2009-7-27 P,1
Unit 14
Computer Software
Chapter Four
&Part4 Extensive Reading@ Part 1 Notes to Text
@Part5 Notes to Passage& Part 2 Word Study
@Part3 Practice on Text @Part6 Practice on Passage
2009-7-27 P,2
@ Part 1 Notes to Text
1) Computer software,consisting of programs,enables a computer
to perform specific tasks,as opposed to its physical components
(hardware) which can only do the tasks they are mechanically
designed for.计算机软件是由各种程序构成的。它可以使计算机执行各种具体的任务，这与计算机的物理元件（硬件）相反。物理元件只能机械地按照人们的设计来执行任务。
注释,此句是复合句。主语是 Computer software；谓语动词是 enables；
不定式 to perform specific tasks是宾语补足语；分词短语 as
opposed to意思是“与 … 相反”。
2) Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware,
which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices
required to store and execute (or run) the software,人们称之为计算机软件是为了与计算机硬件形成鲜明的对比。硬件包含了各种用来存放或运行软件的物理连接设备与装置。
注释,不定式 to computer hardware用作目的状语； which引导的非限制定语从句中的过去分词短语 required to store and execute (or run)
the software是定语，修饰 interconnections 和 devices。
Computer Software
2009-7-27 P,3
3） John W,Tukey
简介,出生于 1915年 7月 16日。早年毕业于美国的布朗大学（ Brown
University ）。化学硕士学位。 1937年进入普林斯顿大学 攻读数学博士。是美国当代著名统计学家。
4) Charles Babbage 查尔斯 ·巴贝奇简介,英国皇家学会会员、剑桥大学数学教授巴贝奇 (Charles
Babbage,1792-1871.)，是一位富有的银行家的儿子。他于 1792年出生于英格兰西南部的托格茅斯，后来继承了相当丰厚的遗产。巴贝奇把继承的财富都用于科学研究，并显示出极高的数学天赋，考入剑桥大学后，他发现自己掌握的代数知识甚至超过了教师。 1817年获硕士学位，
1928年受聘担任剑桥大学“卢卡辛讲座”的数学教授，这是只有牛顿等科学大师才能获得的殊荣。
5) Alan Turing阿兰 ·图灵简介,阿兰 ·图灵 1912年 6月 23日出生于英国伦敦。主要研究量子力学、
概率论和逻辑学。年仅 23岁就被选为剑桥大学国王学院院士。阿兰 ·图灵（ Alan Turing）这个名字无论是在计算机领域、数学领域、人工智能领域还是哲学、逻辑学等领域，都可谓“掷地有声”。图灵是计算机逻辑的奠基者，许多人工智能的重要方法也源自这位伟大的科学家。
End
2009-7-27 P,4 End
1,perform v,执行 11,signify v,表示,意味
2,mechanically adv,机械地 12,precede v,在,..之前,先于
3,application software 应用软件 13,sequence n,顺序,序列
4,productive task 生产任务 14,compile v,编译,编辑,汇编
5,interface n,界面 15,assembly n,汇编
6,middleware n,中间设备,中间件 16,mnemonic adj,记忆的
7,contrast n,对比,对照 17,alphabet n,字母表
8,encompass v,包括，包含 18,assembler n,汇编程序
9,execute v,执行 19.Entscheidungsproblem (德语 )
10.binary adj,二进位的,二元的 判定性问题
& Part 2 Word Study
2009-7-27 P,5
Task 1,Listening training
Dictation of some key words
Directions,You will hear some key words twice,most of which are taken from
the Word Study,Then finish the Crossword Puzzle,(See you book p,)
2,Dictation of some key expressions
Directions,You will hear some key expressions twice,most of which are
taken from this text,Then you are asked to complete the missing words.
@Part3 Practice on Text
1) perform_______________
2) _____________components
3) _______________tasks
4) binary__________
5) ________________sequence
6) software________________
specific tasks
physical
productive
values
in a particular
engineering
2009-7-27 P,6
Read and Reply
Directions:Students are required to read aloud the whole text after
the teacher,Then give short answers to the following questions:
Task 2,Read,Write and Translate
Computer software,consisting of programs,
At the lowest level,
High-level languages,
c) What can be compiled or interpreted into machine
language object code?
a) What enables a computer to perform specific tasks?
b) Where does software consist of a machine language
specific to an individual processor?
2009-7-27 P,7
( )1) Word processors which perform productive tasks for
users belongs to application software,
( )2) Computer software is called similar to computer
hardware,
( )3) Physical components can only do the tasks they are
mechanically designed for.
