2009-7-27 P,1
Unit 20
Image Creation
Chapter Five
&Part4 Extensive Reading@ Part 1 Notes to Text
@Part5 Notes to Passage& Part 2 Word Study
@Part3 Practice on Text @Part6 Practice on Passage
2009-7-27 P,2
@ Part 1 Notes to Text
1） To create microform media,a planetary camera is
mounted with vertical axis above a copy that is
stationary during exposure,要想创造缩型媒体，人们往往会将行星（平台式）摄像机安装在拷贝物上方的垂直轴上，
在曝光期间，该拷贝物处于静止的状态。
注释,动词不定式短语 to create microform media 作目的状语；
关系代词 that引导的定语从句修饰 copy；名词短语 a
planetary camera 是两种常用缩微摄像机的一种，也叫 a
flat-bed camera 或 an overhead camera (Camera -
Planetary - Flat-bed) 平台式摄像机。下文的 microfiche
camera缩微平片摄影机又称为步进重复式摄影机。它 是平台式摄像机的一种,是用于拍摄 105/148MM缩微平片的专用机。
Image Creation
2009-7-27 P,3
2） A flow camera moves copy smoothly through the camera to
expose film which moves with the reduced image,移动（轮转式）
摄像机可以将拷贝物平滑地移过镜头以便使胶卷曝光，该镜头则随着图像的缩小而不断进行调整。
注释,a flow camera 是两种常用缩微摄像机的另一种，也叫 Camera
- Rotary – Flow 轮转式摄像机。 through the camera 中的 camera 译为“镜头”；不定式 to expose film是目的状语；注意定语从句中的关系代词 which 指代的是 the camera，而非 filem；介词短语 with the
reduced image可视为方式状语。
3） Alternatively,it may be produced by computers,i.e,COM
(computer output microfilm),或者，它也可以由计算机生成，例如，
计算机输出缩微影像。
注释,COM (computer output microfilm) 是指将计算机输出的二进制编码数据转换成人可读取的缩微影像 ﹐ 记录在感光胶片上的技术 ﹐ 简称 COM。 COM已成为一种与计算机输出缩微品化有关的技术总称。常用的 COM缩微品 是 16毫米卷片和缩微平片。它们的缩微倍率大多采用
24倍或 42倍。
2009-7-27 P,4
4） We admit not having a true theory for this element,
so instead,we would like to have a scientifical guess as
well as we look at many of the well designed and
structured engineer drawings of a freestanding open
steel structure,我们承认,这一基本原理，还算不上什么真理。
不过，我们倒是更愿意进行一次科学猜想，就如同观察许多设计精美，结构精良的独立式沸腾钢结构工程图。
注释,这是一个并列复合句。 so instead 是具有转折意义的连接性状语。 not having a true theory for this element 动名词的否定结构作第一个分句谓语 admit的宾语。 as well as
是原级相比较的结构形式，第二个 as的后面接的是比较状语从句； open steel 指沸腾钢、不完全脱氧钢。
2009-7-27 P,5 End
5） Special purpose flow cameras film both sides of
documents,putting both images side by side on 16 mm
film,将两张图像并排放在 16毫米胶片上,就可以使用特殊用途轮转式摄像机拍摄双面文件。
注释,名词短语 Special purpose flow cameras 是主语；
film 是谓语动词，意为,拍摄” ; 现在分词短语 putting
both images side by side on 16 mm film 是方式状语；
side by side 并排，并肩。
2009-7-27 P,6 End
1,stationary adj,静止的，固定的 10,blip n,信号，光波
2,exposure n,暴光，暴露 11,adjacent adj,邻近的，接近的
3,panchromatic adj,全色的 12,portable adj,轻便的，便携式的
4,monochrome adj,单色的 13,betting slips n,投注单
5,unperforated adj,无孔的 14,fiche n,缩微胶片，卡片
6,dental adj,牙齿的，牙科的 15,duplication n,副本，复制
7,aperture n,孔，孔径 16,reversal n,逆转，反向
8,freestanding adj,独立式的 17,ratio n,比，比率
9,illuminate v,照明，照亮 18,plotter n,绘图仪
& Part 2 Word Study
2009-7-27 P,7
Task 1,Listening training
Dictation of some key words
Directions,You will hear some key words twice,most of which are taken from
the Word Study,Then finish the Crossword Puzzle,(See you book p,)
2,Dictation of some key expressions
Directions,You will hear some key expressions twice,most of which are
taken from this text,Then you are asked to complete the missing words.
