Lesson Five
General Arrangement
Definition
The general arrangement of a ship can be defined as the assignment of spaces for all the required functions and equipment,properly coordinated for location and access,Four consecutive steps characterize general arrangement; namely,allocation of main spaces,setting individual space boundaries,choosing and locating equipment and furnishing within boundaries,and providing interrelated access,These steps progress from overall to detail considerations,although there is some overlapping,Generally,particular arrangement plans are prepared for conceptual,preliminary,contract,and working plan stages,The data for early stages come into first experience,and the degree of detail increases as the design progresses.
It has often been said that ship design is inevitably a compromise between various conflicting requirements,and it is in formulation of the general arrangement that most of the compromises are made,Ship design requires a melding of many arts and sciences,and most of this melding occurs in the general arrangement,The designer considers the demands for all the functions and subfunctions of the ship,balances the relative types and importance of the demands,and attempts to arrive at an optimum coordinate relationship of the space assignments within the ship hull,The general arrangement,then,represents a summary or integration of information from other divisions and specialties in the ship design,to provide all the necessary functions of the ship in the most efficient and economical way from an overall viewpoint.
The efficient operation of a ship depends upon the proper arrangement of each separate space and the most effective interrelationships between all spaces,It is important that the general arrangement be functionally and economically developed with respect to factors that affect both the construction and operation cost,especially the manpower required to operate the ship,Many other divisions of ship design provide the feed-in for the general arrangement,such as structure,hull engineering (hatch covers,cargo handling,etc),scientific (weights,stability,and lines),engineering (machinery,uptakes),and specifications,
1.2 Function of ship
In this chapter,consideration of ship type is restricted to those whose function is to transport something for economic profit; in other words,commercial transportation,Such ship types may be subdivided in accordance with material to be transported; e.g.,general cargo,bulk cargo,vehicles,passengers,etc,General cargo ships may further be subdivided in accordance with the form in which the general cargo is transported; e.g,break-bulk,containers,standardized pallets,roll-on/roll-off,etc,Bulk cargo ships may be subdivided into liquid bulk types and solid bulk types,or combinations of these,and,of course,may be further subdivided for specific liquids and solid bulks,Vehicle ships would include ferryboats and ships for the transoceanic delivery of automobiles,trucks,etc,Passengers can be carried in ships designed primarily for that purpose,as well as in any of the aforementioned types,Therefore,even after ship types are limited to those for
Commercial transportation,they can have widely diverse functions,However,the common objective of the general arrangement in each case is to fulfill the function of the ship n the most economical manner; in other words develop a ship which will transport cargo at the least unit cost.
This dual aspect of function cost is actually the force which has give rise to special ship types,many of which have been created in the last few years,The reason for this may be seen in a comparative annual cost break-bulk cargo ship fleet and a container ship fleet designed to carry the same cargo,as estimated in ref[1].
Conventional
Break-bulk container
Fleer Ship Fleet
Capital……………………………………………………………..$2,370,000….$ 2,940,000
Operating…………………………………………………………….4,550,000 3,550,000
Cargo handing………………………………………………………22,900,000 4,920,000
Terminal allocation………………………………………………….1200,000 1,200,000
Overhead and allocations……………………………………………2,20,000 2200000
Total transportation cost …………………………………………….$33,220,000 $14,810,000
Cost per long ton of cargo transported………………………………$4,920 $2,190
It is the implication of such cost figures that gave rise to a rapid growth in the container ship type,Some such similar sets of cost figures,comparing different ways to accomplish the same function,explain the growth of any special ship type.
The problems of general arrangement,then,are,associated with the function of the ship and generally fifer according to ship type,The arrangements of all types,however,have certain things in common,For example,the problems of accommodation and propulsion machinery arrangements are generally similar,although the different ship types impose different limitations.
1.3 Ship as a system.
In analyzing any tool or implement which has a functional-economic aspect,it is convenient to consider that tool as a system made up of a group of subsystems,By this approach,each subsystem may be analyzed separately,and its components and characteristics selected for optimum function and economics; then the subsystems may be combined to form the compatible system,Of course the subsystems must be compatible and the sum of their functions must equal the complete system function,just as the sum of their cists must equal the complete system costs.
