2009-7-27 P,1
Unit 16
High-level Programming Languages
Chapter Four
&Part4 Extensive Reading@ Part 1 Notes to Text
@Part5 Notes to Passage& Part 2 Word Study
@Part3 Practice on Text @Part6 Practice on Passage
2009-7-27 P,2
@ Part 1 Notes to Text
1) Instructions written in a high-level language must be
translated into the machine language used by the
computer system,用高级语所编写的指令，必须被翻译成计算机系统中所采用的机器语言。
注释,在此句中 written in a high-level language是过去分词短语做定语，修饰主语 Instructions；过去分词短语 used by
the computer system也是定语,修饰 the machine
language。
2) This means that program written in a high-level
language such as COBOL should run on any computer
system with COBOL compiler．那就意味着以某种高级语言，例如 COBOL编写的程序，应在带有 COBOL编译程序的计算机系统中运行。
注释,此句的主语 This指代上文； that引导的是宾语从句；过去分词短语 written in a high-level language修饰 that
program；介词短语 with COBOL compiler修饰 any
computer system。
High-level Programming Languages
2009-7-27 P,3
3) In actual practice,however,several variations have crept into
high-level languages so that no high-level language is totally
"portable" to all computer systems with a compiler for the
language in question,在实际运用中，一些变化已潜入到高级语言中，以至于没有一种高级语言能完全移植到带有这种语言编译程序的计算机系统中。
注释,so that引导的是结果状语从句；介词短语 in question是定语，
修饰 the language，意思是“本文所讨论的语言”。
4) The reader of a program is much more likely to detect wrong
functionality if the program has been written in a high-level
language rather than in a lower-level one．
如果此程序是用高级语言编写而不是低级语言编写的话，阅读程序者发觉函数错误的可能性就要大得多。
注释,此句是系表结构； likely是形容词，作表语；不定式 to detect
wrong functionality用作状语，修饰表语 likely；连词词组 rather
than意思是“而不是”。
End
2009-7-27 P,4 End
1,numerous adj,大量的 10,revision n,修改
2,compiler n,编译 11,vital adj,至关重要的,所必需的
3,source program n,源程序 12,transformation n,转化、转变
4,interpreter n,解释程序 13,rework n,返工
5,independent adj,独立的 14,legibility n,清晰度
6,variation n,变化 15,reliability n,可靠性
7,creep into 溜进；悄悄进入 16,property n,特征
8,portable adj,便携的 17,associated adj,关联的
9,standardize v,标准化 18,detect v,察觉,发觉
& Part 2 Word Study
2009-7-27 P,5
Task 1,Listening training
Dictation of some key words
Directions,You will hear some key words twice,most of which are taken from
the Word Study,Then finish the Crossword Puzzle,(See you book p,)
2,Dictation of some key expressions
Directions,You will hear some key expressions twice,most of which are
taken from this text,Then you are asked to complete the missing words.
@Part3 Practice on Text
1) ______________a function
2) high-level_________________
3) in actual_______________
4) on the_________________
5) the last stage of_______________
6) __________maintenance________
to perform
language program
practice
critical path
transformation
reduce costs
2009-7-27 P,6
Read and Reply
Directions:Students are required to read aloud the whole text after
the teacher,Then give short answers to the following questions:
Task 2,Read,Write and Translate
A high-level language is one in which numerous instructions
must be executed at the machine language level to perform a
function or task specified.
Efforts to standardize high-level languages and compilers
have received much attention in recent years.
There are many reasons,first,it is because of the speed of
development of software,second,using high-level languages
can reduce maintenance costs and the cost of rework,and last,
it is for reliability and safety.
c) Why should we use high-level languages?
a) What is a high-level language?
b) What has received much attention in recent years?
2009-7-27 P,7
( )1) Instructions written in a high-level language needn’ t be
translated into the machine language,
( )2) The resulting machine language program is known as
the source program and the high-level language program is
the object program,
( )3) High-level languages execute slowest and occupy less
space in memory than machine or assembly languages,
( )4) Using a high-level language can reduce software
development time 50%.
( )5) High-level languages can simplify programming tasks
and using it makes few mistakes
Read and Judge
End
F
F
F
T
T
2009-7-27 P,8
Directions:Read the following short passage,Complete it by filling in the missing words.