@Part3 Practice on Text
1) create ___________media
2) positive______________
3) by ___________processors
4) have a____________________
5) ______________under the lens
6) special purpose_____________
microform
color film
continuous
scientifical guess
with centres
flow cameras
2009-7-27 P,8
Read and Reply
Directions:Students are required to read aloud the whole text after
the teacher,Then give short answers to the following questions:
Task 2,Read,Write and Translate
To create microform media,there are three different methods to be
used:a planetary camera uses a method of filming in which the
document and the film remain stationary during exposure,A flow
camera uses a method of filming in which the paper and film move
simultaneously,while COM may be produced by computers.
Normally microfilming uses high resolution panchromatic high
resolution monochrome stock,Positive color film giving good
reproduction and high resolution can also be used.
A microfiche camera is a camera used for producing microfiche,All
microfiche cameras are planetary with a step and repeat mechanism to
advance the film after each exposure,Cameras for high output are
loaded with a roll of 105 mm film,
c) What’ s the characteristic of microfiche camera?
a) What’ s the different method of filming used to create
microform media?
b) What type of film is often used to microfilm?
2009-7-27 P,9
( ) 1,No one camera produces all types of microforms,you
must match the camera with the film you need.
( ) 2,Because the document is stationary during filming,the
planetary camera can produce a film image that is superior to
the image from a flow camera.
( ) 3,The planetary camera can produce either 16mm or
35mm film; some models can convert from one to the other,
They are the same with the flow camera,
( ) 4,The step-and-repeat camera is a variation of a planetary
camera,It produces 105mm microfiche and positions images
on the fiche in a grid pattern.
( ) 5,A planetary camera can only film one side of a page at a
time,While some models of a flow camera can film both sides
of a document simultaneously.
( ) 6,COM,a high-level medium,produces high quality
microfilm,micrographic or microform often in microfiche
format,While the other microfilming can not connect to a
computer to index film.
Read and Judge
End
T
T
F
T
T
F
2009-7-27 P,10
Directions:Read the following short passage,Complete it by filling in the missing words.
A,record B,contain C,printer D,image E,screen
F,like G,positive H,full I,microform J,read
Desktop readers are boxes with a translucent 1)_______ at the front
on to which is projected an 2)_________ from a microform,They have
suitable fittings for whatever 3) ___________ is in use,They may offer a
choice of magnifications,They often have powered movement of roll film,
When coding blips are 4)__________ on the film a reader is used that can
5)_________ the blips to find any required image.
A microfilm printer 6) ____________ a xerographic copying process,
7)________ a photocopier,The image to be printed is projected with
synchronised movement on to the drum,These devices offer either small
image preview for the operator or 8) ________ size image preview,when
it is called a reader 9)__________,Microform printers usually accept 10)
___________ or negative films,to give positive images on paper.
Read and Complete
End
E
D
I
A
J
B
F
H
C
G
2009-7-27 P,11
1)arts一词通常指人文和社会科学。 (refer to )
2)泛光灯照亮了整个足球场。（ illuminate）
3)他什么也没说，反而转身离开了房间。（ instead）
4)在这个问题上，我们需要更为严谨一些。 (scientific)
5)这个按扭可使录音带进到下一个节目的开始。 (advance)
6)如果政府出现变动，也会出现政策的全面转变。（ reversal）
Read and Translate
Directions:Put the following sentences into English,using the words or phrases given.
End
The term ‘ Arts’ usually refers to humanities and social
sciences.
Floodlights illuminated the whole football field,
He said nothing,instead,he turned on his heel and left the room.
We need to be more scientific about this problem.
This button advances the tape to the beginning of the
next track.
There will be a complete reversal of policy if there is a
change of government.
2009-7-27 P,12
Are Microforms Dead?