A ship which is a structural-mechanical tool or implement may be considered as a system for the transportation of goods or people,across a body of water,from one marine terminal to another,The complete system is broken down into subsystems which generally must include,as a minimum,subsystems for:
Enclosing volume for containing cargo and other contents of ship and providing buoyancy to support cargo and other weights (hull envelope).
Providing structure for maintaining watertight integrity of enclosed volume and supporting cargo and other contents of ship against static and dynamic forces and primary strength of the hull girder (structure).
Transporting cargo from pier to ship and stowing it aboard ship (cargo handling and stowage).
Propelling ship at various speeds (machinery and control).
Controlling direction of ship (steering).
Housing and supporting human components of system (accommodations).
Providing safety in event of accident (watertight subdivision,fire control,etc,).
The general arrangement is largely developed by consideration of the requirement of each system,which are balanced,weighed,and combined into a complete system,However,the development of the general arrangement is not completely compatible with the system approach,because a general arrangement is a diagram of space and location,which may be minor aspects of certain subsystems,For example,some sub-subsystems occupy practically no space and do not appear on a general arrangement plan.
Although this chapter will not go further with the system approach than is warranted by the subject of,general arrangement”,it should be noted that each of the foregoing subsystems may be further broken down into second-degree subsystems (or sub-subsystems) and these in turn may be further broken down,The complete ship itself is,of course,a subsystem of larger system for the transportation of goods or people from any point on earth to any other point.
1.4 The Problem and the approach
The first step in solving the general arrangement problem is locating the main spaces and their boundaries within the ship hull and superstructure,They are:
Cargo spaces
Machinery spaces
Crew,passenger,and associated spaces
Tanks
Miscellaneous
At the same time,certain requirements must be met,mainly,
Watertight subdivision and integrity
Adequate stability
Structural integrity
Adequate provision for access
As stated in the foregoing,the general arrangement is evolved by a gradual progress of trial,check and improvement,As for any other problem,the first approach to a solution to the general arrangement must be based on a minimum amount of information,including:
Required volume of cargo spaces,based on type and amount of cargo.
Method of stowing cargo and cargo handling system.
Required volume of machinery spaces,based on type of machinery and ship,
Required volume of tankage,mainly fuel and clean ballast,based on type of fuel,and cruising range.
Required standard of subdivision and limitation of main transverse bulkhead spacing.
Approximate principal dimensions (length,beam,depth,and draft).
Preliminary lines plan.
The approximate dimensions and lines plan are base on a preliminary summation of the required volumes for all the aforementioned contents of the ship,a preliminary,estimate of all the weights in the ship,a selection of the proper hull coefficients for speed and power,and adequate freeboard and margin line for subdivision and stability,From the lines plan and margin line,a curve of sectional areas along the length of the ship and a floodable length curve may be made.
The first general arrangement layout to allocate the main spaces is based on the foregoing information,Peak oulkheads and inner bottom are established in accordance with regulatory body requirements,Other main transverse bulkheads are located to satisfy subdivision requirements,based on preliminary floodable length curves,Decks are located to suit the requirements,Allowance for space occupied by structure must be deducted in arriving at the resulting net usable volumes and the clear deck heights.
Usually,in the first approach,several preliminary general arrangements are laid out in the form of main space allocations,boundaries,and subdivisions,These are checked for adequacy of volumes,weights and stability,and the changes to be made in the preliminary lines to make these features satisfactory,At this point,certain arrangements may be dropped,either because they are not feasible or are less efficient than other arrangements,The general arrangement process then continues into more refined stages,simultaneously with the development of structure,machinery layout,and calculations of weights,volumes,floodable length,and stability （intact and damaged）,The selection of one basic arrangement may cone early in the process,or may have to be delayed and based on a detailed comparison of,trade-offs.” In any case,the selection is usually made in consultation with the owner so that consideration may be given to his more detailed knowledge of operating problems.
