2009-7-27 P,1
Unit 13
Computer Technology
Chapter Four
&Part4 Extensive Reading@ Part 1 Notes to Text
@Part5 Notes to Passage& Part 2 Word Study
@Part3 Practice on Text @Part6 Practice on Passage
Chapter Study Tasks（ 4）
In this chapter,you will be able to
— Explain why a computer is a system
— Learn how a computer system is organized
— Get the general ideas of the texts and
extensive readings
— Complete all the practice required
2009-7-27 P,2
@ Part 1 Notes to Text
1) But the real meaning of "computer system" comes with
interconnection,但计算机系统的真正含义是互相连接。
注释,动词短语 come with意思是“伴随,..发生”。
2) In industry these days the interconnection of variable-speed
drives and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to automate
production lines and control motors is a common example of a
computer system,如今在工业中，将变速器和可变成逻辑控制器互连起来，用以使生产自动化和控制电机，就是一个常见的计算机系统实例。
注释,此句的主语是 interconnection。介词短语 of variable-speed
drives and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to automate
production lines and control motors只是主语的修饰语，谓语动词是
is。
Computer Systems
2009-7-27 P,3
3) In other words,a computer is a fast and accurate symbol
manipulating system that is organized to accept,store,and
process data and produce output results under the direction of a
stored program of instructions,换句话说，计算机是一种能接收、存储和处理数据，并能产生输出结果的快速、精确的符号加工系统，这一系统是在存储指令程序控制下工作的。
注释,定语从句中的不定式 to accept,store,and process…… 用作目的状语；介词短语 under the direction of a stored program of
instructions则是方式状语。
4) Regardless of the type of device used,all are components for
interpretation and communication between people and computer
systems,不论使用哪种设备，它们都是人与计算机系统之间进行解释和通信的部件。
注释,Regardless of相当于 with no heed to; in spite of 不论 ;尽管；
all指代所有种类的设备。
End
2009-7-27 P,4 End
1,combination n,集合体 11,magnetizable adj,可磁化的
2,typical adj,典型的 12,coat v,涂上,包上
3,state n,规定；说明 13,flexible adj,柔软的
4,classify v,归于；分类 14,floppy adj,软的
5,component n,组件 15.arithmetic-logic section 算术逻辑部件
6,interconnection n,互连 16.instrument n,器械,器具
7,variable-speed drive 变速器 17.machine-coded adj,机器编码的
8,programmable adj,可编程的 18.magnetic tape drive 磁带机
9,automate v,使自动化 19.secondary storage units辅助存储单元
10,manipulate v,操作 20.peripheral adj,外围的
& Part 2 Word Study
2009-7-27 P,5
Task 1,Listening training
Dictation of some key words
Directions,You will hear some key words twice,most of which are taken from
the Word Study,Then finish the Crossword Puzzle,(See you book p,)
2,Dictation of some key expressions
Directions,You will hear some key expressions twice,most of which are
taken from this text,Then you are asked to complete the missing words.
@Part3 Practice on Text
1) arithmetic-logic_________
2) ______________lines
3) primary __________section
4) ___________workstations
5) variable-speed__________
6) _______________tape drives
section
production
storage
online
drives
magnetic
2009-7-27 P,6
Read and Reply
Directions:Students are required to read aloud the whole text after
the teacher,Then give short answers to the following questions:
Task 2,Read,Write and Translate
Because at least two components (hardware and software)
have to work together,
Input,processing,and output devices.
The mouse,input pen,touch screen,and microphone.
c) What do additional direct input devices include?
a) Why is the simplest computer classified as a computer system?
b) What is the basic organization of a computer system
according to the third paragraph?
2009-7-27 P,7
( )1) A typical computer system has memory and set of states
that define the relationship between the system's hardware
and software,
( )2) Many computer systems can link to each other so as to
become a bigger system.
( )3) The primary storage section,the arithmetic-logic section,
and the control section can be found in the CPU of a typical
personal computer system.
( )4) Output devices are not used for interpretation and
communication between humans and computer systems of all
sizes,
( )5) A display screen is a popular output device while a
desktop printer is a popular input device,
Read and Judge
End
F
T
T
F
F
2009-7-27 P,8
Directions:Read the following short passage,Complete it by filling in the missing words.
A,to buy B,general idea C,explain D,hardware E,buying
F,explanation G,how H,main memory I,Models J,spending
Buying a home computer can be a bit like 1)________a car,There
are many makes and 2)________,and many people willing to give
advice about what to buy and where 3)________it,Anyhow,to keep
your money really worth4)________,you should at least get the
5)________of the hardware system,Most of you might have learnt
that a 6)________system is made up of five parts— input device,
Arithmetic Logic Unit,7)_______,controller and output device,But
few of you can really 8)________what they are and 9)________they
work,So here let’ s give you the 1)___________in a simple way.