Of the three media used for storing information,viz.,paper,
electronic storage and microfilm,the electronic storage is still
not widely used and paper has not only become dearer but it
may lead to unmanageable(难处理的 ) size if everything is stored in
paper,In other words,it would be a Herculean task for any
library to acquire,organise and retrieve all relevant information
in paper medium alone,This is how inevitably(难免的 ) microforms
have entered the fray(争论 ),Libraries acquire microforms to
overcome their budget cuts and inflation(通货膨胀 ),to avoid
unlimited extension of library stacks,to maximise acquisition of
relevant information with their inelastic(无弹性的 )budgets,to cut
delays in acquiring information and to achieve ease in handling
and storage,Microforms were once considered modern,
efficient,compact and powerful medium with their own
advantages and disadvantages.
The main advantages of microforms are,(i) economy,(ii) saving
in space,(iii) speedy acquisition (by air),(iv) file integration,(v)
easy mechanisation and automation,(vi) low cost on-demand
&Part4 Extensive Reading
2009-7-27 P,13
Information dissemination and distribution,(vii) easy to archive and
have security of information and protection of records,(viii) easy to
store,handle and retrieve,and (ix) ecological(生态学 ) value and control
of paper pollution and cost.
Acquisition of documents in microforms presupposes development
of a micrographics facility in libraries,In developing micrographics
facility,other aspects like organisation,maintenance,quality control
and inspection of microforms,relation of micrographics with other
systems of the library,preventive measures regarding the work
hazards in micrographics,design of furniture for micrographics,
layout for micrographics unit,copyright(版权 ) problems relating to
micrographics,etc.,have to be addressed,One of the reasons for
user resistance,as mentioned repeatedly by experts,is lack of
appropriate user aid equipment to read microforms and to take
paper copies as and when needed,User equipment facility should
also include acid free and fire resisting storing units,micrographics
writing/marking pens,handheld viewers,cleaning aid,microform
projector,reader-printer/ enlarger printer,automated microform
storing-cum-retrieval system,etc.
2009-7-27 P,14
In this information age and IT era,it is often said that microfilm
technology is obsolete(陈旧的 ) and microforms are dead,Emerging
electronic medium has been so hyped(大肆宣传 )that many believe that
microforms are killed and paper is on the way to extinct(灭绝的 ),It is
true that most of manuals,reference books,standards and patents
are no more published or brought out in microform,Yet large
chunk(大块 )of gray literature,particularly technical reports and
dissertations(论文 ),are even now produced and economically being
acquired by libraries in microform,Incidentally,Web itself is
newest chaotic(混乱的 ) large chunk of gray literature.
Holdings of gray literature,particularly technical reports,in some
libraries are unusually large,Technical reports are important
primary sources of information in the areas like aeronautics,space
technology,energy and management,Thus,is it appropriate to call
microforms as dead till the existing collection are completely
digitised and future production of gray literature are made
available in digital form? To answer this question and to
2009-7-27 P,15
understand the realities of the present status and future prospects
of microforms,let us begin with examination of three current cases.
The latest developments have enabled directly digitising the
contents of microforms,proving the possibility of integrating
microforms with digital environment,This possibility together with
ideal suitability of microfilm medium for the purpose of archiving is
likely to create new economic and efficient ways of information
storage,retrieval,access and reproduction as and when required.
Microforms are unnecessarily being criticised as less used material
in libraries,The real fact is that this medium has been deliberately
(故意地 )chosen for storing less frequently required material,It is also
surprising that some people compare the marginal(少量的 ) quantita-
tive use of user specific technical reports with that of books or
journals and raise an unwarranted question on the need for
2009-7-27 P,16
technical reports,Unfortunately,these marginally used,
specially natured and technical reports are naturally produced
world over and bought in microfiche in order to achieve
enormous saving in acquisition expenditure and storage space,
The number of reports produced in areas like Aeronautics(航空学 ),
Space Technology,Energy,Environment,etc.,are far more than
the number of books or journals produced in the respective
areas,As such the number of reports selected even judiciously
out of a variety of documents by special libraries is substantially
large,The quantitative figures of use of technical reports should
not be used to judge their utility to engineers,As demonstrated
in these paper,reports are well cited by the respective
specialists even though they are marginally borrowed from the
libraries.
