组装
on-block outfitting 分段舾装
on-board outfitting 船上舾装
shafting 轴系
machinery installations 机械安装
electrical installations 电器安装
accommodation fittings 舱室舾装件
furniture and fixture 家具及固定装置
ventilation trunks 风管
piping 管系
electric wiring 电缆系统
thermal insulation 绝热（层）
acoustic insulation 隔音(层)
fire protection 防火
painting 涂装
Notes to the Text
standing structures called ways,constructed of concrete and wooden blocks,spaced about on-third of the vessel’s beam apart,support the ship under construction.
此句为简单句。句子的主要成分是Standing structures support the ship,三个过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰主语。
… ways extend from a position near the bow to past the stern and for a certain distance into the water.
extend from A to B,从A一直廷伸到B；
extend for…,廷伸……（距离）
Over these standing ways is built the launching cradle,which consists of sliding ways on which are built poppets,or supporting structures,of timber to provide support for the hull.
全句为复杂句。
主句是Over these standing ways is built the launching cradle,这是倒装句（参见第六课注5）。
which consists of sliding ways 为非限制性定语从句，修饰主句中的主语 the launching cradle,该从句又带一个定语从句，即 on which are built poppets 直至句末，修饰sliding ways.
on which … 从句也是倒装句。主语是popets,or supporting structures 为插入语，进一步说明poppets.
It is essential that the moment of buoyancy be greater than the moment of weight about the after end of the ways,…
这是虚拟证据用于it is essential that … 句型中（参见第五课注2）.
… along with whatever insulation and deck coverings are necessary,along with 为介词词组，作“连同”解；whatever 为关系代词，引出介词宾主从句。
Launching and Outfitting
Launching
Apart from certain small craft built on inland waterways,which are launched sideways,the great majority of ships are launched stern first from the building berth,Standing structures called ways,constructed of concrete and wooden blocks,spaced about one-third of the vessel’s beam apart,support the ship under construction,The slope of the standing ways-which are often cambered (slightly curved upward toward the middle or slightly curved downward toward the ends) in the fore and aft direction-ranges from one-half to three-quarters of an inch per foot of length (from 42 to 62 millimeters per meter of length); ways extend from a position near he water,Over these standing ways is built he launching cradle,which consists of sliding ways on which are built poppets,or support for the hull,Between standing ways and launching ways is a layer of lubricant.
During construction the ship is supported by at least one line of blocks under the keel,with side supports and shores as necessary,As the vessel nears completion,the standing ways are built under it,the sliding ways are superimposed,and the cradle is built up,
The weight of the vessel is transferred to the standing ways,The full weight must not be supported by the ways for too long because the thickness of lubricant would be reduced by squeezing and its properties would be adversely affected,It is common to fit launching triggers which when released at the moment of launching,permit the sliding ways to move over the standing ways.
As a vessel moves down the ways,the forces operating are,its weight acting down through the centre of gravity,the upward support from the standing ways,and the buoyancy of the water,As it travels further,the buoyancy increases and the upthrust of the ways decreases,with the weight remaining constant,As the centre f gravity passes the after end of the standing ways,the moment of the weight about the end of the ways trends to tip the ship stern first,At this position and for some time later,it is essential that the moment of buoyancy be greater than the moment of weight about the after end of the ways,thus giving a moment to keep the forward end of the sliding ways on the standing ways; otherwise there would be concentration of weight at the end of the ways,causing excessive local pressure,Calculations are made to determine the most important factors in lifts,the difference between weight and buoyancy when the stern lifts,the existence of the ways to ensure that the cradle will not drop off the end of the standing ways.