Read and Complete
End
E
I
A
J
B
D
H
C G
F
2009-7-27 P,9
1)在图书馆，图书通常按学科分类。（ classify）
2)人们生活水平高随着全球经济的快速发展而提高。（ come with
3)不顾我们警告他的危险，他还是坚持要和我们一块儿去。 (regardless of)
4)众所周知，这座大楼将建在市中心。 (locate)
5)昨天晚上你出了什么事，请将详情告诉我们吧。 (in detail)
Read and Translate
Directions:Put the following sentences into English,using the words or phrases given.
End
In a library,books are classified by subjects.
The improvement of people’ s life comes with the rapid
growth
of the global economy.
He insisted that he go with us regardless of what danger
we warned him of.
It is known to all that the new building will be located in the
center of town.
Please tell us what happened to you last night in detail,
2009-7-27 P,10
Hybrid Memories
As memory technology has matured in recent years,the line
between RAM and ROM has blurred(使模糊 ),Now,several types of
memory combine features of both,These devices do not belong to
either group and can be collectively referred to as hybrid(混合的 )
memory devices,Hybrid memories can be read and written as
desired,like RAM,but maintain their contents without electrical
power,just like ROM,Two of the hybrid devices,EEPROM and flash,
are descendants(后裔,后代 )of ROM devices,These are typically used
to store code,The third hybrid,NVRAM,is a modified version of
SRAM,NVRAM usually holds persistent(持久的,永久的 )data,
EEPROMs are electrically-erasable-and-programmable,Internally,
they are similar to EPROMs,but the erase operation is
accomplished electrically,rather than by exposure to ultraviolet(紫外线的 )light,Any byte within an EEPROM may be erased and rewritten
&Part4 Extensive Reading
2009-7-27 P,11
Once written,the new data will remain in the device forever--or at
least until it is electrically erased,The primary tradeoff for this
improved functionality is higher cost,though write cycles are also
significantly longer than writes to a RAM,So you wouldn't want to
use an EEPROM for your main system memory,
Flash memory combines the best features of the memory devices
described thus far,Flash memory devices are high density,low cost,
nonvolatile(非易失性的 ),fast (to read,but not to write),and electrically
reprogrammable,These advantages are overwhelming(压倒性的 )and,
as a direct result,the use of flash memory has increased
dramatically in embedded systems,From a software viewpoint,
flash and EEPROM technologies are very similar,The major
difference is that flash devices can only be erased one sector at a
time,not byte-by-byte,Typical sector sizes are in the range 256
bytes to 16KB,Despite this disadvantage,flash is much more
popular than EEPROM and is rapidly displacing many of the ROM
devices as well.
2009-7-27 P,12
The third member of the hybrid memory class is NVRAM
(non-volatile RAM),Nonvolatility is also a characteristic of
the ROM and hybrid memories discussed previously,
However,an NVRAM is physically very different from those
devices,An NVRAM is usually just an SRAM with a battery
backup,When the power is turned on,the NVRAM operates
just like any other SRAM,When the power is turned off,the
NVRAM draws just enough power from the battery(电池 )to
retain its data,NVRAM is fairly common in embedded
systems,However,it is expensive--even more expensive than
SRAM,because of the battery--so its applications are
typically limited to the storage of a few hundred bytes of
system-critical information that can't be stored in any better
way.