End
2009-7-27 P,17
@Part5 Notes to Passage
1)In other words,it would be a Herculean task for any
library to acquire,organise and retrieve all relevant
information in paper medium alone,换句话说，如果图书馆仅从纸质媒介中获取、组织及检索所有相关的信息，那将是一件极为艰巨的任务。
注释,这是一个简单句。 It 是形式主语。不定式 to acquire,
organise and retrieve all relevant information in paper
medium alone是真正的主语。介词短语 for any library是不定式的逻辑主语；注意 a Herculean task译为“艰巨的任务”。
Herculean 指费力的，需要决心的，源自希腊神话，
Hercules通过完成十二项十分艰巨的任务（也叫“赫拉克勒斯的业绩”），而证明他的勇气和力量。
2009-7-27 P,18
2)Libraries acquire microforms to overcome their budget cuts
and inflation,to avoid unlimited extension of library stacks,
to maximise acquisition of relevant information with their
inelastic budgets,to cut delays in acquiring information and
to achieve ease in handling and storage.有了缩微技术，图书馆就可以克服预算削减及通货膨胀所带来的困难；避免图书馆书库的无限制扩充；最大限度地获取与其非弹性预算相关的信息；减少获取和检索信息过程中的延误；还可以达到能轻而易举地处理和储存之目的。
注释,该句虽长，但依然是一个简单句。 to overcome…,to
avoid …,to maximise …,to cut delays …,to cut delays …,to
achieve… 是几个并列的不定式短语，作宾语 microforms的补足语。
2009-7-27 P,19
3)Yet large chunk of gray literature,particularly technical
reports and dissertations,are even now produced and
economically being acquired by libraries in microform,然而，即使是如今，那些大部头灰色文献，特别是技术报告和学位论文之类的文献，图书馆依然采用缩微技术制作，而且可以毫不费力地获得。
注释,particularly technical reports and dissertations 是
large chunk of gray literature的同位语；注意 gray
literature也叫 grey literature译为灰色文献。就是利用访问、
会议、报告、通信等手段提出,但尚未出版的文献。它介于白色（公开出版物）与黑色（非公开或保密出版物）文献之间，
属半公开、非常规性文献，是国内外图书情报界公认的重要情报源之一，其蕴含的情报价值逾加为人所注目。
2009-7-27 P,20
4)This possibility together with ideal suitability of microfilm
medium for the purpose of archiving is likely to create new
economic and efficient ways of information storage,
retrieval,access and reproduction as and when required,这种可能性，再加上理想而适宜的存档用缩微胶卷媒介，就可能会产生出新的既经济又有效的方法对信息在需要时进行储存、检索、
访问和复制处理。
注释,这是一个简单句。 this possibility是主语。 is likely 是系表结构,likely是形容词，意为“很有可能”；注意短语
together with… 虽然有“和”的意思，但不等于 and，因为它属于副词性，只能充当状语，如果用 and来取代，该句的主语就有两个了，那么谓语动词必须用 are才可。
2009-7-27 P,21 End
5)It is also surprising that some people compare the marginal
quantitative use of user specific technical reports with that
of books or journals and raise an unwarranted question on
the need for technical reports,同样令人吃惊的是：有些人将那些用量极少的用户专门技术报告与那些很少使用的书籍或杂志相比较，然后对技术报告的必要性提出毫无根据的质疑。
注释,（ It is also surprising） that 引出的是一个主语从句；
compare 和 raise是从句的两个并列的谓语动词。注意,with
that中的 that指代 the marginal quantitative use。
2009-7-27 P,22
1.Listening Challenge
Spot Dictation
Directions,The following passage will be heard 3 times,During the second time,you
are required to put the missing words or phrases in the numbered blanks according to
what you hear,The third time is for you to check your answers,Now the passage
begins.
Microforms are 1) ______________ being criticised as less used material in
libraries,The real fact is that this 2) _________ has been deliberately
chosen for storing less frequently required material,It is also 3) _________
that some people compare the marginal quantitative use of user specific 4)
___________ reports with that of books or journals and 5) __________ an
unwarranted question on the need for technical reports,6) ____________,
these marginally used special natured technical reports are 7) __________
produced world over and bought in microfiche in order to 8) ___________
enormous saving in acquisition expenditure and storage space,The
number of reports produced in areas 9) ____________Aeronautics,Space
Technology,Energy,Environment,etc.,are far more than the number of
books or journals produced in the 10) ____________ areas.