( )4) Hardware is an ordered sequence of instructions for
changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular
sequence.
( )5) The concept of reading different sequences of
instructions into the memory of a device to control
computations was invented John W,Tukey in 1958 as part of
his difference engine,
Read and Judge
End
T
F
T
F
F
2009-7-27 P,8
Directions:Read the following short passage,Complete it by filling in the missing words.
A,with B,systems C,used D,software E,application
F,the user G,to perform H,player I,that J,is involved
Application software is a subclass of computer 1)_______that
employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task
2)_______the user wishes 3)________,This should be contrasted
4)________system software which 5)________in integrating a
computer's various capabilities,but typically does not directly apply
them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user,In this context
the term 6)________refers to both the application software and its
implementation.
In some types of embedded 7)________,the application software and
the operating system software may be indistinguishable to
8)________,as in the case of software 9)________to control a VCR,
DVD 10_______or Microwave Oven
Read and Complete
End
D
I G
A J
E
B
F C
H
2009-7-27 P,9
1)你应永远履行你的诺言。 (perform)
2)经理助理到这里来是代替经理办几件小事的。 (execute)
3)所有的物质都是由叫做分子的微粒组成的。 (consist of)
4)通常，所有的学生都聚集在教室里，老师就开始上课。 (assemble)
5)这些日子他们一直在编一本供大学生用的英语词典。 (compile)
Read and Translate
Directions:Put the following sentences into English,using the words or phrases given.
End
You should always perform what you promise.
The manager assistant came here to execute a few small
commissions for the manager.
All substances consist of small particles called molecules.
As usual,all the students assemble at the classroom,the
teacher starts the class.
These days,they have been compiling an English
dictionary for students
2009-7-27 P,10
Operation System
Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage
(such as a hard drive,memory,or RAM),Once the software is
loaded,the computer is able to execute the software,Computers
operate by executing the computer program,This involves passing
instructions from the application software,through the system
software,to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction
as machine code,Each instruction causes the computer to carry
out an operation -- moving data,carrying out a computation,or
altering(改变 )the control flow of instructions.
Data movement is typically from one place in memory to another,
Sometimes it involves moving data between memory and registers
(寄存器 )which enable high-speed data access in the CPU,Moving data,
especially large amounts of it,can be costly,So,this is sometimes
avoided by using "pointers" to data instead,Computations include
simple operations such as incrementing(增加 )the value of a variable
data element,More complex computations may involve many
operations and data elements together.
&Part4 Extensive Reading
2009-7-27 P,11
Instructions may be performed sequentially,conditionally,or
iteratively,Sequential instructions are those operations that are
performed one after another,Conditional instructions are performed
such that different sets of instructions execute depending on the
value(s) of some data,In some languages this is known as an "if"
statement(语句 ),Iterative(反复的 )instructions are performed repetitively
and may depend on some data value,This is sometimes called a
"loop(循环 )." Often,one instruction may "call" another set of
instructions that are defined in some other program or module(模块 ),
When more than one computer processor is used,instructions may
be executed simultaneously.
A simple example of the way software operates is what happens
when a user selects an entry such as "Copy" from a menu,In this
case,a conditional instruction is executed to copy text from data in
a 'document' area residing(存在 )in memory,perhaps to an
intermediate storage area known as a 'clipboard‘(剪贴板 )data area,If a
different menu
2009-7-27 P,12
entry such as "Paste" is chosen,the software may execute the
instructions to copy the text from the clipboard data area to a
specific location in the same or another document in memory.
Depending on the application,even the example above could
become complicated,The field of software engineering endeavors
(尽力,努力 )to manage the complexity of how software operates,This is
especially true for software that operates in the context of a large
or powerful computer system.
Currently,almost the only limitations on the use of computer
software in applications is the ingenuity(独创性 ;智慧 )of the designer
/programmer,Consequently,large areas of activities (such as
playing grand master(大师 )level chess) formerly assumed to be
incapable of software simulation(模仿，模拟 )are now routinely
programmed,The only area that has so far proved reasonably
secure from software simulation is the realm of human art—
especially,pleasing music and literature.