End
2009-7-27 P,13
@Part5 Notes to Passage
1)As memory technology has matured in recent years,the line
between RAM and ROM has blurred.随着近几年存储技术的成熟，
RAM和 ROM之间的界限也已变得模糊起来。
注释,RAM=Random Access Memory随机存取存储器。主要用来存放各种输入数据、输出数据、中间结果、最终结果以及与外存交换的信息等，断电后,RAM中所存储的信息都将消失。
2)EEPROM 电可擦除可编程只读存储器注释,EEPROM是,electrically erasable,programmable,read-
only” 的缩写。它是一种电可擦除可编程只读存储器，并且其内容在断电的时候也不会丢失。在平常情况下,EEPROM与 EPROM一样是只读的，需要写入时，在指定的引脚加上一个高电压即可写入或擦除，而且其擦除的速度极快。
2009-7-27 P,14
3)Two of the hybrid devices,EEPROM and flash,are
descendants of ROM devices.其中有两种混合式存储器，一个是 EEPROM，另一个是 flash，它们都是 ROM
装置的派生物（后代）。
注释,ROM= read-only memory只读存储器。它相当于
PC机上的硬盘,用来存储和保存数据。 ROM数据不能随意更新，但是在任何时候都可以读取。即使是断电，
ROM也能够保留数据。但是资料一但写入后只能用特殊方法或根本无法更改。
2009-7-27 P,15 End
4)The third hybrid,NVRAM,is a modified version of
SRAM,which usually holds persistent data.第三种混合式是 NVRAM，它是 SRAM的改良版，通常用来存储永久性的数据。
注释,NVRAM= Non-Volatile Random Access Memory
非易失性（或非发挥性）随机访问存储器，将数据断电后仍能保留的半导体存储器； SRAM= Static Random
Access Memory静态随机访问存储器。用于在 CPU中存储常用指令与数据，数据无需刷新操作，但断电后消失；此外还有用于存储临时工作数据的 DRAM
（ Dynamic Random Access Memory，动态随机访问存储器），数据要通过不断的刷新才能保留，断电后消失。
2009-7-27 P,16
1.Listening Challenge
Spot Dictation
Directions,The following passage will be heard 3 times,During the second time,you
are required to put the missing words or phrases in the numbered blanks according to
what you hear,The third time is for you to check your answers,Now the passage
begins.
The RAM family includes two important 1)____________devices,static RAM
and dynamic RAM,The primary 2)___________between them is the lifetime
of the data they store,SRAM retains its contents 3)_____________electrical
power is applied to the chip,If the power is 4)___________________or lost
temporarily,its contents will be lost forever,DRAM,on the other hand,has
an extremely short data lifetime-typically about four milliseconds,This is
true even when power is 5)___________constantly,When deciding which
type of RAM to use,a system designer must consider 6)_____________and
cost,SRAM devices offer 7)___________fast access times but are much
more expensive to 8)_________,Generally,SRAM is used only where
access speed is extremely important,A lower cost-per-byte makes DRAM
9)___________whenever large amounts of RAM are required,Many embe-
dded systems include both types,a small block of SRAM along a critical
data path and 10)______________________of DRAM for everything else,
@Part6 Practice on Passage
End
memory
difference
as long as
turned off
applied
access time
extremely
produce
attractive
a much larger block
2009-7-27 P,17
End of this Unit
Unit 13
Computer Technology
Chapter Four
&Part4 Extensive Reading@ Part 1 Notes to Text
@Part5 Notes to Passage& Part 2 Word Study
@Part3 Practice on Text @Part6 Practice on Passage
Chapter Study Tasks（ 4）
In this chapter,you will be able to
— Explain why a computer is a system
— Learn how a computer system is organized
— Get the general ideas of the texts and
extensive readings
— Complete all the practice required
2009-7-27 P,2
@ Part 1 Notes to Text
1) But the real meaning of "computer system" comes with
interconnection,但计算机系统的真正含义是互相连接。
注释,动词短语 come with意思是“伴随,..发生”。
2) In industry these days the interconnection of variable-speed
drives and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to automate
production lines and control motors is a common example of a
computer system,如今在工业中，将变速器和可变成逻辑控制器互连起来，用以使生产自动化和控制电机，就是一个常见的计算机系统实例。
注释,此句的主语是 interconnection。介词短语 of variable-speed
drives and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to automate
production lines and control motors只是主语的修饰语，谓语动词是
is。
Computer Systems
2009-7-27 P,3
3) In other words,a computer is a fast and accurate symbol
manipulating system that is organized to accept,store,and
process data and produce output results under the direction of a
stored program of instructions,换句话说，计算机是一种能接收、存储和处理数据，并能产生输出结果的快速、精确的符号加工系统，这一系统是在存储指令程序控制下工作的。
注释,定语从句中的不定式 to accept,store,and process…… 用作目的状语；介词短语 under the direction of a stored program of
instructions则是方式状语。
4) Regardless of the type of device used,all are components for
interpretation and communication between people and computer
systems,不论使用哪种设备，它们都是人与计算机系统之间进行解释和通信的部件。
注释,Regardless of相当于 with no heed to; in spite of 不论 ;尽管；
all指代所有种类的设备。
End
2009-7-27 P,4 End
1,combination n,集合体 11,magnetizable adj,可磁化的
2,typical adj,典型的 12,coat v,涂上,包上
3,state n,规定；说明 13,flexible adj,柔软的
4,classify v,归于；分类 14,floppy adj,软的
5,component n,组件 15.arithmetic-logic section 算术逻辑部件
6,interconnection n,互连 16.instrument n,器械,器具
7,variable-speed drive 变速器 17.machine-coded adj,机器编码的
8,programmable adj,可编程的 18.magnetic tape drive 磁带机
9,automate v,使自动化 19.secondary storage units辅助存储单元
10,manipulate v,操作 20.peripheral adj,外围的
& Part 2 Word Study
2009-7-27 P,5
Task 1,Listening training
Dictation of some key words
Directions,You will hear some key words twice,most of which are taken from
the Word Study,Then finish the Crossword Puzzle,(See you book p,)
2,Dictation of some key expressions
Directions,You will hear some key expressions twice,most of which are
taken from this text,Then you are asked to complete the missing words.