@Part6 Practice on Passage
End
unnecessarily
medium
surprising
technical raise
Unfortunately
naturally
achieve
like
respective
2009-7-27 P,23
End of this Unit
Unit 20
Image Creation
Chapter Five
&Part4 Extensive Reading@ Part 1 Notes to Text
@Part5 Notes to Passage& Part 2 Word Study
@Part3 Practice on Text @Part6 Practice on Passage
2009-7-27 P,2
@ Part 1 Notes to Text
1） To create microform media,a planetary camera is
mounted with vertical axis above a copy that is
stationary during exposure,要想创造缩型媒体，人们往往会将行星（平台式）摄像机安装在拷贝物上方的垂直轴上，
在曝光期间，该拷贝物处于静止的状态。
注释,动词不定式短语 to create microform media 作目的状语；
关系代词 that引导的定语从句修饰 copy；名词短语 a
planetary camera 是两种常用缩微摄像机的一种，也叫 a
flat-bed camera 或 an overhead camera (Camera -
Planetary - Flat-bed) 平台式摄像机。下文的 microfiche
camera缩微平片摄影机又称为步进重复式摄影机。它 是平台式摄像机的一种,是用于拍摄 105/148MM缩微平片的专用机。
Image Creation
2009-7-27 P,3
2） A flow camera moves copy smoothly through the camera to
expose film which moves with the reduced image,移动（轮转式）
摄像机可以将拷贝物平滑地移过镜头以便使胶卷曝光，该镜头则随着图像的缩小而不断进行调整。
注释,a flow camera 是两种常用缩微摄像机的另一种，也叫 Camera
- Rotary – Flow 轮转式摄像机。 through the camera 中的 camera 译为“镜头”；不定式 to expose film是目的状语；注意定语从句中的关系代词 which 指代的是 the camera，而非 filem；介词短语 with the
reduced image可视为方式状语。
3） Alternatively,it may be produced by computers,i.e,COM
(computer output microfilm),或者，它也可以由计算机生成，例如，
计算机输出缩微影像。
注释,COM (computer output microfilm) 是指将计算机输出的二进制编码数据转换成人可读取的缩微影像 ﹐ 记录在感光胶片上的技术 ﹐ 简称 COM。 COM已成为一种与计算机输出缩微品化有关的技术总称。常用的 COM缩微品 是 16毫米卷片和缩微平片。它们的缩微倍率大多采用
24倍或 42倍。
2009-7-27 P,4
4） We admit not having a true theory for this element,
so instead,we would like to have a scientifical guess as
well as we look at many of the well designed and
structured engineer drawings of a freestanding open
steel structure,我们承认,这一基本原理，还算不上什么真理。
不过，我们倒是更愿意进行一次科学猜想，就如同观察许多设计精美，结构精良的独立式沸腾钢结构工程图。
注释,这是一个并列复合句。 so instead 是具有转折意义的连接性状语。 not having a true theory for this element 动名词的否定结构作第一个分句谓语 admit的宾语。 as well as
是原级相比较的结构形式，第二个 as的后面接的是比较状语从句； open steel 指沸腾钢、不完全脱氧钢。
2009-7-27 P,5 End
5） Special purpose flow cameras film both sides of
documents,putting both images side by side on 16 mm
film,将两张图像并排放在 16毫米胶片上,就可以使用特殊用途轮转式摄像机拍摄双面文件。
注释,名词短语 Special purpose flow cameras 是主语；
film 是谓语动词，意为,拍摄” ; 现在分词短语 putting
both images side by side on 16 mm film 是方式状语；
side by side 并排，并肩。
2009-7-27 P,6 End
1,stationary adj,静止的，固定的 10,blip n,信号，光波
2,exposure n,暴光，暴露 11,adjacent adj,邻近的，接近的
3,panchromatic adj,全色的 12,portable adj,轻便的，便携式的
4,monochrome adj,单色的 13,betting slips n,投注单
5,unperforated adj,无孔的 14,fiche n,缩微胶片，卡片
6,dental adj,牙齿的，牙科的 15,duplication n,副本，复制
7,aperture n,孔，孔径 16,reversal n,逆转，反向
8,freestanding adj,独立式的 17,ratio n,比，比率
9,illuminate v,照明，照亮 18,plotter n,绘图仪
& Part 2 Word Study
2009-7-27 P,7
Task 1,Listening training
Dictation of some key words
Directions,You will hear some key words twice,most of which are taken from
the Word Study,Then finish the Crossword Puzzle,(See you book p,)
2,Dictation of some key expressions
Directions,You will hear some key expressions twice,most of which are
taken from this text,Then you are asked to complete the missing words.