A,programmer B,statement C,high-level D,problem E,solve
F,corresponds to G,knowledge H,system I,that J,language
A 1)________ language is a language,which is closer to natural
2)_______,or mathematical language than machine code or
assembly language,It is therefore far less machine dependent,so
that the 3)______ needs far less 4)________ of the details of the
microcomputer 5)________,It is also more abstract in 6)_____ it is
closer to the concepts of the 7)_______ that the programmer is trying
to 8)________,It is generally more concise,in that a single statement
in the high-level language (usually occupying one line of source
text)often 9)________ more than one a ssembly language
10)__________ (or machine instruction)．
Read and Complete
End
C
J
A G
H I
D
E
F
B
2009-7-27 P,9
1)检查一下计算机是否已执行指令。（ execute）
2)孩子们通常被某些为升起的太阳。 (be described as)
3)完成这项任务不需花多大的力量。 (effort)
4)使用高级编程语言能降低软件开发 50%的时间。 (reduce)
5)怎样处理这些文字确实有点麻烦。 (deal with)
Read and Translate
Directions:Put the following sentences into English,using the words or phrases given.
End
Check if the computer has executed your commands
Children are often described as the rising sun,
It doesn’ t need much effort to finish this task.
Using a high-level language can reduce software development
time by 50%.
How to deal with these words is really troublesome.
2009-7-27 P,10
DBMS & MIS
You know that a data base is a collection of logically(逻辑上 )related
data elements that may be structured in various ways to meet the
multiple processing and retrieval needs of organizations and
individuals.
You'll see in the following pages that complex data relationships
and linkages(链接 )may be found in all but the simplest data bases,
The system software package that handles the difficult tasks
associated with creating,accessing,and maintaining(维护 )data base
records is called a data base management system (DBMS),The
programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the
data base itself and the users of the data base,(These users may
be applications programmers,managers and others with
information needs,and various OS programs.)
&Part4 Extensive Reading
2009-7-27 P,11
A DBMS can organize,process,and present selected data elements
from the data base,and assemble the needed items from the
common data base in response to the queries(询问 )of those who
aren't programmers,In a file-oriented(面向文件的 ) system,users
needing special information may communicate their needs to a
programmer,who,when time permits,will write one or more
programs to extract the data and prepare the information,The
availability of a DBMS,however,offers users a much faster
alternative(可选择性的 )communications path.
The management information system (MIS) concept has been
defined in dozens of ways,Since one organization's model of an MIS
is likely to differ from that of another,it's not surprising that their
MIS definitions would also vary in scope(范围 )and breadth,For our
purposes,an MIS can be defined as a network of computer-based
data processing procedures developed in an organization and
integrated as necessary with manual and other procedures for
2009-7-27 P,12
the purpose of providing timely and effective information to
support decision making and other necessary management
functions.
Although MIS models differ,most of them recognize the concepts,
In addition to what might be termed(可 … 称为 )the horizontal (横向的 )
management structure,an organization is also divided vertically
(纵向地 )into different specialities and functions which require
separate information flows,Combining the horizontal managerial
levels with the vertical specialities(专业 _produces the complex
organizational structure,Underlying this structure is a data base
consisting,ideally,of internally and externally produced data
relating to past,present,and predicted future events,
End
2009-7-27 P,13
@Part5 Notes to Passage
1)You know that a data base is a collection of logically related
data elements that may be structured in various ways to
meet the multiple processing and retrieval needs of
organizations and individuals,众所周知，数据库是逻辑上相关的数据元的集合。这些数据元可以按不同的结构组织起来，以满足单位和个人的多种处理和检索的需要。
注释,该句包含了两个 that 引导的从句：第一个 that a data base
is… 是宾语从句 ;第二个 that may be structured… 则是定语从句，
修饰 a collection；其中 to meet… 是不定式短语做状语，表示目的。
2009-7-27 P,14
2)The system software package that handles the difficult
tasks associated with creating,accessing,and maintaining
data base records is called a data base management
system (DBMS).
处理与创建、访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（ DBMS）。
注释,该句的主语是 The system software package，所以谓语动词用的是单数第三人称的形式（ is called）；从句 that
handles the difficult tasks是定语，修饰主语；过去分词短语
associated with … 修饰 tasks；名词短语 a data base
management system (DBMS)则是主语补足语。
2009-7-27 P,15
3)A DBMS can organize,process,and present selected data
elements from the data base,and assemble the needed
items from the common data base in response to the
queries of those who aren't programmers.