@Part3 Practice on Text
1) arithmetic-logic_________
2) ______________lines
3) primary __________section
4) ___________workstations
5) variable-speed__________
6) _______________tape drives
section
production
storage
online
drives
magnetic
2009-7-27 P,6
Read and Reply
Directions:Students are required to read aloud the whole text after
the teacher,Then give short answers to the following questions:
Task 2,Read,Write and Translate
Because at least two components (hardware and software)
have to work together,
Input,processing,and output devices.
The mouse,input pen,touch screen,and microphone.
c) What do additional direct input devices include?
a) Why is the simplest computer classified as a computer system?
b) What is the basic organization of a computer system
according to the third paragraph?
2009-7-27 P,7
( )1) A typical computer system has memory and set of states
that define the relationship between the system's hardware
and software,
( )2) Many computer systems can link to each other so as to
become a bigger system.
( )3) The primary storage section,the arithmetic-logic section,
and the control section can be found in the CPU of a typical
personal computer system.
( )4) Output devices are not used for interpretation and
communication between humans and computer systems of all
sizes,
( )5) A display screen is a popular output device while a
desktop printer is a popular input device,
Read and Judge
End
F
T
T
F
F
2009-7-27 P,8
Directions:Read the following short passage,Complete it by filling in the missing words.
A,to buy B,general idea C,explain D,hardware E,buying
F,explanation G,how H,main memory I,Models J,spending
Buying a home computer can be a bit like 1)________a car,There
are many makes and 2)________,and many people willing to give
advice about what to buy and where 3)________it,Anyhow,to keep
your money really worth4)________,you should at least get the
5)________of the hardware system,Most of you might have learnt
that a 6)________system is made up of five parts— input device,
Arithmetic Logic Unit,7)_______,controller and output device,But
few of you can really 8)________what they are and 9)________they
work,So here let’ s give you the 1)___________in a simple way.
Read and Complete
End
E
I
A
J
B
D
H
C G
F
2009-7-27 P,9
1)在图书馆，图书通常按学科分类。（ classify）
2)人们生活水平高随着全球经济的快速发展而提高。（ come with
3)不顾我们警告他的危险，他还是坚持要和我们一块儿去。 (regardless of)
4)众所周知，这座大楼将建在市中心。 (locate)
5)昨天晚上你出了什么事，请将详情告诉我们吧。 (in detail)
Read and Translate
Directions:Put the following sentences into English,using the words or phrases given.
End
In a library,books are classified by subjects.
The improvement of people’ s life comes with the rapid
growth
of the global economy.
He insisted that he go with us regardless of what danger
we warned him of.
It is known to all that the new building will be located in the
center of town.
Please tell us what happened to you last night in detail,
2009-7-27 P,10
Hybrid Memories
As memory technology has matured in recent years,the line
between RAM and ROM has blurred(使模糊 ),Now,several types of
memory combine features of both,These devices do not belong to
either group and can be collectively referred to as hybrid(混合的 )
memory devices,Hybrid memories can be read and written as
desired,like RAM,but maintain their contents without electrical
power,just like ROM,Two of the hybrid devices,EEPROM and flash,
are descendants(后裔,后代 )of ROM devices,These are typically used
to store code,The third hybrid,NVRAM,is a modified version of
SRAM,NVRAM usually holds persistent(持久的,永久的 )data,
EEPROMs are electrically-erasable-and-programmable,Internally,
they are similar to EPROMs,but the erase operation is
accomplished electrically,rather than by exposure to ultraviolet(紫外线的 )light,Any byte within an EEPROM may be erased and rewritten
&Part4 Extensive Reading
2009-7-27 P,11
Once written,the new data will remain in the device forever--or at
least until it is electrically erased,The primary tradeoff for this
improved functionality is higher cost,though write cycles are also
significantly longer than writes to a RAM,So you wouldn't want to
use an EEPROM for your main system memory,
Flash memory combines the best features of the memory devices
described thus far,Flash memory devices are high density,low cost,
nonvolatile(非易失性的 ),fast (to read,but not to write),and electrically
reprogrammable,These advantages are overwhelming(压倒性的 )and,
as a direct result,the use of flash memory has increased
dramatically in embedded systems,From a software viewpoint,
flash and EEPROM technologies are very similar,The major
difference is that flash devices can only be erased one sector at a
time,not byte-by-byte,Typical sector sizes are in the range 256
bytes to 16KB,Despite this disadvantage,flash is much more
popular than EEPROM and is rapidly displacing many of the ROM
devices as well.