End
2009-7-27 P,13
@Part5 Notes to Passage
1)This involves passing instructions from the application
software,through the system software,to the hardware which
ultimately receives the instruction as machine code.这需要通过系统软件将来自应用软件的指令传给硬件，硬件接收的指令最终要转换成机器代码才能识别。
注释,谓语动词 involve的含义很多。此处意思是“需要”；注意宾语中的结构形式是 pass sth,to sth.。此中的 through the system
software是方式状语，说明怎样 pass。
2)Conditional instructions are performed such that different sets
of instructions execute depending on the value(s) of some
data,条件指令是这样执行的：即不同套路指令的执行取决于某种数据的值。
注释,注意 such在此处是副词，意思是“这般（地），这样（地）。
修饰谓语动词 performed；而 that引导的从句表结果。其实就是
such…that… 的句型。
2009-7-27 P,14 End
3)In this case,a conditional instruction is executed to copy text
from data in a 'document' area residing in memory,perhaps
to an intermediate storage area known as a 'clipboard' data
area.在这种情形下，执行条件指令来复制来自存储器中文档区数据的文本，或许是复制到中间存储器 — 就是所谓的“剪贴板“数据区。
注释,介词短语 perhaps to an intermediate storage area known
as a 'clipboard' data area.其实是 copy的地点状语，前面用的是
copy…from…,后面用的是 copy…to… 。
4)Consequently,large areas of activities (such as playing
grand master level chess) formerly assumed to be incapable
of software simulation are now routinely programmed,结果是，以前被认为是软件不可能模仿的大区域活动（如大师级下棋），现在可以进行常规编程。
注释,过去分次短语 assumed to be incapable of software
simulation是定语，修饰主语 large areas of activities。
2009-7-27 P,15
1.Listening Challenge
Spot Dictation
Directions,The following passage will be heard 3 times,During the second time,you
are required to put the missing words or phrases in the numbered blanks according to
what you hear,The third time is for you to check your answers,Now the passage
begins.
Multiple applications bundled together as a 1)____________are
sometimes referred to as an 2)___________suite,Microsoft Office
and OpenOffice.org,which 3)_______together,a word 4)__________,
a spreadsheet,and several other discrete applications,are typical
examples,The separate applications 5)____________usually have a
user interface that has some commonality making it 6)________for
the user 7)__________and use each application,And often they may
have some capability 8)____________________________in ways
beneficial to the user,For example,a spreadsheet might be able to
be embedded in a word processor 9)___________even though it had
been created in the separate 10)_____________application.
@Part6 Practice on Passage
End
package
application
bundle processor
in a suite
easier
to learn
to interact with each other
document
spreadsheet
2009-7-27 P,16
End of this Unit
Unit 14
Computer Software
Chapter Four
&Part4 Extensive Reading@ Part 1 Notes to Text
@Part5 Notes to Passage& Part 2 Word Study
@Part3 Practice on Text @Part6 Practice on Passage
2009-7-27 P,2
@ Part 1 Notes to Text
1) Computer software,consisting of programs,enables a computer
to perform specific tasks,as opposed to its physical components
(hardware) which can only do the tasks they are mechanically
designed for.计算机软件是由各种程序构成的。它可以使计算机执行各种具体的任务，这与计算机的物理元件（硬件）相反。物理元件只能机械地按照人们的设计来执行任务。
注释,此句是复合句。主语是 Computer software；谓语动词是 enables；
不定式 to perform specific tasks是宾语补足语；分词短语 as
opposed to意思是“与 … 相反”。
2) Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware,
which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices
required to store and execute (or run) the software,人们称之为计算机软件是为了与计算机硬件形成鲜明的对比。硬件包含了各种用来存放或运行软件的物理连接设备与装置。
注释,不定式 to computer hardware用作目的状语； which引导的非限制定语从句中的过去分词短语 required to store and execute (or run)
the software是定语，修饰 interconnections 和 devices。
Computer Software
2009-7-27 P,3
3） John W,Tukey
简介,出生于 1915年 7月 16日。早年毕业于美国的布朗大学（ Brown
University ）。化学硕士学位。 1937年进入普林斯顿大学 攻读数学博士。是美国当代著名统计学家。
4) Charles Babbage 查尔斯 ·巴贝奇简介,英国皇家学会会员、剑桥大学数学教授巴贝奇 (Charles
Babbage,1792-1871.)，是一位富有的银行家的儿子。他于 1792年出生于英格兰西南部的托格茅斯，后来继承了相当丰厚的遗产。巴贝奇把继承的财富都用于科学研究，并显示出极高的数学天赋，考入剑桥大学后，他发现自己掌握的代数知识甚至超过了教师。 1817年获硕士学位，
1928年受聘担任剑桥大学“卢卡辛讲座”的数学教授，这是只有牛顿等科学大师才能获得的殊荣。
5) Alan Turing阿兰 ·图灵简介,阿兰 ·图灵 1912年 6月 23日出生于英国伦敦。主要研究量子力学、
概率论和逻辑学。年仅 23岁就被选为剑桥大学国王学院院士。阿兰 ·图灵（ Alan Turing）这个名字无论是在计算机领域、数学领域、人工智能领域还是哲学、逻辑学等领域，都可谓“掷地有声”。图灵是计算机逻辑的奠基者，许多人工智能的重要方法也源自这位伟大的科学家。
End
2009-7-27 P,4 End
1,perform v,执行 11,signify v,表示,意味
2,mechanically adv,机械地 12,precede v,在,..之前,先于
3,application software 应用软件 13,sequence n,顺序,序列