（From,Ship Design and Construction” by D’ Arcangelo,1969）
Technical Terms
general arrangement 总布置
assignment 指定，分配
space 处所，空间
access 通道，入口
allocation 分配，配置
furnishings 家具
conceptual (design) 概念（设计）
preliminary (design) 初步（设计）
contract (stage) 合同（阶段）
working plan 施工图
formulation 公式化，明确表达
melding 融合
optimum 最佳
coordinate relationship 协调关系
summary 综合，摘要
integration 综合，积分
division 部分，划分
efficient and economical way 有效和经济的方式
speciality 专业
feed-in 送进，提供
specifications 各种技术条件，说明书
uptake 烟道
commercial transportation 商业运输
solid (liquid) bulk type 固体（液体）散装型
ferryboat 渡船
transoceanic 渡（远）洋的
automobile汽车
aforementioned (a.m.) 上述的
profit 利益
annual cost 年度费用
breakdown 细目
terminal allocation 码头配置费
overhead 管理费，杂项开支
component (组成)部分，分量
characteristic 特性
mechanical 机械的
goods 货物
marine terminal 港口，码头
enclosing volume 密（围）闭容积
hull envelope 船体外壳
primary strength 总强度
stowage 配载
housing 容纳
diagram 图
superstructure 上层建筑
machinery space 机舱
miscellaneous (其他)杂用舱室
watertight subdivision 水密分舱
integrity 完整性
tankage 液舱，容量（积）
clean ballast 清洁压载
lines plan 型线图
crusing range 巡航范围
margine line 限界线
floodable length curve 可浸长度曲线
layout （设计，布置）草图
peak bulkhead 尖舱舱壁
regulatory body 主管机构（关）
intact stability 完整稳性
trade-off 权衡，折衷
consultation 协商
Additional Terms and Expressions
interior arrangement 舱室布置
stairway and passageway arrangement 梯道及走道布置
interior/exterior passageway 内/外走道
bridge deck 驾驶甲板
compass deck 罗经甲板
boat deck 艇甲板
promenda deck 游步甲板
accommodation deck 起居甲板
vehicle deck 车辆甲板
winch platform 起货机平台
wheel house 驾驶室
chart room 海图室
radio room 报务室
electric room 置电室
mast room 桅室
caption’s room 船长室
crew’s room 船员室
cabin 客舱
main engine control room 主机操纵室
auxiliary engine room 副机舱
boiler room 锅炉间
steering engine room 舵机舱
workshop 机修间
store 贮藏室
fore/aft peak 首/尾尖舱
topside/bottomside tank 顶边/底边舱
wing tank 边舱
steering gear 操舵装置
anchor and mooring arrangement 锚泊和系缆设备
howse pipe 锚链筒
chain locker 锚链舱
closing appliances 关闭设备
hatch cover 舱口盖
lifesaving equipment/appliance 救生设备
mast 桅
rigging 索
bollard 双柱带缆柱
bitt 带缆桩
fairlead 导缆钩
Notes to the Text
1,It is in formulation of the general arrangement that most of the compromises are made.
这是“it is … that …,强调句型，强调in formulation of the general arrangement.
in formulation of 原意为“在……的表达中”,现意译为“体现在……中”。
2,It is important that the general arrangement be functionally and economically developed…
这是虚拟语气形式的句型，在that 从句中采用原形动词。类似的句型还有：
It is desired/suggested/requested that……
It is necessary that …
有时It is essential that …也用虚拟语气。
3,hull engineering 为“船舶设备”之意
4,scientific 原意为“科学的”，现根据上下文意译成“船舶性能”。
5,at the least unit cost 以最小的单价
6,a long ton 一英吨（=2240磅）
a short ton 一美吨（=2000磅）
7,any tool or implement 在这里implement 和tool 基本上同义，帮or 后面的名词在翻译时可以省略不译。
8,across a body of water 穿过一段水路/一个水域
9.aboard ship和 on board ship,以及on board a (the ship) 都为“在船上”之意。
10,Although this chapter will not go further with the system approach than is warranted by the subject of,general arrangement”.