2009-7-27 P,12
The third member of the hybrid memory class is NVRAM
(non-volatile RAM),Nonvolatility is also a characteristic of
the ROM and hybrid memories discussed previously,
However,an NVRAM is physically very different from those
devices,An NVRAM is usually just an SRAM with a battery
backup,When the power is turned on,the NVRAM operates
just like any other SRAM,When the power is turned off,the
NVRAM draws just enough power from the battery(电池 )to
retain its data,NVRAM is fairly common in embedded
systems,However,it is expensive--even more expensive than
SRAM,because of the battery--so its applications are
typically limited to the storage of a few hundred bytes of
system-critical information that can't be stored in any better
way.
End
2009-7-27 P,13
@Part5 Notes to Passage
1)As memory technology has matured in recent years,the line
between RAM and ROM has blurred.随着近几年存储技术的成熟，
RAM和 ROM之间的界限也已变得模糊起来。
注释,RAM=Random Access Memory随机存取存储器。主要用来存放各种输入数据、输出数据、中间结果、最终结果以及与外存交换的信息等，断电后,RAM中所存储的信息都将消失。
2)EEPROM 电可擦除可编程只读存储器注释,EEPROM是,electrically erasable,programmable,read-
only” 的缩写。它是一种电可擦除可编程只读存储器，并且其内容在断电的时候也不会丢失。在平常情况下,EEPROM与 EPROM一样是只读的，需要写入时，在指定的引脚加上一个高电压即可写入或擦除，而且其擦除的速度极快。
2009-7-27 P,14
3)Two of the hybrid devices,EEPROM and flash,are
descendants of ROM devices.其中有两种混合式存储器，一个是 EEPROM，另一个是 flash，它们都是 ROM
装置的派生物（后代）。
注释,ROM= read-only memory只读存储器。它相当于
PC机上的硬盘,用来存储和保存数据。 ROM数据不能随意更新，但是在任何时候都可以读取。即使是断电，
ROM也能够保留数据。但是资料一但写入后只能用特殊方法或根本无法更改。
2009-7-27 P,15 End
4)The third hybrid,NVRAM,is a modified version of
SRAM,which usually holds persistent data.第三种混合式是 NVRAM，它是 SRAM的改良版，通常用来存储永久性的数据。
注释,NVRAM= Non-Volatile Random Access Memory
非易失性（或非发挥性）随机访问存储器，将数据断电后仍能保留的半导体存储器； SRAM= Static Random
Access Memory静态随机访问存储器。用于在 CPU中存储常用指令与数据，数据无需刷新操作，但断电后消失；此外还有用于存储临时工作数据的 DRAM
（ Dynamic Random Access Memory，动态随机访问存储器），数据要通过不断的刷新才能保留，断电后消失。
2009-7-27 P,16
1.Listening Challenge
Spot Dictation
Directions,The following passage will be heard 3 times,During the second time,you
are required to put the missing words or phrases in the numbered blanks according to
what you hear,The third time is for you to check your answers,Now the passage
begins.
The RAM family includes two important 1)____________devices,static RAM
and dynamic RAM,The primary 2)___________between them is the lifetime
of the data they store,SRAM retains its contents 3)_____________electrical
power is applied to the chip,If the power is 4)___________________or lost
temporarily,its contents will be lost forever,DRAM,on the other hand,has
an extremely short data lifetime-typically about four milliseconds,This is
true even when power is 5)___________constantly,When deciding which
type of RAM to use,a system designer must consider 6)_____________and
cost,SRAM devices offer 7)___________fast access times but are much
more expensive to 8)_________,Generally,SRAM is used only where
access speed is extremely important,A lower cost-per-byte makes DRAM
9)___________whenever large amounts of RAM are required,Many embe-
dded systems include both types,a small block of SRAM along a critical
data path and 10)______________________of DRAM for everything else,
@Part6 Practice on Passage
End
memory
difference
as long as
turned off
applied
access time
extremely
produce
attractive
a much larger block
2009-7-27 P,17
End of this Unit