@Part3 Practice on Text
1) create ___________media
2) positive______________
3) by ___________processors
4) have a____________________
5) ______________under the lens
6) special purpose_____________
microform
color film
continuous
scientifical guess
with centres
flow cameras
2009-7-27 P,8
Read and Reply
Directions:Students are required to read aloud the whole text after
the teacher,Then give short answers to the following questions:
Task 2,Read,Write and Translate
To create microform media,there are three different methods to be
used:a planetary camera uses a method of filming in which the
document and the film remain stationary during exposure,A flow
camera uses a method of filming in which the paper and film move
simultaneously,while COM may be produced by computers.
Normally microfilming uses high resolution panchromatic high
resolution monochrome stock,Positive color film giving good
reproduction and high resolution can also be used.
A microfiche camera is a camera used for producing microfiche,All
microfiche cameras are planetary with a step and repeat mechanism to
advance the film after each exposure,Cameras for high output are
loaded with a roll of 105 mm film,
c) What’ s the characteristic of microfiche camera?
a) What’ s the different method of filming used to create
microform media?
b) What type of film is often used to microfilm?
2009-7-27 P,9
( ) 1,No one camera produces all types of microforms,you
must match the camera with the film you need.
( ) 2,Because the document is stationary during filming,the
planetary camera can produce a film image that is superior to
the image from a flow camera.
( ) 3,The planetary camera can produce either 16mm or
35mm film; some models can convert from one to the other,
They are the same with the flow camera,
( ) 4,The step-and-repeat camera is a variation of a planetary
camera,It produces 105mm microfiche and positions images
on the fiche in a grid pattern.
( ) 5,A planetary camera can only film one side of a page at a
time,While some models of a flow camera can film both sides
of a document simultaneously.
( ) 6,COM,a high-level medium,produces high quality
microfilm,micrographic or microform often in microfiche
format,While the other microfilming can not connect to a
computer to index film.
Read and Judge
End
T
T
F
T
T
F
2009-7-27 P,10
Directions:Read the following short passage,Complete it by filling in the missing words.
A,record B,contain C,printer D,image E,screen
F,like G,positive H,full I,microform J,read
Desktop readers are boxes with a translucent 1)_______ at the front
on to which is projected an 2)_________ from a microform,They have
suitable fittings for whatever 3) ___________ is in use,They may offer a
choice of magnifications,They often have powered movement of roll film,
When coding blips are 4)__________ on the film a reader is used that can
5)_________ the blips to find any required image.
A microfilm printer 6) ____________ a xerographic copying process,
7)________ a photocopier,The image to be printed is projected with
synchronised movement on to the drum,These devices offer either small
image preview for the operator or 8) ________ size image preview,when
it is called a reader 9)__________,Microform printers usually accept 10)
___________ or negative films,to give positive images on paper.
Read and Complete
End
E
D
I
A
J
B
F
H
C
G
2009-7-27 P,11
1)arts一词通常指人文和社会科学。 (refer to )
2)泛光灯照亮了整个足球场。（ illuminate）
3)他什么也没说，反而转身离开了房间。（ instead）
4)在这个问题上，我们需要更为严谨一些。 (scientific)
5)这个按扭可使录音带进到下一个节目的开始。 (advance)
6)如果政府出现变动，也会出现政策的全面转变。（ reversal）
Read and Translate
Directions:Put the following sentences into English,using the words or phrases given.
End
The term ‘ Arts’ usually refers to humanities and social
sciences.
Floodlights illuminated the whole football field,
He said nothing,instead,he turned on his heel and left the room.
We need to be more scientific about this problem.
This button advances the tape to the beginning of the
next track.
There will be a complete reversal of policy if there is a
change of government.
2009-7-27 P,12
Are Microforms Dead?