The launching of a vessel into a restricted waterway requires the application of a retarding force,Usually piles of chains are laid alongside the sides of ship act as drags,and these are secured to chain plates by wire cables,fixed temporarily to the hull,As the vessel slides down the launching ways; the drags come serially into operation after,or sometimes before,the bow has cleared the after end of the ways,Launching can be a hazardous operation,If the lubricant is ineffective,the vessel will not move,If the stern does not lift as the vessel slides down the ways,the ship may tip about the way ends,The bow may sustain damage when it drops into the water at the end of the ways and may damage the slipway when the stern lifts,Excessive loads on the poppets may cause their collapse.
outfitting
After launching,the ship is berthed in a fitting-out basin for completion,The main machinery,together with auxiliaries,piping systems,deck gear,lifeboats,accommodation equipment,pumbing systems,and rigging are installed on board,along with whatever insulation and deck coverings are necessary,Fitting out may be a relatively minor undertaking,as with a tanker or a bulk carrier,but in the case of a passenger vessel,the work will be extensive,Although fitting-out operations are diverse and complex,as with hull construction here are four main divisions,(1)collection and grounding of the specified components,(2)installation of components according to schedule,(3) connection of components to appropriate piping and/or wiring systems,and (4) testing of completed systems,
In the early 1970s,the tendency in planning was to divide the ship into sections,listing the quantities of components required and times of delivery,Drawings necessary for each section are prepared and these specify the quantities of components required,A master schedule is complied,specifying the sequences and target dates for completion and testing of each component system,This schedule is used to marshal and synchronize fitting work in the different sections and compartments.
（From,Encyclopedia Britannica”,Vol,16,1980）
Technical Terms
craft 小船，收音机，手工艺
inland waterway 内河航道
sideway 横向的
majority 大多数
standing structure 固定结构
concrete 混凝土
wooden block 木墩
standing way 滑道
camber 拱形
launching cradle 下水架，发射架
poppet 下水支架
a layer of lubricant 润滑屋
block 墩木，块，阻塞
side support 边墩
shore 撑柱，岸
squeezing 挤压
trigger 下水扳机
upthrust 向上反力
tip tiping仰倾
retarding force 减速力
piles of chains 几堆锚链
drags 阻力锚
hazardous operation 危险作业
collapse 毁坏
deck gear 舱面用具，甲板机械
lifeboat 救生艇
plumbing system 污水系统
rigging 索具
insulation 绝缘
deck covering 甲板敷料
target dates 预定日期
marshal 调度
synchronize 协调
fitting work 安装工作
Additional Terms and Expressions
gravity launching 重力式下水
floating launching 漂浮式下水
mechanized launching 机械化下水
end launching 纵向下水
side launching 横向下水
fore poppet 首支架
after poppet 尾支架
launching beam 下水横梁
sliding way 滑板
greased slipways 涂油滑道
advanced outfitting,pre-outfitting 预舾装
on-unit outfitting 单元舾装，单元组装
on-block outfitting 分段舾装
on-board outfitting 船上舾装
shafting 轴系
machinery installations 机械安装
electrical installations 电器安装
accommodation fittings 舱室舾装件
furniture and fixture 家具及固定装置
ventilation trunks 风管
piping 管系
electric wiring 电缆系统
thermal insulation 绝热（层）
acoustic insulation 隔音(层)
fire protection 防火
painting 涂装
Notes to the Text
standing structures called ways,constructed of concrete and wooden blocks,spaced about on-third of the vessel’s beam apart,support the ship under construction.
此句为简单句。句子的主要成分是Standing structures support the ship,三个过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰主语。
… ways extend from a position near the bow to past the stern and for a certain distance into the water.
extend from A to B,从A一直廷伸到B；
extend for…,廷伸……（距离）
Over these standing ways is built the launching cradle,which consists of sliding ways on which are built poppets,or supporting structures,of timber to provide support for the hull.
全句为复杂句。
主句是Over these standing ways is built the launching cradle,这是倒装句（参见第六课注5）。
which consists of sliding ways 为非限制性定语从句，修饰主句中的主语 the launching cradle,该从句又带一个定语从句，即 on which are built poppets 直至句末，修饰sliding ways.
on which … 从句也是倒装句。主语是popets,or supporting structures 为插入语，进一步说明poppets.
It is essential that the moment of buoyancy be greater than the moment of weight about the after end of the ways,…
这是虚拟证据用于it is essential that … 句型中（参见第五课注2）.
… along with whatever insulation and deck coverings are necessary,along with 为介词词组，作“连同”解；whatever 为关系代词，引出介词宾主从句。