4,productive task 生产任务 14,compile v,编译,编辑,汇编
5,interface n,界面 15,assembly n,汇编
6,middleware n,中间设备,中间件 16,mnemonic adj,记忆的
7,contrast n,对比,对照 17,alphabet n,字母表
8,encompass v,包括，包含 18,assembler n,汇编程序
9,execute v,执行 19.Entscheidungsproblem (德语 )
10.binary adj,二进位的,二元的 判定性问题
& Part 2 Word Study
2009-7-27 P,5
Task 1,Listening training
Dictation of some key words
Directions,You will hear some key words twice,most of which are taken from
the Word Study,Then finish the Crossword Puzzle,(See you book p,)
2,Dictation of some key expressions
Directions,You will hear some key expressions twice,most of which are
taken from this text,Then you are asked to complete the missing words.
@Part3 Practice on Text
1) perform_______________
2) _____________components
3) _______________tasks
4) binary__________
5) ________________sequence
6) software________________
specific tasks
physical
productive
values
in a particular
engineering
2009-7-27 P,6
Read and Reply
Directions:Students are required to read aloud the whole text after
the teacher,Then give short answers to the following questions:
Task 2,Read,Write and Translate
Computer software,consisting of programs,
At the lowest level,
High-level languages,
c) What can be compiled or interpreted into machine
language object code?
a) What enables a computer to perform specific tasks?
b) Where does software consist of a machine language
specific to an individual processor?
2009-7-27 P,7
( )1) Word processors which perform productive tasks for
users belongs to application software,
( )2) Computer software is called similar to computer
hardware,
( )3) Physical components can only do the tasks they are
mechanically designed for.
( )4) Hardware is an ordered sequence of instructions for
changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular
sequence.
( )5) The concept of reading different sequences of
instructions into the memory of a device to control
computations was invented John W,Tukey in 1958 as part of
his difference engine,
Read and Judge
End
T
F
T
F
F
2009-7-27 P,8
Directions:Read the following short passage,Complete it by filling in the missing words.
A,with B,systems C,used D,software E,application
F,the user G,to perform H,player I,that J,is involved
Application software is a subclass of computer 1)_______that
employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task
2)_______the user wishes 3)________,This should be contrasted
4)________system software which 5)________in integrating a
computer's various capabilities,but typically does not directly apply
them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user,In this context
the term 6)________refers to both the application software and its
implementation.
In some types of embedded 7)________,the application software and
the operating system software may be indistinguishable to
8)________,as in the case of software 9)________to control a VCR,
DVD 10_______or Microwave Oven
Read and Complete
End
D
I G
A J
E
B
F C
H
2009-7-27 P,9
1)你应永远履行你的诺言。 (perform)
2)经理助理到这里来是代替经理办几件小事的。 (execute)
3)所有的物质都是由叫做分子的微粒组成的。 (consist of)
4)通常，所有的学生都聚集在教室里，老师就开始上课。 (assemble)
5)这些日子他们一直在编一本供大学生用的英语词典。 (compile)
Read and Translate
Directions:Put the following sentences into English,using the words or phrases given.
End
You should always perform what you promise.
The manager assistant came here to execute a few small
commissions for the manager.
All substances consist of small particles called molecules.
As usual,all the students assemble at the classroom,the
teacher starts the class.
These days,they have been compiling an English
dictionary for students
2009-7-27 P,10
Operation System
Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage
(such as a hard drive,memory,or RAM),Once the software is
loaded,the computer is able to execute the software,Computers
operate by executing the computer program,This involves passing
instructions from the application software,through the system
software,to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction
as machine code,Each instruction causes the computer to carry
out an operation -- moving data,carrying out a computation,or
altering(改变 )the control flow of instructions.