DBMS可以组织、处理和显示从数据库中选择的数据元，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项，以回答那些非程序员的询问。
注释,此句中 organize,process,and present 以及 assemble
均为并列的谓语动词；名词短语 selected data elements是
organize,process,and present的共同宾语,the needed
items则是 assemble的宾语；介词短语 from the common data
base修饰 the items；短语介词 in response to则是状语，表目的。
2009-7-27 P,16 End
4) For our purposes,an MIS can be defined as a network of
computer-based data processing procedures developed in an
organization and integrated as necessary with manual and
other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and
effective information to support decision making and other
necessary management functions.
对我们来说，一个 MIS可定义为某单位内部所开发的网络系统，该系统基于计算机的数据处理程序，且需将人工操作与其它程序加以整合，
其目的是为了能提供及时而有效的信息，以支持决策和其它所需要的管理功能。
注释,该句较长，但只有一个主谓结构，因此始终是简单句。主语是
an MIS ；两个并列谓语 — can be defined 和 integrated；两个 as
短语均为主语补足语；其它部分均为修饰语（定语或状语）。
2009-7-27 P,17
1.Listening Challenge
Spot Dictation
Directions,The following passage will be heard 3 times,During the second time,you
are required to put the missing words or phrases in the numbered blanks according to
what you hear,The third time is for you to check your answers,Now the passage
begins.
The term database refers to the collection of 1)________________,and the
software should be referred to as 2)______________ management system
or DBMS,When the context is unambiguous,3________________,many
database administrators and programmers use the term database
4)___________ both meanings.
Database 5) ______________________are usually categorized 6)__________
__________the data model that they support,relational,object-relational,
network,and 7)________,The data model will tend to determine
8)________________________ that are available to access the database,A
great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS,however,is independent
of the data model,and 9)____________________ managing factors such as
performance,concurrency,integrity,and recovery from hardware failures,
10)_________________ there are large differences between products.
@Part6 Practice on Passage
End
In these areas
related records
however
to cover
management systems according
the database
so on
the query languages
is concerned with
to
2009-7-27 P,18
End of this Unit
Unit 16
High-level Programming Languages
Chapter Four
&Part4 Extensive Reading@ Part 1 Notes to Text
@Part5 Notes to Passage& Part 2 Word Study
@Part3 Practice on Text @Part6 Practice on Passage
2009-7-27 P,2
@ Part 1 Notes to Text
1) Instructions written in a high-level language must be
translated into the machine language used by the
computer system,用高级语所编写的指令，必须被翻译成计算机系统中所采用的机器语言。
注释,在此句中 written in a high-level language是过去分词短语做定语，修饰主语 Instructions；过去分词短语 used by
the computer system也是定语,修饰 the machine
language。
2) This means that program written in a high-level
language such as COBOL should run on any computer
system with COBOL compiler．那就意味着以某种高级语言，例如 COBOL编写的程序，应在带有 COBOL编译程序的计算机系统中运行。
注释,此句的主语 This指代上文； that引导的是宾语从句；过去分词短语 written in a high-level language修饰 that
program；介词短语 with COBOL compiler修饰 any
computer system。
High-level Programming Languages
2009-7-27 P,3
3) In actual practice,however,several variations have crept into
high-level languages so that no high-level language is totally
"portable" to all computer systems with a compiler for the
language in question,在实际运用中，一些变化已潜入到高级语言中，以至于没有一种高级语言能完全移植到带有这种语言编译程序的计算机系统中。
注释,so that引导的是结果状语从句；介词短语 in question是定语，
修饰 the language，意思是“本文所讨论的语言”。
4) The reader of a program is much more likely to detect wrong
functionality if the program has been written in a high-level
language rather than in a lower-level one．
如果此程序是用高级语言编写而不是低级语言编写的话，阅读程序者发觉函数错误的可能性就要大得多。
注释,此句是系表结构； likely是形容词，作表语；不定式 to detect
wrong functionality用作状语，修饰表语 likely；连词词组 rather
than意思是“而不是”。
End
2009-7-27 P,4 End
1,numerous adj,大量的 10,revision n,修改
2,compiler n,编译 11,vital adj,至关重要的,所必需的
3,source program n,源程序 12,transformation n,转化、转变
4,interpreter n,解释程序 13,rework n,返工
5,independent adj,独立的 14,legibility n,清晰度
6,variation n,变化 15,reliability n,可靠性
7,creep into 溜进；悄悄进入 16,property n,特征
8,portable adj,便携的 17,associated adj,关联的
9,standardize v,标准化 18,detect v,察觉,发觉
& Part 2 Word Study
2009-7-27 P,5
Task 1,Listening training
Dictation of some key words
Directions,You will hear some key words twice,most of which are taken from
the Word Study,Then finish the Crossword Puzzle,(See you book p,)
2,Dictation of some key expressions
Directions,You will hear some key expressions twice,most of which are
taken from this text,Then you are asked to complete the missing words.