这个让步状语从句中包含有比较状语从句。than 后面的主语（this chapter）被省略掉了。其中的is warranted 原意为“补认为是合理（或正当）的”，整个从句可翻译成：“虽然这一章只限于‘总布置’这个主题，而不再进一步讨论系统处理方法”。
General Arrangement
Definition
The general arrangement of a ship can be defined as the assignment of spaces for all the required functions and equipment,properly coordinated for location and access,Four consecutive steps characterize general arrangement; namely,allocation of main spaces,setting individual space boundaries,choosing and locating equipment and furnishing within boundaries,and providing interrelated access,These steps progress from overall to detail considerations,although there is some overlapping,Generally,particular arrangement plans are prepared for conceptual,preliminary,contract,and working plan stages,The data for early stages come into first experience,and the degree of detail increases as the design progresses.
It has often been said that ship design is inevitably a compromise between various conflicting requirements,and it is in formulation of the general arrangement that most of the compromises are made,Ship design requires a melding of many arts and sciences,and most of this melding occurs in the general arrangement,The designer considers the demands for all the functions and subfunctions of the ship,balances the relative types and importance of the demands,and attempts to arrive at an optimum coordinate relationship of the space assignments within the ship hull,The general arrangement,then,represents a summary or integration of information from other divisions and specialties in the ship design,to provide all the necessary functions of the ship in the most efficient and economical way from an overall viewpoint.
The efficient operation of a ship depends upon the proper arrangement of each separate space and the most effective interrelationships between all spaces,It is important that the general arrangement be functionally and economically developed with respect to factors that affect both the construction and operation cost,especially the manpower required to operate the ship,Many other divisions of ship design provide the feed-in for the general arrangement,such as structure,hull engineering (hatch covers,cargo handling,etc),scientific (weights,stability,and lines),engineering (machinery,uptakes),and specifications,
1.2 Function of ship
In this chapter,consideration of ship type is restricted to those whose function is to transport something for economic profit; in other words,commercial transportation,Such ship types may be subdivided in accordance with material to be transported; e.g.,general cargo,bulk cargo,vehicles,passengers,etc,General cargo ships may further be subdivided in accordance with the form in which the general cargo is transported; e.g,break-bulk,containers,standardized pallets,roll-on/roll-off,etc,Bulk cargo ships may be subdivided into liquid bulk types and solid bulk types,or combinations of these,and,of course,may be further subdivided for specific liquids and solid bulks,Vehicle ships would include ferryboats and ships for the transoceanic delivery of automobiles,trucks,etc,Passengers can be carried in ships designed primarily for that purpose,as well as in any of the aforementioned types,Therefore,even after ship types are limited to those for
Commercial transportation,they can have widely diverse functions,However,the common objective of the general arrangement in each case is to fulfill the function of the ship n the most economical manner; in other words develop a ship which will transport cargo at the least unit cost.
This dual aspect of function cost is actually the force which has give rise to special ship types,many of which have been created in the last few years,The reason for this may be seen in a comparative annual cost break-bulk cargo ship fleet and a container ship fleet designed to carry the same cargo,as estimated in ref[1].
Conventional
Break-bulk container
Fleer Ship Fleet
Capital……………………………………………………………..$2,370,000….$ 2,940,000
Operating…………………………………………………………….4,550,000 3,550,000
Cargo handing………………………………………………………22,900,000 4,920,000
Terminal allocation………………………………………………….1200,000 1,200,000
Overhead and allocations……………………………………………2,20,000 2200000
Total transportation cost …………………………………………….$33,220,000 $14,810,000
Cost per long ton of cargo transported………………………………$4,920 $2,190
It is the implication of such cost figures that gave rise to a rapid growth in the container ship type,Some such similar sets of cost figures,comparing different ways to accomplish the same function,explain the growth of any special ship type.
The problems of general arrangement,then,are,associated with the function of the ship and generally fifer according to ship type,The arrangements of all types,however,have certain things in common,For example,the problems of accommodation and propulsion machinery arrangements are generally similar,although the different ship types impose different limitations.
1.3 Ship as a system.
In analyzing any tool or implement which has a functional-economic aspect,it is convenient to consider that tool as a system made up of a group of subsystems,By this approach,each subsystem may be analyzed separately,and its components and characteristics selected for optimum function and economics; then the subsystems may be combined to form the compatible system,Of course the subsystems must be compatible and the sum of their functions must equal the complete system function,just as the sum of their cists must equal the complete system costs.