Data movement is typically from one place in memory to another,
Sometimes it involves moving data between memory and registers
(寄存器 )which enable high-speed data access in the CPU,Moving data,
especially large amounts of it,can be costly,So,this is sometimes
avoided by using "pointers" to data instead,Computations include
simple operations such as incrementing(增加 )the value of a variable
data element,More complex computations may involve many
operations and data elements together.
&Part4 Extensive Reading
2009-7-27 P,11
Instructions may be performed sequentially,conditionally,or
iteratively,Sequential instructions are those operations that are
performed one after another,Conditional instructions are performed
such that different sets of instructions execute depending on the
value(s) of some data,In some languages this is known as an "if"
statement(语句 ),Iterative(反复的 )instructions are performed repetitively
and may depend on some data value,This is sometimes called a
"loop(循环 )." Often,one instruction may "call" another set of
instructions that are defined in some other program or module(模块 ),
When more than one computer processor is used,instructions may
be executed simultaneously.
A simple example of the way software operates is what happens
when a user selects an entry such as "Copy" from a menu,In this
case,a conditional instruction is executed to copy text from data in
a 'document' area residing(存在 )in memory,perhaps to an
intermediate storage area known as a 'clipboard‘(剪贴板 )data area,If a
different menu
2009-7-27 P,12
entry such as "Paste" is chosen,the software may execute the
instructions to copy the text from the clipboard data area to a
specific location in the same or another document in memory.
Depending on the application,even the example above could
become complicated,The field of software engineering endeavors
(尽力,努力 )to manage the complexity of how software operates,This is
especially true for software that operates in the context of a large
or powerful computer system.
Currently,almost the only limitations on the use of computer
software in applications is the ingenuity(独创性 ;智慧 )of the designer
/programmer,Consequently,large areas of activities (such as
playing grand master(大师 )level chess) formerly assumed to be
incapable of software simulation(模仿，模拟 )are now routinely
programmed,The only area that has so far proved reasonably
secure from software simulation is the realm of human art—
especially,pleasing music and literature.
End
2009-7-27 P,13
@Part5 Notes to Passage
1)This involves passing instructions from the application
software,through the system software,to the hardware which
ultimately receives the instruction as machine code.这需要通过系统软件将来自应用软件的指令传给硬件，硬件接收的指令最终要转换成机器代码才能识别。
注释,谓语动词 involve的含义很多。此处意思是“需要”；注意宾语中的结构形式是 pass sth,to sth.。此中的 through the system
software是方式状语，说明怎样 pass。
2)Conditional instructions are performed such that different sets
of instructions execute depending on the value(s) of some
data,条件指令是这样执行的：即不同套路指令的执行取决于某种数据的值。
注释,注意 such在此处是副词，意思是“这般（地），这样（地）。
修饰谓语动词 performed；而 that引导的从句表结果。其实就是
such…that… 的句型。
2009-7-27 P,14 End
3)In this case,a conditional instruction is executed to copy text
from data in a 'document' area residing in memory,perhaps
to an intermediate storage area known as a 'clipboard' data
area.在这种情形下，执行条件指令来复制来自存储器中文档区数据的文本，或许是复制到中间存储器 — 就是所谓的“剪贴板“数据区。
注释,介词短语 perhaps to an intermediate storage area known
as a 'clipboard' data area.其实是 copy的地点状语，前面用的是
copy…from…,后面用的是 copy…to… 。
4)Consequently,large areas of activities (such as playing
grand master level chess) formerly assumed to be incapable
of software simulation are now routinely programmed,结果是，以前被认为是软件不可能模仿的大区域活动（如大师级下棋），现在可以进行常规编程。
注释,过去分次短语 assumed to be incapable of software
simulation是定语，修饰主语 large areas of activities。
2009-7-27 P,15
1.Listening Challenge
Spot Dictation
Directions,The following passage will be heard 3 times,During the second time,you
are required to put the missing words or phrases in the numbered blanks according to
what you hear,The third time is for you to check your answers,Now the passage
begins.
Multiple applications bundled together as a 1)____________are
sometimes referred to as an 2)___________suite,Microsoft Office
and OpenOffice.org,which 3)_______together,a word 4)__________,
a spreadsheet,and several other discrete applications,are typical
examples,The separate applications 5)____________usually have a
user interface that has some commonality making it 6)________for
the user 7)__________and use each application,And often they may
have some capability 8)____________________________in ways
beneficial to the user,For example,a spreadsheet might be able to
be embedded in a word processor 9)___________even though it had
been created in the separate 10)_____________application.
@Part6 Practice on Passage
End
package
application
bundle processor
in a suite
easier
to learn
to interact with each other
document
spreadsheet
2009-7-27 P,16
End of this Unit