@Part3 Practice on Text
1) ______________a function
2) high-level_________________
3) in actual_______________
4) on the_________________
5) the last stage of_______________
6) __________maintenance________
to perform
language program
practice
critical path
transformation
reduce costs
2009-7-27 P,6
Read and Reply
Directions:Students are required to read aloud the whole text after
the teacher,Then give short answers to the following questions:
Task 2,Read,Write and Translate
A high-level language is one in which numerous instructions
must be executed at the machine language level to perform a
function or task specified.
Efforts to standardize high-level languages and compilers
have received much attention in recent years.
There are many reasons,first,it is because of the speed of
development of software,second,using high-level languages
can reduce maintenance costs and the cost of rework,and last,
it is for reliability and safety.
c) Why should we use high-level languages?
a) What is a high-level language?
b) What has received much attention in recent years?
2009-7-27 P,7
( )1) Instructions written in a high-level language needn’ t be
translated into the machine language,
( )2) The resulting machine language program is known as
the source program and the high-level language program is
the object program,
( )3) High-level languages execute slowest and occupy less
space in memory than machine or assembly languages,
( )4) Using a high-level language can reduce software
development time 50%.
( )5) High-level languages can simplify programming tasks
and using it makes few mistakes
Read and Judge
End
F
F
F
T
T
2009-7-27 P,8
Directions:Read the following short passage,Complete it by filling in the missing words.
A,programmer B,statement C,high-level D,problem E,solve
F,corresponds to G,knowledge H,system I,that J,language
A 1)________ language is a language,which is closer to natural
2)_______,or mathematical language than machine code or
assembly language,It is therefore far less machine dependent,so
that the 3)______ needs far less 4)________ of the details of the
microcomputer 5)________,It is also more abstract in 6)_____ it is
closer to the concepts of the 7)_______ that the programmer is trying
to 8)________,It is generally more concise,in that a single statement
in the high-level language (usually occupying one line of source
text)often 9)________ more than one a ssembly language
10)__________ (or machine instruction)．
Read and Complete
End
C
J
A G
H I
D
E
F
B
2009-7-27 P,9
1)检查一下计算机是否已执行指令。（ execute）
2)孩子们通常被某些为升起的太阳。 (be described as)
3)完成这项任务不需花多大的力量。 (effort)
4)使用高级编程语言能降低软件开发 50%的时间。 (reduce)
5)怎样处理这些文字确实有点麻烦。 (deal with)
Read and Translate
Directions:Put the following sentences into English,using the words or phrases given.
End
Check if the computer has executed your commands
Children are often described as the rising sun,
It doesn’ t need much effort to finish this task.
Using a high-level language can reduce software development
time by 50%.
How to deal with these words is really troublesome.
2009-7-27 P,10
DBMS & MIS
You know that a data base is a collection of logically(逻辑上 )related
data elements that may be structured in various ways to meet the
multiple processing and retrieval needs of organizations and
individuals.
You'll see in the following pages that complex data relationships
and linkages(链接 )may be found in all but the simplest data bases,
The system software package that handles the difficult tasks
associated with creating,accessing,and maintaining(维护 )data base
records is called a data base management system (DBMS),The
programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the
data base itself and the users of the data base,(These users may
be applications programmers,managers and others with
information needs,and various OS programs.)
&Part4 Extensive Reading
2009-7-27 P,11
A DBMS can organize,process,and present selected data elements
from the data base,and assemble the needed items from the
common data base in response to the queries(询问 )of those who
aren't programmers,In a file-oriented(面向文件的 ) system,users
needing special information may communicate their needs to a
programmer,who,when time permits,will write one or more
programs to extract the data and prepare the information,The
availability of a DBMS,however,offers users a much faster
alternative(可选择性的 )communications path.