Of the three media used for storing information,viz.,paper,
electronic storage and microfilm,the electronic storage is still
not widely used and paper has not only become dearer but it
may lead to unmanageable(难处理的 ) size if everything is stored in
paper,In other words,it would be a Herculean task for any
library to acquire,organise and retrieve all relevant information
in paper medium alone,This is how inevitably(难免的 ) microforms
have entered the fray(争论 ),Libraries acquire microforms to
overcome their budget cuts and inflation(通货膨胀 ),to avoid
unlimited extension of library stacks,to maximise acquisition of
relevant information with their inelastic(无弹性的 )budgets,to cut
delays in acquiring information and to achieve ease in handling
and storage,Microforms were once considered modern,
efficient,compact and powerful medium with their own
advantages and disadvantages.
The main advantages of microforms are,(i) economy,(ii) saving
in space,(iii) speedy acquisition (by air),(iv) file integration,(v)
easy mechanisation and automation,(vi) low cost on-demand
&Part4 Extensive Reading
2009-7-27 P,13
Information dissemination and distribution,(vii) easy to archive and
have security of information and protection of records,(viii) easy to
store,handle and retrieve,and (ix) ecological(生态学 ) value and control
of paper pollution and cost.
Acquisition of documents in microforms presupposes development
of a micrographics facility in libraries,In developing micrographics
facility,other aspects like organisation,maintenance,quality control
and inspection of microforms,relation of micrographics with other
systems of the library,preventive measures regarding the work
hazards in micrographics,design of furniture for micrographics,
layout for micrographics unit,copyright(版权 ) problems relating to
micrographics,etc.,have to be addressed,One of the reasons for
user resistance,as mentioned repeatedly by experts,is lack of
appropriate user aid equipment to read microforms and to take
paper copies as and when needed,User equipment facility should
also include acid free and fire resisting storing units,micrographics
writing/marking pens,handheld viewers,cleaning aid,microform
projector,reader-printer/ enlarger printer,automated microform
storing-cum-retrieval system,etc.
2009-7-27 P,14
In this information age and IT era,it is often said that microfilm
technology is obsolete(陈旧的 ) and microforms are dead,Emerging
electronic medium has been so hyped(大肆宣传 )that many believe that
microforms are killed and paper is on the way to extinct(灭绝的 ),It is
true that most of manuals,reference books,standards and patents
are no more published or brought out in microform,Yet large
chunk(大块 )of gray literature,particularly technical reports and
dissertations(论文 ),are even now produced and economically being
acquired by libraries in microform,Incidentally,Web itself is
newest chaotic(混乱的 ) large chunk of gray literature.
Holdings of gray literature,particularly technical reports,in some
libraries are unusually large,Technical reports are important
primary sources of information in the areas like aeronautics,space
technology,energy and management,Thus,is it appropriate to call
microforms as dead till the existing collection are completely
digitised and future production of gray literature are made
available in digital form? To answer this question and to
2009-7-27 P,15
understand the realities of the present status and future prospects
of microforms,let us begin with examination of three current cases.
The latest developments have enabled directly digitising the
contents of microforms,proving the possibility of integrating
microforms with digital environment,This possibility together with
ideal suitability of microfilm medium for the purpose of archiving is
likely to create new economic and efficient ways of information
storage,retrieval,access and reproduction as and when required.
Microforms are unnecessarily being criticised as less used material
in libraries,The real fact is that this medium has been deliberately
(故意地 )chosen for storing less frequently required material,It is also
surprising that some people compare the marginal(少量的 ) quantita-
tive use of user specific technical reports with that of books or
journals and raise an unwarranted question on the need for
2009-7-27 P,16
technical reports,Unfortunately,these marginally used,
specially natured and technical reports are naturally produced
world over and bought in microfiche in order to achieve
enormous saving in acquisition expenditure and storage space,
The number of reports produced in areas like Aeronautics(航空学 ),
Space Technology,Energy,Environment,etc.,are far more than
the number of books or journals produced in the respective
areas,As such the number of reports selected even judiciously
out of a variety of documents by special libraries is substantially
large,The quantitative figures of use of technical reports should
not be used to judge their utility to engineers,As demonstrated
in these paper,reports are well cited by the respective
specialists even though they are marginally borrowed from the
libraries.