A ship which is a structural-mechanical tool or implement may be considered as a system for the transportation of goods or people,across a body of water,from one marine terminal to another,The complete system is broken down into subsystems which generally must include,as a minimum,subsystems for:
Enclosing volume for containing cargo and other contents of ship and providing buoyancy to support cargo and other weights (hull envelope).
Providing structure for maintaining watertight integrity of enclosed volume and supporting cargo and other contents of ship against static and dynamic forces and primary strength of the hull girder (structure).
Transporting cargo from pier to ship and stowing it aboard ship (cargo handling and stowage).
Propelling ship at various speeds (machinery and control).
Controlling direction of ship (steering).
Housing and supporting human components of system (accommodations).
Providing safety in event of accident (watertight subdivision,fire control,etc,).
The general arrangement is largely developed by consideration of the requirement of each system,which are balanced,weighed,and combined into a complete system,However,the development of the general arrangement is not completely compatible with the system approach,because a general arrangement is a diagram of space and location,which may be minor aspects of certain subsystems,For example,some sub-subsystems occupy practically no space and do not appear on a general arrangement plan.
Although this chapter will not go further with the system approach than is warranted by the subject of,general arrangement”,it should be noted that each of the foregoing subsystems may be further broken down into second-degree subsystems (or sub-subsystems) and these in turn may be further broken down,The complete ship itself is,of course,a subsystem of larger system for the transportation of goods or people from any point on earth to any other point.
1.4 The Problem and the approach
The first step in solving the general arrangement problem is locating the main spaces and their boundaries within the ship hull and superstructure,They are:
Cargo spaces
Machinery spaces
Crew,passenger,and associated spaces
Tanks
Miscellaneous
At the same time,certain requirements must be met,mainly,
Watertight subdivision and integrity
Adequate stability
Structural integrity
Adequate provision for access
As stated in the foregoing,the general arrangement is evolved by a gradual progress of trial,check and improvement,As for any other problem,the first approach to a solution to the general arrangement must be based on a minimum amount of information,including:
Required volume of cargo spaces,based on type and amount of cargo.
Method of stowing cargo and cargo handling system.
Required volume of machinery spaces,based on type of machinery and ship,
Required volume of tankage,mainly fuel and clean ballast,based on type of fuel,and cruising range.
Required standard of subdivision and limitation of main transverse bulkhead spacing.
Approximate principal dimensions (length,beam,depth,and draft).
Preliminary lines plan.
The approximate dimensions and lines plan are base on a preliminary summation of the required volumes for all the aforementioned contents of the ship,a preliminary,estimate of all the weights in the ship,a selection of the proper hull coefficients for speed and power,and adequate freeboard and margin line for subdivision and stability,From the lines plan and margin line,a curve of sectional areas along the length of the ship and a floodable length curve may be made.
The first general arrangement layout to allocate the main spaces is based on the foregoing information,Peak oulkheads and inner bottom are established in accordance with regulatory body requirements,Other main transverse bulkheads are located to satisfy subdivision requirements,based on preliminary floodable length curves,Decks are located to suit the requirements,Allowance for space occupied by structure must be deducted in arriving at the resulting net usable volumes and the clear deck heights.
Usually,in the first approach,several preliminary general arrangements are laid out in the form of main space allocations,boundaries,and subdivisions,These are checked for adequacy of volumes,weights and stability,and the changes to be made in the preliminary lines to make these features satisfactory,At this point,certain arrangements may be dropped,either because they are not feasible or are less efficient than other arrangements,The general arrangement process then continues into more refined stages,simultaneously with the development of structure,machinery layout,and calculations of weights,volumes,floodable length,and stability （intact and damaged）,The selection of one basic arrangement may cone early in the process,or may have to be delayed and based on a detailed comparison of,trade-offs.” In any case,the selection is usually made in consultation with the owner so that consideration may be given to his more detailed knowledge of operating problems.