The management information system (MIS) concept has been
defined in dozens of ways,Since one organization's model of an MIS
is likely to differ from that of another,it's not surprising that their
MIS definitions would also vary in scope(范围 )and breadth,For our
purposes,an MIS can be defined as a network of computer-based
data processing procedures developed in an organization and
integrated as necessary with manual and other procedures for
2009-7-27 P,12
the purpose of providing timely and effective information to
support decision making and other necessary management
functions.
Although MIS models differ,most of them recognize the concepts,
In addition to what might be termed(可 … 称为 )the horizontal (横向的 )
management structure,an organization is also divided vertically
(纵向地 )into different specialities and functions which require
separate information flows,Combining the horizontal managerial
levels with the vertical specialities(专业 _produces the complex
organizational structure,Underlying this structure is a data base
consisting,ideally,of internally and externally produced data
relating to past,present,and predicted future events,
End
2009-7-27 P,13
@Part5 Notes to Passage
1)You know that a data base is a collection of logically related
data elements that may be structured in various ways to
meet the multiple processing and retrieval needs of
organizations and individuals,众所周知，数据库是逻辑上相关的数据元的集合。这些数据元可以按不同的结构组织起来，以满足单位和个人的多种处理和检索的需要。
注释,该句包含了两个 that 引导的从句：第一个 that a data base
is… 是宾语从句 ;第二个 that may be structured… 则是定语从句，
修饰 a collection；其中 to meet… 是不定式短语做状语，表示目的。
2009-7-27 P,14
2)The system software package that handles the difficult
tasks associated with creating,accessing,and maintaining
data base records is called a data base management
system (DBMS).
处理与创建、访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（ DBMS）。
注释,该句的主语是 The system software package，所以谓语动词用的是单数第三人称的形式（ is called）；从句 that
handles the difficult tasks是定语，修饰主语；过去分词短语
associated with … 修饰 tasks；名词短语 a data base
management system (DBMS)则是主语补足语。
2009-7-27 P,15
3)A DBMS can organize,process,and present selected data
elements from the data base,and assemble the needed
items from the common data base in response to the
queries of those who aren't programmers.
DBMS可以组织、处理和显示从数据库中选择的数据元，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项，以回答那些非程序员的询问。
注释,此句中 organize,process,and present 以及 assemble
均为并列的谓语动词；名词短语 selected data elements是
organize,process,and present的共同宾语,the needed
items则是 assemble的宾语；介词短语 from the common data
base修饰 the items；短语介词 in response to则是状语，表目的。
2009-7-27 P,16 End
4) For our purposes,an MIS can be defined as a network of
computer-based data processing procedures developed in an
organization and integrated as necessary with manual and
other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and
effective information to support decision making and other
necessary management functions.
对我们来说，一个 MIS可定义为某单位内部所开发的网络系统，该系统基于计算机的数据处理程序，且需将人工操作与其它程序加以整合，
其目的是为了能提供及时而有效的信息，以支持决策和其它所需要的管理功能。
注释,该句较长，但只有一个主谓结构，因此始终是简单句。主语是
an MIS ；两个并列谓语 — can be defined 和 integrated；两个 as
短语均为主语补足语；其它部分均为修饰语（定语或状语）。
2009-7-27 P,17
1.Listening Challenge
Spot Dictation
Directions,The following passage will be heard 3 times,During the second time,you
are required to put the missing words or phrases in the numbered blanks according to
what you hear,The third time is for you to check your answers,Now the passage
begins.
The term database refers to the collection of 1)________________,and the
software should be referred to as 2)______________ management system
or DBMS,When the context is unambiguous,3________________,many
database administrators and programmers use the term database
4)___________ both meanings.
Database 5) ______________________are usually categorized 6)__________
__________the data model that they support,relational,object-relational,
network,and 7)________,The data model will tend to determine
8)________________________ that are available to access the database,A
great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS,however,is independent
of the data model,and 9)____________________ managing factors such as
performance,concurrency,integrity,and recovery from hardware failures,
10)_________________ there are large differences between products.
@Part6 Practice on Passage
End
In these areas
related records
however
to cover
management systems according
the database
so on
the query languages
is concerned with
to
2009-7-27 P,18
End of this Unit