End
2009-7-27 P,17
@Part5 Notes to Passage
1)In other words,it would be a Herculean task for any
library to acquire,organise and retrieve all relevant
information in paper medium alone,换句话说，如果图书馆仅从纸质媒介中获取、组织及检索所有相关的信息，那将是一件极为艰巨的任务。
注释,这是一个简单句。 It 是形式主语。不定式 to acquire,
organise and retrieve all relevant information in paper
medium alone是真正的主语。介词短语 for any library是不定式的逻辑主语；注意 a Herculean task译为“艰巨的任务”。
Herculean 指费力的，需要决心的，源自希腊神话，
Hercules通过完成十二项十分艰巨的任务（也叫“赫拉克勒斯的业绩”），而证明他的勇气和力量。
2009-7-27 P,18
2)Libraries acquire microforms to overcome their budget cuts
and inflation,to avoid unlimited extension of library stacks,
to maximise acquisition of relevant information with their
inelastic budgets,to cut delays in acquiring information and
to achieve ease in handling and storage.有了缩微技术，图书馆就可以克服预算削减及通货膨胀所带来的困难；避免图书馆书库的无限制扩充；最大限度地获取与其非弹性预算相关的信息；减少获取和检索信息过程中的延误；还可以达到能轻而易举地处理和储存之目的。
注释,该句虽长，但依然是一个简单句。 to overcome…,to
avoid …,to maximise …,to cut delays …,to cut delays …,to
achieve… 是几个并列的不定式短语，作宾语 microforms的补足语。
2009-7-27 P,19
3)Yet large chunk of gray literature,particularly technical
reports and dissertations,are even now produced and
economically being acquired by libraries in microform,然而，即使是如今，那些大部头灰色文献，特别是技术报告和学位论文之类的文献，图书馆依然采用缩微技术制作，而且可以毫不费力地获得。
注释,particularly technical reports and dissertations 是
large chunk of gray literature的同位语；注意 gray
literature也叫 grey literature译为灰色文献。就是利用访问、
会议、报告、通信等手段提出,但尚未出版的文献。它介于白色（公开出版物）与黑色（非公开或保密出版物）文献之间，
属半公开、非常规性文献，是国内外图书情报界公认的重要情报源之一，其蕴含的情报价值逾加为人所注目。
2009-7-27 P,20
4)This possibility together with ideal suitability of microfilm
medium for the purpose of archiving is likely to create new
economic and efficient ways of information storage,
retrieval,access and reproduction as and when required,这种可能性，再加上理想而适宜的存档用缩微胶卷媒介，就可能会产生出新的既经济又有效的方法对信息在需要时进行储存、检索、
访问和复制处理。
注释,这是一个简单句。 this possibility是主语。 is likely 是系表结构,likely是形容词，意为“很有可能”；注意短语
together with… 虽然有“和”的意思，但不等于 and，因为它属于副词性，只能充当状语，如果用 and来取代，该句的主语就有两个了，那么谓语动词必须用 are才可。
2009-7-27 P,21 End
5)It is also surprising that some people compare the marginal
quantitative use of user specific technical reports with that
of books or journals and raise an unwarranted question on
the need for technical reports,同样令人吃惊的是：有些人将那些用量极少的用户专门技术报告与那些很少使用的书籍或杂志相比较，然后对技术报告的必要性提出毫无根据的质疑。
注释,（ It is also surprising） that 引出的是一个主语从句；
compare 和 raise是从句的两个并列的谓语动词。注意,with
that中的 that指代 the marginal quantitative use。
2009-7-27 P,22
1.Listening Challenge
Spot Dictation
Directions,The following passage will be heard 3 times,During the second time,you
are required to put the missing words or phrases in the numbered blanks according to
what you hear,The third time is for you to check your answers,Now the passage
begins.
Microforms are 1) ______________ being criticised as less used material in
libraries,The real fact is that this 2) _________ has been deliberately
chosen for storing less frequently required material,It is also 3) _________
that some people compare the marginal quantitative use of user specific 4)
___________ reports with that of books or journals and 5) __________ an
unwarranted question on the need for technical reports,6) ____________,
these marginally used special natured technical reports are 7) __________
produced world over and bought in microfiche in order to 8) ___________
enormous saving in acquisition expenditure and storage space,The
number of reports produced in areas 9) ____________Aeronautics,Space
Technology,Energy,Environment,etc.,are far more than the number of
books or journals produced in the 10) ____________ areas.
@Part6 Practice on Passage
End
unnecessarily
medium
surprising
technical raise
Unfortunately
naturally
achieve
like
respective
2009-7-27 P,23
End of this Unit