（From,Ship Design and Construction” by D’ Arcangelo,1969）
Technical Terms
general arrangement 总布置
assignment 指定，分配
space 处所，空间
access 通道，入口
allocation 分配，配置
furnishings 家具
conceptual (design) 概念（设计）
preliminary (design) 初步（设计）
contract (stage) 合同（阶段）
working plan 施工图
formulation 公式化，明确表达
melding 融合
optimum 最佳
coordinate relationship 协调关系
summary 综合，摘要
integration 综合，积分
division 部分，划分
efficient and economical way 有效和经济的方式
speciality 专业
feed-in 送进，提供
specifications 各种技术条件，说明书
uptake 烟道
commercial transportation 商业运输
solid (liquid) bulk type 固体（液体）散装型
ferryboat 渡船
transoceanic 渡（远）洋的
automobile汽车
aforementioned (a.m.) 上述的
profit 利益
annual cost 年度费用
breakdown 细目
terminal allocation 码头配置费
overhead 管理费，杂项开支
component (组成)部分，分量
characteristic 特性
mechanical 机械的
goods 货物
marine terminal 港口，码头
enclosing volume 密（围）闭容积
hull envelope 船体外壳
primary strength 总强度
stowage 配载
housing 容纳
diagram 图
superstructure 上层建筑
machinery space 机舱
miscellaneous (其他)杂用舱室
watertight subdivision 水密分舱
integrity 完整性
tankage 液舱，容量（积）
clean ballast 清洁压载
lines plan 型线图
crusing range 巡航范围
margine line 限界线
floodable length curve 可浸长度曲线
layout （设计，布置）草图
peak bulkhead 尖舱舱壁
regulatory body 主管机构（关）
intact stability 完整稳性
trade-off 权衡，折衷
consultation 协商
Additional Terms and Expressions
interior arrangement 舱室布置
stairway and passageway arrangement 梯道及走道布置
interior/exterior passageway 内/外走道
bridge deck 驾驶甲板
compass deck 罗经甲板
boat deck 艇甲板
promenda deck 游步甲板
accommodation deck 起居甲板
vehicle deck 车辆甲板
winch platform 起货机平台
wheel house 驾驶室
chart room 海图室
radio room 报务室
electric room 置电室
mast room 桅室
caption’s room 船长室
crew’s room 船员室
cabin 客舱
main engine control room 主机操纵室
auxiliary engine room 副机舱
boiler room 锅炉间
steering engine room 舵机舱
workshop 机修间
store 贮藏室
fore/aft peak 首/尾尖舱
topside/bottomside tank 顶边/底边舱
wing tank 边舱
steering gear 操舵装置
anchor and mooring arrangement 锚泊和系缆设备
howse pipe 锚链筒
chain locker 锚链舱
closing appliances 关闭设备
hatch cover 舱口盖
lifesaving equipment/appliance 救生设备
mast 桅
rigging 索
bollard 双柱带缆柱
bitt 带缆桩
fairlead 导缆钩
Notes to the Text
1,It is in formulation of the general arrangement that most of the compromises are made.
这是“it is … that …,强调句型，强调in formulation of the general arrangement.
in formulation of 原意为“在……的表达中”,现意译为“体现在……中”。
2,It is important that the general arrangement be functionally and economically developed…
这是虚拟语气形式的句型，在that 从句中采用原形动词。类似的句型还有：
It is desired/suggested/requested that……
It is necessary that …
有时It is essential that …也用虚拟语气。
3,hull engineering 为“船舶设备”之意
4,scientific 原意为“科学的”，现根据上下文意译成“船舶性能”。
5,at the least unit cost 以最小的单价
6,a long ton 一英吨（=2240磅）
a short ton 一美吨（=2000磅）
7,any tool or implement 在这里implement 和tool 基本上同义，帮or 后面的名词在翻译时可以省略不译。
8,across a body of water 穿过一段水路/一个水域
9.aboard ship和 on board ship,以及on board a (the ship) 都为“在船上”之意。
10,Although this chapter will not go further with the system approach than is warranted by the subject of,general arrangement”.
这个让步状语从句中包含有比较状语从句。than 后面的主语（this chapter）被省略掉了。其中的is warranted 原意为“补认为是合理（或正当）的”，整个从句可翻译成：“虽然这一章只限于‘总布置’这个主题，而不再进一步讨论系统处理方法”。
